Mao: The Unknown Story

LIST OF INTERVIEWEES

(T: by telephone)

MAINLAND CHINA

(fifteen were informal conversations)

I FAMILY AND RELATIVES OF MAO

Cao Quan-fu

son-in-law of Mao’s brother, Tse-min; political secretary to Zhu De

Cao Yun-shan

grandson of Mao’s brother, Tse-min

Han Jin-xing

relative

Li Na

daughter

Liu Si-qi

wife of Mao’s eldest son, An-ying; adopted daughter

Mao Xin-yu

grandson

Mao Ze-lian

cousin

Zhang Wen-qiu

mother-in-law to Mao’s two sons

II OLD FRIENDS AND COLLEAGUES

Li Shu-yi

friend of Mao and his wife, 1920s

Liu Ying

friend of Mao from early 1930s; wife of Lo Fu; Long Marcher

Luo Zhang-long

close friend and colleague, 1915–27

Wang Hui-wu

witness to CCP 1st Congress; she and her husband Li Da friends with Mao

Xiao Ke

subordinate to Mao from 1928; Long Marcher

Yi Li-rong

closest friend for a decade until 1927

Zeng Zhi

friend from 1928 for four decades; wife of Tao Zhu

Zheng Chao-lin

in Shanghai with Mao, 1924; together at 7 August 1927 meeting; last

surviving leader of Shanghai Uprising, 1927

III CLOSE STAFF (SECRETARIES, INTERPRETERS, BODYGUARDS, HOUSEHOLD STAFF, MEDICAL STAFF, GIRLFRIENDS)

Chen Hui-min, Feng Yao-song, Gao Zhi, He Qing-hua, Hu Xiu-yun, Li Jin, Li Yue-ran, Meng Jin-yun, Shang Lai-bao, Shi Zhe, Tian Yin-yu, Wang He-bin, Wu Lian-deng, Xie Jing-yi, Yan Ming-fu, Zhang Han-zhi, Zhang Yu-feng, Zhou Fu-ming

IV FAMILIES OF MAO’S COLLEAGUES

Chen Hao-su

son of Chen Yi

He Ping-sheng

daughter of He Chang-gong

Li Inna

daughter of Li Li-san

Li Lisa

wife of Li Li-san

Li Te-te

daughter of Li Fu-chun and Cai Chang

Lin Li-heng (Dodo)

daughter of Lin Biao

Liu Shi-kun

son-in-law of Yeh Jian-ying; famous pianist

Liu Xiang-ping

Minister of Health; wife of Xie Fu-zhi

Luo Dian-dian

daughter of Luo Rui-qing

Luo Ping-hai

son of Luo Zhang-long

Qin Ji-ma

daughter of Po Ku

Shen Zai-wang

son of Li Jing-quan

Tan Sheng-yuan

daughter of Tan Zhen-lin

Tao Si-liang

daughter of Tao Zhu and Zeng Zhi

Wang Dan-zhi

son of Wang Ming

Wang Guang-mei

wife of Liu Shao-chi

Wang Ning

wife of Zhou Xiao-zhou

Xia Bo-gen

stepmother of Deng Xiao-ping

Xie Fei

former wife of Liu Shao-chi; Long Marcher

Xue Ming

wife of Ho Lung

Zhang Ning

fiancée of Lin Biao’s son, Tiger

Zhang Qing-lin

son-in-law of Lin Biao

Zhu Zhong-li

wife of Wang Jia-xiang; friend of Mao from 1930s

V STAFF FOR THE LEADERSHIP

Cheng Yuan-gong

long-time chief bodyguard to Chou En-lai

Du Xiu-xian

photographer

Guan Wei-xun

secretary to Mrs. Lin Biao

Guo Wen

secretary to Yao Wen-yuan

Hou Bo

photographer

Jin Shan-wang

senior Praetorian Guard officer

Kang Yi-min

chief radio operator; Long Marcher

Liu Ji-chun

member of Lin Biao’s staff

Liu Yu-qin

temporary companion to Li Na

Lü Hou-min

photographer

Qian Si-jie

photographer

Wang Ru-qin

nurse to Lin Biao

Wang Sheng-rong

Praetorian Guard chief

Wu Ji-cheng

Praetorian Guard chief; in charge of arresting the guards of the Gang of Four, 1976

