The Path to Power - читать бесплатно онлайн полную версию книги автора Margaret Thatcher (Index) #7

Index

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Aberfan disaster, 142–3

abortion, 150, 152

Abse, Leo, 150

Abyssinia, Italian invasion (1935), 24, 26

Action not Words, 137

Adamson, Campbell, 237

Adenauer, Konrad, 342

Adley, Robert, 269, 271

aerospace industry, 574

Afghanistan: Soviet invasion (1979), 367, 371, 383; US aid, 528

Africa: national identities, 525; economies, 586–9

African National Congress (ANC), 588

Agar, Herbert, 30

aircraft industry, 313

Albania, economy, 593

Alison, Michael, 556

Allon, Yigal, 379

Almond, Mark, 495n

Amery, Julian, 324

Amery, Leo, 55

Amin, Idi, 212

Amis, Kingsley, 78

Andrew, Sir Herbert, 165

Anglo-Soviet Parliamentary Group, 154

Angola, Cuban forces, 349, 361

Anschluss (1938), 26, 29

Anwyl-Harris, Peter, 588n

Any Questions, 260

APEX trade union, 397–8, 401

Arab-Israeli war (1973), 229, 230, 372–3

Argentina, economy, 581, 583

Armstrong, Robert, 37

Armstrong, Sir Thomas, 37

Armstrong, Sir William, 227

art galleries, 179

Ashdown, Lord, 292

Assad, Hafez al-, 376–8

Association of Education Committees, 183

Astaire, Fred, 14

Atkins, Humphrey: MT’s leadership election, 280, 282; relations with Heath, 282–3, 416; MT’s Shadow Cabinet, 282, 285; fall of Labour government, 432–3; election campaign (1979), 447

Atkins, Maggie, 282

Atlantic Charter (1941), 57

Atlas Preservative Company, 65

atomic bomb, 52–4, 175

Attlee, Clement, 44–5, 69

Austen, Jane, 19

Australia: MT’s visit (1976), 387–8; economy, 585–6

Aveling-Barford, 23

Aviation, Ministry of, 117, 206

Aviation Week and Space Technology, 367

Ayittey, George B.N., 586n

Bach Choir, Oxford, 37–8

Backbench Finance Committee, 303

Baker, Kenneth, 274

balance of payments, 115, 142, 230

Balcerowicz, Leszek, 591

Baldwin, Stanley, 26, 44

Balfour of Inchrye, Lord, 72

Baltic states, 589

Bank of England, 571

Barber, Anthony: public spending cuts, 192, 203; Chancellor of Exchequer, 199, 200; Budget (1972), 220; trade figures, 230; TUC negotiations, 232

Barnet Council, 131, 172

Barnet Town Hall, 100, 460

Basnett, David, 446

Bauer, Peter, 587

BBC, 86, 382, 434, 443–4

Beatles, 153

Beckenham constituency, 94

Begin, Menachem, 380

Belgium, linguistic disputes, 524

Bell, Tim, 410–11, 412–13, 458

Bellairs, Charles, 248

Belmont Preparatory School, 106

Belstead, Lord, 165

Benn, Tony, 43, 49, 162, 260, 335

Bergman, Ingrid, 14

Berlin Wall, 117, 508, 517

Bernal, J.D., 39

Berry, Tony, 432

Berwick and East Lothian by-election (1978), 418

Bethell, Lord, 513

Better Tomorrow, A, 160

Bevan, Aneurin, 69

Beveridge, Lord, 44, 87, 120–1, 559

Beveridge Report, 120–2, 559

Bevin, Ernest, 48

Bhutto, Benazir, 383

Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 383–4

Bibby, Joseph, 7

Biedenkopf, Kurt, 344

Biffen, John: economic policy, 115, 221, 265, 310; influence, 225; turns down Shadow Cabinet post, 289; Energy spokesman, 310; Industry, 319, 320; responsibility for small businesses, 418

Birch, Nigel, 44, 92, 116

Birmingham, grammar schools, 171–2

Birmingham Stechford by-election (1977), 395

Bismarck, Otto von, 518

Black Papers, 167

Blatch, Bertie, 97, 98, 99–100, 102

Boaden, Roger, 441, 460

Boardman, Tom, 231

Boddy, David, 441

Bomber Command, 32

Boothby, Robert, 48

Bosnia, war, 514–17, 532, 534

Bossom, Sir Alfred, 75–6

Bow Group, 317

Bowyer, Eric, 123

Boyd-Carpenter, John: speaks in Finchley, 98; Pensions, 119, 121, 123, 124; Treasury, 125; Housing and Land, 136

Boyer, Charles, 15

Boyle, Edward: Oxford politics, 42; US debating tour, 43; Birmingham adoption, 62; Suez resignation, 88; joins Cabinet (1962), 125; Shadow Cabinet, 144; leaves politics, 156; Leeds Vice-Chancellor, 156, 187;

education policy, 170, 179, 184; home, 309

Brandt, Willi, 342, 349

Brazil, economy, 581, 583, 588

Brent Trades Council, 398

Bretton Woods, 596–7

Brezhnev, Leonid, 351, 353

British Airways, 574

British-American Parliamentary Group, 278

British Crime Surveys (BCS), 540–1

British Empire, 45

British Leyland, 300, 574

British Manufacturing and Research Company (‘British Marcs’), 32, 33

British Rail, 428

British Steel, 574

British Telecom, 574

Brittan, Sir Leon, 426

Brittan, Sir Samuel, 303, 597

Britto, Keith, 443, 460

Brogan, Colm, 51–2

Bronte sisters, 19

Brooke, Gerald, 154

Brooke, Henry, 111

Brown, George (Lord George-Brown), 138, 425, 428

Brownlow, Lord, 20

Bruce-Gardyne, Jock, 215, 221, 225, 252, 265

Bruges, MT’s speech (1988), 473, 487, 506–7

Bruntisfield, Lord, see Warrender, Sir Victor

Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 367

Buchan, John, 113

Buchanan-Smith, Alick, 322, 323–6

Buckingham, University of, 159–60

budgets: (1955), 87; (1961), 116; (1966), 138–9; (1970), 203; (1972), 211, 220, 225; (1973), 226; (1974), 265; (1975), 300; (1976), 320; (1977), 395; (1979), 571; (1981), 571; (1984). 571; (1988), 571

Building Societies’ Association, 249

Bundesbank, 492

Burke, Edmund: quoted, 26, 46, 536, 542n, 553; influence on MT, 50, 553, 604

Burmah Oil, 138, 271, 309

Bush, George, 474

Butler, Adam, 399

Butler, R.A.: Education Act, 44; budget (1955), 87; passed over as PM (1957), 91; MT’s maiden speech, 112–13; dining club speeches, 114; again passed over (1963), 128–9; immigration controls, 145

BX Plastics, 61–2, 67

by-elections: Chelmsford (1945), 19; Grantham (1942), 33; Torrington (1958), 93; Orpington (1962), 115; Middlesbrough West (1962), 115; Ely (1973), 226; Ripon (1973), 226; Woolwich West (1975), 343; Walsall North (1976), 319; Workington (1976), 319; Birmingham Stechford (1977), 395; Ashfield (1977), 395–6; Grimsby (1977), 395–6; Berwick and East Lothian (1978), 418; Liverpool Edgehill (1979), 445; see also elections, general

Gaetano, Marcello, 340

Callaghan, James: budget (1966), 139; immigration legislation, 145; trade union reform issue, 161n; Prime Minister, 313; pairing dispute, 314; Lib-Lab pact, 327, 394; attitude to EC, 334; MT’s US visit (1975), 359; son-in-law, 368; attitude to left wing, 400; 1978 non-election, 410, 412; winter of discontent, 419–20, 425–7; Guadeloupe summit (1979), 425; devolution, 430, 432; fall of government, 432–3; election campaign (1979), 440–1, 443–4, 445, 448–9

Camden Girls’ School, 18, 19

Camp David Agreements, 380

Campbell, Gordon, 202

Campbell, Judy, 14

Camrose, Lord, 73

Canada, linguistic disputes, 524

Candidates’ Conference, 248

Canterbury constituency, 80

capital punishment, 151–2

car industry, 300, 413, 415

Carlisle, Mark, 418

Carr, Robert: One Nation, 86; Change is our Ally, 86; Race Relations Bill, 146; Employment Secretary, 200–1; Industrial Relations Act, 201, 206; miners’ strike (1972), 201, 216, 217; miners’ strike (1974), 201; Home Secretary, 201, 224; Heath government reforms, 203; Shadow Cabinet reshuffle (1974), 242; election campaign (October 1974), 247, 248, 258; Shadow Chancellor, 264; and formation of MT’s Shadow Cabinet, 283–4, 290; Tory Reform Group, 325

Carrington, Peter, Lord: Defence Secretary, 200; Party Chairman, 202, 234; Energy Secretary, 233–4; Leader of Lords, 287; Rhodesian sanctions, 417–18; election campaign (1979), 447, 451

Carter, Jimmy: foreign policy, 342, 364–5, 373, 528; relations with MT, 367; neutron bomb, 371; Camp David Agreements, 380

Cartland, Barbara, 30, 144

Carvel, Robert, 249

Castrol, 138

Catholic Church, 591

Cazalet-Keir, Thelma, 309

Ceausescu, Elena, 355, 508

Ceausescu, Nicolae, 354–7, 508

Central Council, 326

Central Office: MT’s early career, 63–5, 79–80, 85, 100; Heath as candidate, 68; opinion of voters, 115; MT’s Finchley constituency, 131; election campaign (1970), 160; sherry, 249; leadership election (1975), 276, 280; Thorneycroft Chairmanship, 291–2, 440, 458; Reece’s role, 410; 1978 non-election, 412; election campaign (1979), 440, 442–6, 449–50. 455–6, 457, 458

Central Policy Review Staff(CPRS), 174, 195, 221

Centre for Policy Studies (CPS): origins, 250–2; Joseph’s involvement, 250–7, 286, 317, 420; MT’s involvement, 251–2, 254, 467; role, 252–3, 298; relationship with CRD, 292

