12 Rules for Life: An Antidote to Chaos

11811

Some argue—mistakenly—that Freud (often mentioned in these pages) contributed to our current longing for a culture, schools and institutions that are “non-judgmental.” It is true that he recommended that when psychoanalysts listen to their patients in therapy, they be tolerant, empathic, and not voice critical, moralistic judgments. But this was for the express purposes of helping patients feel comfortable in being totally honest, and not diminish their problems. This encouraged self-reflection, and allowed them to explore warded off feelings, wishes, even shameful anti-social urges. It also—and this was the masterstroke—allowed them to discover their own unconscious conscience (and its judgments), and their own harsh self-criticism of their “lapses,” and their own unconscious guilt which they had often hidden from themselves, but which often formed the basis of their low self-esteem, depression and anxiety. If anything, Freud showed that we are both more immoral and more moral than we are aware of. This kind of “non-judgmentalism,” in therapy, is a powerful and liberating technique or tactic—an ideal attitude when you want to better understand yourself. But Freud never argued (as do some who want all culture to become one huge group therapy session) that one can live one’s entire life without ever making judgments, or without morality. In fact, his point in Civilization and its Discontents is that civilization only arises when some restraining rules and morality are in place.

11822

The yin/yang symbol is the second part of the more comprehensive five-part tajitu, a diagram representing both the original absolute unity and its division into the multiplicity of the observed world. This is discussed in more detail in Rule 2, below, as well as elsewhere in the book.

11826

I use the term Being (with a capital “B”) in part because of my exposure to the ideas of the 20th-century German philosopher Martin Heidegger. Heidegger tried to distinguish between reality, as conceived objectively, and the totality of human experience (which is his “Being”). Being (with a capital “B”) is what each of us experiences, subjectively, personally and individually, as well as what we each experience jointly with others. As such, it includes emotions, drives, dreams, visions and revelations, as well as our private thoughts and perceptions. Being is also, finally, something that is brought into existence by action, so its nature is to an indeterminate degree a consequence of our decisions and choices—something shaped by our hypothetically free will. Construed in this manner, Being is (1) not something easily and directly reducible to the material and objective and (2) something that most definitely requires its own term, as Heidegger labored for decades to indicate.

11891

It is of great interest, in this regard, that the five-part taijitu (referred to in Chapter 1 and the source of the simpler yin/yang symbol) expresses the origin of the cosmos as, first, originating in the undifferentiated absolute, then dividing into yin and yang (chaos/order, feminine/masculine), and then into the five agents (wood, fire, earth, metal, water) and then, simply put, “the ten thousand things.” The Star of David (chaos/order, feminine/masculine) gives rise in the same way to the four basic elements: fire, air, water and earth (out of which everything else is built). A similar hexagram is used by the Hindus. The downward triangle symbolizes Shakti, the feminine; the upward triangle, Shiva, the masculine. The two components are known as om and hrim in Sanskrit. Remarkable examples of conceptual parallelism.

11898

Or, in another interpretation, He split the original androgynous individual into two parts, male and female. According to this line of thinking, Christ, the “second Adam,” is also the original Man, before the sexual subdivision. The symbolic meaning of this should be clear to those who have followed the argument thus far.

11993

I draw here and will many times again in the course of this book on my clinical experience (as I have, already, on my personal history). I have tried to keep the moral of the stories intact, while disguising the details for the sake of the privacy of those involved. I hope I got the balance right.

12070

And this is all true, note, whether there is—or is not—actually such a powerful figure, “in the sky” :)

12102

In keeping with this observation is the fact that the word Set is an etymological precursor to the word Satan. See Murdock, D.M. (2009). Christ in Egypt: the Horus-Jesus connection. Seattle, WA: Stellar House, p. 75.

12103

For anyone who thinks this is somehow unrealistic, given the concrete material reality and genuine suffering that is associated with privation, I would once again recommend Solzhenitsyn’s Gulag Archipelago, which contains a series of exceptionally profound discussions about proper ethical behavior and its exaggerated rather than diminished importance in situations of extreme want and suffering.

12172

Here, again, I have disguised many of the details of this case, to maintain the privacy of those involved, while attempting to maintain the central meaning of the events.

12195

The strategy of speaking to individuals is not only vital to the delivery of any message, it’s a useful antidote to fear of public speaking. No one wants to be stared at by hundreds of unfriendly, judgmental eyes. However, almost everybody can talk to just one attentive person. So, if you have to deliver a speech (another terrible phrase) then do that. Talk to the individuals in the audience—and don’t hide: not behind the podium, not with downcast eyes, not by speaking too quietly or mumbling, not by apologizing for your lack of brilliance or preparedness, not behind ideas that are not yours, and not behind clichés.

12217

This is why, for example, it has taken us far longer than we originally assumed to make robots that could function autonomously in the world. The problem of perception is far more difficult than our immediate effortless access to our own perceptions predisposes us to infer. In fact, the problem of perception is so difficult that it stalled the early progress of artificial intelligence almost fatally (from the perspective of that time), as we discovered that disembodied abstract reason could not solve even simple real-world problems. Pioneers such as Rodney Brooks proposed in the late 1980s and early ’90s that bodies in action were necessary preconditions to the parsing of the world into manageable things, and the AI revolution regained its confidence and momentum.

12230

The recording is available at Peterson, J.B. (2002). Slaying the Dragon Within Us. Lecture, originally broadcast by TVO: available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=REjUkEj1O_0

12257

Names and other details have been changed for the sake of privacy.

12269

37-28/28 = 9/28 = 32 percent.

12271

35-29/35 = 6/35 = 17 percent.

18001

Solzhenitsyn, A.I. (1975). The Gulag Archipelago 1918-1956: An experiment in literary investigation (Vol. 2). (T.P. Whitney, Trans.). New York: Harper & Row, p. 626.

18002

If you want to do some serious thinking about lobsters, this is a good place to start: Corson, T. (2005). The secret life of lobsters: How fishermen and scientists are unraveling the mysteries of our favorite crustacean. New York: Harper Perennial.