Xu Xiao-bing

photographer

Yang Jun

confidential secretary to Liu Shao-chi

Zhang Zuo-liang

doctor of Chou En-lai

VI TOP ECHELON, KEY WITNESSES TO HISTORICAL EVENTS

Chen Ying-qian

top doctor

Gao Liang

senior diplomat

Hou Zheng

Mao’s wife Gui-yuan’s company chief on Long March

Hu Min

wife of Qiu Hui-zuo

Hu Ping

air force officer involved in the Lin Biao affair

Hua Jun-wu

Yenan witness; foremost cartoonist

Huang Huo-qing

Long Marcher; survivor of Western Contingent

Jiang Wen

chief prosecutor at the trial of Jiang Qing

Jin Shu-wang

intelligence operative, 1920s and 1930s; Yenan Terror victim

Kuai Da-fu

leading Red Guard

Li Jian-tong

author of novel singled out for condemnation by Mao, 1962

Li Pu

high official, close to Tao Zhu

Li Qiong

wife of Yang Fan

Li Rui

one-time secretary to Mao; major liberal in CCP

Li Yun

CCP liaison with Mme Sun Yat-sen

Liao Gai-long

leading Party theoretician

Lin Xiao-xia

son of Zhang Hao; senior official

Lu Min

air force officer involved in Tiger’s plot to assassinate Mao

Luo Fu

senior operative in Hong Kong

Mu Xin

Cultural Revolution Small Group member

Qian San-qiang

director, the Institute of Atomic Energy

Qin Chuan

People’s Daily

editor-in-chief

Shen Rong

senior official; one-time colleague of Wang Guang-mei

Shui Jing

wife of Jiangxi province chief, Yang Shang-kui

Su Fei

wife of Mao’s American doctor, George Hatem

Tu Men

chief prosecutor in the trial of the Lin Biao group

Wang Fan-xi

in Shanghai with Chou En-lai, 1920s

Wang Li

Cultural Revolution Small Group member

Wang Shu

senior diplomat

Wang Zun-ji

Yenan Terror victim

Wen Ji-ze

Yenan Terror witness

Wu Zu-guang

leading playwright

Xia Yan

leading cultural figure

Xie He-geng

intelligence operative in the USA; husband of Wang Ying

Yang Chao

Yenan Terror witness; one-time secretary to Chou En-lai

Yang Fan

intelligence chief

Yang Yi

senior Xinhua News Agency official

Yu Zhan-bang

secretary to Zhang Zhi-zhong

Yuan Jing-shen

Party supervisor for architecture

Zhao Di-sheng

senior Xinhua News Agency official

Zheng Xing-he

air force officer involved in Tiger’s plot to assassinate Mao

Zhu Tie-zheng

air force officer, deputy head of the Ho Lung Case Team

VII WITNESSES TO MAJOR EVENTS

Chen Kai-ge

Red Guard; later leading film director

Li Hsiao-li

Yenan witness

Li Xiu-zhen

93-year-old living by the Dadu Bridge

Li Da-zhong

son of Mao’s doctor, Li Zhi-sui

Liu Dong-lin

son of Jiangxi province chief Liu Jun-xiu

Lu Hong

friend and victim of Li Na

Liu Xiao-ang

son of Li Shu-yi

Qiu Lu-guang

son of Qiu Hui-zuo

Qu Lei-lei

son of author of one of Mme Mao’s model operas; working in

television studio when special videos were made for Mao

Shi Da-zheng

(T)

son of film director who was the first famous cultural figure to commit suicide after Communist takeover

Sima Lu

Yenan witness

Song Yong-yi

(T)

Shanghai Cultural Revolution violence eyewitness; later scholar on Cultural Revolution

Wang Da-zhang

son of Wang Wei-guo; involved in the Tiger plot to assassinate Mao

Wei Jing-sheng

Red Guard; later leading democracy campaigner

Weiss, Ruth

long-time foreign resident in China

Wu Hong-da (Harry)

labor camp survivor and campaigner

Wu Peng-qing

Long Marcher

Wu Yi-man

daughter of Wu Xiu-quan

Zhang Xiao-ji

daughter of Zhang Ming-yuan (involved with Gao Gang)

