Trumpet on the Land: The Aftermath of Custer's Massacre, 1876

Chapter 1

21 June 1876

[The Indian attack on our column] showed that they anticipated that they were strong enough to thoroughly defeat the command during the engagement. I tried to throw a strong force through the canyon, but I was obliged to use it elsewhere before it had gotten to the supposed location of the village. The command finally drove the Indians back in great confusion … We remained on the field that night, and having but what each man could carry himself, we were obliged to return to the train to properly care for the wounded … I expect to find those Indians in rough places all the time, and so have ordered five companies of infantry, and shall not probably make any extended movement until they arrive.

George Crook

Brig. Gen.

John Bourke finished the second of two copies he had made that morning of Crook’s letter to General Philip Sheridan. While one would remain in Bourke’s records, as Crook’s longtime aide-de-camp, the original and the second copy would go with two civilian couriers who would ride south separately to Fort Fetterman on the North Platte. There this first report of the Battle of the Rosebud would soon be telegraphed by leapfrog down that string of tiny key stations connected by a thin strand of wire, southeast all the way to Fort Laramie.

From there the electrifying news of Crook’s decision to wait at Goose Creek would cause the keys to click and the wires to hum all the way to department headquarters in Omaha, and beyond. Within hours of the letter’s arrival at Fetterman, Sheridan would be reading the scrawl of some private’s handwriting on the pages of yellow flimsy at Division HQ in Chicago. It wouldn’t take that much longer for William Tecumseh Sherman to be studying every one of Crook’s carefully chosen words at the War Department in Washington City.

An Irishman himself like Sheridan, Bourke pictured how the bandy-legged hero of the Shenandoah campaign would flush and roar when he read that Crook was electing to sit tight. He would be angry. Nay, furious! After all, no less than Sheridan and Sherman themselves had developed the concept of “total war” waged against an enemy population in those final months of the Civil War.

John had to agree with them. In what he had seen of man’s bloodiest sport, war was serious business. If the West was to be won, then he found himself in sympathy with Sherman’s views: “Let’s be about finishing this matter of the Indians.”

While the Confederate officers had practiced a genteel combat against the Union armies, pitting only soldier against soldier, Sherman and Sheridan—as U. S. Grant’s right and left arms—refined the concept that mandated an army make war on the entire enemy population, women and children and noncombatants alike. Depriving the enemy of livestock, burning fields and destroying forage, laying waste not only to the enemy’s lines of supply, but by making total war on those loved ones the Confederate armies left behind at home, the Union could wreak great spiritual damage to the fighting men of the rebellious South.

“This is taking too long,” Bourke said, agreeing with Sherman’s impatience over the progress of things out west.

But, then again, that’s what this whole Sioux campaign was about, wasn’t it? To get the matter settled once and for all?

But instead of clear victories, the army had instead two major engagements that were certainly less than defeats for the enemy. Reynolds had retreated from the Powder River, his men freezing, tormented by empty bellies. And now Crook and the rest had to content themselves with a hollow victory once Crazy Horse retreated with his warriors at the end of that long summer’s day of bloody and fierce hand-to-hand fighting across four miles of rolling, rocky hills bordering Rosebud Creek.^*

Crook’s army held the field at sunset. And buried its dead in the creek bottom that night under cover of darkness. Then started to limp back to Goose Creek the following morning. If the Battle of the Rosebud was ever to live on to Crook’s credit, John figured, then either the general would have to follow up with a more stunning victory somewhere in the weeks to come … or one of the other columns would have to suffer a more stunning defeat in this summer of the Sioux.

Either way, it would serve to take the dim sheen off what was clearly a dubious victory for Crook’s Wyoming column.

Already the newsmen were creating their own slant to that day-long battle. John knew each one of them wrote from his own narrow view of a horrendously complex battle that had raged along a four-mile front. For two days after the fight they had scratched out their stories, the rich ante climbing almost hourly as the reporters bartered for the services of any courier who would dare to carry word of the Rosebud Battle to the nearest telegraph, eventually to end up in the hands of expectant readers both east and west of this Wyoming wilderness.