18003

Schjelderup-Ebbe, & T. (1935). Social behavior of birds. Clark University Press. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1935-19907-007; see also Price, J. S., & Sloman, L. (1987). “Depression as yielding behavior: An animal model based on Schjelderup-Ebbe’s pecking order.” Ethology and Sociobiology, 8, 85–98.

18004

Sapolsky, R. M. (2004). “Social status and health in humans and other animals.”Annual Review of Anthropology, 33, 393–418.

18005

Rutishauser, R. L., Basu, A. C., Cromarty, S. I., & Kravitz, E. A. (2004). “Long-term consequences of agonistic interactions between socially naive juvenile American lobsters (Homarus americanus).” The Biological Bulletin, 207, 183–7.

18006

Kravitz, E.A. (2000). “Serotonin and aggression: Insights gained from a lobster model system and speculations on the role of amine neurons in a complex behavior.”Journal of Comparative Physiology, 186, 221-238.

18007

Huber, R., & Kravitz, E. A. (1995). “A quantitative analysis of agonistic behavior in juvenile American lobsters (Homarus americanus L.)”. Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 46, 72–83.

18008

Yeh S-R, Fricke RA, Edwards DH (1996) “The effect of social experience on serotonergic modulation of the escape circuit of crayfish.”Science, 271, 366–369.

18009

Huber, R., Smith, K., Delago, A., Isaksson, K., & Kravitz, E. A. (1997). “Serotonin and aggressive motivation in crustaceans: Altering the decision to retreat.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94, 5939–42.

18010

Antonsen, B. L., & Paul, D. H. (1997). “Serotonin and octopamine elicit stereotypical agonistic behaviors in the squat lobster Munida quadrispina (Anomura, Galatheidae).” Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, 181, 501–510.

18011

Credit Suisse (2015, Oct). Global Wealth Report 2015, p. 11. Retrieved from https://publications.credit-suisse.com/tasks/render/file/?fileID=F2425415-DCA7-80B8-EAD989AF9341D47E

18012

Fenner, T., Levene, M., & Loizou, G. (2010). “Predicting the long tail of book sales: Unearthing the power-law exponent.” Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 389, 2416–2421.

18013

de Solla Price, D. J. (1963). Little science, big science. New York: Columbia University Press.

18014

As theorized by Wolff, J.O. & Peterson, J.A. (1998). “An offspring-defense hypothesis for territoriality in female mammals.” Ethology, Ecology & Evolution, 10, 227-239; Generalized to crustaceans by Figler, M.H., Blank, G.S. & Peek, H.V.S (2001). “Maternal territoriality as an offspring defense strategy in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii, Girard).” Aggressive Behavior, 27, 391-403.

18015

Waal, F. B. M. de (2007). Chimpanzee politics: Power and sex among apes. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press; Waal, F. B. M. de (1996). Good natured: The origins of right and wrong in humans and other animals. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

18016

Bracken-Grissom, H. D., Ahyong, S. T., Wilkinson, R. D., Feldmann, R. M., Schweitzer, C. E., Breinholt, J. W., Crandall, K. A. (2014). “The emergence of lobsters: Phylogenetic relationships, morphological evolution and divergence time comparisons of an ancient group.” Systematic Biology, 63, 457–479.

18017

A brief summary: Ziomkiewicz-Wichary, A. (2016). “Serotonin and dominance.” In T.K. Shackelford & V.A. Weekes-Shackelford (Eds.). Encyclopedia of evolutionary psychological science, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_1440-1. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310586509_Serotonin_and_Dominance

18018

Janicke, T., Häderer, I. K., Lajeunesse, M. J., & Anthes, N. (2016). “Darwinian sex roles confirmed across the animal kingdom.” Science Advances, 2, e1500983. Retrieved from http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/2/e1500983

18019

Steenland, K., Hu, S., & Walker, J. (2004). “All-cause and cause-specific mortality by socioeconomic status among employed persons in 27 US states, 1984–1997.” American Journal of Public Health, 94, 1037–1042.

18020

Crockett, M. J., Clark, L., Tabibnia, G., Lieberman, M. D., & Robbins, T. W. (2008). “Serotonin modulates behavioral reactions to unfairness.” Science, 320, 1739.

18021

McEwen, B. (2000). “Allostasis and allostatic load implications for neuropsychopharmacology.” Neuropsychopharmacology, 22, 108–124.

18022

Salzer, H. M. (1966). “Relative hypoglycemia as a cause of neuropsychiatric illness.” Journal of the National Medical Association, 58, 12–17.

18023

Peterson J.B., Pihl, R.O., Gianoulakis, C., Conrod, P., Finn, P.R., Stewart, S.H., LeMarquand, D.G. Bruce, K.R. (1996). “Ethanol-induced change in cardiac and endogenous opiate function and risk for alcoholism.” Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 20, 1542-1552.

18024

Pynoos, R. S., Steinberg, A. M., & Piacentini, J. C. (1999). “A developmental psychopathology model of childhood traumatic stress and intersection with anxiety disorders.” Biological Psychiatry, 46, 1542–1554.

18025

Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.

18026

Ibid.

18027

Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. New York: The Free Press.

18028

Weisfeld, G. E., & Beresford, J. M. (1982). “Erectness of posture as an indicator of dominance or success in humans.” Motivation and Emotion, 6, 113–131.

18029

Kleinke, C. L., Peterson, T. R., & Rutledge, T. R. (1998). “Effects of self-generated facial expressions on mood.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 272–279.

18030

Tamblyn, R., Tewodros, E., Huang, A., Winslade, N. & Doran, P. (2014). “The incidence and determinants of primary nonadherence with prescribed medication in primary care: a cohort study.” Annals of Internal Medicine, 160, 441-450.

18031

I outlined this in some detail in Peterson, J.B. (1999). Maps of meaning: The architecture of belief. New York: Routledge.

18032

Van Strien, J.W., Franken, I.H.A. & Huijding, J. (2014). “Testing the snake-detection hypothesis: Larger early posterior negativity in humans to pictures of snakes than to pictures of other reptiles, spiders and slugs.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 691-697. For a more general discussion, see Ledoux, J. (1998). The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. New York: Simon & Schuster.

