A Child of Christian Blood

Source Notes

The major source for information about the Mendel Beilis case is the three-volume trial transcript, which was printed daily in the newspaper Kievskaia Mysl’ and published in three volumes as Delo Beilisa: Stenographicheskii Otchet. These will be cited as: STEN I, II, and III. The transcript is a unique and extraordinary document, the product of a private effort, as Russian trial proceedings were not routinely transcribed in full.

The transcript, however, was recognized at the time by both sides as being not entirely accurate. I have supplemented or used alternative versions of witness testimony as recorded by reporters for the newspapers Rech’, Kievskaia Mysl’, and Kievlianin and, occasionally, other sources.

In 2005, the State Archive of the Kiev Region, Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Kievskoi Oblasti (GAKO), put out seven reels of microfilm with some five thousand pages of documents about the case. Dokumenty po delu Beilisa (The Beilis Case Papers) was published by the U.S. firm Eastview Information Services. This material is cited as “GAKO-DpdB” by reel number and in standard archival notation.

I also obtained hundreds of pages of additional documents from the Kiev State Archive. This material is cited as “GAKO” in standard archival notion.

After the February 1917 revolution, the Provisional Government convened an Extraordinary Commission to investigate the crimes of the tsarist regime, including the prosecution of Beilis. The testimony was published in Padenie Tsarskogo Rezhima (The Fall of the Tsarist Regime), cited as “Padenie.”

Another indispensable source: a collection of depositions given to the Extraordinary Commission by key figures in the Beilis case, published in book form in 1999 as Delo Mendelia Beilisa: Materialy Chrezvychainoi sledstvennoi komissii Vremennogo pravitel’stva o sudebnom protsesse 1913 g. po obvineniiu v ritual’nom ubiistve (The Case of Mendel Beilis: Materials of the Extraordinary Investigative Commission of the Provisional Government about the Trial of 1913 on the Accusation of Ritual Murder.) This work is cited as Materialy Chrezvychainoi.

Special mention must be made of the Russian jurist and historian Alexander Tager, author of Tsarskaia Rossiia i delo Beilisa (published in English as The Decay of Czarism: The Beiliss Trial), and two indispensable articles in the journal Krasnyi Arkhiv, collecting important documents about the case. His effort was heroic and his fate tragic, as he perished in the Stalinist purges of the 1930s. His works are still the only source for much of what we know about the case.

The sources for the personal experiences of Mendel Beilis are his autobiography, The Story of My Sufferings, and the multipart interview with him published in the Yiddish newspaper Haynt in November–December 1913, “Mayn Lebn in Turme un in Gerikht” (My Life in Prison and the Court). Where the accounts overlap, I have generally preferred the Haynt version, given its proximity to the events. Beilis also gave an interview to the Hearst papers, which published a multipart series in the spring of 1914. The material unfortunately contains so many obvious errors and exaggerations that I have used it very sparingly.

Abbreviations

GAKO (Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Kievskoi Oblasti)

GAKO-DpdB (GAKO-Dokumenty po delu Beilisa)

STEN (Delo Beilisa: Stenographicheskii Otchet)

Archival Notation

f. fond (collection)

d. delo (file)

op. opis’ (inventory)

l. list (folio)

ob. oborot (verso)

Preface

1. “The Yids have tortured”: Samuel, Blood Accusation, p. 17.

2. Protocols: The Protocols of the Elders of Zion originated in Russia and were originally spread in the West after the Russian revolution by Russian émigrés. Their fabrication has generally been ascribed to the Russian secret police, but recent scholarship has raised serious doubts about that theory. See Michael Hagemeister, “The Protocols of the Elders of Zion: Between History and Fiction,” New German Critique 103, vol. 35, no. 1 (Spring 2008): 83–95; Ruud and Stepanov, in Fontanka 16, “conclusively rule out police involvement,” p. 215.

3. A hundred years: Weinberg, “The Blood Libel in Eastern Europe,” pp. 284–85.

4. Beilis case has been strangely neglected: Samuel’s Blood Accusation has been considered the standard account; Robert Weinberg’s Blood Libel in Late Imperial Russia: The Ritual Murder Trial of Mendel Beilis is an excellent collection of documents with narrative introductions to each chapter; until the present work, Tager, Tsarskaia Rossiia i delo Beilisa (Tsarist Russia and the Beilis Case), first published in 1933, was the only full-length, nonfiction account of the case based on primary sources; Katsis, Krovavyi navet, comprises an exhaustive analysis of the trial testimony on religion; Pidzharenko’s Ne ritual’noe ubiistvo is an odd mixture of fictional recreations with original documents, some of them available nowhere else.

