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38

Numa was a contemporary of Hezekiah.37

In the second half of the seventh century before the present era, the length of the new month and the new year was calculated by the Greeks.

Diogenes Laertius regarded Thales the Milesian, one of the "seven sages of antiquity," as the man who discovered the number of days in the year and the length of the seasons. In his Life of Thales he wrote: "He was the first to determine the sun's course from solstice to 34 P. Jensen, Die Kosmologie der Babylonier, p. 39.

35 Plutarch, Lives, "The Life of Numa" (transl. B. Perrin). 36 Ibid. 37 Cf. Augustine, The City of God, Bk. XVIII, Chap. 27.

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solstice." And again: "He is said to have discovered the seasons of the year and to have divided it into 365 days." 38 He was "the first to predict eclipses of the sun and to fix the solstices." 30

Thales is said to have written two treatises, one "On the Solstice" and the other "On the Equinox," neither of which is extant.

If the natural year always was what it is now, it is very strange that this discovery should have been attributed to a sage who lived as late as the seventh century, when Egypt and Assyria were already very old kingdoms, and when the dynasty of David was in its last decades. The longest and shortest days of the year, and thus the length of the year, are easily determined by the length of the shadow. Thales is said to have been born in the first year of the thirty-fifth Olympiad or —

640. The progress of culture would hardly leave to one and the same person the calculation of the days in a year, which is a simple matter, and the calculation of forthcoming eclipses, which is an advanced achievement. Similarly, the fact, as stated by Plutarch and Diogenes Laertius, that Solon, another sage of the same period, adjusted the months to the motion of the moon after finding that the time from one new moon to another is half a day shorter than thirty days, must be understood as an adjustment of the calendar to the new order in nature. The span of time from one new moon to another is a natural time division, almost as easily observable as day and night; primitive peoples, unable to read and write, know that the period is less than thirty days.

On the other side of the globe, the people of Peru reckoned time from the day of the last cataclysm, and this method of computation was in use when the Europeans reached that country in the beginning of the sixteenth century.40

After the last cataclysm, the times and the seasons were computed anew. King Inti-Capac-Yupanqui ordered astronomical observations and calculations to be made, the result of which was a calendar re-38 Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers (English transl. R. D. Hicks, 1925).

39 Ibid.; see also Herodotus i. 74. 40 Brasseur, Manuscrit Troano, p. 25.

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form, and the year, previously of 360 days, "was changed to 365 days and 6 hours." "

"This Ynca appears to have been the first to order and settle ceremonies. ... He it was who established the twelve months of the year, giving a name to each, and ordaining the ceremonies that were to be observed in each. For although his ancestors used months and years counted by the quipus, yet they were never previously regulated in such order until the time of this lord." 42

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"All Toltec histories mention an assembly of sages and astrologers that was convoked in the city of Huehue-Tlapallan for the purpose of working on the correction of the calendar, and the reforming of the computation of the year, which was recognized as erroneous and which had been employed until that time." *3

Half a meridian away, across the Pacific Ocean, a calendar was introduced in Japan in —660, and the reckoning of years in that country starts from that year.

In China, the astronomer Y-hang in the year —721 announced to the Emperor Hiuen-tsong that the order of the sky and the movements of the planets had changed which made it impossible to predict eclipses; and he referred to other authorities who asserted that in the time of Tsin the planet Venus used to move 40 degrees to the south of the ecliptic and eclipse the star Sirius. Y-hang explained that the course of the planet Venus changed in the days of Tsin. **

All around the globe the years following —687 saw activity directed toward reforming the calendar. Between —747 and —687 the calendar was in a chaotic state, the length of the year and of the month, and probably also of the day, repeatedly changing. Before the eighth century there was a comparatively long span of time when the year

41 F. Montesinos (fl. 1628-1639), Memorias antiguas historiales del Peru, II, Chap. 7.

42 Christoval de Molina (fl. 1570 to 1584), An Account of the Fables and Rites of the Yncas, transl. and ed. C. R. Markham (1873), p. 10.

43 Brasseur, Histoire des nations civilisSes du Mexique, p. 122. Among his sources were Ixtlilxochitl, Sumaria relacion, etc.; M. Veytia (1718-1779), Historia antigua de Mexico, I (1944), Chap. 2.

44 A. Gaubil, Histoire de Vastronomie chinoise (1732), pp. 73-86.

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had 360 days and the lunar month consisted of almost exactly thirty days.

Neither the calendar, nor the celestial charts, nor the sundials, nor the water clocks of the time before —687 were adequate for their purpose after that year. Values subsequently established in different parts of the terrestrial globe have remained practically unchanged down to the present save for very small improvements resulting from the more precise calculations of modern times.

This stability of the calendar is due to the fact that the celestial order has remained unaltered: no changes in the heavenly order were observed except for minor perturbations between the planets which have no visible effect on their motion. Thus we are lulled into the belief—which is wishful thinking—that we live in an orderly universe. In the language of a modern scientist:

"Though the order of the succession of events in the heavens is often somewhat complex, it is nevertheless systematic and invariable. The running of no clock ever approached in precision the motions of the sun, the moon, and the stars. In fact, to this day clocks are corrected and regulated by comparing them with the apparent diurnal motions of the heavenly bodies. Since not merely a few but hundreds of celestial phenomena were long ago found to be perfectly orderly, it was gradually perceived that majestic order prevails universally in those regions in which, before the birth of science, capricious gods and goddesses were believed to hold domain." 45

However, as we have learned from the records of ancient times, the order today is not the primeval order; it was established less than twenty-seven centuries ago

when the moon was placed in orbit, when the silver sun was planted, when the Bear was firmly stationed.46

*5 F. R. Moulton, The World and Man as Science Sees Them, p. 2. 46 KalevaJa, Rune 3.

CHAPTER 9

The Moon and Its Craters

THE MOON revolves around the earth and, together with the earth, around the sun, showing one and the same face to the inhabitants of the earth. It can be seen in the telescope that the surface of the moon is covered with seas of dried lava and with great craterlike formations. Since it has no atmosphere, the contours of its surface are clearly visible, and a city or village, if it existed there, could be seen through the Palomar telescope. But it is a dead planet and very inhospitable. For a half-month any place on it is in cold night and for the other half-month in hot sunshine. There is robin-bobin

no water on the planet, no vegetation, and probably no life at all. The ancients were interested to know whether the moon had human settlements, but moderns are concerned with the problem of the origin of the lunar craters.

There are two theories: one sees in them great extinct volcanoes; the other, formations produced by the bombardment of great meteorites on the semiliquid mass of the moon before it solidified.

There are more than thirty thousand such craters, small and large. Some of these circular crests rise as high as 20,000 feet above the plain—their height is measured by the length of their shadows; some, like Clavius near the moon's south pole, are one hundred and fifty miles in diameter. This tremendous width surpasses anything comparable among volcanoes on earth. It is therefore questioned whether these circular mountain formations represent true volcanoes. The largest known crater produced by the impact of a body that fell on the

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earth is in Arizona; it is four fifths of a mile in diameter and much smaller than the crater formations on the moon.

As is readily seen, both theories of lunar craters imply a great catastrophic occurrence. For such craters to have been formed, tremendous forces must have acted from inside or from without; if these formations were caused by impact on a viscous mass, great meteors must have come flying from many directions.

Bright streaks or "rays" up to ten miles wide radiate from some of the craters; their origin, too, is not known. There are also clefts, irregular in form, about half a mile wide and of unknown depth.

In the cosmic catastrophes described in this book the moon was repeatedly involved. Together with the terrestrial globe it passed through the fabric of the great comet of the time of the Exodus, and in the conflicts of the eighth century before the present era, the moon was more than once displaced from its orbit by Mars. During these catastrophes the moon's surface flowed with lava and bubbled into great circular formations, which rapidly cooled off in the long lunar night, unprotected by an atmosphere from the coolness of cosmic spaces. In these cosmic collisions or near contacts the surface of the moon was also marked with clefts and rifts.

The "play" of Mars with the moon was regarded by the Greeks and the Romans as a love affair.1

From the Iliad we learn that Aphrodite (the Greek goddess of the moon) was warned by Jupiter-Zeus not to battle Ares-Mars, but to leave this task to Hera-Earth and Pallas Athene, being herself predestined to the sweet work of love.

Interplanetary contacts in the celestial sphere are in some respects similar to congress and germination in the biological world. In these contacts the bodies of the planets overflow with lava—fertile ground for vegetation—and comets born of such contacts fly across the solar system and rain gases and stones and possibly also spores, germs, or larvae on planets. Thus the notion of the ancients that love affairs were being carried on among the planetary gods and goddesses is a

1 Mars had near contacts with the moon and with the planet Venus, and as a result of these two

"romances" the goddess Venus (Aphrodite) became associated in mythology with the moon as well as with the planet of that name.

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tale for the common people and a philosophical metaphor for the instructed.

The great seas of dried lava and the great craters on the dead planet devoid of air and water bespeak the dreadful devastations, even death itself, that interplanetary contacts can leave in their wake. The great formations of craters, mountains, rifts, and plains of lava on the moon were formed not only in the upheavals described in this book, but also in those which took place in earlier times. The moon is a great unmarked cemetery flying around our earth, a reminder of what can happen to a planet.

The Planet Mars

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The planet Mars, at the present time, completes one revolution around the sun in 687 terrestrial days. Its orbit is entirely outside the earth's orbit, and is an ellipse, like that of the earth, but more stretched out, so that the planet's distance from the sun varies considerably during a revolution.

When Mars and the earth are on different sides of the sun, the distance between them rises to over 200,000,000 miles and may reach 248,600,000 miles. From this moment on, as the distance between the two planets diminishes, Mars nightly grows more and more luminous, changing from an inconspicuous point of light to a most brilliant star, brighter than any fixed star. During a period of little more than a year, it grows fifty-five times brighter. Among the planets it exceeds then even Jupiter in brilliance.

The earth and Mars approach each other every 780 days, this being the synodical period of Mars.

But because of the ellipticity of the two orbits and the difference in the direction in which their longer radii are turned, the closeness of Mars and the earth is not the same at every opposition.

At each seventh approach, which occurs every fifteen years, when Mars passes through that part of its orbit which is closest to the sun, and the earth simultaneously passes the segment of its orbit which is farthest from the sun, the conjunction of the two planets is especially close and is

"the favorable opposition." These occasions are eagerly awaited by astronomers, for no celestial body,

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with the exception of the moon, is more readily observable than Mars when at "favorable opposition."

The distance between Mars and the earth at the oppositions varies from 61,000,000 miles to 35,500,000 miles ("favorable opposition"); the distance at various times during the period of fifteen years varies greatly, from 248,600,000 to 35,500,000 miles.