18033

For the classic treatise on this issue see Gibson, J.J. (1986). An ecological approach to visual perception. New York: Psychology Press. See also Floel, A., Ellger, T., Breitenstein, C. & Knecht, S. (2003). “Language perception activates the hand motor cortex: implications for motor theories of speech perception.” European Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 704-708, for a discussion of the relationship between speech and action. For a more general review of the relationship between action and perception, see Pulvermüller, F., Moseley, R.L., Egorova, N., Shebani, Z. & Boulenger, V. (2014). “Motor cognition–motor semantics: Action perception theory of cognition and communication.” Neuropsychologia, 55, 71-84.

Flöel, A., Ellger, T., Breitenstein, C. & Knecht, S. (2003). “Language perception activates the hand motor cortex: Implications for motor theories of speech perception.” European Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 704-708; Fadiga, L., Craighero, L. & Olivier, E (2005). “Human motor cortex excitability during the perception of others’ action.” Current Opinions in Neurobiology, 15, 213-218; Palmer, C.E., Bunday, K.L., Davare, M. & Kilner, J.M. (2016). “A causal role for primary motor cortex in perception of observed actions.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 28, 2021-2029.

18034

Barrett, J.L. (2004). Why would anyone believe in God? Lanham, MD: Altamira Press.

18035

For a decent review, see Barrett, J.L. & Johnson, A.H. (2003). “The role of control in attributing intentional agency to inanimate objects.” Journal of Cognition and Culture, 3, 208-217.

18036

I would also most highly recommend, in this regard, this book by C.G. Jung’s most outstanding student/colleague, Neumann, E. (1955). The Great Mother: An analysis of the archetype. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

18037

https://www.dol.gov/wb/stats/occ_gender_share_em_1020_txt.htm

18038

Muller, M.N., Kalhenberg, S.M., Thompson, M.E. & Wrangham, R.W. (2007). “Male coercion and the costs of promiscuous mating for female chimpanzees.” Proceedings of the Royal Society (B), 274, 1009-1014.

18039

For a host of interesting statistics derived from the analysis of his dating site, OkCupid, see Rudder, C. (2015). Dataclysm: Love, sex, race & identity. New York: Broadway Books. It is also the case on such sites that a tiny minority of individuals get the vast majority of interested inquiries (another example of the Pareto distribution).

18040

Wilder, J.A., Mobasher, Z. & Hammer, M.F. (2004). “Genetic evidence for unequal effective population sizes of human females and males.” Molecular Biology and Evolution, 21, 2047-2057.

18041

Miller, G. (2001). The mating mind: How sexual choice shaped the evolution of human nature. New York: Anchor.

18042

Pettis, J. B. (2010). “Androgyny BT.” In D. A. Leeming, K. Madden, & S. Marlan (Eds.). Encyclopedia of psychology and religion (pp. 35-36). Boston, MA: Springer US.

18043

Goldberg, E. (2003). The executive brain: Frontal lobes and the civilized mind. New York: Oxford University Press.

18044

For the classic works, see Campbell, D.T. & Fiske, D.W. (1959). “Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix.” Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81-105. A similar idea was developed in Wilson, E.O. (1998). Consilience: The unity of knowledge. New York: Knopf. It’s also why we have five senses, so we can “pentangulate” our way through the world, with qualitatively separate modes of perception operating and cross-checking simultaneously.

18045

Headland, T. N., & Greene, H. W. (2011). “Hunter-gatherers and other primates as prey, predators, and competitors of snakes.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 108, 1470–1474.

18046

Keeley, L. H. (1996). War before civilization: The myth of the peaceful savage. New York: Oxford University Press.

18047

“Gradually it was disclosed to me that the line separating good and evil passes not through states, nor between classes, nor between political parties either—but right through every human heart—and through all human hearts. This line shifts. Inside us, it oscillates with the years. And even within hearts overwhelmed by evil, one small bridgehead of good is retained. And even in the best of all hearts, there remains … an unuprooted small corner of evil. Since then I have come to understand the truth of all the religions of the world: They struggle with the evil inside a human being (inside every human being). It is impossible to expel evil from the world in its entirety, but it is possible to constrict it within each person.” Solzhenitsyn, A.I. (1975). The Gulag Archipelago 1918-1956: An experiment in literary investigation (Vol. 2). (T.P. Whitney, Trans.). New York: Harper & Row, p. 615.

18048

The best exploration of this I have ever encountered is to be found in the brilliant documentary about the underground cartoonist Robert Crumb, entitled Crumb, directed by Terry Zwigoff (1995), released by Sony Pictures Classic. This documentary will tell you more than you want to know about resentment, deceit, arrogance, hatred for mankind, sexual shame, the devouring mother and the tyrannical father.

18049

Bill, V.T. (1986). Chekhov: The silent voice of freedom. Allied Books, Ltd.

18050

Costa, P.T., Teracciano, A. & McCrae, R.R. (2001). “Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: robust and surprising findings.”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 322-331.

18051

Isbell, L. (2011). The fruit, the tree and the serpent: Why we see so well. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; see also Hayakawa, S., Kawai, N., Masataka, N., Luebker, A., Tomaiuolo, F., & Caramazza, A. (2011). “The influence of color on snake detection in visual search in human children.” Scientific Reports, 1, 1-4.

18052

Virgin and Child (c. 1480) by Geertgen tot Sint Jans (c. 1465- c. 1495) provides an outstanding example of this, with Mary, the Christ Child and the serpent additionally superimposed on a background of medieval musical instruments (and the infant Christ playing the role of conductor).

18053

Osorio, D., Smith, A.C., Vorobyev, M. & Buchanan-Smieth, H.M. (2004). “Detection of fruit and the selection of primate visual pigments for color vision.” The American Naturalist, 164, 696-708.

18054

Macrae, N. (1992). John von Neumann : The scientific genius who pioneered the modern computer, game theory, nuclear deterrence, and much more. New York: Pantheon Books.

18055

Wittman, A. B., & Wall, L. L. (2007). “The evolutionary origins of obstructed labor: bipedalism, encephalization, and the human obstetric dilemma.” Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey, 62, 739–748.