CERN (European Centre for Nuclear Research), 175, 176

Chamberlain, Neville, 28, 42, 44

Chambers, Paul, 343–4

Change is our Ally, 86–7, 316

Channon, Paul, 154, 242

Charlton, Michael, 363

Charter 77, 364

Chechen Republic, 526–7

Chekhov, Anton, 38

Chelmer, Lord, 292

Chelmsford by-election (1945), 19

Chelsea Antiques Fair, 257

Chequers, 188–9, 466

Chesterton, G.K., 522

Child Benefit, 564, 573

Child Poverty Action Group, 262

Child Support Agency, 563

Childe, Rev. Henry, 11

Chile: Pinochet regime, 530, 581; economy, 581–2

China: US policy, 348; MT’s visit (1977), 388–91; nuclear power, 520; economy, 521, 584, 598; Tibet policy, 530; science and technology, 579

Chirac, Jacques, 337

Christian Democrat Union (CDU), 341–3, 346, 500

Christianity, 554–6, 580

Christianity and Conservatism, 556

Christ’s College School, 100, 172

Church of England, 105

Churchill, Winston: coalition government, 19, 44; Munich Agreement, 27; radio broadcasts 31; on Bomber Command, 32–3; 1945 election, 44–6; Potsdam Conference, 45, 54; on socialism 45, 50; writings, 53; relationship with Stalin, 54, 57; Fulton speech, 59; Party Conference (1948), 63; Cold War rhetoric, 71; MT comparison, 74, 343; Conservative Women’s rally (1950), 75; resignation, 87; referendum proposal, 332; Imperial War Cabinet, 387–8

civil servants: DES, 166; pay policy, 227–8

Clegg, Hugh, 439

closed shop controversy, 312, 368, 401, 429, 436–7

CNN conference (1992), 492

coal stocks, 216–17, 226

coalition proposals (1974), 238–9, 259–60, 327

Cohesion Fund, 502

Cohn-Bendit case (1978), 505n

Colchester, 62, 67

collectivism: Liberal policy, 21; wartime Britain, 46; postwar Conservative policy, 49; Change is our Ally, 86–7; threat to civil liberties, 110; in education, 174; Heath Government policies, 196, 225, 227; oppositions, 440; Christian approach, 555

Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 208, 334, 483, 500, 502

Common Fisheries Policy, 209, 497

Commonwealth, 126–7, 208

Commonwealth Immigrants’ Act (1962), 145

Commonwealth Immigrants’ Bill (1968), 145

communism: MT’s view of, 14, 24, 29, 156, 341, 600, 603; Soviet Union, 155–6; in trade union movement, 205–6; Muggeridge on, 309–10; Euro-communism, 340–1; advance, 440; collapse, 476, 510; Poland, 602

Community Charge, 202, 571

comprehensive schools, 157–8, 168, 171, 173, 188

Concorde project, 203

Confederation of British Industry (CBI): Davies Director General, 200; incomes policy, 219, 311; TUC relationship, 219, 223–4, 234–5; winter of discontent, 426, 428

Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), 509, 526

Congdon, Tim, 574

Conquest, Robert, 90, 351, 361

consensus, 149–50, 254, 260

Conservative Associations, 276

Conservative Board of Finance, 267

Conservative Party: general election (1935), 25–6; general election (1945), 43–7; Conference (1946), 47–8, 68; Industrial Charter, 49–50; Conference (1948), 62; ‘lower than vermin’, 69; manifesto (1950), 70; general election (1950), 71–3; general election (1951), 75; National Union Executive, 75; general election (1955), 87; Conference (1957), 92; manifesto (1959), 93, 111; general election (1959), 99–101, 114; policies during 1960s, 114–15; Africa policy, 114–15; Conference (1961), 119; Conference (1963), 128; leadership succession (1963), 128–31; general election (1964), 131–2; in opposition, 133; leadership election, (1965) 133–6; Conference (1965), 136; Conference (1966), 139–40; Conference (1968), 148; manifesto (1970), 160, 194, 197, 224; general election (1970), 161–3; education policy, 167; manifesto (February 1974), 235–6, 246, 322; general election (February 1974), 235–9, 327; manifesto (October 1974), 242–50, 257–9, 300, 322; Heath’s policies, 241; general election (October 1974), 260–1; leadership question, 261–71; leadership election, 271–81; Heath’s position, 283; Conference (1975), 291; incomes policies, 300–4; Conference (1975), 305–9; Conference (1976), 316, 407; European referendum, 330–6, 338–9; Grunwick dispute, 397; Conference (1977), 403–4; Conference (1978), 414–18; trade union policy, 423–5, 454; manifesto (1979), 435–9, 447; general election (1979), 439–61; Europe policy, 473, 487

Conservative Political Centre (CPC), 75, 148, 255

Conservative Research Department, 161, 248, 252, 292–3, 306, 410

Conservative Trade Unionists’ rally (1979), 457, 458

Cook, Beryl, 65, 67, 79

Cooke, Robin, 276

Cope, John, 268

Corfield, Fred, 206

corporal punishment, 116–17, 151

Corrie, John, 325

COSATU, 588

Council of Europe, 525

Council of Legal Education, 79

Coward, Noël, 14

Crafts, N.F.R., 576n

Crankshaw, Edward, 309

credit controls, 115, 213

crime: rate, 540–2, 550; juvenile, 551; causes, 551–3; cutting, 557–9

Criminal Justice Bill (1961), 116–17

Cripps, Sir Stafford, 52, 55

Croatia: recognition of, 490, 495; independence, 512; war, 514; Serbian attack, 534

Crosland, Anthony: at Oxford, 49; comprehensive education, 168; rates, 247–8; on MT’s manifesto proposals, 250, 258; death, 396

Crossman, Richard, 124

Cullen, Muriel (née Roberts, MT’s sister): childhood, 3–5, 15, 16; penfriend, 26; work, 32, 52; car, 74; marriage, 104; mother’s death, 107

currency: convertibility, 86; sterling crises, 312, 315; single European, 333; EMS, 338, 339–40, see also Exchange Rate Mechanism

Czech Republic: national identity, 525; economy, 591, 592–3

Czechoslovakia: German occupation, 27; Havel Presidency, 508; national identity, 524; privatization, 590

D-Day landings (1944), 41

Daily Telegraph, 149, 273, 278, 293, 335

Darbishire, Helen, 40

Dartford, 63–8, 71–5

Davidson, Lady (Mimi), 48

Davies, John: Technology, 200; Heath’s reforms, 203; UCS, 214–15; miners’ strike (1972), 217; Industry White Paper 220; Industry Act, 220–1; successor at DTI, 224–5; general election (February 1974), 233; dropped from Shadow Cabinet, 242; MT appoints as Foreign Affairs spokesman, 320; illness, 320, 418; death, 418; Stepping Stones discussions, 421

Day, Robin, 42–3, 236, 300, 424, 449

de Gaulle, Charles, 126–7, 207

de la Mare, Walter, 8

De L’lsle and Dudley, Lord, 57, 398

Deakins, Eric Petro, 100

death penalty, 151–2

Declaration of Intent, 138

Deech, Ruth, 563n

Deedes, William, Lord, 293

defence spending, 531–6

Dej, Gheorghe, 354

Delors, Jacques, 487, 509

democracy, 524

Deng Xiao Ping, 389

Denmark, Maastricht referendum, 492, 494

Denning, Lord, 504

Depression, 23–4, 566

deregulation, 568, 578

detenu, 348–9, 350–2, 364, 388

devaluation, 50, 70, 160

development planning, 586–7

devolution, 285, 321–7, 328, 430–2

Diamond, Jack, 139

Dicey, A.V., 84–5, 332

Dickens, Charles, 19

direct grant schools, 159, 167, 173

Disraeli, Benjamin, 118, 259

divorce: law reform, 151, 152, 548, 563; rate, 548

Djilas, Milovan, 370–1

Dobbs, Michael, 441

dock strike (1972), 222

Docker, Lady, 78

Dodd, Ken, 459

Dodds, Norman, 71–2, 75

Donat, Robert, 15

Donnelly, Desmond, 153

Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 310

Douglas, Roger, 586

Douglas-Home, Sir Alec (Lord Dunglass, Lord Home): OUCA, 48; Yalta Agreement vote, 57; widows’ earnings rule, 123, 130; becomes PM, 128–30, 280; Foreign Secretary, 130, 199, 282, 375; MT’s high opinion of, 130, 144; general election (1964), 131, 133; stands down, 133; Middle East policy, 230; leadership election review, 266; devolution proposals, 321

Drinkwater, John, 8

drugs, 153

du Cann, Edward: 1922 Committee, 225, 264, 285, 289, 335; refuses to join Heath’s Shadow Cabinet, 264; leadership election (1975), 269–72; MT’s leadership, 285, 289; EC referendum, 335

Dunglass, Lord, see Douglas-Home

Eccles, David, Lord, 165

Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), 483, 485–6

Economic Club of New York, 478

Economic Dining Group, 265

Economic Policy Committee of the Cabinet (EPC), 195

Economic Reconstruction Group, 298, 300, 403

ECU, 485

Eden, Anthony (Lord Avon), 48, 75, 86, 89, 91, 130

Edinburgh, 296

education: selection, 157–9, 173–4; comprehensive plans, 157–8, 168–74, 188; Plus, 157–9, 169, 191; primary schools, 158–9, 167, 182–5, 192; school leaving age, 159–60, 167, 192; egalitarian policies, 166; higher, 167, 183, 191, 192, 193; HMI, 173; Assisted Places Scheme, 173; grant-maintained schools, 173; vouchers, 173, 191; teacher training, 176–8, 190, 192; school meals, 179–81, 192; school milk, 179–82, 189; school building programme, 183–5, 189, 190, 191–3; student unions, 185–7, 189; teaching of reading, 189; use of English, 189; White Paper (1972), 190–1; student loans, 191; spending cuts (1973), 191–3; promotion of competition, 575

Education: A Framework for Expansion, 190–1, 193

Education Act (1944), 44, 170–9

Education Act (1976), 172

Education and Science, Department of (DES), 157–8, 165–93

Education Bill (1970), 158

Edwards, Nick, 403

Egypt: Suez crisis, 88; occupation of Yemen, 88; Yom Kippur War (1973), 372–3; MT’s visit (1976), 373, 374–5

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 89

Election Call, 236, 449–50

elections, general: (1935), 25; (1945), 33, 43–6; (1950), 70–3; (1951), 75; (1955), 87; (1959), 93, 99–101, 114; (1964), 131–2; (1966), 137; (1970), 161–3; (February 1974), 235–9; (October 1974), 250, 257–61; (1979), 435–61, 571; see also by-elections