Two cosmic disturbances recorded by Hebrew tradition—one on the day when Hezekiah's father, Ahaz, was entombed; the other, when Sennacherib's army invaded Palestine—were separated by a period of fourteen or fifteen years, if the figure in II Kings 18 : 13 refers to the invasion which ended in the disaster. A seemingly arbitrary period of fifteen years of grace, mentioned in Isaiah 38 : 5 and in II Kings 20 : 6, may also have had some relation to the periodicity of the catastrophes. The years -776, -747, -717 or -702, and -687 apparently were years of favorable oppositions of Mars, when perturbations, a regular phenomenon in oppositions, reached catastrophic dimensions.

If, because of other reasons, contact between Mars and the earth in the past is admitted, the combined shape of the orbits, with points of nearest approach being reached at present every fifteen years, could be regarded as a vestige of a contact or series of contacts at similar intervals in the past between the two planets then revolving on curved orbits that were closer to each other.

Mars bears a striking resemblance to the earth in the inclination of its axis of rotation to the plane of its orbit and in the period of its diurnal rotation. Whereas the equator of the earth is inclined 23% degrees to the plane of the ecliptic, the equator of Mars is inclined 24 degrees to the plane of its orbit, a similarity unequaled among other planets in the solar system. The mean time of axial rotation of the earth is 23 hours, 56 minutes, 4 seconds, that of Mars 24 hours, 37 minutes, 23 seconds. No other two planets are so alike in the duration of their day, conceding that no conclusive data are available for the length of the day on Venus.

Is it possible that the axis of rotation and the velocity of rotation of Mars, stabilized and supported in their present position and rate

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by certain forces, were influenced originally by the earth at the time of contact? Mars, being small as compared with the earth, influenced to a lesser degree the rotation of the earth and the position of its poles.

The surface of Mars is crisscrossed with a network of "canals." Their discoverer, Schiaparelli, assumed that geological forces were a factor in their formation; on the other hand, he was "very robin-bobin

careful not to combat this supposition, which includes nothing impossible," of the presence of intelligent beings on Mars who could have built these canals.

Percival Lowell spent his life in a crusade to convince fellow scholars and other contemporaries that intelligent human beings live on Mars and that the canals are their work. From his observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, he believed he discovered water on Mars. He interpreted the polar caps as ice masses; because of the dearth of water, the intelligent beings dug the canals to bring water to desert areas.1

In the early years of the twentieth century, plans were devised to communicate by light signals with the hypothetical men on Mars; according to one plan a series of light-sending stations was to be built into a geometric figure on the planes of Siberia. The figure was to represent the Pythagorean theorem of the relation of the three sides of a right-angle triangle. If there are intelligent beings on Mars, some writers argued, they should be able to notice and interpret the signals; if they are not intelligent enough to notice the signals and understand their meaning, we should not be so eager to communicate with them. The experiment was not carried out.

The contacts of Mars with other planets larger than itself and more powerful make it highly improbable that any higher forms of life, if they previously existed there, survived on Mars. It is, rather, a dead planet; every higher form of life, of whatever kind it might have been, most probably had its Last Day. Their work could not survive either. The "canals" on Mars appear to be a result of the play of geo-ip. Lowell, Mars (3rd ed., 1897); idem, Mars and Its Canals (1906).

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logical forces that answered with rifts and cracks the outer forces acting in collisions.

The Atmosphere of Mars

The atmosphere of Mars is invisible. If there are any living creatures on that planet, and if they are endowed with organs of sight, they see a black sky, not a blue one as we do.

The atmosphere of Mars was the object of many investigations which produced conflicting and apparently unsatisfactory results. This gaseous envelope is transparent, permitting clear observation on the contours of the planet. Mars' seasonal polar caps are products of distillation: a polar cap disappears when summer arrives in its hemisphere and reappears in winter. It is not known whether these caps are composed of carbon dioxide or of ice, whether they are clouds floating over polar regions or layers of coagulated masses.

The general question as to the presence of water vapor in the atmosphere of Mars was answered in the affirmative by one group of observers (Lowell Observatory), and in the negative by another group (Lick Observatory). At present it is regarded as almost certain that there is on Mars only a low absolute content of water vapor, about one-twentieth of that in the atmosphere of the earth. This is the view supported by results announced by astronomers at Mount Wilson Observatory.

The observations concerning oxygen in the atmosphere of Mars are somewhat inconclusive; it is generally supposed that oxygen on Mars, if there is any, is less than 0.1 per cent of the oxygen content in the atmosphere of the earth per unit of surface area.1

The difficulty of a spectral analysis of the atmosphere of the planets lies in the fact that their light is the reflected light of the sun, and consequently it has in it the spectral picture of the atmosphere of the sun (emission lines of the spectrum), and also in the fact that the atmosphere of the earth, through which this reflected light travels, impresses its own characteristic spectral lines (of absorption) on the

1 W. S. Adams and T. Dunham, Contributions from the Mount Wilson Observatory, No. 488

(1934).

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light reflected from the planets. The conclusion drawn and communicated to the general public is that "Mars' spectrum is practically that of reflected sunlight only" (E. Doolittle). This would suggest that there is no atmosphere on Mars or that it is very tenuous. However, there is a change in the distribution of light through the spectrum as compared with the light that arrives directly from the sun. The presence of an atmosphere on Mars can be proved by another set of robin-bobin

observations, which indicate that it extends to about sixty miles above the surface of the planet.

Also, its supposed thinness is in contradiction to findings obtained by photographs made in violet and in red fight. One series of clouds is seen in the photographs taken in violet light, but not in those taken in red light; a second series of clouds is seen in the red, but not in the violet, light.

In the present study of cosmic catastrophes the endeavor has been to establish the fact that in the eighth and seventh centuries before this era the earth was repeatedly approached by a celestial body; that this body was the planet Mars; that previously Mars had been displaced from its path by contact with Venus, which up to that time had crossed the orbit of the earth, and that Venus, the earth, and Mars, as a consequence, assumed new positions in the solar system. In all these contacts between Venus, the earth, and Mars there was an exchange of atmospheres, the earth acquiring the carbon clouds of Venus and also some of the atmosphere of Mars. The white precipitated masses on Mars, which form the polar caps, are probably of the nature of carbon, having been acquired from the trailing part of Venus, and only the difference in atmospheric conditions on Mars as compared with the earth, together with a difference in temperature, keeps this "manna" from being permanently dissolved under the rays of the sun.

The main ingredients of the atmosphere of Mars must be present in the atmosphere of the earth.

Mars, "the god of war," must have left part of his property on his visits. As oxygen and water vapor are not the main ingredients of the atmosphere of Mars, some other elements of the terrestrial atmosphere must be the main components of its atmosphere. It could be nitrogen, but the presence of nitrogen on Mars—or its absence—has not yet been established.

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Besides oxygen and nitrogen, the main components of the terrestrial atmosphere, argon and neon are present in detectable quantities in the air. These rare gases excite spectral lines only when in a hot state; consequently, they cannot be detected through lines of emission from a comparatively cool body such as Mars. The absorption lines of argon and neon have not yet been investigated. When a study of these lines will make possible a spectral search for these rare gases on planets, Mars should be submitted to the test. If analysis should reveal them in rich amounts, this would also answer the question: What contribution did Mars make to the earth when the two planets came into contact?

The Thermal Balance of Mars

The equatorial diameter of Mars is about 4,200 miles; when compared with that of the earth, the ratio in volume is 15 to 100; the ratio in mass is supposed to be 10.8 to 100. Mars is one-sixth the volume of Venus, and Venus is considered to be seven and a half times heavier than Mars.

Due to the eccentricity of Mars' orbit, the insolation at aphelion is much smaller than at perihelion (the ratio being about 5:6), and in the southern hemisphere the summer is much hotter but much shorter than in the northern hemisphere. Because of the greater mean distance of Mars from the sun, it is supposed to receive less than half the light and warmth per unit of area that the earth receives; and for this reason its temperature must be some 65° C. below that of the earth, and never above freezing. The mean temperature of a year on the equatorial latitudes of Mars must be similar to that of the polar regions of the earth.

The radiometric measurement of the temperature of Mars actually

shows an excess of heat.1 Mars emits more heat than it receives from

the sun. Does this excess of heat come from the interior of the planet?

Mars is a smaller body than the earth; it has more surface per unit

of volume, and it must have cooled down quicker than the earth,

especially if it was released from the nebulous sun by a centrifugal

1 W. W. Coblentz and C. O. Lampland at the Lowell Observatory, and E. Pettit and S. B.

Nicholson at the Mount Wilson Observatory.

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force before the earth was (Kant-Laplace), but also if they both originated as planets simultaneously millions of years ago (tidal theory). What, then, is the cause of the excess of heat in Mars?

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The assumed contacts with the earth would have caused much greater changes in and on Mars than in and on the earth, because of the difference in mass. An interplanetary contact must have caused a conversion of motion into heat, and consequently resulted in an excess of thermal radiation over the quantity of heat brought to the planet by insolation.

The contacts of Mars with Venus, and in a lesser degree with the earth, less than three thousand years ago probably are responsible for the present temperature of Mars; interplanetary electric discharges could also initiate atomic fissions with ensuing radioactivity and emission of heat.

The Gases of Venus

A part of the gaseous trail of Venus remained attached to the earth, another part was torn away by Mars, but the main mass of gases followed the head of the comet. Of the part which remained with the earth, some became a deposit of petroleum; some, in the form of clouds, enveloped the earth for many years, slowly precipitating. The part retained by Venus burned or smoked for a long time, as long as the oxygen carried from the earth lasted; what remained forms today the envelope of carbon clouds of the Morning Star. To the depth penetrated by spectroscopic analysis, oxygen and water vapor are absent. The planet is covered with clouds of dust. Carbon dioxide is an ingredient of Venus' atmosphere.1

The brilliant envelope of Venus is the remnant of its tail of the days when, three thousand years ago, it was a comet. The reflecting power (albedo) of Venus is greater than that of any other planet.

1 C. E. St. John and J. B. Nicholson, "The Spectrum of Venus," Contributions from the Mount Wilson Observatory, No. 249 (1922).

The supposition has been advanced that Venus is covered with formaldehyde (R. Wildt) although no spectral lines of this compound have been identified in the atmosphere of Venus.

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369

It is 0.75 as compared with 0.22 for Mars, and 0.13 for the moon.2 The reflecting capacity of Venus is not only much greater than that of desert sand, but is almost equal to that of newly fallen snow.

On the basis of this research, I assume that Venus must be rich in petroleum gases. If and as long as Venus is too hot for the liquefaction of petroleum, the hydrocarbons will circulate in gaseous form. The absorption lines of the hydrocarbon spectrum lie far in the infrared where usual photographs do not reach. When the technique of photography in the infrared is perfected so that hydrocarbon bands can be differentiated, the spectrogram of Venus may disclose the presence of hydrocarbon gases in its atmosphere, if these gases lie in the upper part of the atmosphere where the rays of the sun penetrate.