18056

Other explanations exist: Dunsworth, H. M., Warrener, A. G., Deacon, T., Ellison, P. T., & Pontzer, H. (2012). “Metabolic hypothesis for human altriciality.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, 15212–15216.

18057

Heidel, A. (1963). The Babylonian Genesis: The story of the creation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

18058

Salisbury, J. E. (1997). Perpetua’s passion: The death and memory of a young Roman woman. New York: Routledge.

18059

Pinker, S. (2011). The better angels of our nature: Why violence has declined. New York: Viking Books.

18060

Nietzsche, F.W. & Kaufmann, W.A. (1982). The portable Nietzsche. New York: Penguin Classics (Maxims and Arrows 12).

18061

Peterson, J.B. (1999). Maps of meaning: The architecture of belief. New York: Routledge, p. 264.

18062

Miller, G. (2016, November 3). Could pot help solve the U.S. opioid epidemic? Science. Retrieved from http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/11/could-pot-help-solve-us-opioid-epidemic

18063

Barrick, M. R., Stewart, G. L., Neubert, M. J., and Mount, M. K. (1998). “Relating member ability and personality to work-team processes and team effectiveness.” Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 377-391; for a similar effect with children, see Dishion, T. J., McCord, J., & Poulin, F. (1999). “When interventions harm: Peer groups and problem behavior.” American Psychologist, 54, 755–764.

18064

McCord, J. & McCord, W. (1959). “A follow-up report on the Cambridge-Somerville youth study.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 32, 89-96.

18065

See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jQvvmT3ab80 (from MoneyBART: Episode 3, Season 23 of The Simpsons).

18066

Rogers outlined six conditions for constructive personality change to occur. The second of these was the client’s “state of incongruence,” which is, roughly speaking, knowledge that something is wrong and has to change. See Rogers, C. R. (1957). “The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change.” Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21, 95–103.

18067

Poffenberger, A.T. (1930). “The development of men of science.” Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 31-47.

18068

Taylor, S.E. & Brown, J. (1988). “Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health.” Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193–210.

18069

The word sin is derived from the Greek ἁμαρτάνειν (hamartánein), which means to miss the mark. Connotations: error of judgment; fatal flaw. See http://biblehub.com/greek/264.htm

18070

See Gibson, J. J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

18071

Simons, D. J., & Chabris, C. F. (1999). “Gorillas in our midst: Sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events.” Perception, 28, 1059–1074.

18072

http://www.dansimons.com/videos.html

18073

Azzopardi, P. & Cowey, A. (1993). “Preferential representation of the fovea in the primary visual cortex.” Nature, 361, 719-721.

18074

see http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/thomas/gospelthomas113.html

18075

Nietzsche, F. (2003). Beyond good and evil. Fairfield, IN: 1st World Library/Literary Society, p. 67.

18076

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/21/nyregion/21yitta.html

18077

Balaresque, P., Poulet, N., Cussat-Blanc, S., Gerard, P., Quintana-Murci, L., Heyer, E., & Jobling, M. A. (2015). “Y-chromosome descent clusters and male differential reproductive success: young lineage expansions dominate Asian pastoral nomadic populations.” European Journal of Human Genetics, 23, 1413–1422.

18078

Moore, L. T., McEvoy, B., Cape, E., Simms, K., & Bradley, D. G. (2006). “A Y-chromosome signature of hegemony in Gaelic Ireland.” American Journal of Human Genetics, 78, 334–338.

18079

Zerjal, T., Xue, Y., Bertorelle, G., Wells et al. (2003). “The genetic legacy of the Mongols.” American Journal of Human Genetics, 72, 717–21.

18080

Jones, E. (1953). The life and work of Sigmund Freud (Vol. I). New York: Basic Books. p. 5.

18081

A decent brief summary of such ideas is provided here: https://www.britannica.com/art/noble-savage

18082

Well reviewed in Roberts, B. W., & Mroczek, D. (2008). “Personality trait change in adulthood.” Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 31–35.

18083

For a thorough, empirically-grounded and reliable discussion of such matters, see Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.

18084

Goodall, J. (1990). Through a window: My thirty years with the chimpanzees of Gombe. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

18085

Finch, G. (1943). “The bodily strength of chimpanzees.” Journal of Mammalogy, 24, 224-228.

18086

Goodall, J. (1972). In the shadow of man. New York: Dell.

18087

Wilson, M.L. et al. (2014). “Lethal aggression in Pan is better explained by adaptive strategies than human impacts.” Nature, 513, 414-417.

18088

Goodall, J. (1990). Through a window: My thirty years with the chimpanzees of Gombe. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, pp. 128–129.

18089

Chang, I. (1990). The rape of Nanking. New York: Basic Books.

18090

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2013). Global study on homicide. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/pdfs/2014_GLOBAL_HOMICIDE_BOOK_web.pdf

18091

Thomas, E.M. (1959). The harmless people. New York: Knopf.

18092

Roser, M. (2016). Ethnographic and archaeological evidence on violent deaths. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/ethnographic-and-archaeological-evidence-on-violent-deaths/

18093

Ibid; also Brown, A. (2000). The Darwin wars: The scientific battle for the soul of man. New York: Pocket Books.

18094

Keeley, L.H. (1997). War before civilization: The myth of the peaceful savage. Oxford University Press, USA.

18095

Carson, S.H., Peterson, J.B. & Higgins, D.M. (2005). “Reliability, validity and factor structure of the Creative Achievement Questionnaire.” Creativity Research Journal, 17, 37-50.

18096

Stokes, P.D. (2005). Creativity from constraints: The psychology of breakthrough. New York: Springer.

18097

Wrangham, R. W., & Peterson, D. (1996). Demonic males: Apes and the origins of human violence. New York: Houghton Mifflin.

18098

Peterson, J.B. & Flanders, J. (2005). Play and the regulation of aggression. In Tremblay, R.E., Hartup, W.H. & Archer, J. (Eds.). Developmental origins of aggression. (pp. 133-157). New York: Guilford Press; Nagin, D., & Tremblay, R. E. (1999). “Trajectories of boys’ physical aggression, opposition, and hyperactivity on the path to physically violent and non-violent juvenile delinquency.” Child Development, 70, 1181-1196.