Elizabeth II, Queen, 78, 91

Elton, Lord, 55

Ely by-election (1973), 226

Erhard, Ludwig, 253, 343, 344

Esposito, J.L., 536n

Ethiopia, 371

European Assembly, 326–7, 328, 337

European Central Bank Board, 486

European Commission, 489–90

European Communities Act (1972), 209, 210, 504

European Community (EC): membership negotiations (1961–63); 117, 126–7, (1970– 72); 201, 207–11; Heath’s attitude, 126, 134, 207, 211; MT’s attitude, 126–7, 470–507; Britain’s entry, 176, 211, 496, 500; budget, 208; sovereignty issue, 209–10, 237, 497, 504; British referendum, 283, 330–5; single currency, 333; federalism, 470–1, 473, 476, 496; protectionism, 476, 502, 595, 597, 599; Maastricht Treaty, 481–8; British ‘opt-outs’, 484–5; policy in former Yugoslavia, 494–5; Single Market, 497, 502, 503; trade balance, 498; ‘two der’ concept, 500, 501–2

European Councils: Paris (1972), 496; Rome (1990), 500, 509

European Court of Human Rights, 399

European Court of Justice, 210, 333, 482, 497, 504

European Democratic Union (EDU), 340, 346–7

European Economic Area (EEA), 505

European Free Trade Area (EFTA), 126, 134, 505

European Monetary System (EMS), 338, 339–40, 596; see also ERM

European Union of Women, 127

Evans, N.R., 585n

Evening Standard, 131

Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM), 477, 485–7, 492–4, 501, 570, 596–7; see also EMS

Ezra, Derek, 215

Factortame case, 497, 505; see also Merchant Shipping Act

Fair Deal at Work, 160

Fairgrieve, Russell, 325

Falklands War, 567, 583

family: institution of, 522, 540; one-parent, 538, 539, 544–5, 549, 561–3; welfare dependency, 544–5; changes in demographic structure, 548–50; strengthening, 561–4

Family Credit, 560, 599

Fanfani, Amintore, 345

Fanfare for Europe (1973), 211

Faraday, Michael, 176

Federal Reserve Board, 590

Federation of University Conservative and Unionist Associations (FUCUA), 47

Feiling, Keith, 42

Ferrier, Kathleen, 38

Finchley: MT’s selection, 95–7; MT’s adoption, 97–8; Jewish community, 98–9, 230, 374; Liberals, 98–9; general election (1959), 99–101; general election (1964), 131–2; general election (1966), 137; ‘brain drain’ from, 154; general election (1970), 162–3; general election (February 1974), 237–8; general election (October 1964), 258, 261; general election (1979), 458, 459–60; MT stands down, 488

Finchley Golf Club, 98, 131

Finchley Press, 97

Finsberg, Geoffrey, Lord, 266

Fitt, Gerry, Lord, 431

Fletcher, Mrs (Dartford), 63

Flowers, Sir Brian, 175

Foot, Michael, 29, 207, 260, 328, 432

Ford, Gerald, 348, 357, 360–1, 365, 375

Ford, Henry, 443

Ford, Mrs Henry, 465

Ford strike (1978), 413, 415

foreign policy: MT’s five tenets, 518–36; role of US, 518–19; balance of power, 519–21; nationhood and national sovereignty, 522–7; freedom, democracy and human rights, 527–30; defence, 531–6

Fowler, Norman, 289, 311, 575

Framework for Government Research and Development, A, 174

France: Suez crisis, 88, 89; MT’s visit (1975), 337; EC role, 473; Hoover-Europe transfer, 484; Maastricht referendum, 492, 494; Gulf War, 499, 511; EC policies, 500, 595; constitutional law, 504–5

Franco, Francisco, 24, 341

Fraser, Hugh, 276, 277, 278

Fraser, Malcolm, 386–7

Freitas do Amaral, Diogo, 340–1

Friedman, Milton, 386, 567, 596

Frost, Gerry, 252

Fry, Christopher, 38

fuel crisis (1947), 50

Fukuyama, Francis, 517

Gaitskell, Hugh, 93, 128

Gandhi, Indira, 384–6

Gandhi, Rajiv, 385, 585

Gandhi, Sanjay, 385

Gang of Four, 389, 391

Ganić, Ejup, 514

Garbo, Greta, 14

Gardiner, George, 273, 278

Garner, Tony, 443

Gatehouse, Stella, 45

GATT, 471, 476, 502–4

General and Municipal Workers Union, 446

General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, 555

General Strike (1926), 126

George V, King, 20

George VI, King, 22

George-Brown, Lord, see Brown, George

Germany: Hitler, 26, 31; invasion of Czechoslovakia, 27; invasion of Poland, 28; MT’s visits (1975, 1976), 341–5; incomes policy, 403–4; EC role, 473–4; Deutschmark, 477, 478, 483, 487, 506, 570, 596; MT’s Hague speech, 490–1; Bundesbank, 492; monetary union, 500; constitutional law, 504; reunification, 508; balance of power, 520; model of capitalist system, 594–6

Giant’s Strength, A, 110, 205

Gibson, Guy, 32

Gillies, Dorothy, 34

Gilmour, Ian, Lord: election manifesto (1974), 247; MT’s Shadow Home Secretary, 286; CRD, 292; incomes policy, 301, 430; Shadow Defence, 310; devolution issue, 323; Stepping Stones discussion, 421, 422

Ginsburg, Alexander, 371

Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry, 337

Gladstone, William Ewart, 176

Gligorov, Kiro, 370

Glover, Douglas, 318

Glover, Eleanor, 318

Godber, Joe, 242

Goldsmith, Sir James, 596, 597–600

Gollancz, Victor, 28

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 513

Gormley, Joe, 218, 226

Gouriet, John, 399

Graham, Billy, 458

grammar schools, 157–9, 167, 170–3, 188–9

Granada 500, 459

Grandes Conferences Catholiques, 347

Grant, John, 63

Grantham: history, 19–20; Second World War, 32–3; by-election (1942), 33; influence, 565–6

Gray, Hamish, 325, 326

Greater London Council (GLC), 396

Griffiths, Brian, 303, 556

Grunwick dispute, 288, 312, 368, 397–403, 428

G7 Summit (1977), 367

Guinea Club, 273

Gulf War, 474, 499, 508, 510–n, 533

Hague, Douglas, 254

Hailsham, see Hogg

Haiti, intervention, 535

Haley, Bill, 77

Hall, Henry, 15

Handel, George Frideric, 9

Harding, Miss (KGGS), 18

Hare, John, 79, 82–3, 85

Harris, Sir Arthur ‘Bomber’, 32

Harris, Kenneth, 43

Harris, Ralph, 254

Harvie-Anderson, Bettie, 130, 322

Haskins, Minnie Louise, 23n

Hastings, Max, 263

Hattersley, Roy, 191

Havel, Vaclav, 508

Havers, Michael, 332

Haydn, Joseph, 9

Hayek, Friedrich August von, 50–1, 56, 85, 253, 604

Hayhoe, Barney, 399

Heald, Sir Lionel, 111

Healey, Denis: on inflation, 258; Budget (1974), 265–6; Commons exchanges with MT, 265–6, 273–4; Howe as Shadow Chancellor to, 288; incomes policy (1975), 302–3; mini-Budget (1976), 320; Budget (1977), 395; on MT’s immigration interview, 408; on ‘Labour Isn’t Working’ campaign, 411–12; election campaign (1979), 445; public spending cuts, 568

health, see National Health Service

Heath, Edward: general election (1950), 68; One Nation, 86; relationship with MT, 98, 142, 143–4, 163. 189, 267, 282–3, 307, 475; EEC negotiations, 126, 134, 201, 207–11, 330; leadership election (1965), 133–6; general election (1966), 137; Shadow Cabinet, 137, 141, 142, 143, 160; immigration issue, 145–7; CPC lecture, 148; Buckingham University issue, 159–60; general election (1970), 160, 162–3; science policy, 174–5; Nobel Prize winners dinner, 175–6; education policy, 183, 188–9; PM (1970–74), 194–236, 299; incomes policy, 195–7, 219, 224–8, 255, 415–16; European policies, 207–11, 330–1, 334–6, 339; general election (February 1974), 236–9; Leader of the Opposition (1974), 240–1; Shadow Cabinet (1974), 240–2, 255, 267; leadership question, 241; housing policy, 244, 246–9, 258; CPS, 251–2; Joseph’s speeches, 253, 255, 257; general election (October 1974), 257–61; leadership question, 261, 263–5, 267, 270; leadership campaign, 274–8, 280; MT’s leadership, 282–3, 304, 305, 307; early career, 291; economic policies, 299, 300, 304; Party Conferences, 306; Party Conference (1975), 307; devolution policy, 321–2, 325–6; Conference speech (1978), 415–16, 418; general election (1979), 456

Heifer, Eric, 3

Helsinki Agreements, 338, 349–53, 509

Helsinki Group, 371

Hemel Hempstead constituency, 94

Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Schools (HMI), 173

Hersey, John, 53

Heseltine, Michael: Heath Shadow Cabinet, 242; MT’s Shadow Cabinet, 287; industrial policies, 287, 300, 319–20; British Leyland, 300; Mace incident, 314; replaced by Biffen, 319–20; criticisms of trade union leadership, 424; election campaign (1979), 446

Hibbert Journal, 19

Higgins, Terence, 195, 227

Hillary, Richard, 30

Himmelfarb, Gertrude, 545

Hindley, Brian, 599

Hiroshima (1945), 53

Hitler, Adolf, 11, 22, 24, 26–8, 29–30, 54

Hodgkin, Dorothy, 38–9, 175

Hogg, Quintin (Lord Hailsham): Oxford election campaign (1945), 43; leadership question (1963), 128–9; race relations legislation, 146; Lord Chancellor, 199–200, 289; MT’s leadership, 284