If the petroleum that poured down on the earth on its contact with the comet Venus was formed by means of electrical discharges from hydrogen and gaseous carbon, Venus must still have petroleum because of the discharges that passed, as we assume, between the head and tail of the comet when it was intercepted by the earth and in other celestial contacts.

Some indirect conclusion can also be drawn concerning the presence of liquid petroleum on Jupiter. If, as is assumed here, Venus was thrown off from Jupiter in a violent expulsion, and if Venus has petroleum gases, then Jupiter must have petroleum. The fact that methane has been discovered in the atmosphere of Jupiter—the only known constituents of its atmosphere are the poisonous gases methane and ammonia—makes it rather probable that it has petroleum; the so-called "natural gas" found in and near oil fields consists largely of methane.

The modern theory of the origin of petroleum, based upon its polarizing quality, regards petroleum as originating from organic, not inorganic, matter. Consequently, if I am not mistaken, Venus and Jupiter must possess an organic source of petroleum. On preceding pages it was shown that there are some historical indications that Venus—and therefore also Jupiter—is populated by vermin; this organic life can be the source of petroleum.

2 These figures are from Arrhenius, Das Schicksal der Planeten (1911), p. 6. E. A. Antoniadi (La planete Mercure [1939], p. 49) gives 0.63 for Venus, 0.17 for Mars, and 0.10 for the moon.

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The Thermal Balance of Venus

Radiometric observations at the Mount Wilson and Flagstaff observatories in 1922 have shown that "a considerable amount of heat" is emitted by the dark part of the disc of the planet Venus.

Venus, being nearer to the sun than the earth, turns in succession its illuminated and shaded parts toward the earth: it shows phases like the moon. The temperature of the day and night sides of Venus was measured by a radiometric method and it was found that there is "a nearly uniform temperature over the planet's surface both on the illuminated and dark hemispheres." "This sentence [of E. Pettit and S. B. Nicholson] is a terse statement of what is perhaps the most valuable single discovery ever made with respect to the planet Venus." * Similar results were also obtained independently and almost simultaneously by a second pair of researchers.2

What explanation can be given for the phenomenon of the nearly uniform temperature of the day and night hemispheres of Venus? The conclusion drawn was this: The daily rotation of the planet Venus is very rapid and during the short night the temperature cannot fall to any considerable extent. But this conclusion stands in complete contradiction to what was believed to be the established fact of the nonrotation of Venus (with respect to the sun, or of a rotation in relation to the fixed stars with a period equal to the time of one revolution on its planetary orbit or 225

terrestrial days). Due to the cover of clouds over Venus, it is impossible to have a direct impression as to whether Venus has a day-night rotation or not. The spectro-graphic data suggest that the planet revolves always with the same side to the sun, just as the moon revolves always with the same side to the earth, or that, at most, it rotates very slowly.3 In any case, a short period of rotation is excluded by the spectrographic data.

"If the period of rotation of Venus is 225 days, as many observers

1 F. E. Ross, "Photographs of Venus," Contributions from the Mount Wilson Observatory, No.

363 (1928).

2 Coblentz and Lampland, lournal of Franklin Institute, Vol. 199 (1925), 804. 8 E. St. John and S. B. Nicholson, "The Spectrum of Venus," Astraphysical Journal, Vol. LVI (1922).

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have been led to believe, it is difficult to see how the high temperature of the rotating layer of the night side can be maintained." 4

Compromise does not satisfy either side. Neither the radiometric data, which suggest a short period of rotation, nor the precise spec-troscopic data, which indicate a long period of rotation, may be ignored, and "they will undoubtedly furnish material for discussion and debate for many years." "

In reality there is no conflict between the two methods of physical observation. The night side of Venus radiates heat because Venus is hot. The reflecting, absorbing, insulating, and conducting properties of the cloud layer of Venus modify the heating effect of the sun upon the body of the planet; but at the bottom of the problem lies this fact: Venus gives off heat.

Venus experienced in quick succession its birth and expulsion under violent conditions; an existence as a comet on an ellipse which approached the sun closely; two encounters with the earth accompanied by discharges of potentials between these two bodies and with a thermal effect caused by conversion of momentum into heat; a number of contacts with Mars, and probably also with Jupiter. Since all this happened between the third and first millennia before the present era, the core of the planet Venus must still be hot. Moreover, if there is oxygen present on Venus, petroleum fires must be burning there.

These conclusions are drawn from the history of Venus as established in this research.

The End

This world will be destroyed; also the mighty ocean will dry up; and this broad earth will be burnt up. Therefore, sirs, cultivate friendliness; cultivate compassion.

—"World Cycles" in Visuddhi-Magga The solar system is not a structure that has remained unchanged for billions of years; displacement of members of the system oc-* Ross, "Photographs of Venus," p. 14. B Ibid.

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curred in historical times. Nor is there justification for the excuse that man cannot know or find out how this system came into being because he was not there when it was arranged in its present pattern.

Catastrophes have repeatedly reduced civilization on this earth to ruins. But our earth has fared well in comparison with Mars; and judged by the state of civilization at which mankind has arrived, conditions for life processes have been improved in some respects. But if events of this kind happened in the past, they may happen again in the future, with perhaps a different—fatal—

result.

The earth has come in contact with other planets and comets. At present no planet has a course that endangers the earth, and only a few asteroids—mere rocks, a few kilometers in diameter—

have orbits that cross the path of the earth. This was discovered, to the amazement of scholars, only recently. But in the solar system there exists a possibility that at some date in the future a collision between two planets will occur, not a mere encounter between a planet and an asteroid.

The orbit of Pluto, the farthest of the planets from the sun, though much larger than Neptune's, crosses that of Neptune. True, the plane of the orbit of Pluto is inclined 17° to the ecliptic, and therefore the danger of a collision is not impending. However, since the long axis of Pluto's orbit changes its direction, future contact between the two planets is probable if no comet intervenes to disrupt the intersecting orbits of these bodies. Astronomers will see the planets stop or slow down in their rotation, cushioned in the magnetic fields about them; a spark will fly from one planet to another, and thus an actual crushing collision of the lithospheres will be avoided; then the planets will part and change their orbits. It may happen that Pluto will become a satellite of Neptune. There is also the possibility that Pluto may encounter, not Neptune, but Triton, Neptune's satellite and about one-third as large as Pluto. Whether Pluto will become another moon of Neptune or will be thrown into a position much closer to the sun, or whether it will free Triton from being a satellite are matters of conjecture.

Another case of intersection may be found among the moons of Jupiter. The orbit of the sixth satellite is interlocked with the orbit of the seventh, and the eighth satellite is highly erratic and crosses

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the path of the ninth. One should be able to calculate how long the sixth and seventh satellites have moved on their present paths; the figures will probably not be large.

Each collision between two planets in the past caused a series of subsequent collisions, in which other planets became involved. The collision between major planets, which is the theme of the sequel to Worlds in Collision, brought about the birth of comets. These comets moved across the orbits of other planets and collided with them. At least one of these comets in historical times became a planet (Venus), and this at the cost of great destruction on Mars and on the earth.

Planets, thrown off their paths, collided repeatedly until they attained their present positions, where their orbits do not intersect. The only remaining cases of intersection are those of Neptune and Pluto, the satellites of Jupiter, and some planetoids (asteroids) that cross the orbits of Mars and the earth.

Moreover, comets may strike the earth, as Venus did when it was a comet; in that major catastrophe it was fortunate that Venus is a. slightly smaller body than the earth. A large comet arriving from interstellar spaces may run into one of the planets and push it from its orbit; then chaos may start anew. Also, some dark star, like Jupiter or Saturn, may be in the path of the sun, and may be attracted to the system and cause havoc in it.

The scholarly world assumed that in some hundreds of millions of years the heat of the sun would be exhausted, and then, as Flam-marion frightened his readers, the last pair of human beings would freeze to death in the ice of the equator. But this is far off in the future. In view of modern knowledge that heat is discharged in the process of breaking up atoms, scientists are now prepared to credit the sun with an immense reserve of heat. The fear, if any, is focused on the possibility that the sun may explode; a few minutes later the earth will become aware of this, and robin-bobin

soon thereafter will no longer exist. But the one end, that of freezing, is very remote; the other end, that of explosion, is very improbable; and the world is thought to have billions of peaceful years ahead. It is believed that the world has gone through eons of undisturbed evolution, and equally long eons are before us. Man can go far in such a span of

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time, considering that his entire civilization has endured less than ten thousand years, and in view of the great technological progress he has made in the last century.

The average man is no longer afraid of the end of the world. Man clings to his earthly possessions, registers his landholdings and fences them in; peoples carry on wars to preserve and to enlarge their historical frontiers. Yet the last five or six thousand years have witnessed a series of major catastrophes, each of which displaced the borders of the seas, and some of which caused sea-beds and continents to interchange places, submerging kingdoms, and creating space for new ones.

Cosmic collisions are not divergent phenomena, or phenomena that, in the opinion of some modern philosophers, take place in defiance of what is supposed to be physical laws; they are more in the nature of occurrences implicit in the dynamics of the universe, or, in terms of that philosophy, convergent phenomena.

"Lest by chance restrained by religion,"—and we may read 'science' instead of 'religion'—"you should think that earth and sun, and sky, sea, stars, and moon must needs abide for everlasting, because of their divine body," think of the catastrophes of the past; and then "look upon seas, and lands, and sky; their threefold nature . . . then-three textures so vast, one single day shall hurl to ruin; and the massive form and fabric of the world held up for many years, shall fall headlong."1

"And the whole firmament shall fall on the divine earth and on tne sea: and then shall flow a ceaseless cataract of raging fire, and shall burn land and sea, and the firmament of heaven and the stars and creation itself it shall cast into one molten mass and clean dissolve. Then no more shall there be the luminaries' twinkling orbs, no night, no dawn, no constant days of care, no spring, no summer, no winter, no autumn."2

"A single day will see the burial of all mankind. All that the long forbearance of fortune has produced, all that has been reared to eminence, all that is famous and all that is beautiful, great thrones,

1 Lucretius De rerum natura, v (transl. C. Bailey, 1924).

2 The Sibylline Oracles, transl. Lanchester.

great nations—all will descend into one abyss, will be overthrown in one hour."8

The vehemence of flames will burst asunder the framework of the earth's crust.4

3 Seneca Naturales quaestiones III, xxx (transl. J. Clarke).

* Seneca Epistolae morales, Epistle xcl (transl. R. M. Gummere).