18099

Sullivan, M.W. (2003). “Emotional expression of young infants and children.” Infants and Young Children, 16, 120-142.

18100

See BF Skinner Foundation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vGazyH6fQQ4

18101

Glines, C.B. (2005). “Top secret World War II bat and bird bomber program.” Aviation History, 15, 38-44.

18102

Flasher, J. (1978). “Adultism.” Adolescence, 13, 517-523; Fletcher, A. (2013). Ending discrimination against young people. Olympia, WA: CommonAction Publishing.

18103

de Waal, F. (1998). Chimpanzee politics: Power and sex among apes. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

18104

Panksepp, J. (1998). Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions. New York: Oxford University Press.

18105

Tremblay, R. E., Nagin, D. S., Séguin, J. R., Zoccolillo, M., Zelazo, P. D., Boivin, M., … Japel, C. (2004). “Physical aggression during early childhood: trajectories and predictors.” Pediatrics, 114, 43-50.

18106

Krein, S. F., & Beller, A. H. (1988). “Educational attainment of children from single-parent families: Differences by exposure, gender, and race.” Demography, 25, 221; McLoyd, V. C. (1998). “Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development.” The American Psychologist, 53, 185–204; Lin, Y.-C., & Seo, D.-C. (2017). “Cumulative family risks across income levels predict deterioration of children’s general health during childhood and adolescence.” PLOS ONE, 12(5), e0177531. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177531; Amato, P. R., & Keith, B. (1991). “Parental divorce and the well-being of children: A meta-analysis.” Psychological Bulletin, 110, 26–46.

18107

Eric Harris’s diary: http://melikamp.com/features/eric.shtml

18108

Goethe, J.W. (1979). Faust, part one (P. Wayne, Trans.). London: Penguin Books. p. 75.

18109

Goethe, J.W. (1979). Faust, part two (P. Wayne, Trans.). London: Penguin Books. p. 270.

18110

Tolstoy, L. (1887-1983). Confessions (D. Patterson, Trans.). New York: W.W. Norton, pp. 57-58.

18111

The Guardian (2016, June 14). 1000 mass shootings in 1260 days: this is what America’s gun crisis looks like. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2015/oct/02/mass-shootings-america-gun-violence

18112

The words of Eric Harris: https://schoolshooters.info/sites/default/files/harris_journal_1.3.pdf

18113

Cited in Kaufmann, W. (1975). Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sartre. New York: Meridian, pp. 130-131.

18114

See Solzhenitsyn, A.I. (1975). The Gulag Archipelago 1918-1956: An experiment in literary investigation (Vol. 2). (T.P. Whitney, Trans.). New York: Harper & Row.

18115

Piaget, J. (1932). The moral judgement of the child. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Company; see also Piaget, J. (1962). Play, dreams and imitation in childhood. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.

18116

Franklin, B. (1916). Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Rahway, New Jersey: The Quinn & Boden Company Press. Retrieved from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20203/20203-h/20203-h.htm

18117

See Xenophon’s Apology of Socrates, section 23, retrieved at http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0212%3Atext%3DApol.%3Asection%3D23

18118

Ibid., section 2.

18119

Ibid., section 3.

18120

Ibid,, section 8.

18121

Ibid., section 4.

18122

Ibid., section 12.

18123

Ibid., section 13.

18124

Ibid., section 14.

18125

Ibid., section 7.

18126

Ibid.

18127

Ibid., section 8.

18128

Ibid.

18129

Ibid., section 33.

18130

Goethe, J.W. (1979b). Faust, part two (P. Wayne, Trans.). London: Penguin Books. p. 270.

18131

There are very useful commentaries on every Biblical verse at http://biblehub.com/commentaries/ and specifically on this verse at http://biblehub.com/commentaries/genesis/4-7.htm

18132

“For whence/ But from the author of all ill could spring/ So deep a malice, to confound the race/ Of mankind in one root, and Earth with Hell/ To mingle and involve, done all to spite /The great Creator?” Milton, J. (1667). Paradise Lost, Book 2, 381–385. Retrieved from https://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/pl/book_2/text.shtml

18133

Jung, C.G. (1969). Aion: Researches into the phenomenology of the self (Vol. 9: Part II, Collected Works of C. G. Jung): Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. (chapter 5).

18134

http://www.acolumbinesite.com/dylan/writing.php

18135

Schapiro, J.A., Glynn, S.M., Foy, D.W. & Yavorsky, M.A. (2002). “Participation in war-zone atrocities and trait dissociation among Vietnam veterans with combat-related PTSD.” Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 3, 107-114; Yehuda, R., Southwick, S.M. & Giller, E.L. (1992). “Exposure to atrocities and severity of chronic PTSD in Vietnam combat veterans.” American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 333-336.

18136

See Harpur, T. (2004). The pagan Christ: recovering the lost light. Thomas Allen Publishers. There is also a discussion of this in Peterson, J.B. (1999). Maps of meaning: The architecture of belief. New York: Routledge.

18137

Lao-Tse (1984). The tao te ching. (1984) (S. Rosenthal, Trans.). Verse 64: Staying with the mystery. Retrieved from https://terebess.hu/english/tao/rosenthal.html#Kap64.

18138

Jung, C.G. (1969). Aion: Researches into the phenomenology of the self (Vol. 9: Part II, Collected Works of C. G. Jung): Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

18139

Dobbs, B.J.T. (2008). The foundations of Newton’s alchemy. New York: Cambridge University Press.

18140

Ephesians 2:8–2:9 reads, for example (in the King James Version): For by grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God: Not of works, lest any man should boast. A similar sentiment is echoed in Romans 9:15–9:16: I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I will have compassion. So then it is not of him that willeth, nor of him that runneth, but of God that sheweth mercy. The New International Version restates 9:16 this way: It does not, therefore, depend on human desire or effort, but on God’s mercy.

18141

Nietzsche, F.W. & Kaufmann, W.A. (1982). The portable Nietzsche. New York: Penguin Classics. Contains, among others, Nietzsche’s Twilight of the idols and the anti-Christ: or how to philosophize with a hammer.