Hoist, Gustav, 38

Home, Lord, see Douglas–Home

Home and Social Affairs Committee of the Cabinet (HS), 186–7

homelessness, 328

homosexuality, 150, 152, 548

Hong Kong: future of, 530; economy, 584; currency board, 590

Hoover-Europe, 484

Hornsby-Smith, Pat, 68–9, 112, 117

Hoskyns, Sir John, 420–1, 422, 442

Houghton, Douglas, 124

Housebuilders’ Federation, 258

housing: property-owning democracy, 75, 243; high-rise, 117; council rents, 224; mortgage subsidy, 226, 227, 243, 245; mortgage rate, 226, 236, 243–4, 247, 249, 258; policy group (1974), 242–50; house values, 243; council house costs, 244; mortgage tax relief, 244, 245; right to buy, 245–6, 575; homelessness, 328; benefit, 543; single parents, 561–2; reduction of rent controls, 575

Housing Finance Act, 224

Housing Research Foundation, 244

Hoveyda, Amir Abbas, 382

Howard, Leslie, 14

Howe, Derek, 434, 441

Howe, Geoffrey: A Giant’s Strength, 110; EC Act, 210; Heath Cabinet, 225, 287–8; Steering Committee, 242; Joseph’s Preston speech, 255; leadership election (1975), 271, 278, 28ofn, 284; Shadow Chancellor, 287–8, 290; Economic Reconstruction Group, 298, 403; trade union policy, 301, 430; incomes policy issue, 303, 311, 317, 403–5, 438; The Right Approach, 316–17; EMS, 339; The Right Approach to the Economy, 404; Party Conference (1978), 415; manifesto (1979), 436, 438–9, 447; election campaign (1979), 447; Chancellor, 568; Budget (1979), 571

Howe, Martin, 505n

Howell, David, 403, 404, 421, 424

Howell, Denis, 398

Hua Guo Feng, 389–90

Huang Hua, 388

Hulbert, Jack, 375

human rights, 527–30

Hungary: (1956), 90–1; national identity, 525, 526; NATO membership, 532; economy, 591, 593

Huntington, Samuel, 517, 524

Huntingtower Road Primary School, 17, 180

Hurd, Douglas, 310, 388, 475

Hussein, King of Jordan, 198

Hussein, Saddam, 508, 511, 512, 534

Hutchinson, George, 336

Hyde, Douglas, 56

illegitimacy, 11, 544, 549–50

immigration: Notting Hill riots, 95; Conservative policy (1960s), 115, 145–7; legislation, 145–6, 211–13; Powell’s Birmingham speech (1968), 146–7; Conservative manifesto (1970), 160; Ugandan Asians, 212; MT’s attitude, 212, 405–9; from Pakistan, 384

Immigration Act (1971), 211–12, 407

In Place of Strife, 161, 204

Income Support, 120

incomes policies: prototypes, 115; pay pause (1961), 116; Wilson’s approach, 128; voluntary restraint, 138, 160; wage freeze (1966), 139; Conservative approach (1960s), 140–1; Powell’s opposition, 141; MT’s CPC lecture, 149; Conservative manifesto (1970), 160, 195; statutory prices and incomes policy, 195, 197, 224–8; Heath Government’s, 195–7, 219, 224–8, 255; voluntary (‘n-i’), 205, 218, 223; Stages 1–3, 225–8, 236; Joseph’s attitude, 255, 256; Conservative policies under MT, 298–304, 397, 403–5, 415–16, 438–9, 575; CBI attitude, 311; The Right Approach, 317; Heath’s views in opposition, 415–16

India: independence, 54–5; MT’s visit (1976), 384–6; nuclear power, 520, 521; economy, 521, 585

Indian Civil Service, 24

Industrial Charter, The, 49–50

Industrial Re-organization Corporation (IRC), 203

Industrial Relations Act (1971), 201, 203–6, 215–16, 219, 221–2, 224, 237, 288, 301

Industry Act (1972), 220

Industry and Regional Development, 220

inflation: Conservative manifesto (1950), 70; zero (1959–60), 115; Labour attempts to control, 138–9; Powell’s economic theory, 141; role of trade unions, 141; role of money supply, 149; role of taxation, 160; Conservative approach (1970s), 160, 196, 223, 227, 229; removal of credit controls, 213; unemployment, 213, 567; theories of, 219; rise, 226–7, 243; effects, 243; Joseph’s approach, 244, 254–6; Healey’s calculations, 258; Conservative policies under MT, 298–304, 397, 538, 567–9, 575, 596–7; falling, 315, 409; MT’s New York speech (1990, 479

Inns of Court Conservative Society, 85, 109, 116

Institute of Directors, 372

Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA), 142, 254

Inter-Governmental Conference (1996), 488

interest rates, 115, 226, 230, 300, 315–16, 397, 479, 567

International Monetary Fund (IMF): global influence, 56; involvement in British economy, 140, 310, 315, 319, 320, 394, 400, 409, 569, 571; Conference (1992), 492; currency board proposal, 590

internationalism, 470–2, 511

investment grants, 203

Iran: Iraq war, 90; overthrow of Shah, 365; MT’s visit (1978), 380–3; Islamic fundamentalism, 536

Iraq: coup, 88; Iran war, 90; invasion of Kuwait, 508, 534

Ireland, Maastricht referendum, 494

Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), 434

Irish Republican Army (IRA), 434

iron and steel, 69, 86

Islamic fundamentalism, 535–6

Israel: Suez crisis, 88, 89; Six Day War, 88; Yom Kippur War (1973), 229, 230, 372–3; MT’s visit (1976), 373, 378–80

Italy, MT’s visit (1977), 345–6

ITN, 418

ITV, 444–5

James, Sally, 441–2

James Committee, 190, 245

James of Rusholme, Lord, 177

Japan: Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 53–4; surrender (1945), 54; ‘threat’, 520; defence, 520, 521; economy, 584

Jarrett, Clifford, 123

Jauch, Dr, 26

Jay, Peter, 368

Jellicoe, George, Lord, 202

Jenkin, Patrick, 192, 289, 310

Jenkins, Roy, 213, 331, 395, 407

Jews: Hitler’s treatment of, 26–7, 29; Finchley, 98–9, 230, 374; Arab-Israeli war (1973), 230; role in development of capitalism, 580; Warsaw Ghetto uprising, 602, 605

Joad, C.E.M., 22

Jobseeker’s Allowance, 545

John Paul II, Pope, 345–6, 371–2, 556

Johnson, Frank, 273

Johnson, Nevil, 324

Johnson, Paul, 451

Jordan: ‘Black September’, 198; Palestinian problem, 374

Joseph, Helen, Lady, 266

Joseph, Sir Keith: influence on MT, 50, 135–6; economic policy, 50, 141, 229, 241, 244, 320; MT’s adoption, 98; MT’s Private Member’s Bill, 111; Cabinet reshuffle (1962), 125; leadership election (1965), 135–6; Shadow Cabinet, 144; race relations, 146; Trade and Industry Shadow, 156; Buckingham University, 159–60; quoted, 162; on ‘cycle of deprivation’, 167, 200, 547, 552; Social Services, 180, 200, 547; Heath government, 196; industry policies, 220; Arab-Israeli war (1973), 230; Shadow Cabinet (1974), 242; Centre for Policy Studies, 250–7, 286; Upminster speech, 253–4; Edgbaston speech, 253, 262–3, 266; Leith speech, 254; Preston speech, 255–7; Shadow Home Secretary, 255; relationship with Heath, 255, 260; leadership question, 262, 266–7; MT’s leadership campaign, 274, 278, 279, 282; policy role in MT’s Shadow Cabinet, 285, 286, 288, 290, 292–3, 297–300; British Leyland rescue, 300; trade union policies, 301; incomes policies, 302–3, 311, 404, 416; The Right Approach, 316; speeches, 317–18; Grunwick dispute, 368, 402; ‘Stepping Stones’, 420–2; trade union policy, 423, 430; manifesto (1979), 436; on ‘centre ground’, 439, 449; general election campaign (1979), 447, 451

Jouvenal, Bertrand de, 48

Kaberry, Donald, 93, 94–5

Kay, Miss (KGGS), 18

Keays, Bill, 446

Keegan, George, 366–7

Kendall, Denis, 29, 33, 43

Kennedy, John F., 117, 118

Kenya: Asians, 145, 212; economy, 588–9

Kerr, Sir John, 386

Kesteven and Grantham Girls’ School (KGGS), 9, 17–19

Keynes, John Maynard, 75, 565, 566

Keynesianism, 160, 193, 313, 320, 565

Khalid, Leila, 166, 198

Khomeini, Ayatollah, 365, 382

Khrushchev, Nikita, 90, 117, 118

Kilbrandon Royal Commission, 321

Kinchin-Smith, Michael, 46

Kipling, Rudyard, 17, 37, 196, 455, 601n

Kirk, Peter, 337

Kissinger, Henry, 348, 360, 373

Kitson, Timothy, 240, 274, 277, 283

Klaus, Vaclav, 592

Koestler, Arthur, 57–8

Kohl, Helmut, 344, 347, 481, 482

Korda, Alexander, 14

Krebs, Richard, 29

Kroger, Helen and Peter, 154

Kurds: safe havens, 512; statehood, 523–4

Kuwait, Iraqi invasion, 508, 534

Labour Club, Oxford, 49

Labour Party: Grantham, 21; defence policies, 25, 26, 44; general election (1945), 44, 46; economic failures, 50; Colm Brogan’s view, 52; Indian independence, 55; general election manifesto (1950), 69–70; general election (1950), 73, 74; general election (1951), 75; Suez crisis, 88; attacks on Macmillan, 92; general election (1959), 93; policies (1960s), 114; pensions reform, 124; general election (1964), 132; general election (1966), 137; SET, 138–9; statutory incomes policy, 141; general election (1970), 160–2; trade union reform, 161, 204, 206; education policy, 166; EC contributions, 208; ‘social contract’, 236, 413, 419; general election (February 1974), 238; policies (1974), 241; housing policy, 243, 250; right wing, 259; general election (October 1974), 261; Wilson government, 312–13; Callaghan government, 315; devolution, 322–6, 430–2; Lib-Lab pact, 326–8, 394, 397, 410; Europe referendum, 330–1, 3345 Grunwick dispute, 397–401; extreme left, 400–1, 439; incomes policy, 403, 413, 422; general election (1979), 439–41, 445–6, 454, 455–6; single currency, 479; general election manifesto (1983), 605

