The Devils' Alliance: Hitler's Pact with Stalin, 1939-1941

INDEX

Admiral Hipper-class cruisers, 161–162, 172, 176, 191

Africa, disposition of, 208

Agreement of Mutual Assistance (Britain and Poland), 135–136, 139–140

Air raids, 136, 207–209, 218, 230

Air technology, 171–173, 175

Alexander Nevsky (film), 119

Allied powers

attack on Soviet oil production, 142–146

countering the Soviet attack on Finland, 75–76

German invasion of Prague, 10–11

Hitler’s growing antipathy towards, 166–167

pact as attack on capitalist countries, 14–15

POWs, 57–58

Soviet annexation of the Baltic states, 88–89

Treaty of Rapallo, 163–164

See also Britain; France; United States

American League for Peace and Democracy, 108

Andreas-Friedrich, Ruth, 251, 276–277

Anglo-Polish Agreement, 139

Annexation of lands

British stance on, 155–156

disposition of lands under the pact, 28

negotiating the terms of the pact, 25

Stalin and Hitler’s division of territories, 95–96

See also Baltic states; Finland

Anti-Comintern Pact, 27, 122, 232

Antifascism, 100, 104–105. See also Communism

Anti-Semitism, 16–17. See also Jews

Austria: deportation of Viennese Jews, 242–243

Baltic states

American view of Soviet annexation, 149

British ambivalence over Nazi-Soviet rapprochement, 140

deportations, 247

German response to the annexation of, 87–88

Soviet concerns over Western sympathies, 83–84

Soviet invasion and incorporation, 84–89, 91–92

Soviet pressure and German passivity, 65–69

Soviet promises of domestic nonintervention, 79–81

sovietization and cleansing in, 66–67, 92–95, 244–249, 270–272

Barbarossa, Operation, 216, 221, 224, 257–267, 275–277, 279, 283–289

Battleships, 161–163, 172, 176–177

Baur, Hans, 2–3, 6

Begin, Menachem, 94–95

Berezhkov, Valentin, 171, 185–186, 194, 196, 200–203, 207, 255

Beria, Lavrenti, 14, 186, 258, 266–267, 270

Beria, Sergo, 14

Berlin, Treaty of (1926), 164

Bessarabia, occupation and control of, 25, 28, 89–91, 93–94, 96, 140, 188–189, 246–249, 252, 271

Bismarck, Otto von, 129

Blitzkrieg, 82, 220, 265

Blocking units, 266

Bohemia, 10, 47

Border and Commercial Agreement (1941), 227–229

Border negotiations, 187–189, 198–199, 201, 204–206, 208–209, 225–229, 284–289. See also Annexation of lands