18142

Nietzsche, F. (1974). The gay science (Kaufmann, W., Trans.). New York: Vintage, pp. 181-182.

18143

Nietzsche, F. (1968). The will to power (Kaufmann, W., Trans.). New York: Vintage, p. 343.

18144

Dostoevsky, F.M. (2009). The grand inquisitor. Merchant Books.

18145

Nietzsche, F. (1954). Beyond good and evil (Zimmern, H., Trans.). In W.H. Wright (Ed.), The Philosophy of Nietzsche (pp. 369-616). New York: Modern Library, p. 477.

18146

“Let our conjectures, our theories, die in our stead! We may still learn to kill our theories instead of killing each other …. [It] is perhaps more than a utopian dream that one day may see the victory of the attitude (it is the rational or the scientific attitude) of eliminating our theories, our opinions, by rational criticism, instead of eliminating each other.” From Popper, K. (1977). “Natural selection and the emergence of mind.” Lecture delivered at Darwin College, Cambridge, UK. See http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/popper/natural_selection_and_the_emergence_of_mind.html

18147

This is detailed in the introduction to Peterson, J.B. (1999). Maps of meaning: the architecture of belief. New York: Routledge.

18148

Adler, A. (1973). “Life-lie and responsibility in neurosis and psychosis: a contribution to melancholia.” In P. Radin (Trans.). The practice and theory of Individual Psychology. Totawa, N.J.: Littlefield, Adams & Company.

18149

Milton, J. (1667). Paradise Lost. Book 1: 40-48. Retrieved from https://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/pl/book_1/text.shtml

18150

Milton, J. (1667). Paradise Lost. Book 1: 249-253. Retrieved from https://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/pl/book_1/text.shtml

18151

Milton, J. (1667). Paradise Lost. Book 1: 254-255. Retrieved from https://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/pl/book_1/text.shtml

18152

Milton, J. (1667). Paradise Lost. Book 1: 261-263.Retrieved from https://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/pl/book_1/text.shtml

18153

This is detailed in to Peterson, J.B. (1999). Maps of meaning: The architecture of belief. New York: Routledge.

18154

Hitler, A. (1925/2017). Mein kampf (M. Roberto, Trans.). Independently Published, pp. 172-173.

18155

Finkelhor, D., Hotaling, G., Lewis, I.A. & Smith, C. (1990). “Sexual abuse in a national survey of adult men and women: prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors.” Child Abuse & Neglect, 14, 19-28.

18156

Rind, B., Tromovitch, P. & Bauserman, R. (1998). “A meta-analytic examination of assumed properties of child sexual abuse using college samples.” Psychological Bulletin, 124, 22-53.

18157

Loftus, E.F. (1997). “Creating false memories.” Scientific American, 277, 70-75.

18158

Taken from Rogers, C. R. (1952). “Communication: its blocking and its facilitation.” ETC: A Review of General Semantics, 9, 83-88.

18159

See Gibson, J.J. (1986). An ecological approach to visual perception, New York: Psychology Press, for the classic treatise on this issue. See also Floel, A., Ellger, T., Breitenstein, C. & Knecht, S. (2003). “Language perception activates the hand motor cortex: implications for motor theories of speech perception.” European Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 704-708 for a discussion of the relationship between speech and action. For a more general review of the relationship between action and perception, see Pulvermüller, F., Moseley, R.L., Egorova, N., Shebani, Z. & Boulenger, V. (2014). “Motor cognition–motor semantics: Action perception theory of cognition and communication.” Neuropsychologia, 55, 71-84.

18160

Cardinali, L., Frassinetti, F., Brozzoli, C., Urquizar, C., Roy, A.C. & Farnè, A. (2009). “Tool-use induces morphological updating of the body schema.” Current Biology, 12, 478-479.

18161

Bernhardt, P.C., Dabbs, J.M. Jr., Fielden, J.A. & Lutter, C.D. (1998). “Testosterone changes during vicarious experiences of winning and losing among fans at sporting events.” Physiology & Behavior, 65, 59-62.

18162

Some, but not all of this, is detailed in Gray, J. & McNaughton, N. (2003). The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septal-hippocampal system. Oxford: Oxford University Press. See also Peterson, J.B. (2013). “Three forms of meaning and the management of complexity.” In T. Proulx, K.D. Markman & M.J. Lindberg (Eds.). The psychology of meaning (pp. 17-48). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association; Peterson, J.B. & Flanders, J.L. (2002). “Complexity management theory: Motivation for ideological rigidity and social conflict.” Cortex, 38, 429-458.

18163

Yeats, W.B. (1933) The Second Coming. In R.J. Finneran (Ed.). The poems of W.B. Yeats: A new edition. New York: MacMillan, p. 158.

18164

As reviewed in Vrolix, K. (2006). “Behavioral adaptation, risk compensation, risk homeostasis and moral hazard in traffic safety.” Steunpunt Verkeersveiligheid, RA-2006-95. Retrieved from https://doclib.uhasselt.be/dspace/bitstream/1942/4002/1/behavioraladaptation.pdf

18165

Nietzsche, F.W. & Kaufmann, W.A. (1982). The portable Nietzsche. New York: Penguin Classics, pp. 211-212.

18166

Orwell, G. (1958). The road to Wigan Pier. New York: Harcourt, pp. 96-97.

18167

Carson, R. (1962). Silent spring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

18168

see http://reason.com/archives/2016/12/13/the-most-important-graph-in-the-world

18169

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/earthnews/9815862/Humans-are-plague-on-Earth-Attenborough.html

18170

“The Earth has cancer, and the cancer is man.” Mesarović, M.D. & Pestel, E. (1974). Mankind at the turning point. New York: Dutton, p. 1. The idea was first proposed (and the quote taken from) Gregg, A. (1955). “A medical aspect of the population problem.” Science, 121, 681-682, p. 681 and further developed by Hern, W.M. (1993). “Has the human species become a cancer on the planet? A theoretical view of population growth as a sign of pathology.” Current World Leaders, 36, 1089-1124. From the Club of Rome’s King, A. & Schneider, B. (1991). The first global revolution. New York: Pantheon Books, p. 75: “The common enemy of humanity is man. In searching for a new enemy to unite us, we came up with the idea that pollution, the threat of global warming, water shortages, famine and the like would fit the bill. All these dangers are caused by human intervention, and it is only through changed attitudes and behavior that they can be overcome. The real enemy then, is humanity itself.”