Lambert, Constant, 38

Lamont, Norman, 357, 421, 492

Land Commission, 136

Latham, Michael, 242

Latin America, 581–3

law, rule of, 580

law and order: Conservative policy (1960s), 115; penal policy 116–17; debate (1990s), 538; social service, 558

Law Commission, 563

Lawson, Nigel: MT’s housing policy group, 242; EMS policy, 339; Policy Search group, 421; Chancellor of Exchequer, 568; Budgets (1984, 1988), 571; shadows Deutschmark, 596

Lawton, Frederick, 83

Le Marchant, Spencer, 432

League of Nations, 24, 26, 510–11

League of Pity, 16

Lebanon, Islamic fundamentalism, 536

Lee Kuan Yew, 386

Left Book Club, 28

Lenzerheide, 105–6

Lever, Harold, 243, 265

Lewis, C.S., 40–1

Lewis, Russell, 280

Li Hsien-nien, 389

Liberal Party: collectivism, 21; by-election victories, 93, 131, 226, 445; in Finchley, 98–9, 131, 137, 237; general election (February 1974), 238; rejects Heath coalition proposal, 239, 259; Lib-Lab pact, 326–8, 394, 397, 410; fall of Labour government, 431–2; general election campaign (1979), 445

libraries, 179

Lilley, Peter, 539

Liverpool Edgehill by-election (1979), 445

Lloyd, Selwyn, 116

local education authorities (LEAs), 157, 167, 168, 169–70, 189

local government: press facilities, 110–111; cap to spending, 247; subsidy, 248; direct-labour organizations, 328; Community Charge, 571; extra money for, 573; promotion of competition, 575

Local Government Act (1963), 181

Lockhart, Robert Bruce, 29

Lockheed Corporation, 206–7

London, City of, 499

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 8

Longford, Lord and Lady, 309

Longmore, Sir Arthur, 33

Lowe, John, 68

Lubbers, Ruud, 345

Luxembourg, MT’s visit (1975), 337

Lyons, J. 67, 74

Maastricht Treaty, 333, 468, 473, 477, 480, 481–8, 494–5

McAlpine, Alistair: Party Treasurer, 292, 334, 443; MT’s office, 293; EC referendum, 334, 335; MT’s departure, 465

Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 510

McDowell, Gary, 551n

Maclean, Fitzroy, 370–1

Macleod, Iain: One Nation, 86; MT’s adoption, 98; ‘Scramble from Africa’, 114–15; Party Chairmanship, 119; Cabinet reshuffle (1962), 125; refuses to serve in Home Government (1963), 129; leadership election (1965), 133–4; Shadow Chancellor, 137, 139, 141, 142, 144, 264; Shadow Cabinet tensions, 144; immigration, 145; education, 179; death, 180, 198–9, 200, 201; Memorial Lecture, 396

Macmillan, Harold: The Middle Way, 50; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 87, 91, 118; leadership, 91–2, 99, 114, 115, 117–18, 280; cabinet reshuffle (1961), 117; cabinet reshuffle (‘Night of the Long Knives’) (1962), 125; European negotiations, 126, 127; resignation, 128; successor, 128–9; anti-right speech, 297; National Unity call, 319

Macmillan, Maurice: disagreement with MT, 183; Employment, 224; miners’ dispute, 228; replaced by Whitelaw, 231; father, 319; devolution issue, 324

Macpherson, Niall, 119, 123, 125

McWhirtcr, Norris, 398

McWhirter, Ross, 398

Mafia, 522

Maguire, Frank, 431

Maidstone constituency, 94

Major, John, 474–5, 480, 483, 488, 568

Malaysia, economy, 584

Malcolm, Noel, 497

Malita, Mircea, 354

Mao Tse Tung, 389, 390

Margadale, Lord, 273

Marples, Ernest, 124

Marten, Neil, 136, 338

Marx, Karl, 58

Marxists, 58, 579

Matraszek, Marek, 592n

Maude, Angus: One Nation, 86; Change is our Ally, 86; sacked by Heath, 273; MT’s Shadow Cabinet, 290; CRD, 290, 292; policy-making role, 297–8; speech writing, 306, 328; The Right Approach, 316; The Right Approach to the Economy, 404; ‘Stepping Stones’, 421; manifesto (1978–79), 435, 447

Maudling, Reginald: Cabinet reshuffle (1962), 125; leadership election (1965), 133–6, 144; Deputy Leader, 144; race relations policy, 146; refuses to shadow Trade and Industry, 156; economic policy, 160, 199, 301–2; Poulson affair, 199, 286; resignation, 199, 224; miners’ strike (1972), 217; Shadow Foreign Secretary, 286, 290, 351, 362; incomes policy, 301–2; MT’s 1976 Conference speech, 316; dismissed as Shadow Foreign Secretary, 319–20; European Union report, 338; Helsinki, 352, 353; Middle East policy, 373–4; Rhodesia issue, 418

Maxse, Maijorie, 65

Maxwell-Fyfe, David, 48

Maxwell-Fyfe, Pamela, 48

Maxwell-Hyslop, Robin, 313

Medium Term Financial Strategy (MTFS), 569–70

Meir, Golda, 378–9

Melvin, Neil, 526n

Mendelssohn, Felix, 9

Menem, Carlos Saul, 583

Mengistu, Mariam Haile, 371

Menzies, Sir Robert, 387–8

mercantilism, 581

Merchant Shipping Act (1988), 210, 497; see also Factortame case

Messerlin, Patrick, 502

Methodism, 5–11, 24, 31, 37, 39, 565, 603

Mexico, economy, 582–3

Middlesbrough West by-election (1962), 115

Militant Tendency, 286, 400

milk, school, 179–82, 189

Mill, John Stuart, 21, 50

Millar, Ronnie: speech writing, 307, 427, 442, 458; ‘Labour Isn’t Working’, 411; general election campaign (1979), 442, 456, 458

Miller, John, 63, 67–8

Miller, Phee, 63, 67

Millington, Ernest Rogers, 19

Milosevic, Slobodan, 371

Milton, John, 8

miners: strike (1972), 188, 201, 205, 213, 216–18; strike (1974), 192, 200, 201, 437; strike (1984–85), 216, 217, 575; strike ballot (1973), 225; demands (1973), 226–7; overtime ban (1973–74), 228, 229, 231; strike ballot (1974), 234, 235

Minford, Patrick, 575n, 597n

Minimum Lending Rate (MLR), 226, 230; see also interest rates

minorities, ethnic, 525, 539–40

Mitchell, Austin, 396

Mock, Alois, 342

Molotov-Ribbentrop pact (1939), 56

monetarism: Powell’s approach, 147; Conservative policies (1970s), 160, 219; Joseph’s approach, 244, 255–6, 318; MT’s Shadow Cabinet, 290, 301, 318; MT’s instincts, 568; present policy, 570

Monetarism is Not Enough, 318

money supply: expansion as response to unemployment, 141; MT’s CPC lecture, 149; growth (1972–73), 225–6; Joseph’s approach, 256; inflation, 299–300; IMF deal, 320

Montgomery, Fergus, 258, 267, 271

Morning Cloud, 261

Moro, Aldo, 346

Morrison, Peter, 273

mortgage: subsidy, 226, 227, 243, 245; rate, 226, 236, 243, 247, 249, 258; tax relief, 244, 245

Moscow, MT’s visit (1969), 154

Moss, Robert, 361

Moss, Stanley, 46

Mountbatten, Lord Louis, 55

Muggeridge, Malcolm, 309

Muldoon, Robert, 386–7

Mulley, Fred, 398

Munich Agreement (1938), 25, 26, 27

Munro, Hector, 325

Murray, Charles, 544, 549

museums, 179

Mussolini, Benito, 11, 24

Mutual Balanced Force Reduction (MBFR), 349–50

Nagasaki (1945), 53–4

Napoleon, 15

NASA, 154

Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 88

nation states, 522–7

National Assistance, 120, 121

National Association for Freedom (NAFF), 398–401

National Association of Head Teachers, 161

National Chamber of Trade, 287

National Coal Board (NCB), 143, 215–18, 228, 234–5

National Economic Development Council (NEDC), 126, 232, 311, 404

National Freight Authority, 143

National Freight Corporation, 574

National Front, 406

National Health Service (NHS): creation, 44; Conservative policy (1950), 70; hospitals, 115; press scare, 441; issue, 538; reforms (1990), 571; funding, 573; competition, 575

National Incomes Commission (NIC), 126

National Industrial Relations Court (NIRC), 204, 222

National Insurance, 44, 120, 121–2

National Plan (1965), 138

National Union of Mineworkers (NUM), 215–18, 228, 232, 234–5, 437; see also miners

National Union of Railwaymen (NUR), 446

National Union of Teachers (NUT), 166, 169, 177, 189

nationalism, 135, 509, 511, 522–7

nationalization, 69–70, 86, 150, 605; see also privatization

NATO: Hungary (1956),90; British role, 91, 349; MT’s attitude, 155, 362, 501, 519; European role, 340, 471, 475; post-Cold War role, 469, 503, 519, 532–3; US role, 475; Bosnia, 516–17

Nazism, 24, 29, 51, 600, 602

Neave, Airey: MT’s leadership campaign, 269–80, 282; MT’s office, 283, 293; Shadow Northern Ireland Secretary, 289, 327, 431; Central Office changes, 291–2; death, 434

Neave, Diana, 270

Neighbourhood Watch, 551

Netherlands, MT’s visit (1976), 345

neutron bomb, 371

New Members’ Dining Club, 114, 117

New Zealand: butter and lamb, 208; MT’s visit (1976), 386–7; economy, 585–6

Newspaper Editors’ Guild, 112

Newton, Sir Isaac, 20

Niarchos, Stavros, 78

Nicaragua, US aid, 528

1922 Committee: MT’s first meeting, 107; Macmillan, 117; du Cann’s Chairmanship, 225, 264, 285, 289, 335; Heath’s battle with, 263–4; MT’s leadership, 285