Boundary and Friendship Treaty, 40–41, 63, 187–188

Brecht, Bertolt, 113–114

Bremen (ocean liner), 59

Britain

ambivalence over Nazi-Soviet rapprochement, 141

Anglo-Soviet relations, 147–148, 154–159, 237–238, 283–289

appeal for American help, 150–151

attempt to block Nazi-Soviet rapprochement, 20–24

Baltic states’ relations with, 83–84, 88

Boundary and Friendship Treaty, 41

Communist Party position on the Pact, 100–107

declaration of war on Germany, 136–140, 207–209

fifth-column espionage, 151–153

German expansionism, 9

German invasion of Poland, 31–33

guaranteed protection of Poland, 11–12

Hess’s appearance in, 236–237, 239

Hitler’s lack of support within, 123

Hitler’s plan to divide, 205–206

nonintervention policy, 12–13

pact as attack on capitalist countries, 14–15

political effect of the pact, 26–27

raid on Berlin, 207–209

response to Operation Barbarossa, 278–282

Stalin and Hitler’s division of territories, 95

surprise and shock over pact, 133–136

targeting Soviet resources, 144

threat of war against the Soviet Union, 139

Britain, Battle of, 148, 198, 263

British Communist Party, 100–104, 282

Brooke, Alan, 82, 278–279

Browder, Earl, 108–109

Buber-Neumann, Margarete, 57

Bulgaria, 189, 206, 214, 229

Byelorussia, 35–36, 42–43, 262, 266

Cadogan, Alexander, 134, 237

Campinchi, César, 143

Cartoons, 137–138

Chamberlain, Neville, 10, 21, 31, 75, 100–101, 137

Channon, Henry “Chips,” 133, 137

Churchill, Winston

British declaration of war on Germany, 136–137

British Left Wing politicians, 154–155

German declaration of war on the Soviet Union, 257, 278–282

Hess’s appearance in Britain, 237

Italy’s role in the war, 218

Polish-Soviet Agreement, 288–289

raid on Berlin, 209

Soviet attack on Finland, 75

Soviet sympathies, 140

Ciano, Galeazzo, 77, 122

Collective security principle, 12–13, 16–17

Colville, Jock, 257, 289

Commercial Agreement, 169, 174–175, 183–186

Communism

disillusionment of Poles, 55–57

Germans’ resistance to the pact, 121–130

Hitler’s anti-Soviet rhetoric, 3–6, 12

ideological focus of Soviet expansionism, 15

in Soviet-occupied Poland, 43

Judeo-Bolshevism, 37, 124, 273–275

Stalin’s global goals, 231–232

See also Soviet Union

Communist International (Comintern)