Along with the wounded loaded in wagons, and an infantry escort Crook was sending south to Fetterman tomorrow morning, would also go T. B. MacMillan, reporter for Chicago’s Inter-Ocean, a cross-town rival of John Finerty’s Tribune. Day by day, for weeks now, MacMillan’s health had slipped away beneath the onslaught of cold and heat, rain and privation, until even Surgeon Albert Hartsuff had ordered him out of Indian country. Try as the newsman might, valiantly dipping into what reserves the bravest could muster, MacMillan simply did not have what it took to stand up beneath the rigors of the campaign trail. Though he was taking his leave of the Big Horn and Yellowstone Expedition, not one man dared make light of the reporter’s pluck and courage during the hottest of the fighting at the Rosebud. Bourke was one of those who had finally convinced “Mac” that he had no business staying on.

“After all,” John Finerty said at this morning’s fire, “you heard Crook himself say he’s planning on sitting pretty right here till he gets him his reinforcements of infantry and cavalry.”

“Finerty’s right,” Robert Strahorn of Denver’s Rocky Mountain News agreed. “We’re going to sit things out until we get more bullets and bacon before we can go chasing after Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull again.”

“The summer’s going to be all but gone before we move again, Mac,” Bourke tried cheering the sickly reporter over strong coffee.

“I’ll envy you, I will,” Finerty replied with an impish grin. “Knowing you’re back in Chicago well ahead of me. While I’m still out here, sitting on my thumbs with nothing to do but fish these creeks, hunt the groves of timber, and eat my fill from the fruit of the land every day. Pretty boring stuff.”

“The best place a man could be—Chicago,” Bourke chimed in to help nudge the newsman to relent and head home. “The Indian camps are surely breaking up after the whipping we gave them, so this campaign is all but over, Mac. Only thing left for us to do is eat, sleep, and chase some nonexistent warriors.”

“You heard it from the mouth of the general’s aide,” Finerty said. “The war’s over: nothing to do but eat and sleep. Seriously, Mac—I doubt we’ll have any more chances to chase warriors.”

It would take until the end of summer, but by then all that Bourke and Finerty and the rest of Crook’s crippled Big Horn and Yellowstone Expedition would have to eat would be their broken-down, played-out horses as the animals dropped one by one by one into the mud of the northern plains.

That, and Crook’s men could always eat their words.

They had a great victory on their shoulders.

So it was that Miniconjou war chief American Horse danced with all the rest in this Moon of Ripening Berries, Wipazuka Waste Wi. At times the Lakota called this the Moon of Making Fat.

Truly, this was a time of great feasting, of living off the fat of the land for the people of American Horse.

“Now the soldiers will stay away!” Dog Necklace growled every bit as tremulously as any grizzly boar as they gathered near one of the many leaping bonfires fed throughout that second night following the great battle against the soldiers, Snake, and Sparrowhawk People. “Surely they know we will never again wait for them to attack our camps of little ones and women.”

Red Horse echoed, “They now know we will hunt them down!”

“Yet—what of the great mystic’s vision?” asked Iron Thunder.

“Yes,” agreed Antelope Tail, worry cracking his voice. “What of Sitting Bull’s talk with Wakan Tanka?”

American Horse smiled. He had fought these white men many, many summers. Even winters too. In fact, thirty winters before his own father, Smoke, had met the famous white man Francis Parkman there beside the white man’s Holy Road that paralleled the Buffalo Dung River.^*

“The soldiers will return,” he told them confidently.

Dog Necklace disagreed, still sour as gall. “The soldiers would not dare try themselves against our strength! As powerful as the mystic’s dream was, I nonetheless still find it very hard to believe soldiers will come to fall into our camps now.”

“But his vision was so vivid, in such detail,” American Horse protested. “The Hunkpatila warrior called He Dog has told me Sitting Bull says we should expect another fight.”