Nixon, Richard M., 196, 348, 349, 360

Noble, Michael, 202

North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA), 498, 503, 583

North Korea, 521, 527

North Sea oil, 322

North-South Summit (1981), 582

Northam, Reginald, 75

Northern Ireland: Conservative policies, 238; Papal discussions, 345

Nott, John, 265

Nottingham, trade unions, 111

Nottingham, University of, 19

Novak, Michael, 539

nuclear weapons: atomic bomb, 53–4, 175; SALT II, 365–6; Soviet strength, 366–7; neutron bomb, 371

nursery education, 159, 167, 188–9, 190–1, 192–3

Nutting, Anthony, 88

Oberon, Merle, 14

Observer, 89

Odom, William E., 533n

OECD, 578

Official Solicitor, 222

oil: crisis, 192, 228–30, 372–3; North Sea, 322

Olivier, Sir Laurence, 295

Onassis, Aristotle, 78

One Nation, 86

One Nation policy, 75

O’Neill, Con, 331

Onslow, Cranley, 363

OPEC, 372

Open University, 179

opinion polls: (1957–8), 92–3; (1963), 128; (1970), 161–3; (1973), 226, 231; (1974), 249, 257, 259; public attitudes to inflation and unemployment, 299; (1976), 316; Scottish devolution (1976), 324; (1977), 395, 404; (1978), 408–9, 415, 417; (1979), 429–30, 444, 449, 453, 455, 457, 458, 459, 460

Options for Change, 531

Orlov, Yuri, 371

Orpington: constituency, 85, 94, 99; by-election (1962), 115, 131

Orwell, George, 471–2

Osborne, Cyril, 154

Osborne, John, 77

O’Sullivan, John, 273, 351

Oxford Union, 42–3, 49

Oxford, University of, 35–60

Oxford University Appointments Committee, 61

Oxford University Conservative Association (OUCA), 42–60, 201

Oxford University Graduate Conservative Association (OUGCA), 62

Pacific Rim, 498, 598

pacifists, 28, 31, 33

Paderewski, Ignace Jan, 602

Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza, Shah of Iran, 365, 380–3, 393

pairing arrangements, 313–14

Pakistan, MT’s visit (1976), 383–4

Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO), 373, 376, 378–9

Pandolfi, Filippo, 345

Pannell, Charles, 107–8

Panorama, 279, 363

Pardoe, John, 131–2

Paris, liberation (1945), 38

Parris, Matthew, 294

Parsons, Anthony, 381

Partnership for Peace, 532–3

Pascal, Blaise, 365

Pasqua, Charles, 494

Paterson, Tessa Jardine, 441, 455

patrials, 212

Patten, Chris: CRD, 292, 410; speech writing, 306, 427; The Right Approach, 316; Stepping Stones discussions, 422; manifesto (1978–79), 435, 447; general election (1979), 443, 444, 450

Paul VI, Pope, 345

Pay Board, 225, 227, 234, 235, 236

pay policy, see incomes policies

Peace Ballot (1935), 10–11, 26

Pearl Harbor (1941), 33

pensioners, 115, 121, 440, 450, 548

pensions: Beveridge Report, 120–1; earnings rule, 121, 123–4; public expenditure, 543; age of retirement, 548–9; scaling back SERPS, 573

Pensions and National Insurance, Ministry of, 119–25

Pepper, Gordon, 303

Percival, Ian, 426

Peres, Shimon, 379

Perth Declaration (1968), 321

Peru, economy, 581, 583

petrol coupons, 230

Peyton, John, 278, 28on, 284, 421

Philby, Kim, 126

Philippines, US involvement, 521, 528

Phillips Curve, 567

picketing, 216–18, 437–8, see also Grunwick dispute

Pike, Mervyn, 112

Pile, Sir William (Bill), 165, 168, 176, 182

Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto, 530, 581

Pitt, Edith, 112

Pitt, William (the Younger), 15, 506

Plaza Agreement (1985), 478

Plowden Report, 184

Pöhl, Karl-Otto, 479

Poland: elections (1989), 508; NATO membership, 532–3; economy, 591–2, 593; MT’s visit (1993), 602–4

police: miners’ picketing (1972), 217–18; confidence in, 541

Policy Search group (‘Stepping Stones’), 421, 422

political correctness, 540

Pompidou, Georges, 207

Poos, Jacques, 495

Popper, Karl, 58–9

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), 198

Portillo, Michael, 443

Portugal, party politics, 340–1

Post Office unions, 399, 400

Potsdam Conference (1945), 45, 54

Poulson, John, 199n, 286

Powell, Anthony, 42

Powell, Enoch: One Nation, 86; Change is our Ally, 86; resignation (1958), 92; dining club speeches, 114; hospital building programme, 115; MT’s opinion of, 129, 162; refuses to join Home Government, 129; rejection of incomes policy, 141–2; immigration issue, 144–7, 212, 405; general election (1970), 162; opinion of U- turns, 196, 206, 221; on MT’s leadership, 196; opposition to EC entry, 207, 210; general election (February 1974), 237; member for South Down, 328

Pre-Retirement Choice, 258, 268

Pre-school Playgroups Association, 547

Prentice, Reg, 449

Presley, Elvis, 77

pressure groups, 111–12

price restraint, 223–4

prices and incomes policy, see incomes policies

Prices Commission, 225

Priestley, J.B., 22, 44

primary schools, 158–9, 167, 182–5, 192

Prior, James: memoirs, 137; relationship with Heath, 201–2; Agriculture Minister, 201–2; Leader of House, 225; manifesto (October 1974), 249; leadership election (1975), 278, 28on, 284; Shadow Employment Secretary, 288–9; trade union policy, 288–9, 301, 311–12, 368, 401–3,404–5, 422–3, 424–5, 428, 436–7; disagreements with Joseph, 301, 303, 368, 402, 416, 423, 430; incomes policy, 303, 311, 415, 416; Heseltine Mace incident, 314; The Right Approach, 316; Grunwick dispute, 368, 399, 401–2; The Right Approach to the Economy, 404; Stepping Stones discussions, 421–3; manifesto (1978–79), 436–7, 447

Private Members’ Bills, 109

privatization, 574, 605

productivity, 576–8

Profumo, John, 126

Programme Analysis and Review (PAR), 190, 195

property-owning democracy, 75, 243

proportional representation (PR), 322–3, 327, 328

protectionism, 476, 502, 595, 596, 597, 599

proton accelerator, 175

Public Bodies (Admission to Meetings) Act (1960), 109–13

public expenditure: Conservative policy (1950s), 86, 92, 115; Treasury resignations (1958), 92; Conservative policy (1960s), 115, 140; cuts (1973), 191–2, 203, 229; cuts (1970), 203; BL rescue, 300; Joseph’s speeches, 317–18; Healey cuts (1976), 320, 568–9; Shadow Cabinet views, 397; (1980s), 571–3

Public Expenditure Survey Committee (PESC), 183

public opinion polls, see opinion polls

Pym, Francis: Macleod’s death, 198; Agriculture, 289, 311; illness, 289, 311; devolution issue, 326; Foreign Affairs spokesman, 418; Stepping Stones discussions, 421; fall of Labour government, 433

Qaddafi, Muammar, 536

Quayle, Dan, 539

Question Time, 125

Rabin, Yitzhak, 379

race prejudice, 30

Race Relations Act (1968), 145

racism, 540

Radcliffe, Lord, 112

Raico, Ralph, 580n

Raison, Timothy, 264, 289

Rantzen, Esther, 144

Rao, Narasimha, 585

rates, 136, 244–5, 247–50, 258

rationing, 70, 77, 86

Rawlinson, Peter, 212

Reagan, Ronald: Republican nomination campaign, 360; Strategic Defence Initiative, 367; MT’s first meeting, 372; Presidential contender, 372; foreign policy, 509, 527–8, 531, 605; doctrine, 527–8; Republican Party attitude, 578–9

Redmayne, Martin, Lord, 268

Reece, Gordon: MT’s first contact with, 254–5; MT’s leadership campaign, 267, 273; joins MT’s staff, 294; advice on appearance and voice, 295–6, 343; advice on speeches, 306–7; MT’s US visit, 358–9; ‘Iron Lady’ image, 362; MT’s Syria visit, 376; MT’s Pakistan visit, 383; Central Office Director of Publicity, 410–11, 443; 1978 non-election, 412; winter of discontent, 424; general election (1979), 443, 444, 445, 458

Reed, Douglas, 29

Rees, Merlyn, 408

Rees-Mogg, William, 42

referendum: on Europe, 330–9; Churchill’s proposal, 332; on trade unions, 402–3; single currency, 480; Maastricht, 494

Referendum White Paper, 331

Regional Development Fund, 208

rent decontrol, 91–2, 95, 102

repatriation, 145–6, 147, 212

research councils, 174

Restart programme, 545, 560

Retail Price Maintenance, 131

Reynolds, Quentin, 22

Rhodesia, 368, 417–18

Richardson, Ruth, 586

Richmond Council, 172

Ridley, Adam, 252, 292, 306, 358, 443

Ridley, Nicholas, 221, 225, 265

Rifkind, Malcolm, 322, 323, 325–6

Right Approach, The, 316–17, 404

Right Approach to the Economy, The, 404–5, 419

Rimington, Stella, 144

Ripon by-election (1973), 226

Rippon, Geoffrey, 201, 208, 285, 290

road haulage, 86

Robbins Report, 193

Roberts, Alfred (MT’s father): family background, 3, 16; first job, 3; grocery trade, 3–4; health, 4, 16, 163; marriage, 4; Grantham shop, 4–5; religion and morality, 5–7, 14, 15, 163–4; music, 9; Rotary Club, 16, 26, 27; interest in education, 17, 19, 36; reading, 19, 28; politics, 21–2, 65, 78–9; MT’s career, 24, 65; ARP, 25; wartime, 34; daughters’ car, 74; wife’s death, 106–7; remarriage, 163; death, 163–4

Roberts, Beatrice (née Stephenson, MT’s mother): dressmaker, 4, 13, 17; marriage, 4; Grantham shop, 4–5; religion and morality, 5–6, 15; music, 9; household management, 12–13, 25, 103; furniture, 12, 103; cooking, 12, 37; mother, 15–16; interest in education, 17, 19, 36; reading, 28; death, 106–7

Roberts, Cissy (MT’s stepmother), 163

Roberts, Edward (MT’s uncle), 4

Roberts, John (MT’s great uncle), 9

Roberts, Margaret, see Thatcher

Roberts, Muriel (MT’s sister), see Cullen

Roberts family, 3, 16, 36, 565

Rogers, Ginger, 14

Rolls-Royce, 206–7, 574

Romania: MT’s visit (1975), 353–7; MT’s visit (1971), 354; overthrow of Ceausescus, 508