Zhang Yan-sheng

daughter of Zhang Xiu-shan (involved with Gao Gang)

Zhang Yi-jiu

sorted out Mao’s books after Mao died

Zhou Chun

German-language interpreter

Zhu Luo-jun

sister-in-law of the Young Marshal

VIII HISTORIANS AND WRITERS WITH SPECIAL ACCESS

Cao Chun-rong, Cao Zhong-bin (T), Chen Dong-lin, Chen Jian, Cheng Zhong-yuan, Dai Qing, Ding Shu (T), Dong Bao-cun, Dong Sheng, Gao Wenqian, Gong Yu-zhi, Gu Bao-zi, He Di, He Ding, Huang Zheng, Jin Chong-ji, Jin Zhen-lin, Li Dan-hui, Li Hai-wen, Li Chun-lin, Liao Xin-wen, Lin Ying, Liu Bin-zhen, Liu Jia-ju, Liu Xiao-nong, Ma Zhen-du, Mao Bing-hua, Niu Jun, Quan Yan-chi, Shen Zhi-hua, Shi Dong-bing, Song Ke, Wang Nian-yi, Wang Xing-juan, Wang You-qin (T), Wang Yu-xiang, Wen Rui, Wu Qi-quan, Xu Chun-hua, Yan Jia-qi, Yang Kui-song, Yang Bu-sheng (T), Ye Yong-lie, Yin Qi, Yu Guo-lu, Zhang De-xiang, Zhang Guo-qi, Zhang Xi, Zhang Xue-xin, Zhang Zheng-long, Zheng Yi (T), Zhu Bing-feng, Zhu Yu, Zhu Zheng

TAIWAN

HISTORICAL FIGURES AND KEY WITNESSES

Chang Hsueh-liang

warlord of Manchuria; kidnapped Chiang Kai-shek, 1936

Chen Li-fu

close associate of Chiang Kai-shek; founded Nationalists’ FBI

Chiang Weigo

Chiang Kai-shek’s adopted son

Chien Fu

English-language secretary to Chiang; Foreign Minister

Chin Hsiao-i

secretary to Chiang

Hau Po-tsun

chief of Chiang’s Guard; Prime Minister

Hu Chiu-yuan

leading political and cultural figure

I Fu-en

Chiang’s pilot, close to Chiang and sons

Kao Kui-yuan

at Whampoa with Lin Biao; later military assistant to Chiang (interviewed via Kuo Tian-you)

Li Huan

Chiang Ching-kuo’s confidant

Lu Keng

(T)

leading investigative journalist

Mao Chia-hua

Nationalist member of parliament

Tsai Meng-chien

(T)

Nationalist intelligence man who caught Gu Shun-zhang

Wang Sheng

Chiang Ching-kuo’s confidant

Yang Hsi-kun

leading diplomat

Yu Ta-wei

Defense Minister

REST OF THE WORLD

(Italic: met Mao in a substantial way)

ALBANIA

Alia, Ramiz

Hoxha’s heir; later President

Belishova, Liri

Politburo member; key witness in Sino-Soviet split, 1960

Çomo, Maqo

Minister of Agriculture; at Khrushchev — Peng De-huai dinner, Tirana, May 1959

Fagu, Agim

basketball star; extensive trips to China

Hoxha, Nexhmije

wife of Party chief Enver Hoxha

Paçrami, Adil

Minister of Culture; editor, Party daily

Pllumi, Zef

Catholic priest imprisoned 22 years over China issue

Shehu, Bashkim

son of Premier Mehmet Shehu

Shyti, Pupo

Vice-Chairman, Planning Commission; chief trade negotiator with China

AUSTRALIA

Aarons, Eric

(T)

head of Australian Communist Party study group, in China early 1950s

FitzGerald, Stephen

ambassador to China

BELGIUM

Grippa, Madeleine

Maoist leader, 1960s

Pairoux, Serge

Maoist activist

Tindemans, Léo

Prime Minister

BRAZIL

Amazonas, Joao

Maoist leader

Prestes, Fernanda

(T)

schoolmate of Mao’s sons in Russia

Prestes, Yuri

schoolmate of Mao’s sons in Russia

CAMBODIA

Hor Namhong

Foreign Minister; with Sihanouk in Peking 1970–75

DENMARK

Hartling, Poul

Prime Minister (and Mrs.)