Anti-Comintern Pact, 27, 122, 232

British and American ideological split over the pact, 100–109

British communists’ response to the pact, 99, 102–103

French communists’ response to the pact, 110–112

German communists’ response to the pact, 112–117

international stance on the war, 100–121

Soviet communists’ antifascist feeling over the pact, 117–121

Stalin’s global goals, 231–232

Communist Party USA, 108–109

Concentration camps, 42, 57

Cripps, Stafford, 144–145, 153–156, 158–159, 238, 286–287

Croatia, 230

Czechoslovakia, 10–11, 168

Daladier, Édouard, 31

Danubian Commission, 214–216

Defence Regulation 18B (Britain), 152

Dekanozov, Vladimir, 85–86, 198, 200, 221, 255

Delgado, Castro, 117

Deportation, 46–47, 49–54, 242–249

Dimitrov, Georgi, 80, 231–232, 258

Doumenc, Joseph, 20–22

Draft communiqué, 27–29

Drax, Reginald Ranfurly Plunkett-Ernle-Erle-, 20–24

Dridzo-Lozovsky, Solomon, 118

Dubnow, Simon, 275

Dutt, Rajani Palme, 100–104, 107, 282

Economic cooperation, Nazi-Soviet

Barbarossa campaign and, 262–263

Border and Commercial Agreement, 227–229

Commercial Agreement, 174–175

German demands for Soviet materials, 173–174

historical context, 163–165

Hitler’s strategic plans for war, 166–169

increasing Nazi-Soviet friction, 190

post-pact negotiations, 204–205

Soviet access to German technology, 168–172, 175–177, 179–180

Stalin’s attempts to appease Hitler, 240

trade imbalance, 183–184

Eden, Anthony, 257, 279, 286–289

Einsatzgruppen, 34, 41, 48, 272

Eisenstein, Sergei, 119

Elections: illusion of democracy in occupied countries, 42–43

Espionage, 151–152, 236–238

Estonia

disposition under the pact, 25, 28

pro-British feeling, 83–84

purging Soviet collaborators, 275

strained Soviet-Estonian relations during the Nazi-Soviet Pact, 63–65

See also Baltic states

Ethnic cleansing, 242–243

Executions, 42, 44–46, 48–49, 57

Expansionism, German

failure of “collective security,” 12–13

Hitler’s anti-Soviet rhetoric, 4–5

Hitler’s global ambitions, 205, 208–214

Hitler’s preparation for war with the USSR, 229

invasion of Czechoslovakia, 9–11

pact negotiation, 25–27

post-pact negotiations, 198–202

Expansionism, Soviet

attack on Finland, 69–79

ideological focus of, 15

negotiating the terms of the pact, 25–27

Polish-Soviet War, 21

Soviet invasion and occupation of the Baltic states, 84–89

Extraordinary Pacification Action (AB Aktion), 42, 58–59

Fascism

British fascists’ lack of support for Hitler, 123

in occupied Poland, 43–45

Stalin’s anti-Nazi rhetoric, 3–6

Stalin’s foreign policy shift, 12–13

See also Germany

Feige, Otto, 186

Film industry, 119, 129

Finland

American view of Soviet invasion, 149–150

British ambivalence over Nazi-Soviet rapprochement, 140–141

Nazi-Soviet post-pact negotiations over spheres of influence, 205

pact negotiations, 25, 28

Soviet invasion, 69–79, 84–85, 107, 141

Tripartite Pact negotiations, 213

Food supplies, 7, 173–174, 177, 182–183, 240

France

appeal for American help, 150–151

attempt to block Nazi-Soviet rapprochement, 20–24

Battle of Borodino, 257

Boundary and Friendship Treaty, 41

German advance into, 82, 84–85, 146, 177–178

German invasion of Poland, 31–32

Hitler’s deportation of “undesirables” to, 242

nonintervention policy, 12–13

oil resources, 181

targeting Soviet resources to crush Germany, 142–144

Frank, Hans, 22, 47

French Communist Party, 110–112

Gallacher, Willie, 103–104, 282

Generalgouvernement, 41

German Communist Party (KPD), 112–117, 277

German Cup Final, 276

German-Japanese Anti-Comintern Pact, 232

German-Soviet Economic Agreement, 23

Germany

Allied POWs, 58

attack on Scandinavia, France, and the Low Countries, 82, 146

attacking Soviet oil industry, 142–146

attitude towards the Soviet-Finniah Winter War, 76–78

Boundary and Friendship Treaty, 40–41, 63, 187–188

Britain’s attempts to reset Anglo-Soviet relations, 157

Britain’s declaration of war, 136–140

British concerns over Nazi-Soviet rapprochement, 139–142

British Nazi sympathizers, 151

Comintern’s initial stance on the war, 104–106

Commercial Agreement, 174–175

domestic distrust of the Soviet Union, 87–88

domestic opposition to the pact, 123–130

domestic response to Operation Barbarossa, 275–277

economic and political gleanings from the pact, 81–82

food supplies, 182–183

hardening of American opinion towards, 149–151

Hess’s flight to Britain, 236–239

history of economic cooperation with the USSR, 163–165

instigating pogroms in Eastern Europe, 275–276

invasion of Poland, 31–34

oil resources, 181, 185

policies in occupied Poland, 42–46

Polish labor in Germany, 47–48

position on Bessarabia’s annexation, 89

post-pact negotiations, 193–209

racial reorganization in Poland, 46–47

raw material imports, 165–166, 180–181

Soviet military analysis of, 219–220

Soviet-Estonian political rift, 65

Soviets’ access to technology, 161–163, 171–172, 176–177, 179–180

technological advances, 168–169

transfer of battleships to the Soviet Union, 161–163

war on the USSR, 216, 221, 224, 255–267, 275–279, 283–289

See also Economic cooperation, Nazi-Soviet; Hitler, Adolf; Ribbentrop, Joachim von

Gernhardt, Leopold, 276

Gestapo, 58, 96, 115–116, 277

Ghettos, 49, 55

Gisevius, Hans, 127

Goebbels, Joseph, 20, 76, 88, 96–97, 124, 129, 184, 195, 203–204, 230–231, 237, 256