Romberg, Sigmund, 10

Rome, Treaty of, 210, 333, 481, 482, 484, 496–7

Rookes v. Barnard, 110

Rossi, Hugh, 242

Rotary Club, 13, 16, 26, 27, 565

Rothschild, Victor, 195

Royle, Sir Anthony, 338

Russia: coup (1991), 512–14, 605; Serbia-Bosnia conflict, 516; nuclear power, 520, 521; economy, 521, 589–91; national identity, 526; Chechen Republic, 526–7; democracy, 530, 531; military power, 531–2; relationship with NATO, 533

Ruston and Hornsby, 20, 23

Rwanda, intervention, 535

Ryder, Caroline (née Stephens), 294, 441

Ryder, Richard, 293–4, 306, 356, 363

Ryder plan, 300

Saatchi & Saatchi, 410–11, 458

Sachs, Jeffrey, 59m

Sadat, Anwar, 374–5, 380

safety net (Social Security benefits), 75, 86, 546

St John-Stevas, Norman, 289, 418

Sakharov, Andrei, 364–5

Salinas de Gortari, Carlos, 582

Salisbury, Lord, 130, 133

SALT II negotiations, 365–6

Saltley Coke Depot, 217–18

Sarajevo, siege, 514

Scargill, Arthur, 217

Scarman, Lord, 368, 402

Schengen Group, 490

Schlesinger, James, 360

Schmidt, Gerhard, 39

Schmidt, Helmut, 342, 343, 347

schools: private, 157, 159, 167; secondary modern, 157; comprehensive, 157–8, 168, 171, 173, 188; grammar, 157–9, 167, 170–3, 188–9; primary, 158–9, 167, 182–5; direct grant, 159, 167, 173; nursery, 159, 167, 188–9, 190–1, 192–3; leaving age, 159–60, 167, 192; catchment areas, 171; grant-maintained, 173; meals and milk, 179–82, 192; building programme, 183–5, 189, 190, 191–3; size, 190; special, 192; class size, 192; heating, 230–1

Schumpeter, J.A., 593

science: policy, 174–6; history of, 579–80

Science and Engineering Research Council, 175

Scotland, Church of, 555

Scotland, devolution issue, 321–6, 430–2

Scotland and Wales Bill (1976–77), 321, 324–6

Scott, Nicholas, 264, 290

Scottish Nationalist Party (SNP), 321, 323, 430–2

Scottish Conservative Party Conferences: (1975), 323; (1976), 324; (1977), 396

Séguin, Philippe, 494

Seldon, Arthur, 254

Selective Employment Tax (SET), 138, 139

Selsdon Man, 115, 160

Selsdon Park: discussions (1970), 159–60; manifesto, 160–1, 196, 219

Serbia: Yugoslav war, 495, 534; aggression against Bosnia, 514–17, 534

Shakespeare, William, 38

Sharansky, Anatol, 371

Shelepin, Alexander, 349

Shelton, Sir William: friendship with MT, 269, 280; MT’s leadership campaign, 271–2, 274, 276, 277, 280; Backbench Finance Committee, 303

Sherman, Sir Alfred: CPS, 251–2; speech writing for Joseph, 253, 318; MT’s leadership campaign, 273; speech writing for MT, 318; Stepping Stones, 420; winter of discontent, 424; general election campaign (1979), 442

shipbuilding industry, 313, 574

Shore, Peter, 207

Short, Edward (Ted), 169, 171

Silkin, Sam, 400

Silverman, Sydney, 151

Simon, Bill, 360

Singapore: MT’s visit (1976), 386; economy, 584

Singh, Manmohan, 585

Single European Act, 473, 477–8, 479, 484, 496

Skegness, 15, 105

Skinner, Rev. and Mrs, 9–10, 11, 76

SLADE, 437

Slovakia, economy, 592

Slovenia: recognition of, 490, 495; independence, 512; Serbian attack, 534

Smith, Adam, 524

Smith, Ian, 368, 417

Smith, Paddi Victor, 108

Smuts, Jan, 510

Social Democratic and Liberal Party (SDLP), 431

Social Security: ‘safety net’, 75, 86, 546; MT at Pensions, 124; dependency, 146, 440, 538, 544; strikers’ families, 424–5; one-parent families, 538, 545; budget increase, 538, 543–4, 547; MT’s programme, 558–60; reforms (1988), 575

socialism: Churchill’s election broadcast (1945), 45, 50; Hayek on, 50; Brogan on, 52; Labour’s postwar policies, 70; in education, 159, 174; Conservative position, 161; incomes policies, 224; Third World, 384; advance of, 440

Socialist International, 338

Socialist Workers Party, 398

SOGAT, 446

Solidarity, 508, 591

Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 350, 363–4, 387

Somalia: crisis, 56; war with Ethiopia, 371; UN intervention, 534–5

Somerville College, Oxford, 33–4, 35–6

Soto, Hernando de, 581

South Africa: arms embargo, 199; sanctions, 368; postal boycott, 399, 400; reform, 509; MT’s visit (1991), 510; economy, 588

South Korea: US defence, 521; economy, 584, 588

sovereignty, parliamentary, 209–10, 237, 497, 504

Soviet Union: German pact, 29; German invasion, 33; postwar relations with Britain, 56–9; Hungary (1956), 90–1; MT’s visit (1969), 154–6; Helsinki, 349–53; ‘Iron Lady’, 362; SALT II, 365–6; invasion of Afghanistan, 367, 371, 383; dissidents, 371; disintegration, 509–10, 517, 531; support for Serbia, 515; national identity, 523; history, 605

Soward, Stanley, 65

Soward family, 65, 74

Spain: party politics, 341; fishermen, 497

Spearman, Diana, 262

Spence, Henry Ivan, 100

Spivey, Ronald, 76

Stalin, Joseph, 54, 56–7, 90, 175, 369, 523

Stalingrad (1942–3), 33

Stanley, Sir John, 242, 320, 388, 441

Stansgate, Lord, 43

Stanwyck, Barbara, 14

Staravoitova, Galina, 513

State Earnings Related Pension Scheme (SERPS), 573

States of Emergency: (1970), 197–8; (1972), 217, 222; (1973), 230; possibility in 1979, 426

Steel, David, 150, 326, 408, 445

Steering Committee of Shadow Cabinet, 242, 264, 267, 427–9

Stephenson, Beatrice, see Roberts

‘Stepping Stones’ initiative, 420–3

sterling: crisis (March 1976), 312, 315; crisis (September 1976), 315; ERM, 477, 485–7, 501, 570; withdrawal from ERM, 492–4

Stewart, James, 14

Stockton Lecture, 317–18

Stockton-on-Tees constituency, 118

Stormont, 328

Strachey, John, 28

Stradling Thomas, John, 433

Strategic Defence Initiative, 367

Strauss, Franz Josef, 347

Strauss, Norman, 420–1

strikes: miners (1972), 188, 201, 205, 213, 216–18; miners (1974), 192, 200, 201, 437; miners (1984–85), 216, 217, 575; dock (1972), 222; Ford workers (1978), 413, 415; (1978–79), 289, 394–5, 413–14, 419–20, 428

student unions, 185–7, 189

subsidiarity, 482

Suez crisis (1956), 87–91

Sumner, Donald, 85

Sunley, Jonathan, 526n

Supplementary Benefit, 120

supply side revolution, 575

‘Swinging Britain’, 153

Swinton, Lord, 291

Swinton College, 75

Switzerland, political structure, 523

Syria: Yom Kippur War (1973), 372–3; MT’s visit (1976), 373, 376–8

Taiwan: US defence, 521; economy, 584, 588

Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de, 10

Tanzania, economy, 589

taxation: postwar income tax, 70; Conservative policy (1960s), 115, 116; income tax increases, 115, 116; Selective Employment Tax, 138–9; debate (1966), 140; Labour policy, 160, 605; income tax reduction (1970), 203; corporation tax reduction (1971), 203; mortgage tax relief, 244, 245, 564; business tax cuts, 265; income tax increases (1975), 300; child allowances, 564; income tax cuts (1979, 1984, 1988), 571; corporation tax changes (1984), 571; increases, 573; EC comparison, 574

Taylor, Sir Teddy, 325–6, 460

Te Kanawa, Kiri, 144

teachers: training, 176–8, 190, 192, 245; pay, 227; transfer of salaries, 248

television: commercial, 86; general election (1959), 100; early closedown (1973), 231

Thatcher, Carol: birth, 80; childhood, 81–2, 99, 101, 102–6; education, 106, 138, 185, 280, 309; career, 280, 309, 388; MT’s leadership election, 280; Zurich (1977), 318; on kibbutz, 379–80; China (1977), 388; general election campaign (1979), 456

Thatcher, Denis: wedding, 11, 76; on 1945 election, 43; work, 65, 76, 96, 97, 103, 138, 271, 309; meets Margaret Roberts, 65–6; engagement, 66–7, 74; married life, 76–7, 78, 103–5; holidays, 78, 99, 105–6; fatherhood, 80, 103; MT’s career, 85, 94, 96, 97, 98, 101, 137, 182, 266; Suez crisis, 88–9; Rolls-Royce analysis, 206; EC entry celebrations, 211; winter (1973–74), 232–3; MT’s leadership campaign, 266, 277, 280; quoted, 361; impressed by Reagan, 372; daughter on kibbutz, 379–80; winter of discontent, 427; general election campaign (1979), 442, 450, 456, 460; MT’s departure from Downing St, 465; fortieth wedding anniversary, 480; baronetcy, 488