EPILOGUE

EPILOGUE

Facing Many Problems

IN THIS BOOK, containing the first part of a historical cosmology, I have endeavored to show that two series of cosmic catastrophes took place in historical times, thirty-four and twenty-six centuries ago, and thus only a short time ago not peace but war reigned in the solar system.

All cosmological theories assume that the planets have revolved m their places for billions of years; we claim that they have been traveling along their present orbits for only a few thousand years. We maintain also that one planet—Venus—was formerly a comet and that it joined the family of planets within the memory of mankind, thus offering an explanation of how one of the planets originated. We conjectured that the comet Venus originated in the planet Jupiter; then we found that smaller comets were born in contacts between Venus and Mars, thus offering an explanation of the principle of the origin of the comets of the solar system. That these comets are only a few thousand years old explains why, despite dissipation of the material of their tails in space, they have not yet disintegrated entirely. From the fact that Venus was once a comet we robin-bobin

learned that comets are not nearly immaterial bodies or "rien visible," as was thought because stars are usually seen through their tails and, on the passage of one or two of them in front of the sun, their heads were not perceptible.

We claim that the earth's orbit changed more than once and with it the length of the year; that the geographical position of the terrestrial axis and its astronomical direction changed repeatedly, and that at a recent date the polar star was in the constellation of the Great Bear. The length of the day altered; the polar regions shifted,

379

380 WORLDS IN COLLISION

the polar ice became displaced into moderate latitudes, and other regions moved into the polar circles.

We arrived at the conclusion that electrical discharges took place between Venus, Mars, and the earth when, in very close contacts, their atmospheres touched each other; that the magnetic poles of the earth became reversed only a few thousand years ago; and that with the change in the moon's orbit, the length of the month changed too, and repeatedly so. In the period of seven hundred years between the middle of the second millennium before the present era and the eighth century the year consisted of 360 days and the month of almost exactly thirty days, but earlier the day, month, and year were of different lengths.

We offered an explanation of the fact that the nocturnal side of Venus emits as much heat as the sunlit side; and we explained the origin of the canals of Mars and of the craters and seas of lava on the moon as brought about in stress and near collisions.

We believe we came close to solving the problem of mountain building and the irruption of the sea; the exchange of place between sea and land; the rise of new islands and volcanic activity; sudden changes in climate and the destruction of quadrupeds in northern Siberia and the annihilation of entire species; and the cause of earthquakes.

Furthermore, we found that excessive evaporation of water from the surface of the oceans and seas, a phenomenon that was postulated to explain excessive precipitation and formation of ice covers, was caused by extraterrestrial agents. Though in such occurrences we see the origin of the Fimbul winter, we are inclined to regard the erratic boulders and till, or gravel, clay, and sand on the substratum of rock as having been carried, not by ice, but by onrushing gigantic tides caused by change in the rotation of the terrestrial globe; thus have we accounted for moraines that migrated from the equator toward higher latitudes and altitudes (Himalayas) or from the equator across Africa toward the South Pole.

We recognized that the religions of the peoples of the world have a common astral origin. The narrative of the Hebrew Bible concerning the plagues and other wonders of the time of the Exodus is

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historically true and the prodigies recorded have a natural explanation. We learned that there was a world conflagration and that naphtha poured from the sky; that only a small proportion of people and animals survived; that the passage of the sea and the the-ophany at Mount Sinai are not inventions; that the shadow of death or twilight of the gods (Gotterdammerung) refers to the time of the wandering in the desert; that manna or ambrosia really fell from the sky, from the clouds of Venus.

We found also that Joshua's miracle with the sun and the moon is not a tale for the credulous. We learned why there are common ideas in the folklore of peoples separated by oceans, and we recognized the importance of world upheavals in the content of legends and why the planets were deified and which planet was represented by Pallas Athene, and what is the celestial plot of the Iliad and in what period this epic was created, and why the Roman people made Mars their national god and progenitor of the founders of Rome. We came to understand the real meaning of the messages of the Hebrew prophets Amos, Isaiah, Joel, Micah, and others. We were able also to ascertain the year, month, and day of the last cosmic catastrophe and to establish the robin-bobin

nature of the agent that destroyed Sennacherib's army. We discerned the cause of the great wanderings of peoples in the fifteenth and eighth centuries. We learned the origin of the belief in the chosenness of the Jewish people; we traced the original meaning of the archangels, and the source of eschatological beliefs in doomsday.

In giving this enumeration of the claims made and problems dealt with in this book, we are aware that more problems have arisen than have been solved.

The question before historical cosmogony is this: If it is true that cosmic catastrophes occurred such a short time ago, how about the more remote past? What can we find out concerning the Deluge, at present thought to have been a local flooding of the Euphrates that impressed the Bedouins coming from the desert? In general, what can be brought to light concerning the world's more distant past and earlier celestial battles?

As explained in the Preface, the story of catastrophes as they can be reconstructed from the records of man and of nature is not completed in this volume. Here are presented only two chapters—two world ages—Venus and Mars. I intend to go further back into the past and piece together the story of some earlier cosmic upheavals. This will be the subject of another volume.

There I hope to be able to tell a little more of the circumstances preceding the birth of Venus from the body of Jupiter and narrate at length why Jupiter, a planet which only a few persons out of a crowd know how to find in the sky, was the main deity of the peoples of antiquity. In that book an attempt will be made to answer some more of the questions raised in the first pages of the Prologue of this volume.

Historical cosmogony offers a chance to employ the fact that there were catastrophes of global extent in establishing a synchronized history of the ancient world. Previous efforts to build chronological tables on the basis of astronomical calculations—new moons, eclipses, heliacal rising or culmination of certain stars—cannot be correct because the order of nature has changed since ancient times. But great upheavals of cosmic character may serve as points of departure for writing a revised history of the nations.

Such a synchronization of the histories of the ancient world is attempted in Ages in Chaos. Its starting point is the simultaneity of physical catastrophes in the countries of the ancient East and the comparison of records referring to such catastrophes among the peoples of antiquity. For the rest, I have proceeded by collating political records and archeological material of the ancient East covering a period of over a thousand years, from the end of the Middle Kingdom in Egypt to the time of Alexander of Macedonia: going step by step from century to century, the research arrives at an entirely revised sequence of events in ancient history and discloses a discrepancy of a number of centuries in the conventional chronology.

The development of religion, including the religion of Israel, comes under a new light. The facts established here may help in tracing the origin and the growth of planetary worship, animal worship, human sacrifices—also the source of astrological beliefs. The author feels an obligation to expand the scope of his work in order to include the problem of the birth of religion and of monotheism

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in particular. Investigation should be made into why and how the Jewish people, who had the same experiences as other peoples and who started with an astral religion like the rest of the nations, early cast off astral deities and forbade the worship of images.

The Scriptures invite a new approach to Bible criticism, one that will make it possible to see the process of transition from an astral religion to monotheism with its idea of a single Creator, not a star, not an animal, and not a human being.

An intriguing problem presents itself in psychology. Freud searched for primordial urges in modern man. According to him, in the primitive society of the stone age, when the sons grew up, they looked for a chance to dispose of the father, once all-powerful and now aging, and to work their will on their mother; and this urge is part of the heritage that modern man carries over from his prehistoric ancestors. According to the theory of another psychologist, Carl Jung, there exists a collective unconscious mind, a receptacle and carrier of ideas deposited there in primeval robin-bobin

times, which plays an important role in our concepts and actions. In the light of these theories, we may well wonder to what extent the terrifying experiences of world catastrophes have become part of the human soul and how much, if any, of it can be traced in our beliefs, emotions, and behavior as directed from the unconscious or subconscious strata of the mind.1

In the present volume geological and paleontological material was discussed only occasionally—

when we dealt with rocks being carried considerable distances and placed on top of foreign formations; with mammoths being killed in a catastrophe; with the changes of climate, the geographical contours of the polar ice in the past, moraines in Africa, and remains of human culture in the north of Alaska; with the source of a substantial part of oil deposits, the origin of volcanoes, the cause of earthquakes. However, geological, paleontological, and anthropological material related to the problems of cosmic catastrophes is vast and may give a complete picture of past events no less than historical material.

1 In connection with my idea of collective amnesia, G. A. Atwater suggests a search for the vestiges of terrifying experiences of the past in the present behavior of man.

384 WORLDS IN COLLISION

What can we establish concerning the disappearance of species and even of genera, the theory of evolution versus the theory of catastrophic mutations, and the development of animal and plant life in general, or the time when giants lived or when brontosauri populated the earth?

The submersion and emersion of land, the origin of the salt in the sea, the origin of deserts, of gravel, of coal deposits in Antarctica, and the palm growth in the arctic regions; the building of sedimentary rocks; the intrusion of igneous rock above levels containing bones of marine and land animals and of iron in the superficial layers of the earth's crust, the times of geological epochs and the age of man on the earth—all these ask for treatment in the light of the theory of cosmic catastrophism.

Then there are physical problems. The accounts given in this book about planets changing their orbits and the velocities of their rotation, about a comet that became a planet, about interplanetary contacts and discharges, indicate a need for a new approach to celestial mechanics.

The theory of cosmic catastrophism can, if required to do so, conform with the celestial mechanics of Newton. Comets and planets pushing one another could change their orbits, although it is singular how, for instance, Venus could achieve a circular orbit, or how the moon, also forced from its place, could hold to an almost circular orbit. Nevertheless, there are precedents for such a concept. The planetesimal theory postulates innumerable collisions between small planetesimals—that flew out of the sun, gradually rounded their orbits, and formed planets and satellites; the tidal theory also regards the planets as derivatives of the sun swept by a passing star into a direction and with a force that, together with the gravitational attraction of the sun, created nearly circular orbits, the same having occurred to the moons in relation to their parent planets.2 Another precedent for circular orbits formed under extraordinary circumstances can be found in the theory that regards the retrograde

2 One of the authors of the tidal theory, Harold Jeffreys, writes that first among the "several striking facts" which "still remain unexplained" by the tidal theory is "the smallness of the eccentricities of the orbits of the planets and satellites" (The Earth, 2nd ed. [1929], p. 48).

WORLDS IN COLLISION 385

satellites as captured asteroids which succeeded, after being captured, in achieving approximately circular orbits.

If such effects from contacts between two stars or from capture of a smaller body by a larger body are not incompatible with celestial mechanics, then the orbits resulting from worlds in collision should be regarded as in harmony with it, too.

The physical effects of retardation or reversal of the earth in its diurnal rotation are differently evaluated by various scientists. Some express the opinion that a total destruction of the earth and volatilization of its entire mass would follow such slowing down or stasis. They concede, however, that destruction of such dimensions would not occur if the earth continued to rotate and only its axis were tilted out of its position. This could be caused by the earth's passing through a robin-bobin

strong magnetic field at an angle to the earth's magnetic axis. A rotating steel top, when tilted by a magnet, continues to rotate. Theoretically, the terrestrial axis could be tilted for a certain length of time, and at any angle, and also in such a fashion that it would lie in the plane of the ecliptic.