Golikov, Filipp, 220, 232, 239

Gollancz, Victor, 107–109

Göring, Hermann, 11–12, 18, 166, 170–171, 241

Greenland, American occupation of, 283

Guderian, Heinz, 38, 128, 262

Guernica, Spain, 145–146

Gulag, 44–46, 53, 56–57, 94, 278

Gusev, Dmitri, 171

Guzevicius, Alexander, 243

Halifax, Edward Wood, Viscount, 135, 139, 141–142, 156, 187

Hassell, Ulrich von, 76–77, 128

Häyhä, Simo, 74–75

Herwarth, Johnnie von, 2, 22–23

Hess, Rudolf, 236–239

Hilferding, Rudolf, 114

Hilger, Gustav, 7, 29, 174–175, 183–184, 194, 201

Himmler, Gudrun, 276

Hindenburg, Paul von, 224

Hitler, Adolf

anti-Soviet rhetoric, 3–6

attack on the Soviet Union, 256

British cartoon depiction, 138

British guarantee of protection of Poland against, 11–12

deterioration of Nazi-Soviet economic cooperation, 240–242

division of Europe with Stalin, 95–96

domestic resistance to the pact, 121–130

Germans as Heim ins Reich, 68

impression of Stalin, 32

invasion of Prague, 10–11

justification for war against the USSR, 232–234

negotiating the terms of the pact, 25–26

political and economic strategic plan for war, 166–169

post-pact negotiations, 200–204

preparing to attack the Soviet Union, 210–216, 251

reaction to Soviet occupation of Bessarabia, 96

Soviet attack on Finland, 75

Western attempts to block the pact, 24

See also Germany

Hobsbawm, Eric, 106

Hoffman, Heinrich, 1–2, 6–7, 29, 32

Honecker, Erich, 113

Honey trap, 186

“How to Win the War” (Pollitt), 100–104

Hungary, 122, 229

Hyde, Douglas, 107

Ideology

British fifth-column Soviet support, 152–153

Commercial Agreement, 186–187

communist-fascist cleavage over the Pact, 100–121

decline in Anglo-Soviet relations, 158–159

German communists’ reaction to Operation Barbarossa, 277

Hitler’s justification for war against the USSR, 233–234

Nazi-Soviet similarities, 19–20

Soviets communists’ antifascist feeling over the pact, 117–121

Stalin and Hitler’s mutual antipathy, 3–6

Stalin’s confusion over Nazism and capitalism, 13

Isolationism, American, 283

Italy, 122, 199

Japan, 23–24, 26, 35, 122, 213, 230–231

Jews

deportation of Viennese Jews, 242–243

deportation to the Soviet Gulag, 53

Hitler’s political and economic preparation for war, 167

Judeo-Bolshevism, 37, 124, 273–275

Polish ghettos, 49

racial reorganization in Poland, 46–49

repatriation of, 54–55, 69

“resettlement” of Jews from Romania and Germany, 243–244

Soviet advance into Poland, 37–38

Soviet film industry portrayal of, 119

start of the pogroms, 273

Judenfrei (Jew free territories), 242

Judeo-Bolshevism, 37, 124, 273–275

Kandelaki, David, 165

Katyn massacres, 44, 46, 49

Kazakhstan, 50–51, 249

Kent, Tyler, 151–152

Khalkhin Gol, Battle of, 23–24, 219

Khrushchev, Nikita

Baltic states annexation, 87

Hess’s flight to Britain, 238

Jewish deportation, 54

Lützow construction, 186

Nazi-Soviet secret police connections, 58

on Finnish cooperation, 69

Soviet attack on Finland, 76

Soviets’ anti-German sentiments, 120

Stalin’s breakdown, 267

Kiichiro, Hiranuma, 122

Klemperer, Victor, 127, 276

Komet (cruiser), 59–60

Kormoran (cruiser), 60

Kravchenko, Victor, 118–119

Krebs, Hans, 231

Kreve-Mickevicius, Vincas, 14, 86

Krupp von Bohlen, Gustav, 185–186

Kuhn, Fritz, 123

Kulik, Grigory, 222–223, 265–266

Kuusinen, Otto, 72

Kuznetzov, Nikolai, 240, 258

Latvia, 25, 28, 264, 274–275. See also Baltic states

League of Nations, 12, 75

Leitukis Garage Massacre, Lithuania, 272–273

Lend-Lease Act (1941), 151, 283

Levi, Primo, 182

Lithuania, 28, 67–68, 83, 244–246, 271–273, 275. See also Baltic states

Lithuanian Strip, 187–188

Low Countries, German advance on, 82, 146, 177–178

Ludendorff, Erich von, 224

Luftwaffe, 33, 39, 145–146, 166, 218, 230, 233–234, 236, 260

Luther, Martin, 18

Lützow (German cruiser), 161–163, 176, 186, 190, 240, 263–264