18171

Costa, P. T., Terracciano, A., & McCrae, R. R. (2001). “Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: robust and surprising findings.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 322–31; Weisberg, Y. J., DeYoung, C. G., & Hirsh, J. B. (2011). “Gender differences in personality across the ten aspects of the Big Five.” Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 178; Schmitt, D. P., Realo, A., Voracek, M., & Allik, J. (2008). “Why can’t a man be more like a woman? Sex differences in Big Five personality traits across 55 cultures.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 168–182.

18172

De Bolle, M., De Fruyt, F., McCrae, R. R., et al. (2015). “The emergence of sex differences in personality traits in early adolescence: A cross-sectional, cross-cultural study.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108, 171–85.

18173

Su, R., Rounds, J., & Armstrong, P. I. (2009). “Men and things, women and people: A meta-analysis of sex differences in interests.” Psychological Bulletin, 135, 859–884. For a neuro-developmental view of such differences, see Beltz, A. M., Swanson, J. L., & Berenbaum, S. A. (2011). “Gendered occupational interests: prenatal androgen effects on psychological orientation to things versus people.” Hormones and Behavior, 60, 313–7.

18174

Bihagen, E. & Katz-Gerro, T. (2000). “Culture consumption in Sweden: the stability of gender differences.” Poetics, 27, 327-3409; Costa, P., Terracciano, A. & McCrae, R.R. (2001). “Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: robust and surprising findings.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8, 322-331; Schmitt, D., Realo. A., Voracek, M. & Alli, J. (2008). “Why can’t a man be more like a woman? Sex differences in Big Five personality traits across 55 cultures.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 168-182; Lippa, R.A. (2010). “Sex differences in personality traits and gender-related occupational preferences across 53 nations: Testing evolutionary and social-environmental theories.” Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 619-636.

18175

Gatto, J. N. (2000). The underground history of American education: A school teacher’s intimate investigation of the problem of modern schooling. New York: Odysseus Group.

18176

See Why are the majority of university students women? Statistics Canada: Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/81-004-x/2008001/article/10561-eng.htm

18177

See, for example, Hango. D. (2015). “Gender differences in science, technology, engineering, mathematics and computer science (STEM) programs at university.” Statistics Canada, 75-006-X: Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/access_acces/alternative_alternatif.action?l=eng&loc=/pub/75-006-x/2013001/article/11874-eng.pdf

18178

I’m not alone in this feeling. See, for example, Hymowitz, K.S. (2012). Manning up: How the rise of women has turned men into boys. New York: Basic Books.

18179

see http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2012/04/26/young-men-and-women-differ-on-the-importance-of-a-successful-marriage/

18180

see http://www.pewresearch.org/data-trend/society-and-demographics/marriage/

18181

This has been discussed extensively in the mainstream press: see https://www.thestar.com/life/2011/02/25/women_lawyers_leaving_in_droves.html; http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/women-criminal-law-1.3476637; http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/andrea-lekushoff/female-lawyers-canada_b_5000415.html

18182

Jaffe, A., Chediak, G., Douglas, E., Tudor, M., Gordon, R.W., Ricca, L. & Robinson, S. (2016) “Retaining and advancing women in national law firms.” Stanford Law and Policy Lab, White Paper: Retrieved from https://www-cdn.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Women-in-Law-White-Paper-FINAL-May-31-2016.pdf

18183

Conroy-Beam, D., Buss, D. M., Pham, M. N., & Shackelford, T. K. (2015). “How sexually dimorphic are human mate preferences?” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41, 1082–1093. For a discussion of how female mate preference changes as a consequence of purely biological (ovulatory) factors, see Gildersleeve, K., Haselton, M. G., & Fales, M. R. (2014). “Do women’s mate preferences change across the ovulatory cycle? A meta-analytic review.” Psychological Bulletin, 140, 1205–1259.

18184

see Greenwood, J., Nezih, G., Kocharov, G & Santos, C. (2014).” Marry your like: Assortative mating and income inequality.” IZA discussion paper No. 7895. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10419/93282

18185

A good review of such dismal matters can be found in Suh, G.W., Fabricious, W.V., Parke, R.D., Cookston, J.T., Braver, S.L. & Saenz, D.S. “Effects of the interparental relationship on adolescents’ emotional security and adjustment: The important role of fathers.” Developmental Psychology, 52, 1666-1678.

18186

Hicks, S. R. C. (2011). Explaining postmodernism: Skepticism and socialism from Rousseau to Foucault. Santa Barbara, CA: Ockham’ Razor Multimedia Publishing. The pdf is available at http://www.stephenhicks.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Hicks-EP-Full.pdf

18187

Higgins, D.M., Peterson, J.B. & Pihl, R.O. “Prefrontal cognitive ability, intelligence, Big Five personality, and the prediction of advanced academic and workplace performance.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 298-319.

18188

Carson, S.H., Peterson, J.B. & Higgins, D.M. (2005). “Reliability, validity and factor structure of the Creative Achievement Questionnaire.” Creativity Research Journal, 17, 37-50.

18189

Bouchard, T.J. & McGue, M. (1981). “Familial studies of intelligence: a review.” Science, 212, 1055-1059; Brody, N. (1992). Intelligence. New York: Gulf Professional Publishing; Plomin R. & Petrill S.A. (1997). “Genetics and intelligence. What’s new?” Intelligence, 24, 41–65.

18190

Schiff, M., Duyme, M., Dumaret, A., Stewart, J., Tomkiewicz, S. & Feingold, J. (1978). “Intellectual status of working-class children adopted early into upper-middle-class families.” Science, 200, 1503–1504; Capron, C. & Duyme, M. (1989). “Assessment of effects of socio-economic status on IQ in a full cross-fostering study.” Nature, 340, 552–554.