In that case, one of the two hemispheres —the northern or the southern—would remain in prolonged day, the other, in prolonged night.

The tilting of the axis could produce the visual effect of a retrogressing or arrested sun; a greater tilting, a multiple day or night; and in the case of still greater tilting, a reversal of poles with east and west exchanging places; all this without a substantial disruption in the mechanical momentum of the rotation or revolution of the earth.

Other scientists maintain that a theoretical slowing down or even stoppage of the earth in its diurnal rotation would not by itself cause the destruction of the earth. All parts of the earth rotate with the same angular velocity, and if the theoretical stoppage or slowing down did not upset the equality of the angular velocity of the various parts of the solid globe, the earth would survive the slowing down, or stasis, or even a reversal of rotation. However, the fluid parts—the air and the water of the oceans—would certainly have their angular velocity disrupted, and hurricanes and tidal waves would sweep the earth. Civilizations would be destroyed, but not the globe.

386 WORLDS IN COLLISION

According to this explanation, the actual results of such a slowing down of the angular velocity of rotation would depend on the manner in which it occurred. If the application of an external medium, say a thick cloud of dust, acted equally on all parts of the surface of the globe, the globe would change its speed of rotation or might even cease rotating, and the energy of its rotation would be transferred to the cloud of dust; heat would develop as the result of the bombardment by the particles of dust striking the atmosphere and the ground. The earth would be buried under such a thick layer of dust that its mass would noticeably increase.

The cessation of the diurnal rotation could also be caused—and most efficiently—by the earth's passing through a strong magnetic field; eddy currents would be generated in the surface of the earth,3 which in turn would give rise to magnetic fields, and these, interacting with the external field, would slow down the earth or bring it to a rotational stasis.

It is possible to calculate the mass of a cloud of particles and also the strength of the magnetic field that would cause the earth to stop rotating or to slow down, say, to half its original rotational velocity. A rough calculation shows that if the mass of this cloud were equal to the mass of the earth and consisted of iron particles magnetized close to saturation, it would create a magnetic field strong enough to stop the rotation of the earth; if the magnetic field were half as strong it would slow the rotation of the earth to half its original velocity. However, if the cloud were electrically charged, the strength of its magnetic field would depend on its charge.

If the interaction with the magnetic field caused the earth to renew its spinning, it would almost certainly not be renewed at the same speed. If the magma inside the globe continued to rotate at a different angular velocity than the shell, it would tend to set the earth rotating slowly. In the tidal theory the origin of the earth's rotation is ascribed to the action of meteorites.

3 In this connection see the description of a sudden calamity in Numbers 16 : 45-49, in which thousands of Israelites roaming in the desert were "consumed as in a moment."

WORLDS IN COLLISION 387

If the angular velocity of the various strata or segments of the globe were disrupted by some stress, these strata or segments would shift, and heat would be created as the result of the friction. Cracks and rifts would appear, seas would erupt, land would submerge or rise in mountain ridges, with "the midmost of the earth trembling with terror and the upper layers of the earth falling away." 4

The stresses between the various strata that would result in all this might also convert some of the energy of rotation, not into heat, but into other forms of energy, including electrical. A discharge of great magnitude between the earth and the outer body (or cloud) could take place in this way.

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Thus celestial mechanics does not conflict with cosmic catastro-phism. I must admit, however, that in searching for the causes of the great upheavals of the past and in considering their effects, I became skeptical of the great theories concerning the celestial motions that were formulated when the historical facts described here were not known to science. The subject deserves to be discussed in detail and quantitatively. All that I would venture to say at this time and in this place is the following: The accepted celestial mechanics, notwithstanding the many calculations that have been carried out to many decimal places, or verified by celestial motions, stands only if the sun, the source of light, warmth, and other radiation produced by fusion and fission of atoms, is as a whole an electrically neutral body, and also if the planets, in their usual orbits, are neutral bodies.

Fundamental principles in celestial mechanics including the law of gravitation, must come into question if the sun possesses a charge sufficient to influence the planets in their orbits or the comets in theirs. In the Newtonian celestial mechanics, based on the theory of gravitation, electricity and magnetism play no role.

When physicists came upon the idea that the atom is built like a solar system, the atoms of various chemical elements differing in the mass of their suns (nuclei) and the number of their planets (electrons), the notion was looked upon with much favor. But it was stressed that "an atom differs from the solar system by the fact that * See p. 74.

388 WORLDS IN COLLISION

it is not gravitation that makes the electrons go round the nucleus, but electricity" (H. N.

Russell).

Besides this, another difference was found: an electron in an atom, on absorbing the energy of a photon (light), jumps to another orbit, and again to another when it emits light and releases the energy of a photon. Because of this phenomenon, comparison with the solar system no longer seemed valid. "We do not read in the morning newspapers that Mars leaped to the orbit of Saturn, or Saturn to the orbit of Mars," wrote a critic. True, we do not read it in the morning papers; but in ancient records we have found similar events described in detail, and we have tried to reconstruct the facts by comparing many ancient records. The solar system is actually built like an atom; only, in keeping with the smallness of the atom, the jumping of electrons from one orbit to another, when hit by the energy of a photon, takes place many times a second, whereas in accord with the vastness of the solar system, a similar phenomenon occurs there once in hundreds or thousands of years. In the middle of the second millennium before the present era, the terrestrial globe experienced two displacements; and in the eighth or seventh century before the present era, it experienced three or four more. In the period between, Mars and Venus, and the moon also, shifted.

Contacts between celestial bodies are not limited to the domain of the solar system. From time to time a nova is seen in the sky, a blazing fixed star which until then had been small or invisible. It burns for weeks or months and then loses its light. It is thought that this may be the result of a collision between two stars (a phenomenon that, according to the tidal theory, occurred to the sun or to its theoretical companion). Comets arriving from other solar systems may have been born in such collisions.

If the activity in an atom constitutes a rule for the macrocosm, then the events described in this book were not merely accidents of celestial traffic, but normal phenomena like birth and death.

The discharges between the planets, or the great photons emitted in these contacts, caused metamorphoses in inorganic and organic nature. Of these things I intend to write in another volume, where problems

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of geology and paleontology and the theory of evolution will be discussed.

Having discovered some historical facts and having solved a few problems, we are faced with more problems in almost all fields of science; we are not free to stop and rest on the road on which we started when we wondered whether Joshua's miracle of stopping the sun was a natural robin-bobin

phenomenon. Barriers between sciences serve to create the belief in a scientist in any particular field that other scientific fields are free from problems, and he trusts himself to borrow from them without questioning. It can be seen here that problems in one area carry over into other scientific areas, thought to have no contact with each other.

We realize the limitations which a single scholar must be aware of on facing such an ambitious program of inquiry into the architectonics of the world and its history. In earlier centuries philosophers not infrequently attempted a synthesis of knowledge in its various branches. Today, with knowledge becoming more and more specialized, whoever tries to cope with such a task should ask in all humility the question put at the beginning of this volume: Quota pars operis tanti nobis committitur—Which part of this work is committed to us?

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SELECTIVE

Aaron, 133, 166, 293

Abihu, son of Aaron, 56

Achaeans, 247-249

Acosta, J. de, 339

Adam, city of, 139

Adar, month of, 351

Adrastus of Cyzicus, 158

Aegospotami, 289

Aeneas, 246

Aeschylus, 151, 282

Aethiopia, people of, 144

Africa, 76, 380, 383

Agassiz, Louis, 76

Agni, Vedic deity, 133, 134

Agog, King, 151, 158

Ahaz, King, 212-213, 216-219, 233,

237-238, 274, 322, 351, 353, 363 Ahaziah, King, 185 Ahriman, 183, 185

L'Aigle (the fall of meteorites at), 41 Ainu peoples, in Japan, 327 Ajalon, in Palestine, 39, 45

Akhet-Aten, in Egypt, 281 Alaska, 326-329, 383 Alexander of Macedonia, 53, 89, 382

Algonquin tribe, 309 Almagest, by C. Ptolemy, 195 Alps, 27

Amalekites, 130, 184 Amenhotep III, pharaoh, 323, 324 Ammizaduga, of Babylonia, 198 Amon, 289

Amon Temple (at Karnak), 323 Amos, prophet, 117, 176, 207-209,215,

239, 252, 263, 274, 381 Amur River, 327 Anaitis, goddess, 170 Anastasi Papyrus, 129 Anat, goddess, 177, 297 Anat-Yahu, in Elephantine, 297 Anaxagoras, 271, 317

AME INDEX

Anaximander, 29

Anaximenes, 29

Ancasmarca, mountain of, 61

Andes, 273

Angstrom, A. J., 22

Antarctica, coal deposits on, 20, 384

Antefoker, vizier of Sesostris I, 56

Anthesteria, feast of, 150

Anthesterion, spring month, 150

Anu path in the sky, 351

Anugita, Iranian book, 61

Apennine Peninsula, 269, 273, 278

Aphaca, town in Syria, 178, 289

Aphrodite, 247, 250, 251, 361

Apis, 180, 181, 182

Apollo, 248, 301

Apollodorus, 49, 79, 81, 171, 237, 306

Apollonius Rhodius, 161

Apop, King in Egypt, 151

Apopi, 50; see also Seth

Appalachians, 19

Appian Way, 264

Arabia, Arabs, 33, 119, 179, 180

Arabot (sky with the sun's rising point

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in the west), 114 Arago, D. F., 41 Archilochus, 216 Arctic Circle, 327, 328 Arctic Ocean, 26

Ares, 137, 185, 238, 263-264, 274,

281, 288; see also Mars Argive plain, 216-217 Argive tyrants, 216-218, 237, 307; see also Atreus and Thyestes Arimi, people of Syria, 79 Aristarchus of Samos, 29 Aristocles, 169

Aristophanes, 84 Aristotle, 18, 29, 41, 137, 162-163.