Lützow, Ludwig von, 161

Maginot Line, 82–83, 226

Maisky, Ivan, 142, 156, 285–286, 288–289

Manganese resources, 185

Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf Emil, 188

Martin, Kingsley, 109–110

Mason, John, 152

Mass Observation, 147

Matsuoka, Yosuke, 196, 230–231

Matuszynski, Janusz, 46

Mayenburg, Ruth von, 117

Mein Kampf (Hitler), 4–5, 37, 112

Mekhlis, Lev, 89

Meretskov, Kirill, 219, 222–223

Merkulov, Vsevolod, 251, 270

Merkys, Antanas, 84, 92

Metallist (merchant ship), 65

Mikoyan, Anastas, 180, 184–185, 221–222, 267

Military equipment

Commercial Agreement terms, 175–176

German cessation of supplies to the Soviets, 240–241

German invasion of the Soviet Union, 261–264

German preparations for attack on the USSR, 224–226

Lützow, 161–163, 176, 186, 190, 240, 263–264

Soviet military incompetence, 222

Soviet tank industry, 180

Military forces

Finnish resistance to Soviet aggression, 70–79

German buildup on the Soviet western frontier, 239–240

justification for war against the USSR, 233–234

Red Air Force, 144, 260, 263

Red Navy, 190–191

Soviet preparation for German attack, 221–222

Sovietization of the Baltic states, 65–66, 80–81, 92–94

Stalin’s view of German military, 224–225

state of Soviet military in 1940, 217–221

See also Luftwaffe; Red Army; Wehrmacht

Mitchison, Naomi, 107

Mitford, Unity, 123

Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, 90–91

Molotov, Vyacheslav

Anglo-Soviet trade talks, 144–145

annexation of Bessarabia, 89–90

British overtures to, 153

Finnish resistance to Soviet aggression, 70

German invasion of Poland, 35

history and character of, 16–18

Hitler’s war directive, 212

intervention in Baltic states’ internal affairs, 83–84

Nazi-Soviet Commercial Agreement, 186–187

pact as attack on capitalist countries, 14–15

pact negotiations, 28–29

post-pact negotiations, 193–209

response to German aggression, 258–259

Soviet attack on Finland, 79

Soviet invasion and occupation of the Baltic states, 67–68, 86

Soviet pressure for “protection” of Latvia, 67

Soviet-Estonian political crisis, 64–65

Soviets’ response to Operation Barbarossa, 277–278

Western attempt to block the pact, 22–23

Molotov cocktail, 72–73

Molotov Line, 225–226, 261

Mongolian frontier, 35

Moravia, 10

Moscow, Treaty of (1939), 79

Mosley, Oswald, 123, 152–153

Mother Courage (Brecht), 114

Motti (Finnish military tactic), 73–74, 78

Music, 130

Mussolini, Benito, 20, 122, 218

Nationalism, Soviet, 19

Naval forces, 59–60, 190

Nazi Party, 109–110

Nazism, Judeo-Bolshevism and, 37, 124

Neumann, Heinz, 57

Neutrality

British communists’ stance on the war, 100–104

fiction of Soviet neutrality, 33, 60–62, 139

Germany’s overtures to Britain, 237–238

Soviet view of small states, 83

United States, 148–150

Nicolson, Harold, 133, 279, 282

NKVD

Allied POWs, 58

blaming pogroms on, 274–275

blocking desertion from the front, 266

ethnic and social cleansing in Poland, 44, 49–54

impending German attack on the USSR, 221–222

increasing Nazi-Soviet friction, 190

intervention in the military, 266–267

persecuting Germans in the USSR, 56–57

purges in the Baltic states and Bessarabia, 80, 84–85, 92–94, 244–245, 270–273

targeting German communist dissenters, 116–117

Northern Bukovina, 89–91, 93, 95, 188–189, 204–205

Norway, German invasion of, 107–108

Oil fields, British attack on Soviet, 142–147

Oil resources, 142–143, 181, 184–185

Orwell, George, 105

Orzel (submarine), 64, 66

Oshima, Hiroshi, 122

Oumansky, Konstantin, 88, 150

Paasikivi, Juho, 69–70

Päts, Konstantin, 65, 92

Pearl Harbor, 283

People’s parliaments, 86–87

Petropavlosk. See Lützow

Philby, Kim, 238

Phony War, 82, 143

Pieck, Wilhelm, 115

Pike, Operation, 145–147

Planned economies, 91

Poland

Allied POWs, 57–58

Anglo-Polish Agreement, 135–136, 139–140