EGYPT

Farid, Col. Abdul Magid

Secretary-General of the presidency under Nasser; later adviser to the Algerian presidency

Heikal, Mohammed Hasanein

senior adviser and confidant to

Nasser; Minister of Foreign Affairs; editor,

Al Ahram

FRANCE

Behr, Edward

journalist; in China, 1964

Bettencourt, André

Secretary of State for Foreign-Affairs; Minister

Bloch, Adm. René

head of De Gaulle’s force de frappe (nuclear program)

Figuères, Léo

Communist Party envoy to Ho Chi Minh, 1950

Meadmore, Jean

embassy, Nanjing, 1940s

Pasqualini, Jean

prisoner in Chinese labor camps, 1950s–1960s

Vergès, Jacques

Maoist, lawyer

G

ERMANY

Brie, Horst

East German embassy, Peking

Felber, Prof. Roland

East German student, China, 1950s; China scholar

Siao, Eva

wife of old friend of Mao; Yenan resident

Werner, Ruth

GRU officer in Sorge group, China, 1930s

Wolf, Markus

at Mao’s banquet for Stalin (East German-chargé d’affaires), Moscow, 1950; later East German Foreign Intelligence chief

HONG KONG

Grove, Dan

head, FBI office, Hong Kong

HUNGARY

Hegedüs, András

Prime Minister

Szall, Jozsef

embassy, Peking

Tálas, Barna

embassy, Peking

INDIA

Dalai Lama

exiled Tibetan leader

Kaul, T. K.

embassy, Peking, 1950s; foreign policy adviser to Nehru

Mahta, Peter

(T)

head of Air India office, Hong Kong, 1955

Mehta, Jagad Singh

chief negotiator, border talks with China, 1960

Palden Gyatso

Tibetan lama; long-term labor camp prisoner

Paranjpe, Vasant V.

interpreter for Nehru — Mao talks

Ranganathan, C. V.

ambassador to China

Tyabji, Nasir

Nehru expert, Nehru Memorial, Delhi

I

NDONESIA

Adjitorop, Jusuf

sole survivor of Communist Party Politburo, 1965; exile in China

IRAN

Alikhani, Alinaghi

(T)

emissary to China, 1960

IRAQ

Abdulrazak, Nouri

Secretary-General, Afro-Asian People’s Solidarity Organization

I

RELAND

O’Reilly, Fr. Luke

Catholic priest in Jiangxi during Communist takeover

ITALY

Barca, Luciano

Communist Party leader

Foa, Vittorio

Socialist trade union leader; present at milestone meeting in Peking, 1960, at start of Sino-Soviet split

Graziosi, Prof. Franco

microbiologist; germ warfare investigation team, 1952

Ingrao, Pietro

Communist Party leader; at Moscow summit, 1957

Jotti, Nilde

companion of Party chief Togliatti; at Moscow summit, 1957

Longo, Luigi Libero

interpreter at Moscow summit, 1957; son of Party No. 2

Pesce, Osvaldo

Maoist activist

JAPAN

Arisue, Lt. Gen. Seizo

head of wartime military intelligence and atomic bomb program

Eto, Prof. Shinkichi

China expert, historian

Fuwa, Tetsuzo

head, Communist Party

Fujita, Kimio

diplomat; at secret Chou-Sukarno meeting, 1965

Fujiwara, Prof. Akira

China expert, historian

Hata, Prof. Ikuhiko

China expert, historian

Kanazawa, Yukio

prominent Maoist journalist

Koizumi, Seiichi

intelligence officer, China, 1940s, dealing with CCP

Maeda, Mitsushige

POW, Yenan

Mikasa, Prince

brother of Emperor Hirohito; army officer, China, 1940s

Miyamoto, Kenji

head, Communist Party

Nakajima, Prof. Mineo

China expert, historian

Nikaido, Susumu

Chief Cabinet Secretary

Nosaka, Sanzo

head, Communist Party

Shimizu, Masao

director, Matsuzawa Ballet

Tachiki, Hiroshi

Communist Party official; long-term resident in China

Takeuchi, Prof. Minoru

leading Mao expert; editor, Mao’s works

KOREA (NORTH)