221, 271, 338 Arizona, 41

392

SELECTIVE NAME INDEX

Armenians, 33

Annilustrium, feast of, 240

Arno River, 273

Arrhenius, S. A., 22

Artapanus, 64, 86

AryaDhatta, Hindu astronomer, 257,

331 Arzachel, Arabian scholar, 316 Ascension of Moses, book, 294 Ashteroth-Karnaim, 166, 169, 179 Asia, 277, 328, 329 Asia Minor, 146, 269, 278 Assurbanipal, 165, 177, 180, 198, 350

Assyria, Assyrian, 212, 228, 230-232,

241, 242, 262, 265, 269, 292, 293,

310, 334, 335, 355 Assyro-Babylonia, 244, 354 Astarte, 166, 169, 289 Atharva-Veda, 136, 138, 181, 182 Athene, 138, 168-175, 179, 185, 196,

241, 247-251, 253, 258, 262, 297,

361 Athens, 170 Atlantis, 146-148 Atlas, 240

Atreus, Argive tyrant, 109, 216, 237 Atymnios, driver of sun's chariot, 160 Augustus, see Octavian Augustine, St., 57, 119, 158, 159, 171 Aulus Genius, 345 Averrhoes, Arab philosopher, 114 Avesta, see Zend Avesta Avienus, Latin poet, 83 Avila, Spanish author, 61 Aviv, month of, 65 Azazel, 156

Azekah, in Palestine, 42 Aztecs, 32, 118, 253, 269 Azza, angel, 156

Baal, 178, 197, 294, 295

Baal Zevuv, 183-186

Babylon, Babylonia, Babylonian, 177, 178, 200, 222, 223, 225, 242, 259, 261, 264, 268, 274, 275, 278, 281, 295-296, 315, 316, 318, 333, 334, 343, 345, 346, 351, 352, 354

Baffin Land, 326

Bahman Yast, 31, 62

Balaam, 151, 159

Bamboo Books, 235, 254

Bancroft, H. H., 253

Bantu tribes, 185

Baruch, disciple of Jeremiah, 354

Beelzebub, see Baal Zevur

Beke, Charles, 93

Belith, 179

Bereshit Rabba, book, 224

Bering Strait, 327

Berosus, Chaldean author, 231, 269-

270 Bertholon, P., 41

Beth-horon, in Palestine, 39, 42, 44 Bhaga Vedam, Hindu book, 31 Bhagavata Furana, Hindu books, 31 Biot, E., 234, 235 Bochart, Samuel, 85 Boghaz Keui, in Anatolia, 161 Bofsena lake, 273 Bolsena, town of, 273 Book of the Dead, 136 Book of the Lord, 220 Book of Sothis, 337, 338 Boothia Felix Peninsula, 326 Borneo, 35

Bororo, in Brazil, 185 Bosporus, 269 Branmanas, 330 Brahmans, 31, 35, 161, 182, 313, 320, 331; see also Hindu Brasseur de Bourbourg, C. E., 122 Bronze Age, 4 Bundahis, book of, 62, 133, 183, 185,

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257-258, 333 Bura, city in Greece, 289 Buriats, people in Siberia, 160

Calaveras skull, 20

Calvisius, 82

Campester, Roman astrologer, 84

Cancer, sign of zodiac, constellation,

270 Canopus Decree, 195, 336 Capricorn, 83, 270 Carthage, 246

Cashinaua, aborigines of W. Brazil, 90 Castor, 158, 159 Caucasus, 57, 265, 269 Celsus, Roman philosopher, 272 Celts, Celtic, 89, 344 Censorinus, Latin author, 29, 239, 273 Chaldeans, 164, 241, 270, 349

SELECTIVE NAME INDEX 393

Chamberlain, T. C, 8 Chams, tribe in Indo-China, 347 Chaska, name of Venus, 165 Chewkee tribe, on the Gulf Coast, 189 Chichimex tribe in Mexico, 177 Chicon-Tonatiuh, "the Seven Suns," 34 China, Chinese, 89, 100-104, 234-237, 254, 268, 290, 306, 307, 315, 327, 340, 343, 355, 358 Choctaw Indians, 71 Chou (Shu), Egyptian god, 88 Cicero, 170, 171 Cimmerians, people, 269 City of God, 158, 171; see also Augustine Clavius, crater on the moon, 360

Cleobulus, a sage, 338 Codex Borgia, 177 Codex Chimalpopoca, 45, 128 Confucius, 99, 100, 234, 235 Cordilleras, 19, 91, 277 Crete, 119, 160 Critias, by Plato, 147 Critias, the Elder and the Younger, 147 Cronus, 170, 173, 289; see also Saturn Ctesias, Greek historian, 333 Cuauhtitlan, Annals of, 34, 45, 53, 54 Culhua, Culhuacan, Kingdom of, 34,

45 Cuvier, G, 17, 18, 24-25, 42 Cuzco (Cusco), in Peru, 319 Cyprus, 179, 289, 297

Dan, in Palestine, 178

Danaans, 248

Daniel, Prophecies of, book, 262

Daniel, prophet, 354

Darwin, Charles, 18, 25, 305

Darwin, George, 22

David, King, 261, 290

Day of Atonement, 155, 352

Deborah, Song of, 89

Deimos, satellite of Mars, 280

Delphi, 289

Deluc, J. A., 25

Democrirus, 30,161,162,178, 271,317

Deucalion, Flood of, 119, 148-152

Deutero-Isaiah, 318, 354

Deuteronomy, Book of, 295

Dhrura, polar star, 314

Diana, 289

Dinkard, Iranian book, 31

Diodorus of Sicily, 100, 169, 270

Diogenes Laetius, 271, 317, 356, 357

Dion of Naples, 158

Discord, companion of Ares, 281

Djohainah, land of, 88

Djorhomites, Arab tribe, 88

Dnieper River, 265

Dominican monks, 45

Donnelly, I., 42

Dorians, 269

Dorsey, G. A., 193

Dragon, 80, 82, 293, 306

Dresden Codex, 196

robin-bobin

Ea path in the sky, 351

Earthquake-sun of the Mayas, 33-34

East Indies, 277, 347

Ebb, in Egypt, see Elephantine

Ebers Papyrus, 336, 337

Ecclesiastes, Book of, 226

Edda, Icelandic epic, 32, 257, 265

Edom, the name of, 50

Egypt, Egyptians, 47-52, 65-66, 87, 105, 180, 231-233, 261, 263-266, 271, 293, 296, 299, 310, 314, 320-324, 336, 337, 343, 355, 357

Ekron, in Palestine, 185

Elam, 265

El-Arish, shrine of, 59, 88

Electra, by Euripides, 110

Elephantine, in Egypt, 296

Eleusis, in Attica, 318, 319

Empedocles, 245, 317

Engineer Creek, in Alaska, 328

EnBl path in the sky, 351

Ensisheim, in Alsace, 41

Ephesus, in Ionia, 289

Epicurus, Greek philosopher, 30

Eratosthenes, Alexandrian geometer, 255

Erie, Lake, 28

Erinyes, 282

Ermitage Papyrus, 107, 128, 129

Erythrean Sea, 50

Esarhaddon, 229, 242, 268, 350

Eskimos of Alaska, 327; Canada, 160; of Greenland, 90, 113

Ester, in Alaska, 328

Ethiopia, 268

394

SELECTIVE NAME INDEX

Etruscans, 29, 273

Euphrates, river, 304

Euripides, 110, 282

Europa, 119

Eusebius, 64, 86, 119, 149

Eyuru, gods of the Ovaherero tribe, 90

Ezekiel, 354

Ezour Vedam, Hindu book, 31

Ezra, Fourth Book of, 95, 122, 265

Fabius Pictor, Roman annalist, 239

Faijum, in Egypt, 321, 322

Fairbanks, in Alaska, 328

Fang-heun, name of Emperor Yahou,

99 February, 240, 345 Fenris-Wolf, 264-265 Fimbul-winter, 120, 135, 380 Finnish tradition, 139; see ahoKalevala Fire-star, 243

Fire Sun of the Mayas, 33-34 Flagstaff, Arizona, observatory in, see

Lowell Observatory Flame-god, 261 Flammarion, C., 373 Flanders, 120

Fo-hi, flood in the days of, 103 Forel, Francois, 27 Formosa, 346 Frazer, T., 302 Freud, S., 302, 383 Furies, 286

robin-bobin

Gabriel, Archangel, 291-294

Gaius Porcius, consul, 51

Gardiner, A. H., 49

Gatha days, 332, 333

Geb, Egyptian god, 88

Geminus, 345

Genesis, Book of, 300

Gennadius, patriarch, 270

George, St., 306

Georgius Syncellus, chronologer, 211,

337 Giacobini-Zinner comet, 41 Gibeon, in Palestine, 39, 44-45, 219 Gilbert Islands, see Kingsmill Islands Gilgal, in Palestine, 44 Gilgamesh Gilgamish), epic of, 61, 67, 97 Ginzberg, L., 33, 299

Gokihar, planet, 258

G6mara, F. L. de, 34, 128

Great Bear, 218, 313, 314, 379

Great Lakes of America, 28

Greeks Greek, 145, 148, 216, 246, 247,

264, 265, 271, 272, 278, 301, 338

346, 356 Greenland, 90, 325 Gregorian calendar, 339 Guide for the Perplexed, 221 Gukumatz, the Morning Star, 157 Gula, goddess, 172 Gulf Stream, 22

Habakkuk, 142

Haggadah, 55

Hai Gaon, rabbinical authority, 114

Hall, Asaph, 279, 280

Halley, comet, 13, 14

Halley, E., 280

Hamon, name of Gabriel, 292

Han, dynasty, 236

Harakhte, the western sun, 107-108

Harris Papyrus, 107, 117

Hatshepsut", Queen, 108, 313

Hatuncolla, in Peru, 320

Hawaii, Hawaiians, 32, 131, 273, 308

He and Ho, Chinese astronomers, 102

Helice, city in Greece, 289

Helvicus, 82

Hephaestion, 84

Hera, 136, 171, 248, 249, 361

Heracles (Hercules), 294

Heraclitus, author of Homeric Allegories, 252

Heraclitus, philosopher, 28, 252

Herlicius, David, 82, 279

Herschel, William, 280

Hesiod, 30, 92, 97, 136, 160

Hesperos, 170

Herodotus, 81, 105, 106, 108, 114, 231-233, 245, 263, 269, 310, 336

Hevelius, 82

Hezekiah, 176, 218, 227-229, 232, 238, 240, 267, 274, 294, 307, 310, 311, 351, 352, 353, 356

Hieronymus, see Jerome

Hilkiah, high priest, 295

Hiko-Mikoto, Emperor, 131

robin-bobin

Himalaya Mountains, 18, 76, 380

SELECTIVE NAME INDEX 395

Hindu (tables of planets, calendar), 161, 200, 243, 256, 269, 313, 326, 331, 332, 343, 354; see also Brah-mans, India