Boundary and Friendship Treaty, 40–41

British cartoon depiction, 138

British Communists’ reaction to German invasion, 100–101

British concerns over German threat, 135–136

British guarantee of protection, 11–12

Communists’ international response to Germany’s invasion, 106–107

deportation of Viennese Jews, 242–243

disillusionment with communism, 55–57

disposition under the pact, 28

ethnic and social cleansing, 49–54

German and Soviet occupation policies, 43–46

German atrocities, 41–42

German invasion, 10–11, 31–34

Hitler’s increasing population problems, 242

illusion of democracy, 42–43

Jewish ghettos, 49

negotiating the terms of the pact, 25

NKVD purging counterrevolutionaries, 271–272

pogroms, 275

Polish labor in Germany, 47–48

racial reorganization, 46–47

reestablishing Anglo-Soviet relations, 284–289

Ribbentrop’s negotiation attempt, 9–10

Soviet advance into, 35–40

Soviet deportation and exile, 246–249

Western attempts to block Nazi-Soviet pact, 21–22

Polesie Independent Operation Group, 38

Polish-Soviet Agreement, 288–289

Polish-Soviet War (1919–1921), 21

Pollitt, Harry, 99–105, 131, 282

Potemkin, Vladimir, 2–3

Priests, torture of, 94

Puppet governments, 72, 86–87

Purges, 56–57, 71, 165, 220

Raabe, Otto, 57

Racial reorganization in Poland, 46–47

Raczynski, Edward, 135–136

Railroads, 194–195

Ramsay, Archibald, 123, 152

Rapallo, Treaty of (1922), 18, 163–164

Raw materials, 142–143, 165, 173–174, 181–182, 184–185

Red Air Force, 144, 260, 263

Red Army

advance into Latvia, 85

annexation of Bessarabia, 90–91

deportations in the Baltic states, 243–249

deserters in the Baltic states, 83, 264

failure to respond to German attack, 257–258

finding a scapegoat after the German invasion, 269–270

Finnish resistance to Soviet aggression, 70–79

High Command Conference, 217–221

preemptive strike against Germany, 239–240, 253

preparedness for the German invasion, 234–235

response to German invasion, 259–267

Stalin’s aggressive stance on Germany’s preparation for war, 234–236

Zhukov’s proposal for full military readiness against Germany, 251–252

Red Navy, 190–191

Regler, Gustav, 113

Repatriation of Germans and Poles, 54–55, 68–69, 242

Resettlement commissions, 54–55

Reynaud, Paul, 150–151

Ribbentrop, Joachim von

annexation of Bessarabia, 89, 96

appointment to the Foreign Office, 18

Baltic states’ negotiation with Germany and the Soviet Union, 63

Boundary and Friendship Treaty, 40–41

British cartoon depiction, 138

Commercial Agreement, 184

dispute over Romania and Northern Bukovina, 189

draft communiqué, 27–29

German declaration of war on the Soviet Union, 255–256

German economic demands for Soviet materials, 174

Nazi-Soviet ideological similarities, 19–20

pact negotiations, 1–8, 28–29, 32

political effect of the pact, 26–27

political origins of rapprochement, 12

post-pact negotiations, 198–201, 207–209

public German discourse over the pact, 125–126

Soviet demands for German technology, 173

Soviet imprisonment of Germans, 56–57

Soviet pressure on the Baltic states, 68

Soviets’ snub, 169–170

terms of the pact, 25–27

Tripartite Pact negotiations, 213

Western attempts to block the pact, 22, 24–25

Right Club (Britain), 151–152

Ritter, Karl, 172–173, 227–228

Romania, 89, 96, 181, 186–189, 229, 243, 252

Roosevelt, Franklin D, 31, 108, 148–151, 283

Roosevelt, Kermit, 75

Rosenberg, Alfred, 12, 68, 124, 128

Rote Fahne (Red Flag), 115

Rubber supply, 181–182

Rudnev, Lev, 217

Sachsenhausen concentration camp, 42

St. Aubyn, Teddy, 134

Sargeant, Orme, 153–154

Scandinavia, German advance into, 82

Schacht, Hjalmar, 165, 167

Schmidt, Paul, 2, 6, 195, 198, 201–203, 206–207

Schnurre, Karl, 19, 165–166, 168–170, 173–175, 227–228, 241

Schulenburg, Friedrich-Werner von der, 7–8, 22, 24, 85, 89, 96, 165, 212–213, 241, 253