“Let us savor this victory first, old one,” Red Horse chided the aging war chief.

“Yes,” agreed Dog Necklace as he chuckled with disdain. “Even as stupid as the white man is, none of our people can seriously believe the soldiers would still be marching on our villages. Chasing us after the beating we gave them.”

“It will be a long, long time before we have to worry about any soldiers marching on us now,” Red Horse said.

“Yes. I think they have learned their lesson well and are running away far to the south, never to fight us again this summer,” Dog Necklace boasted. “The Great Mystery has taught the soldiers a painful truth: never again come to attack a village of women and children. If they ever try, only death and destruction await them.”

“But that’s just what the shaman Sitting Bull saw in his vision,” American Horse scolded the young warriors for forgetting. “Soon he reminds us—the soldiers will return to fall headfirst like grasshoppers into our camp.”

“Never again will we retreat!” Iron Thunder roared.

Antelope Tail joined in. “On the Rosebud we learned a mighty lesson! Never again will we merely fight long enough to cover the retreat of our women and children, protecting those weaker than ourselves!”

Once again American Horse sensed the stirrings of his own warriorhood—as it always stirred when his people were threatened, rising as surely as did the guard hair on the neck of the wild wolf when a challenger presented himself. It had been as Crazy Horse promised them when he led the hundreds south to meet Three Stars. Indeed, it had been a new kind of fighting for the Lakota and their cousins, the Shahiyena of the North. In that one day-long battle with the confused, retreating, frightened soldiers, the Lakota bid farewell to their old way of waging war wherein each man fought on his own for coups and scalps and ponies; each man riding out ahead of the others to perform daring, risky, and often foolish deeds in the face of the white enemy.

There was much talk of how Crazy Horse had orchestrated their great victory over Three Stars and his soldiers. Much talk that from now on the Lakota would never retreat—would instead stand and fight any army come against their villages in this new way Crazy Horse had taught them: to ride knee to knee in massed bunches, swarming together over the white man as the bee flies in swarms that blackened the sky, flinging themselves against the soldier lines in numbers that could not help but roll over every one of the helpless blue-shirted enemy soiling their pants in abject fear.

While most of the warriors turned north with the wounded late in that day of fierce fighting, American Horse and other Lakota, as well as some of the Shahiyena, stayed behind to keep watch on the soldier camp through that first night following the battle. They were as hungry and tired as the rest, for it had been a good day, a great fight, and only one of American Horse’s Miniconjou had been wounded seriously enough that he might die.

What a great victory over Three Stars and his soldiers!

The next morning the white men rose early and straggled south out of the valley, finally disappearing among the green hills. With the soldiers gone, the young warriors waiting on either side of American Horse atop a high hill kicked their ponies into motion, racing down to the trampled grass pocked with hundreds of tiny fire smudges, a creek valley dotted with the droppings of so many horses and pack-mules. Here and there they found an abandoned prize: a worn-out hat, a good pair of gloves, a belt pouch, a piece of bloody blue cloth cut from a wounded soldier’s trousers or shirt, and even such treasure as some bacon and crackers, along with coffee wrapped in waxed paper packets!

It wasn’t long before the young Oglalla called Black Elk after his father discovered the patch of earth the white man had dug up the night before, then trampled with many hooves to hide the digging.

“This is surely the ground where they buried their dead!” Dog Necklace shouted.

Almost at once the two dozen or more fell to their hands and knees, scratching and scraping at the pounded soil, howling like a pack of coyotes expectant of a feast. From the unearthed bodies the warriors took scalps, tore off the thin gray blankets, then stripped clothing and finger rings.

Later that morning they discovered the body of that wounded Lakota butchered by the Sparrowhawk People who scouted for Three Stars as the army retreated out of the valley.

“Wrap our brother warrior in one of those soldier blankets,” American Horse demanded angrily as he gazed down at the dismembered remains.

“Not mine!” protested Red Horse, clutching the gray army blanket.

“Then I will use my own,” the Miniconjou war chief said. “But I will ask your help.”