Kang Sang Ho

Deputy Minister of the Interior during Korean War

M

ALAYSIA

Chin Peng

Party chief; guerrilla leader, 1948–61; exile in China

MEXICO

Anguiano, Eugenio

ambassador, Peking

Cárdenas, Cuauhtémoc

Mayor of Mexico City; presidential candidate

Echeverría, Luis

President

NEW ZEALAND

Corner, Frank

Foreign Minister

NIGERIA

Gowon, Gen. Yakubu

President

NORWAY

Steigan, Pal

Maoist leader

P

HILIPPINES

Marcos, Imelda

First Lady

POLAND

Rowinski, Jan

(and Hala)

student, then diplomat, Peking, 1950s–60s

Walesa, Lech

President

Werblan, Andrzej

(T)

chief foreign policy adviser to Party chief Gomulka

RUSSIA

Arkhipov, Ivan V.

chief economic adviser to the Chinese government, 1950–51, 1953–58; later 1st Deputy Premier

Berezhkov, Valentin

interpreter for Stalin

Blake, George

British intelligence officer, Korea; spy for Russia

Brezhnev,

embassy, Peking

Aleksandr A.

(T)

Chervonenko, Stepan V.

ambassador to China, 1959–1965, during famine and Sino-Soviet split

Delyusin, Prof. Lev

Pravda

correspondent, China; China scholar

Galenovich, Yuri

embassy, Peking; interpreter at talks with Mao

Glunin, Prof. V. I.

historian; expert on CCP and the Comintern

Kapitsa, Mikhail S.

top China expert throughout Mao period; Deputy Foreign Minister

Karpov, Col. Vladimir

spokesman for Intelligence Service (FSB)

Kartunova, Anastasia

escort for Mme Mao in Russia, 1949, 1952–53

Kudashev, Rishat S

.

senior interpreter for Khrushchev, Mikoyan and Kosygin in talks with Mao

Kukushkin, K. V.

Expert in CCP — Moscow relations

Kulik, Boris T.

head, China Department, International Department, Soviet CP

Ledovsky, Andrei M

.

Consul General, Shenyang,1950–52; embassy, 1940s; China scholar with special archive access

Lobov, Lt. Gen. Georgi

Commander, Soviet Air Force in Korean War

Mirovitskaya, Dr. Raisa A.

China scholar with special access to Defense Ministry archives

Plotnikov, Col. Georgi

senior North Korea expert, Institute of Military History

Rogachev, Igor

ambassador to China

Selivanov, Gen. Igor V.

adviser to the head of the Medical Department of the North Korean army, 1950–52

Shevelyov, Konstantin

top expert on Comintern archives and CCP

Sidikhmenov, Vasili

interpreter on secret Russian mission to Yenan, 1945; head, interpreters’ bureau, Moscow summit, 1957

Sozinov, Gen. Valentin

Chief Soviet adviser to chief of staff, North Korean Army in Korean War, 1950–52

Tikhvinsky, Sergei L

.

intelligence officer; special access to archives

Troyanovsky, Oleg

senior foreign policy adviser to Khrushchev and Kosygin; ambassador to China

Zagvozdin, Gen. (KGB)

supervised exhumation of Lin

Aleksandr

Biao in Mongolia, 1971

S

INGAPORE

Lee Khoon Choy

senior China policy adviser to Lee Kuan Yew

Lee Kuan Yew

Prime Minister

Rajaratnam, S

.

Foreign Minister

SPAIN

Carrillo, Santiago

head, Communist Party; at Comintern, 1930s–1940s

T

ANZANIA

Babu, Abdul Rahman

Minister of Trade and Commerce, 1965 (negotiated Tan-Zam Railway); earlier, Foreign Minister, Zanzibar

T

HAILAND

Chatichai Choonhavan

Foreign Minister; later Premier

Mme Pridi

wife of former Thai Premier; long-term exile in China

UK

Bosshardt, Alfred

Swiss missionary kidnapped on Long March

Condron, Andrew

Korean War POW who went to China

Croft, John

code-breaker on intercepts of Russian broadcasts to foreign Communist Parties, 1940s

Gordievsky, Oleg

Former Soviet intelligence officer

Heath, Edward

Prime Minister

Morgan, Sir John

British diplomat, Peking, 1970

Needham, Joseph

British embryologist; on germ warfare investigation team, 1952

USA

Bush, George H. W.