Secret police, 43–45, 58–59. See also Gestapo; NKVD

Secret protocol, 28

Segregation: racial reorganization in Poland, 47

Selter, Karl, 63–65

Serbia, 230

Serov Instructions, 246–247

Shirer, William, 126–127, 173

Shkvartzev, Alexei, 173

Sikorski, Wladyslaw, 285–287

Silvermaster, Helen, 108

Simon, John, 236–238

Simovic, Dusan, 229–230

Slessor, John, 145–146

Snipers, Finns’ use of, 74–75

Sobolev, Arkady, 214

Soviet Union

Allied countries’ public opinion, 134, 147–148

Allied POWs, 58

Anglo-Soviet relations, 279–281, 283–289

antifascist feeling over the pact, 117–121

Boundary and Friendship Treaty, 40–41, 63, 187–188

British attack on Baku, 142–145

British attempts to reset relations with, 154–159, 279–281

British concerns over Nazi-Soviet rapprochement, 138–140

British public opinion, 134

communists’ response to Operation Barbarossa, 277–278

defensive nature of foreign policy, 15

ethnic and social cleansing in Poland, 49–54

evacuation of Germany on the eve of war, 252

food supplies, 182–183

German declaration of war, 255–259

German military technology, 168–172, 179–180, 190, 220–221, 240–241

Germany’s dependence on raw material imports, 165–166

Hitler’s preparation to attack, 210–216

illusion of democracy in occupied Poland, 42

policies in occupied Poland, 42–46

Polish invasion, 35–40

Polish Jews fleeing, 54–55

“resettlement” of Jews from Romania and Germany, 243–244

softening of American opinion towards, 149–151

transportation of Polish Jews, 48–49

See also Baltic states; Economic cooperation, Nazi-Soviet; Molotov, Vyacheslav; Red Army; Stalin, Joseph

Soviet-Yugoslav Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression (1941), 230

Spain: Guernica, 145–146

Spanish Communist Party, 117

Speer, Albert, 24, 96

Stalin, Joseph

anti-Nazi rhetoric, 3–6

Boundary and Friendship Treaty, 41

breakdown during the German invasion, 267–269

British cartoon depiction, 138

Churchill’s negotiations, 154–155

Commercial Agreement, 184–185

communists’ concerns over ideological convergence with Hitler, 108–110

completion of negotiations, 28–29

confusion over Nazism and capitalism, 13

designs on Romania and Bessarabia, 89

division of Europe with Hitler, 95–96

draft communiqué, 27–29

expansion of the Axis partnership, 229–230

German invasion of Poland, 35

Hitler’s impression of, 32

Hitler’s justification for war against the USSR, 233–234

Hitler’s war directive, 211–216

impending German attack on the USSR, 221–222, 224, 226–227, 231–232, 250

justifying Nazi-Soviet collusion, 269

Molotov’s loyalty to, 17–18

NKVD intervention in the military, 266–267

pact as attack on capitalist countries, 14–15

political context of German rapprochement, 13–15

preemptive strike against Germany, 239–240, 253

pride governing economic cooperation, 187

“protection” of Latvia, 67

response to German aggression, 257–259

Soviet attack on Finland, 76, 78–79

Soviet people’s attachment to, 278

Soviet pressure on Estonia, 66

Steel production, 185

Strachey, John, 107–108

Syria, 143

Tamosaitis, Antanas, 92

Tank industry, 180, 261

Technology, 168–172, 179–180, 190, 220–221, 240–241

Teutoslavia, 142–143

Thomas, Bert, 138

Thorez, Maurice, 111

Thyssen, Fritz, 125

Timoshenko, Semyon, 78, 90, 221, 234, 251–252, 266–267

Torture, 93–95

Trade, 139–140, 142, 144. See also Economic cooperation

Tripartite Pact, 199–200, 202, 207–208, 212–213, 229

Trotsky, Leon, 37

Truman, Harry, 283

Turkey, 199, 206, 208, 229

Two Enemies, Doctrine of, 9–10

Udet, Ernst, 170–171

Ukraine, 4, 9–10, 35–36, 42–43, 275

Ulbricht, Walter, 114–115

Underground resistance, 47

Unilateralism, 12

United States

Communists’ response to the Pact, 108

domestic consensus of isolationism, 148–150

German invasion of Poland, 31–32

pro-Nazi sentiment, 123

response to Operation Barbarossa, 283

Soviet annexation of the Baltic states, 88–89

Stalin and Hitler’s division of territories, 95

Versailles, Treaty of, 9

Voroshilov, Kliment, 21–22, 78, 267

Vyshinsky, Andrei, 85–86, 157

Warthegau region, 41, 47, 69, 242

Webb, Beatrice, 106–107

Wedgwood, Josiah, 146

Wehrmacht, 34–35, 46–47, 85, 186, 224–225, 228, 239–240, 252, 261–264

Welles, Sumner, 88, 150

Welles Declaration, 88

White Army, 94

Wolkoff, Anna, 151–152

Yakovlev, Alexander, 170–171, 184, 263

Yugoslavia, 229–230

Zhdanov, Andrei, 85–86, 197, 219

Zhukov, Georgy, 219–223, 225, 232, 239, 251–252, 257, 266–267