Three others dismounted to help American Horse gather the scattered flesh and bone of the mutilated warrior identifiable only from the porcupine quillwork decorating shreds of his bloody leggings.

“And you, Red Horse,” he said sternly, training his wide-browed glare on the young warrior who had refused to relinquish his army blanket for a death-wrap, “it is you I want to build me a travois so that we can return this man’s bones to his family.”

By the time American Horse and the others reached the great encampment the following day, most women in the many circles were already at moving camp, dropping smoked hides rich with fragrance from their darkened lodgepoles, loading travois with a family’s possessions, with the little ones still too young to walk or ride atop the backs of gentle ponies—travois that might also transport the aged whose numberless winters prevented them from walking or riding. Camp was being moved downstream a few more miles west toward the Greasy Grass.

There the great gathering of circles would have nothing more to worry about than where to find the buffalo and antelope the young men would hunt for meat and hides to put up against the coming winter. Winter always came to this land, and with its arrival always came the retreat of the soldiers. American Horse hoped that by whipping Three Stars and his men on Rosebud Creek, the soldiers would abandon Lakota hunting ground even sooner this season.

From the valley of the Greasy Grass the villages would move slowly southwest toward the Big Horn Mountains, where the hunting was always good. In those days to come the camp circles would slowly break apart, warrior bands and family clans drifting off on the four winds as the summer season slowly aged.

Just as a man aged with the seasons of his own life.

Across the seasons the Miniconjou had known him first as American Horse, later as Iron Plume and Iron Shield, later still as Black Shield because of a dream in which a spirit told him to make a shield he should paint black so that it would protect him from bullets. But even though he was nowhere near so well-known to the whites as Rain-in-the-Face or Gall; American Horse was well regarded among his own Miniconjou for his unquestioned bravery in battle and his steadfast protection of his people.

For a moment American Horse turned to look back at the lone tepee his people were leaving behind as they migrated a few miles farther down the creek toward the valley of the Greasy Grass. A mourning family left it standing in the summer sun as a tribute to the warrior whose body lay inside—a warrior wounded grievously in the hips during the fight against Three Stars, one of those returned on travois to die among his kinsmen. With its smoke flaps wrapped tightly one over the other and the lodge door sewn shut against the elements, none who respected the dead would dare enter. Beside the body within the darkness lay the warrior’s favorite weapons—his true wealth in life—as well as his pipe and tobacco pouch, along with some venison soup to feed him on his journey toward the Star Road.

The past two days had witnessed even more new arrivals reaching the great encampment as the immense village eased down toward the Greasy Grass. Summer roamers, these late arrivals were called. Like American Horse’s band of some three dozen lodges, the summer roamers were those who fled the reservations when spring warmth caressed the northern plains, where they intended to hunt in the ancient way until autumn turned the buffalo herds south, when the clans would again turn back to the agencies to suffer through another winter.

Already there was much talk that this was to be the last great hunt, perhaps the greatest of all summers for the seven campfires of the Lakota Nation. Washtay! Hadn’t they defeated Three Stars and sent his soldiers scurrying south with their tails between their legs like whipped dogs? The hunting had never been better here in the timbered valleys among the Wolf Mountains.

With all that, they still had Sitting Bull’s prophetic vision yet to come!

American Horse was glad he had urged his people off the reservation early this year, happy to be included in the great strength all Lakota felt this summer. If what Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse and the rest said was true—this Season of Making Fat might well hold the last great fight they would have with the white man.

And forever after the soldiers would dare not enter Lakota hunting ground.

Forever after the white man would stay far away.

No more would American Horse’s Miniconjou have to return to their agency to eat the white man’s moldy flour and rancid pig meat.

Life would be as it once was when American Horse was but a boy and he saw his first white man along the Holy Road.

Life would be so good again, with the wasichu gone forever and ever, gone forevermore.

^*The Plainsmen Series, Vol. 9, Reap the Whirlwind.

^*The North Platte River.