Thatcher, Margaret (née Roberts): upbringing in Grantham, 3–34; schooling, 17–19, 33–4; Oxford, 35–60; employment, 61–2, 67, 74; Dartford candidate, 63–75; marriage, 76–9; legal studies, 78–9, 81, 83–4; twins, 80–3; tax law, 83–4; Selection Committees, 93–6; Finchley, 95–101; family life, 102–7; arrival at Westminster, 107–9; Private Member’s Bill, 109–13; maiden speech, 112–13; Ministry of Pensions, 119–25; Shadow spokesman on Housing and Land, 136; Shadow Treasury spokesman, 137; Shadow spokesman on Fuel and Power, 142–3; Shadow Cabinet, 142, 143–50, 156; Shadow Transport, 143; ‘What’s Wrong With Politics?’ CPC lecture, 147–9, 255; US visit (1967), 153–4; USSR visit (1969), 154–6; Shadow Education and Science, 156–60; Education Secretary, 163–93; in Heath’s Cabinet, 194–235; general election (February 1974), 235–9; Shadow Environment spokesman, 240–1; housing policy group, 242–50; Party Political Broadcast (1974), 247; manifesto (October 1974), 248–50; general election (October 1974), 257–61; leadership campaign, 266–80; leadership election, 279–81; forms Shadow Cabinet, 282–91, 310; Leader’s office, 293–4, 309; Blackpool Conference speech (1975), 305–9; Shadow Cabinet reshuffle (1976), 310; devolution issue, 321–6; Europe, 330–48; East-West, 348–72; Middle East, 372–83; Asia and the Far East, 383–91; ‘Iron Lady’, 362, 370, 470; relationship with foreign dictators, 392–3; Leader of the Opposition, 394–433; general election (1979), 435–61; Prime Minister, see The Downing Street Years; departure from Downing Street, 465–6; Bruges speech (1988), 473, 487, 506–7; Washington speech (1991), 475–7; life peerage, 488; Hague speech (1992), 488–91, 609–25; House of Lords maiden speech, 491–2; CNN conference speech (1992), 492–3

appearance: dress, 13, 71, 74, 94–5, 96, 97, 107, 118, 119, 295, 443; jewellery, 103–4; 37, 295; voice, 295–6, 457–8;

family: children, 80–2, 99, 101, 102–7; holidays, 15, 78, 99, 105–6, 248, 304; homes, 4, 62, 67, 74, 76, 102–3, 138, 309, 465; nannies, 81, 94, 103; wife and mother role, 80–2, 94

interests: antique furniture, 103–4; cinema, 14–15; interior decorating, 138; music, 9, 38–9, 66, 77; porcelain, 104, 156; reading, 7, 8, 28–30, 50–2, 56–9, 84–5, 113, 309–10; silver, 103

religion, 5–6, 8–11, 37, 39–40, 105, 554–6, 565, 603

woman in politics, 63, 64, 71, 72, 94, 117, 144, 157, 163, 261

Thatcher, Mark: birth, 80; childhood, 81–2, 99, 101, 102–7; education, 106, 138, 280, 309; election campaign (1974), 238; career, 280, 309; MT’s leadership election, 280; lost in desert, 384; MT’s departure from Downing Street, 465

Thatcher Foundation, 469, 602

Thatcherism, 115

Theosophy, 7

Thomas, Harvey, 441, 458

Thomas, Hugh, Lord, 347, 442

Thomas, J.P L., 65

Thomas, Peter, 144, 202, 285

Thorndike, Sybil, 76, 211

Thorneycroft, Peter: Oxford debate, 48; resignation (1958), 92; MT’s adoption, 98; Party Chairman, 290, 291–2; Heath’s role, 416; The Right Approach to the Economy, 419; ‘Stepping Stones’, 421, 422–3; winter of discontent, 427; election campaign (1979), 440, 442–3, 444, 447, 450–1, 453, 456, 458

Thorpe, Jeremy, 239, 431

three-day working week, 231–2, 311, 414

Tibet: Chinese policies, 530; science and technology, 579

Tindemans, Leo, 338

Tito, Marshal, 369–71, 384

Torrington by-election (1958), 93

Tory Reform Group, 325

trade unions: Conservative manifesto (1950), 70; MT’s attitude to, 109–10; Conservative policy (1960s), 115; Labour government relationship, 138; inflation, 141; reform proposals (1969–70), 160; teachers, 166; Industrial Relations Act, 203–6, 288; Conservative Party relationship, 288–9; Labour Party relationship, 299–300; Shadow Cabinet approach, 301, 310–12, 397; Grunwick dispute, 397–401; referendum proposal, 402–3; incomes policy, 403; winter of discontent (1978–79), 413–14, 419–20, 423, 437, 446; reform proposals (1978–79), 423–5, 427–9, 436–8; general election (1979), 446; reform programme (1980s), 575; membership, 575; Labour policies (1990s), 605

Trades Union Congress (TUC): Declaration of Intent, 138; Industrial Relations Act, 206, 222; incomes policy talks, 219, 223–4, 226, 403, 413; General Strike call (1972), 222; miners’ dispute (1974), 232; Prior’s relationship, 289, 311–12; MT’s meeting (1977), 312; Soviet visitors, 349, 400

transport, public expenditure, 573

Transport and General Workers’ Union (TGWU), 222, 420

Treasury, 92, 118, 179, 191, 199, 220, 225

Trend, Sir Burke, 194

Trevor-Roper, Hugh, 580n

Truman, Harry S., 54

Tuohy, Denis, 454

Turkey, response to Bosnia, 515

TV Eye, 454

Tynan, Kenneth, 38

U-turns, 188, 196, 198, 206–7, 215, 236

Uganda: expulsion of Asians, 212; economy, 589

Ukraine: MT’s visit (1990), 509; economy, 590

Ulster Unionists, 238, 327–8, 431

underclass, 544, 561, 599

unemployment: in 1930s, 23, 71, 118; election issue (1950), 71; attitudes to (1960s), 115, 118; rise (1971), 213; role of inflation, 213, 567; UCS, 213–14; fall (1973), 225; reaches one million, 256; public opinion polls, 299; rise and fall (1977–78), 409; ‘Labour Isn’t Working’ campaign, 411; rise (1992), 578; protectionist solution, 597

United Nations (UN), 56, 91, 511, 516, 533, 534–5

United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR), 517

United States of America: Suez crisis, 88, 89–90, 91; trade with, 127; MT’s visit (1967), 153–4; détente policy, 348–9; MT’s visit (1975), 357–60; Carter Administration, 364–7; MT’s visits (after 1990), 468; special relationship, 469, 499; role, 472, 510–11; European policy, 473–4, 476–7; Gulf War, 474, 511; Bosnia, 516; nuclear defence of Japan, 520, 521; Reagan doctrine, 527–8; crime rate, 541–2; underclass, 544, 599; crime research, 552; Constitution, 553–4; Workfare, 560; Reaganism, 578–9; model of capitalist system, 594

universities, 186–7

Upper Clyde Shipbuilders (UCS), 213–14, 219

Utley, Peter, 114, 252, 273, 427, 442

Valtin, Jan, 29, 57–8

Van Den Haag, Ernest, 558

Van Straubenzee, William (Bill), 165, 187

Vance, Cyrus, 367

Varley, Eric, 312

Vassall, William John, 126

Venice, history, 580

Venice Declaration (1980), 476

Vietnam war, 349

Villiers, Philippe de, 494

Vinson, Nigel, 252

Volcker, Paul, 596

wage freeze (1966), 139, 160

Wages Councils, 575

Walden, Brian, 402, 423–4, 429, 444

Wales, devolution, 321, 323, 430–2

Walker, Peter: relationship with Heath, 201–2; Environment, 202; local government reforms, 202; DTI, 224; manifesto (October 1974), 246–7; leadership election campaign, 274; MT’s Shadow Cabinet rejection, 289–90; income policy, 300, 302; devolution issue, 326

Walker-Smith, Derek, 210

Walley, John, 123

Walsall North by-election (1976), 319

Walters, Alan, 221, 254, 299, 303, 567

Ward, Alison, 269, 293

Ward, George, 397

Ward, Irene, 81

Warrender, Sir Victor (Lord Bruntisfield), 25, 33

Warsaw Pact, 362, 531, 532

water: charges, 247; privatization, 574

Webley, Simon, 252

Wedgwood Benn, see Benn

Weekend World, 402, 423–4, 425

Weighell, Sid, 446

welfare dependency, 538, 543–8, 559–60, 599

Welfare State: creation, 46, 47, 543; election issue, 71, 411; Conservative policy (1954), 87; growth, 148

Welsh Nationalists, 430–2

Welsh Party Conference (1975), 302

Wesley, John, 10, 105

Wesley’s Chapel, City Road, 11, 76

Western European Union (WEU), 475, 495

Westminster, Palace of, 107–8

Wheeler, Morris, 68

White, Eirene, 117

Whitelaw, William: in Heath’s Cabinet, 201; Employment Secretary, 231; miners’ strike (1974), 235; general election (February 1974), 235–6; Conservative manifesto (October 1974), 247, 249; leadership election (1975), 277–80; Deputy Leadership, 284–5; Thorneycroft connection, 291; incomes policy, 303, 304; Conference (1975), 307; Shadow Home Secretary, 310; devolution issue, 322, 326; EC referendum, 330–1, 335; immigration policy, 407, 409; Stepping Stones discussions, 421, 422; fall of Labour government, 432–3; election campaign (1979), 444, 447

Whitlam, Gough, 386

Whitman, Walt, 19

Whittingdale, John, 465

Why Britain Needs a Social Market Economy, 253

Wilberforce, Lord, 215, 218–19

Wilcox, Ella Wheeler, 7

Wilde, Oscar, 478

Williams, H. Gladys, 18

Williams, Sir Herbert, 71

Williams, Lady, 71

Williams, Shirley, 398, 428, 445

Wilson, Harold: childhood photograph outside No. 10, 10; Leader of Labour Party, 128; economics, 130; general election (1966), 137; ‘Swinging Britain’, 153; ‘Selsdon Man’ attack, 160; general election (1970), 161; ‘social contract’, 236; general election (1974), 238; MT’s leadership election, 284; Commons debate with MT, 297; incomes policy, 304; resignation, 312–13, 336, 419; EC referendum, 335

Wilson, James Q., 542n, 557n

Wilson, Woodrow, 520

Winning, Norman, 79

Winter of Discontent (1978–79): Conservative relations with TUC, 312; Callaghan’s role, 313, 419–20, 444; Conservative trade union policy, 423; MT’s offer to Labour government, 427–9, 453; picketing, 437; general election (1979), 446, 452–3, 604

Wolff, Michael, 249

Wolfson, David, 293, 441

Wood, Richard, 119, 123

Woodhouse School, 172, 459

Woolton, Lord, 65

Woolwich West by-election (1975), 343

Workfare, 560

Workington by-election (1976), 319

World Bank, 56, 588

World in Action, 276, 408

World War, First, 25, 118, 522

World War, Second, 23–34, 41–4, 522