Hippocrates, 338

Hissarlik, site of Troy, 276

Hiuen-tsong, Emperor, 358

Hoei-nan-tze, 255

Homer, 98, 136, 245-247, 251-252, 274, 280, 281, 344

Hommel, F., 198

Horapollo, 196

Horns, 52, 168, 174

Hosea, prophet, 208

Hatuncolla, in Peru, 320

Huai-nan-tse, Chinese author, 236

Huehue-Tlapallan, in Mexico, 358

Huitzilopochtli, god, 253, 254, 257, 264, 269

Humboldt, A. von, 34, 106, 163

Hurakan, god, 67

Hurrican Sun, of the Mayas, 33-34

Hyginus, 160

Hyksos, 124, 180, 299, 336, 338

Iceland, 32, 257, 265, 266; see also Edda, Voliispa

Ida, Mount, 249

Iliad, 169, 245-252, 253, 262, 361

Ilium, 246; see also Troy, Hissarlik

Incas, 32, 122, 196, 358

India, 76, 330, 355; see also Hindu, Brahmans

Indian Ocean, 286

Indians, American, 73, 187, 253, 307, 314, 327

Indo-China, 347

Indonesia, 99

Indra, Vedic god, 78, 269, 282

Inti-capac-Yupanqui, Inca king, 357

Ionians, 269

Ipiutak, in Alaska, 327

Ipuwer Papyrus, 49, 52, 55, 62, 98, 107, 117, 129

Iron age, 5

Iran, 201

Isaiah, 80, 175, 176, 202, 208, 212-216, 218-220, 222, 225, 228, 230, 239, 252, 260, 262, 266, 267, 274, 286-288, 292, 307, 309, 310, 329, 352, 381; see also Deutero-Isaiah Ishtar, 165, 177, 178, 180, 200, 262;

see also Astarte Isidore, bishop of Seville, 149 Isis, 51, 78, 170, 174, 181, 195, 301 Israel, kingdom, 178, 222, 227, 295 Israelites, 58, 88, 269, 276, 293, 335 Istehar, 160 Italy, 246

Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de Alva, 33-34,

153 Izebel, Queen, 179

Jaiminiya-Upanisad, Hindu book, 314

January, month of, 345

Japan, Japanese, 70, 358

Jasher, Book of, 39-43, 220

Jeans, J. H., tidal theory of, 9

Jeffreys, H., 9

robin-bobin

Jeremiah, 129, 179, 295, 296, 354

Jericho, 39, 139-140

Jeroboam, King, 166, 291

Jerome, 64, 176, 292

Jerusalem, 178, 209, 213, 219, 227,

228, 231, 262, 276, 295, 296, 353 Jewish Antiquities, book, 231 Job, Book of, 201, 257 Joel, prophet, 208, 215, 283-288, 381 Jordan, river, 139

Josephus Flavius, 231, 232, 269, 270 Joshua ben Nun, 39-43, 43-45, 46, 150, 159, 219, 293, 300, 306, 385 Joshua, Book of, 39-44, 236 Josiah, King, 178, 295 Jotham, King, 212 Jubmel, god of the Lapps, 74 Judah, Judea, 178, 230, 293, 294-297,

351 Julius Africanus, 149 Julius Caesar, 126, 195 Junctinus, 84 Jung, C, 383 Jupiter, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 14, 78, 172-175, 187, 237, 238, 242, 271, 272,

289, 301, 355, 361, 371, 379, 382

Kaaba, 290

Kadesh, wilderness of, 87

Kagra, god, 90

Kalevala, Finnish epos, 50, 60-61, 89,

118, 132, 137 Kalidasa, 267, 268

396 SELECTIVE NAME INDEX

Kamchadals, 346

Kamchatka, 329

Kami Yamato, Emperor, 130

Kanga, tribe in Africa, 90

Kant, I., 7, 368

Karnak, Temple of, 323, 324

Kaska, tribe in British Columbia, 189

Katuns, calendar stones of Yucatan, 32

Keith, A., 28

Kelvin, L., 22

Kepler, Johannes, 316

Khwan, Chinese administrator, 101

Kidron, valley, 295

Kingsmill Islands, 346

Kirghiz people, 160

Kis, Chinese world age, 31

Kitab Alaghani, 88

Koluma River, 329

Korah, revolt of, 56

Koran, 72, 114

Krakatoa, volcano in the East Indies,

96, 126 Kukulcan, the Morning Star, 157 Kumara, semi-god, 268 Kwang-Tze, 254 Kwei, Emperor, 235, 254

Lachish, in Judea, 227-229

Lamarck, J. B., 18, 25

Landa, D. de, 73, 339

Laplace, P. S., 7, 8, 11, 368

Lapland, Lapps, 73-74, 89, 314

Latins, 269, 307

Layard, Henri, 198

Leiden Papyrus, 107

Lena River, 329

robin-bobin

Leningrad Papyrus, see Ermitage

Papyrus Letopolis, in Egypt, 232, 310 Leucippus, Greek philosopher, 317 Leverrier, U. J. J., 280

Lexell's comet, 78 Liber memorialis, by Lucius Ampelius,

34 Libna, town in Palestine, 228 Libya, 144, 147, 169 Libyan Dynasty, 204, 322, 355 Lick Observatory, 365 Lithuania (time measure in), 344 Little Bear, 218, 313 Livy, Titus, 238

Loanga, tribe in Africa, 90

Lowell Observatory, 364, 365

Lowell, P., 364

Lucan, 270

Lucian, 251, 252

Lucifer, 156, 170, 176, 202, 203, 258,

259, 293 Lucius Ampelius, 34 Lu-Heng, Chinese, author, 236 Lupus Martius, 264 Lux Divina, 180 Lu-Yang, duke of, 236, 237 Lydia, 55 Lydus, 83, 84 Lyell, Charles, 18, 305

Maadim, Hebrew for Mars, 292 Macrobius, 178, 301 Madison boulder, 75 Maimonides, 220-224

Manasseh, King, 294, 295, 296 Manetho, 69, 170, 299, 337 Mango, Fiji Islands, 160 Manius Acilius, consul, 51 Manuscript Cakchiquel, 91 Manuscript QuichS, 48, 54, 128 Manuscript Troano, 67, 91 Maoris of New Zealand, 68, 135, 136 March, month of, 238, 241 Marduk, 67, 78, 86, 174 Marquesas Islands in Polynesia, 346 Mars, 5, 6, 9, 11, 238-294, 346, 362-368 Maruts, 282-289 Mary, 294

Masudi, Arab author, 88 Maui, god, 308, 309 Maximilian, Emperor, 41 Mayas, 32, 45, 118, 196, 237, 305, 339 Mazda, 86; see also Ormuzd Mazdaism, 31, 57 Mazzaroth, 201, 202 Mecca, 94, 290

Mediterranean, 73, 277, 278, 286 Menin, in Flanders, 120 Menomini Indians, 309, 310 Mercury, 5, 6, 9, 243, 355 Mesopotamia, 274, 275, 278, 349; see

also Assyria, Babylonia, Assyro-

Babylonia, Euphrates

SELECTIVE NAME INDEX

397

Mexico, people of, 34, 45, 89,112,113, 163, 179, 186, 211, 263, 264, 269, 339; see also Aztecs, Toltecs, Maya

Micah, prophet, 208, 215, 381

Michael, Archangel, 292-294, 306

Michigan, Lake, 28

Middle Kingdom of Egypt, 47, 49

Midgard, serpent, 265

Midrash Koheleth, book, 224

Midrash-Rabba, 124-125

Mievish-Muspar, 258

Milo, in the city of David, 228

Minerva, 169-172,241; see also Athene

Missouri, valley of, 326

Mithra, 178

Mohammed, 156, 289, 290

Molina, 61

Mongols, 344

Moon, 10, 360-362, and passim

Moph and Noph (Memphis), 69

Moses, 65, 94, 97, 149, 151, 176, 296, 352

Moses ben Maimon, see Maimonides

Moslem year, 342

Moulton, F. R., 8, 359

Mount Carmel, 209

robin-bobin

Mount Casius, 79

Mount Haemus, 49, 79

Mount Sinai, see Sinai

Mt. Wilson Observatory, 365

Mycenae, 166, 216, 265

Nabonassar's era, 210

Nabonidus, King, 268

Nadab, son of Aaron, 56

Naga or snake gods, 175

Nahua-Indian, 45

Nebuchadnezzar, 222, 242, 275, 354

Neptune, 5, 9, 372, 373

Nergal, 241-244, 261-264, 268, 274,

275, 283, 288, 292 N'ergal-Eriskigal poem, 281 Nergalsharezer, 242 Nergilissar, 242, 275 New Year's Day, 123, 318, 352 New Zealand, 308, 347 Newton, Isaac, 7, 280, 384 Niagara Falls, 28

Niao, constellation of, 103 Nidana-Sutra, Sanskrit text, 331 Nigeria, in Africa, 347

Nigidius, 270

Nihongi, chronicles of Japan, 100, 130 Nile, 138, 209

Nineveh, 198, 266, 274, 348, 351, 353 Nippur, temple of, 275 Nisan, month of, 348, 351, 352

Noga, 165, 175 North Pole, 326 North Star, 190, 218 Numa Pompilius, 240, 290, 343, 545, 352, 356

Octavian Augustus, 126, 195, 320

Odin, 86, 253

Odyssey, 245, 247

Oedipus, 301

Ogyges, 61, 103, 158, 171

Olin, 66

Ollantaytampu, in Peru, 320

Olympiads, Olympic games, 196, 211,

239 Olympiodor, 270 Olympus, 50, 168, 173, 247-249 Omeyah, son of Abu-Salt, 88 Oraibi, tribe in Arizona, 121 Origen, 203, 272, 292 Orion, 108-109 Ormuzd, 185; see also Mazda Orphic hymns, 50 Osiris, 50, 174, 301 Osorkon II, pharaoh, 209, 355 Ovaherero, tribe in Africa, 90

Ovid, 139, 143-145; 169, 237, 240,

301, 311, 320, 345, 356

Palestine, 265, 268, 276; see also

Judea Pallas, 85, 171 Pallas Athene, see Athene Palmyra, 94

Panathenaic processions, 196 Panmotu, in South Pacific, 68 Panopolis, in Egypt, 232 Pawnee Indians, 190-192 Persia, 332, 343

Peru, Peruvians, 61, 71, 196, 340, 357 Perun, 86

Peter, on God's day, 35 Petosiris, 84 Phaenon, 170 Phaethon, 143-145, 159-160, 169

398

SELECTIVE NAME INDEX

Philistratus, 245

Philo, 30, 33, 57, 300

Phobos, satellite of Mars, 279-280

Phosphorus, 170

Pi-ha-khiroth, 60, 88

Pi-khiroti, 60, 88

Pillars of Hercules, 146

Pissac, in Peru, 320

Pithom, 64

Plato, 109, 111, 112, 145, 160, 252,

robin-bobin

271, 298, 299 Pliny, 51, 82, 83, 96, 126, 165, 171,

195, 272, 273, 278, 288, 320, 338 Plutarch, 53, 85, 121, 163, 170, 239,

317, 320, 337, 339, 343, 345, 356 Pluto, 5, 6, 9, 372, 373 Point Hope, in Alaska, 327 Polar star, 191, 314, 379; see also