head, US Liaison Office, Peking 1974–75; CIA Director; President

Colby, William

CIA Director under Nixon and Ford

Colling, John

US mission to Yenan (“Dixie” Mission)

Davies, John Paton

US State Department; to Yenan

Ford, Gerald

President

Haig, Gen. Alexander

head, advance party for Nixon visit, 1972

Helms, Richard

CIA Director

Hitch, Herbert

US mission to Yenan (“Dixie” Mission); on Marshall Mission

Kissinger, Henry

National Security Adviser, 1969–73; Secretary of State, 1973–77

Lilley, James

Top CIA China expert; CIA station chief, Peking

Lord, Winston

Assistant Secretary of State

Odeen, Philip

(T)

National Security Council staff

Polevoy, Leonid S.

(T)

son of man who tried to teach young Mao Russian

Roderick, John

AP correspondent, Yenan, 1945–47

Rusk, Dean

(T)

Secretary of State

Schlesinger, James

Secretary of Defense; CIA Director

Scowcroft, Gen. Brent

National Security Adviser

Service, John

State Department; mission to Yenan (“Dixie” Mission)

Solomon, Richard

Assistant Secretary of State

Snow, Helen Foster

Yenan, 1937; first wife of Edgar

[Nym Wales]

Snow

Snow, Lois Wheeler

second wife of Edgar Snow; to China with Snow, 1970

Stokes, William

Vice-Consul, Shenyang (and Jadwiga)

Williams, Robert

(T)

black militant; resident in China, 1960s

Yang Chen Ning

(T)

Nobel Prize — winning physicist

VIETNAM

Bui Diem

South Vietnamese ambassador to USA

Bui Tin, Col.

North Vietnamese army, at Dien Bien Phu

Ngo Manh Lan

adviser to Gen. Giap

Nguyen Dinh Uoc,

North Vietnamese army, at Dien

Lt. Gen.

Bien Phu; director, Institute of Military History, Hanoi

Y

UGOSLAVIA (FORMER)

Jojic, Prof. Dimitri

former army officer (exile in Albania); worked in Radio Peking, 1960s and 1970s

ZAIRE (NOW CONGO)

Mobutu Sese Seko

President

INFORMAL CONVERSATIONS WITH:

Michelangelo Antonioni, Sir Leonard Appleyard, Algerian President Abdel Aziz Bouteflika (via intermediary), Herbert Brownell, William Buckley, Romanian ambassador to China Romulus Budura, Barbara Bush, Gen. Henry Byroade (T), Lord (James) Callaghan, Sir Michael Caine, Lord (Peter) Carrington, Henri Cartier-Bresson, Brian Crozier, Helen De Vries, Milovan Djilas, Everett Drumright (T), Nikolai T. Fedorenko (T), Russian ambassador Yuri Fokine, Betty Ford, J. K. Galbraith, Martha Gellhorn, Sergei Goncharov, Anthony Grey, Marshall Green, Prof. Aleksandr Grigoriev, Penny Gummer, Han Suyin, Hon. Alan Hare, Ed Hauck (T), Lord (Michael) Heseltine, John Holdridge, Lord (Douglas) Hurd, Giovanni Jervis, Ismail Kadare, R. N. Kao, Lady Clare Keswick, Henry Keswick, Nancy Kissinger, Ina Krymova, Owen Lattimore, Helmut & Marianne Liebermann (T), North Vietnamese ambassador to France Ho Nam, Mieczyslaw Maneli (T), Prof. Arlen Meliksetov, Sergo Mikoyan (T), Prof. Vladimir Myasnikov, Albanian Premier Fatos Nano, Gen. Paek Sun-yop, Prof. Moisei Persits, Phoumi Vongvichit (via Prof. Grant Evans), Chris Pocock, János Radványi (T), Krishna Rasgotra, Norman Reddaway, Claude Roy, Egyptian Premier Aziz Sidky (T), Prof. Nodari Simoniya, Boris Slavinsky, Sir Nicholas Stern, Viktor Suvorov (T), Viktor Usov, Arkady Vaksberg, Bianca Vidali (T), Lord (William) Waldegrave, George Walden, Sir John and Lady Weston.