18191

Kendler, K.S., Turkheimer, E., Ohlsson, H., Sundquist, J. & Sundquist, K. (2015). “Family environment and the malleability of cognitive ability: a Swedish national home-reared and adopted-away cosibling control study.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 112, 4612-4617.

18192

For the OECD’s take on this, see Closing the gender gap: Sweden, which starts by reviewing stats indicating that girls have an edge over boys with regards to education and that women are massively over-represented in health care and then proceeds to decry the still extant advantage of men in computer science. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/sweden/Closing%20the%20Gender%20Gap%20-%20Sweden%20FINAL.pdf

18193

Eron, L. D. (1980). “Prescription for reduction of aggression.” The American Psychologist, 35, 244–252 (p. 251).

18194

Reviewed in Peterson, J.B. & Shane, M. (2004). “The functional neuroanatomy and psychopharmacology of predatory and defensive aggression.” In J. McCord (Ed.). Beyond empiricism: Institutions and intentions in the study of crime. (Advances in Criminological Theory, Vol. 13) (pp. 107-146). Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Books; see also Peterson, J.B. & Flanders, J. (2005). “Play and the regulation of aggression.” In Tremblay, R.E., Hartup, W.H. & Archer, J. (Eds.). Developmental origins of aggression. (Chapter 12; pp. 133-157). New York: Guilford Press.

18195

As reviewed in Tremblay, R. E., Nagin, D. S., Séguin, J. R., et al. (2004). “Physical aggression during early childhood: trajectories and predictors.” Pediatrics, 114, 43-50.

18196

Heimberg, R. G., Montgomery, D., Madsen, C. H., & Heimberg, J. S. (1977). “Assertion training: A review of the literature.” Behavior Therapy, 8, 953–971; Boisvert, J.-M., Beaudry, M., & Bittar, J. (1985). “Assertiveness training and human communication processes.” Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 15, 58–73.

18197

Trull, T. J., & Widiger, T. A. (2013). “Dimensional models of personality: The five-factor model and the DSM-5.” Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 15, 135–46; Vickers, K.E., Peterson, J.B., Hornig, C.D., Pihl, R.O., Séguin, J. & Tremblay, R.E. (1996). “Fighting as a function of personality and neuropsychological measures.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 794, 411-412.

18198

Bachofen, J.J. (1861). Das Mutterrecht: Eine untersuchung über die gynaikokratie der alten welt nach ihrer religiösen und rechtlichen natur. Stuttgart: Verlag von Krais und Hoffmann.

18199

Gimbutas, M. (1991). The civilization of the goddess. San Francisco: Harper.

18200

Stone, M. (1978). When God was a woman. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

18201

Eller, C. (2000). The myth of matriarchal prehistory: Why an invented past won’t give women a future. Beacon Press.

18202

Neumann, E. (1954). The origins and history of consciousness. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

18203

Neumann, E. (1955). The Great Mother: An analysis of the archetype. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

18204

See, for example, Adler, A. (2002). Theoretical part I-III: The accentuated fiction as guiding idea in the neurosis. In H.T. Stein (Ed.). The collected works of Alfred Adler volume 1: The neurotic character: Fundamentals of individual psychology and psychotherary (pp. 41-85). Bellingham, WA: Alfred Adler Institute of Northern Washington, p. 71.

18205

Moffitt, T.E., Caspi,A., Rutter, M. & Silva, P.A. (2001). Sex differences in antisocial behavior: Conduct disorder, delinquency, and violence in the Dunedin Longitudinal Study. London: Cambridge University Press.

18206

Buunk, B.P., Dijkstra, P., Fetchenhauer, D. & Kenrick, D.T. (2002). “Age and gender differences in mate selection criteria for various involvement levels.” Personal Relationships, 9, 271-278.

18207

Lorenz, K. (1943). “Die angeborenen Formen moeglicher Erfahrung.” Ethology, 5, 235-409.

18208

Tajfel, H. (1970). “Experiments in intergroup discrimination.” Nature, 223, 96-102.

18209

Taken from Dostoevsky, F. (1995). The brothers Karamazov (dramatized by David Fishelson). Dramatists Play Service, Inc., pp. 54-55. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/2ifSkMn

18210

And it’s not the ability to microwave a burrito so hot that even He Himself could not eat it (as Homer asks, in Weekend at Burnsie’s (episode 16, season 13, The Simpsons).

18211

Lao-Tse (1984). The tao te ching. (1984) (S. Rosenthal, Trans.). Verse 11: The Utility of Non-Existence. Retrieved from https://terebess.hu/english/tao/rosenthal.html#Kap11

18212

Dostoevsky, F. (1994). Notes from underground/White nights/The dream of a ridiculous man/The house of the dead (A.R. MacAndrew, Trans.). New York: New American Library, p. 114.

18213

Goethe, J.W. (1979). Faust, part two (P. Wayne, Trans.). London: Penguin Books. p. 270.

18214

Dikotter, F. Mao’s great famine. London: Bloomsbury.

18215

See Peterson, J.B. (2006). Peacemaking among higher-order primates. In Fitzduff, M. & Stout, C.E. (Eds.). The psychology of resolving global conflicts: From war to peace. In Volume III, Interventions (pp. 33-40). New York: Praeger. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235336060_Peacemaking_among_higher-order_primates

18216

See Allen, L. (2011). Trust versus mistrust (Erikson’s infant stages). In S. Goldstein & J. A. Naglieri (Eds.). Encyclopedia of child behavior and development (pp. 1509–1510). Boston, MA: Springer US.

18217

Lao-Tse (1984). The tao te ching. (1984) (S. Rosenthal, Trans.). Verse 33: Without force: without perishing. Retrieved from https://terebess.hu/english/tao/rosenthal.html#Kap33

18218

Consider, for example, the great and courageous Boyan Slaat. This young Dutch man, still in his early twenties, has developed a technology that could do exactly that, and profitably, and be employed in all the oceans of the world. There’s a real environmentalist: See https://www.theoceancleanup.com/

18219

Yeats, W.B. (1933). Sailing to Byzantium. In R.J. Finneran (Ed.). The poems of W.B. Yeats: A new edition. New York: MacMillan, p. 163.