North Star Polibius, 239 Politicus, of Plato, 109 Polyhistor, of Solinus, 152 Polynesia, 32, 179

Pomponius Mela, 106-107 Popol-Vuh, Mayan book, 54, 91, 93 Porcius Cato, 239 Poseidon, 249

Predmost, 26

Priam, King of Troy, 247, 276 Procopius of Caesarea, 346 Prometheus, 57 Pseudo-Philo, 95-96, 98 Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy), son of Lagus,

89 Ptolemy, Claudius, 174, 195, 210, 316 Ptolemy III (Euergetes), 195, 336 Punic wars, 278

Puranas, 314 Pyramid texts, 123 Pythagoras, 111, 162, 299 Pythagoreans, 162, 163

Queen Mary Land (in Antarctica ), 326 Queen of Heaven, 179, 296 Queenston, 28 Quetzal-cohuatl, the Morning Star,

157, 160, 177, 179, 253 Quiauh-tonatiuh (the sun of fire-rain),

54 Quiche tribe, 128, 132 Quirinus, surname of Romulus, 239

Rab-sha-keh, general, 228

Rahab, 80, 82

Rainey, F. G., 327

Ramayana, 181

Rambam, see Maimonides

Ramses, city of, 64

Raphael, 50

Rashi, 33, 72

Ras-Shamra (Ugarit), 112, 138, 177

Red Sea, 50, 69, 72, 73, 172; see also

Sea of Passage Remusat, A., 235 Rhone, river, 27 Rig-Veda, 136 Rockenbach, Abraham, 82, 83, 84, 85,

275 Roman people, Romans, 238, 264, 272,

339, 344, 345 Rome, 238, 239, 246, 253, 278, 290-

292, 320, 356 Romulus, 238, 239, 240, 264, 307, 339,

343, 345, 346, 356 Rout, companion, of Ares, 281 Rumania (time measure in), 344

Sahagun, Hernardino de, 46, 163, 186,

253, 305 Salii, dancing priests, 240 Samaria, 223, 227, 228, 242 Samaritan chronicle, 159

Samoa, tribes, 89, 166 Samoan Islands, 131 Sanchoniathon, Phoenician author, 166, 289 Sanhedrin, Tractate of, 113 Sardinia, people of, 344 Sargon II, 227, 242, 243, 266, 267, 350 Satan, 183, 203, 294 Saturn, 5, 7, 9, 170, 301, 355 Savana-year, 331, 332 Scaliger, Joseph, 105 Schiaparelli, G. V., 325 Schliemann, H., 246 Schwassmann-Wachmann comet, 197

Scorpion, constellation, 305, 306 Scythia, Scythians, 263, 265, 269 Sea of Passage, 69, 92, 293; see also

Red Sea Seir, in Arabia, 50, 214 Sekhmet, 165 Selene, 301

SELECTIVE NAME INDEX 399

Se-Ma Ts'ien, 121

Sengle-Das, water of fire, 55

Seneca, 110, 217, 218, 270-272, 313, 314, 317, 342

Senmut, architect, 108, 312, 313

Sennacherib, 222, 224, 227-235, 240, 242, 261, 266-267, 269, 270, 275, 291, 292, 294, 309-311, 350, 351, 363, 381

Septuagint, 183, 202, 203

Serbon, lake, 81

Serpent-cloud, 177

Servius, 48, 83, 84

Sesothis, pharaoh, 320

robin-bobin

Seth, 50, 78, 85, 156, 289

Seti, pharaoh, 165, 321

Seven Suns, discourse of, Mexican, 34; Buddhist, 35

Shadow of Death, 126-133

Shalmaneser IV, 266

Shamash, 301

Shamash-shum-ukin, 242

Sharappu, 243

Shari (Red Sea), 69

Shiking, book of, 211

Shiva, 86, 182, 268

Shoshonean Indians, 310

Shu-king (Shoo-king), Chinese Chronicles, 99, 102

Shun, Emperor of China, 101

Siberia, 24, 26, 41, 54, 56, 58, 324, 326-329, 364, 380

Sibyl, Sibylline books, 35, 137

Simon, Rabbi, 124

Sin, Babylonian deity, 301

Sinai, Mount, 91, 93-100, 381

Sing-li-ta-tsiuen-chou, Chinese encyclopedia, 31

Sirius, 108-109, 195, 201

Skaptar-Jokull, volcano, 126

Skidi Pawnee Indians, 154, 191

Skoll, 265

Snohomish, tribe, 189

Society Island, 160

Sodom and Gomorrah, 300

Solinus, Caius Julius, 61, 112, 152, 263

Solomon, King, 291

Solomon, seal of, 180

Solomon, temple of, see Temple of

Jerusalem on, 143, 145, 299, 338, 354, 357

Sombre Residence (in China), 121

131 Sonchis of Salis, priest, 145 Soochow Astronomical Chart, 165,

243, 255, 264, 288 Sophocles, 109 Sosenk III, 355 Sothis period, 106, 195 South America, 277

South Pole, 326 South Seas, 184 South Star, 190 Southern Ute tribe, 92 Speos Artemidos, temple of, 64 Spinoza, 224-226 Spitzbergen, 20 St. Anthony Falls, 28 St. Lawrence River, 28 Stoics, 30, 271 Strabo, 79, 81, 89, 110 Sudan, 60 Sukkoth, 65, 352 Sun, 5, 8, 21, 33-35, 39, 45, 307-311, and passim Surabhi, 181

Surya-Siddhanta, 256, 332 Swedenborg, Emanuel, 7 Swift, Jonathan, 279, 280 Sword-god, 261

Taafanua, 68

Tabernacle (Sukkoth), Feast of, 352

Taharka, King, 228, 229, 268

Tahiti, 160

T'aichan, Mount, 255

Takaofo Island, in Polynesia, 70

Talmud, 45-46, 116, 141, 215, 216,

231, 237, 240, 318, 351, and passim Tanis, in Egypt, 336 Tao, 254-256 Taraka, 268

Tau of Yin, prince, 236, 237 Taui Thom, pharaoh, 82, 88 Tawhirima-tea, god of storm, 68

Tefaafanau, god, 68 Tehama, coastal region of the Red

Sea, 88 Tell-el-Amarna, 281 Temple of Jerusalem, 176, 290, 295,

318, 319, 352, 353 Ten Tribes, 293

robin-bobin

400

SELECTIVE NAME INDEX

"Terrible ones," 281-288

Terror, companion of Ares, 281

Tetzahuitl, 253

Tetzateotl, 253

Tevel, 113

Tezcuco, Annals of the kings of, 34

Thales, 338, 354, 356

Thebes, in Egypt, 151, 289, 323-324,

355 Theopompus, 245 Theremin, L., 97 Thracians, 49 Thyestes, 216-218, 237 Thyestes, by Seneca, 110, 314 Tiamat, 50, 67, 78 Tiber river, 273, 320 Tibet, 31, 103 Timaeus, by Plato, 111

Tirawa, god, 192 Tirhaka, see Taharka Tiryns, 216

Tistrya, 92, 166, 178, 185, 201, 258 Tlagoltiotl, witch, 304 Tlahuizcalpanteuctli, the Morning Star, 157, 158 Toltecs, 177, 196, 253, 254, 358 Toradja tribe, in East Indies, 347 Toufan (Arab), deluge, 68, 88 Toung-Kiun, in China, 290 Tower of Babel, 33 Tritogeneia, 168, 169 Triton, Lake, 169 Triton, satellite of Neptune, 372 Trojan war, generation of, 30, 246-252 Troy, 246-251, 253, 265, 276 Tsin, early emperor of China, 358 Tsin-chi-hoang, Emperor of China, 100

Tubilustrium, feast, 240, 241 Tu-erui, a Polynesian chief, 132 Tufan, see Toufan Tuscany, 273

Tutimaeus, 82

Twain, constellation (Gemini), 271 Twilight of the gods, 132 Tv-fong (Chinese), 69 Tvfoon (Arab), 68 Typhon, 49, 79, 81-85, 97, 119, 121,

171-174, 217, 258, 306 Typhonia, 79 Tyre, 289 Tzontemocque, 165

Ugarit, see Ras-Shamra Uira-cocha, god of the Ineas, 122 Ukko, Finnish deity, 86, 132, 137

Unyoro, in Africa, 90 Upham, W., 28 Ural Mountains, 326 Uranus, 5, 6, 9, 11 Ute Indians, 310

Uzza, al-Uzza, planet, 156, 290 Uzziah, King, 207, 209-213, 219, 238, 239, 274, 276

Valley of Obscurity (in China), 121,

131 Varaha Mihira, 354 Varahasanhita, book of, 289 Varro, Marcus Terentius, 29, 158, 171, 239 Vedas, Vedic hymns, 68, 179, 282-288, 314, 330 Venus, 5-7, 9, 154-203, 241, 244-296

passim, 346, 366, 368-371 Venus comuta, 180 Verrius Flaccus, Roman grammarian, 239 Virgil, 126, 280, 325 Vishnu, 78, 168, 171 Visuddhi-Magga, Hindu book, 31, 34-35, 52, 119, 371 Vitchilupuchtli, see Huitzilopochtli Voguls, 54, 56 Volga River, 265

Volsinium, see Bolsena Voluspa, 32, 98, 118; see also Edda Vukadlak, 265 Vulgate, 202, 203

Wain, constellation of (Great Bear),

218 Wanyoro, tribe in Africa, 90 War-god, the birth of, 267 Water-Sun, of the Mayas, 33-34

Wen-Tze, Taoist author, 255 West Africa, 277 Whiston, W., 42, 330 Wichita, tribe, 188 Wolf's comet, 237 "Wolf-star", 255, 258, 264 Wong-shi-Shing, Chinese annals, 118, 131 Wotan, 86 Wright, G. F., 28

SELECTIVE Xenophon, 338

Yahou, Emperor, 62, 71, 99-104, 121, 159, 184, 254

Yahweh, 97, 208

Yakuts, 160

Yaotl, Mexican god, 100

Yellow River, 102

Yen-Yang, King, 211

Y-hang, astronomer, 358

Yin, constellation of, 103

Ying-Huo, fire planet, 243

Yoga, world age, planetary conjunction, 257

Yoruba tribe in Nigeria, 347

robin-bobin

Yu, Emperor of China, 101

AME INDEX 401

Yucatan, 339; see also Maya

Yuddha, 256

Yu Dynasty, 235

Yugas, 31

Yurak Samoyeds, 346

Zamora, Ramon y, 197

Zarathustra, 31, 201

Zebbaj, 165

Zend Avesta, 31, 67, 92, 166, 185, 201

Zeno, 271

Zephaniah, prophet, 222

Zeus, 49, 79, 86, 97, 119, 136-137.

168, 169, 172, 216, 248, 249, 250 Zoroaster, see Zarathustra