5. “master libel”: Julius, Trials of the Diaspora, p. 69.

6. Middle East: The Syrian defense minister, Mustafa Tlas, wrote a book called The Matzah of Zion in 1986, which was being reprinted and cited into the 2000s. From an October 2001 article in the Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram: “The bestial drive to knead Passover matzahs with the blood of non-Jews is [confirmed] in the records of the Palestinian police where there are many recorded cases of the bodies of Arab children who had disappeared being found, torn to pieces without a single drop of blood. The most reasonable explanation is that the blood was taken to be kneaded into the dough of extremist Jews to be used in matzahs to be devoured during Passover.” Such references can be found ad nauseam. Judith Apter Klinghoffer, “Blood Libel,” History News Network, December 19, 2006, http://hnn.us/articles/664.html; Julius, Trials of the Diaspora, pp. 96–101; Frankel, The Damascus Affair, p. 419. (The cover of Tlas’s book is reproduced on p. 421. Frankel transliterates the name as Talas.) Less than three years before he became president of Egypt, Mohammed Morsi described Zionists as “these bloodsuckers who attack the Palestinians, these warmongers, the descendants of apes and pigs.” David D. Kirkpatrick, “Morsi’s Slurs Against Jews Stir Concern,” New York Times, January 14, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/15/world/middleeast/egypts-leader-morsi-made-anti-jewish-slurs.html?_r=0.

1. “Why Should I Be Afraid?”

1. buried treasure: Stepanov, Chernaia Sotnia (1992), p. 266.

2. caves had been uncovered: Evropeiskaia Rossiia: Illiustrirovannyi geograficheskii, sbornik (Moscow: I.I. Kushnerov i ko., 1909), p. 419; Vladimir Antonovich, “Kiev v dokhristianskoe vremia,” in Moia spovid’: Vibrani istorichni ta publistichni tvori (Kiev: Lybid’, 1995), p. 578, http://litopys.org.ua/anton/ant22.htm.

3. pulverize the stone to powder: Antonovich, “Kiev,” p. 578.

4. two thousand human skeletons: “Kiev,” Encylopaedia Britannica, vol. 15, p. 788.

5. “Lukianovka children’s games”: STEN I, p. 605, reproducing: Kievskaia Mysl’, “Zagadochnaia Ubiistvo na Luk’ianovke” (“A Mysterious Murder in Lukianovka”), March 22, 1911.

6. crest of the slope: description draws on Vladimir Korolenko, “1. Na Luk’ianovke (vo vremia dela Beilisa),” subheading VI, published in October 1913. Korolenko’s articles about the case were published in a number of Russian newspapers, including Rech’ and Russkie Viedmosti. http://ldn-knigi.lib.ru/JUDAICA/Korol_Stat.htm.

7. The entrance to the cave: Description of the discovery of the body draws on the indictment, depositions, and witness testimony in STEN I. Indictment, pp. 17–21; Elandsky, pp. 115–17; Sinitsky, pp. 118–21.

8. “It’s Goblin”: STEN I, p. 304.

9. avoided saying his last name: Statement of Georgy Konovalov, GAKO-DpdB (reel 3) f. 183, op. 5, d. 4, l. 387.

10. insisting: Statement of Konovalov, GAKO-DpdB (reel 3) f. 183, op. 5, d. 4, l. 387; statement of Vladimir Kostiuchenko, GAKO-DpdB (reel 3) f. 184, op. 5, d. 4, l. 399; also statement of Polishchuk, GAKO-DpdB (reel 2) f. 2, op. 229, d. 264, l. 63.

11. “Why should I be afraid”: STEN I, p. 362.

12. borscht: STEN I, p. 86.

13. “very receptive”: STEN I, p. 54.

14. Pavel Pushka, saw Andrei: STEN I, p. 69.

15. bought for thirty kopeks: STEN I, p. 46.

16. lamplighter named Kazimir Shakhovsky: based on Shakhovsky’s testimony and depositions in STEN I, pp. 172–79.

17. The neighbor delivered: Beilis, My Sufferings, pp. 26–27.

18. done the priest: Beilis, My Sufferings, p. 25.

19. “beaten our millionaires”: Meir, Kiev, p. 126.

20. Jonah Zaitsev, a sugar magnate: Meir, Kiev, p. 226.

21. “The Yids have tortured”: The translation is based on Samuel, Blood Accusation, p. 17, and Weinberg, Blood Libel in Late Imperial Russia, chapter 1, document 8.

22. Nikolai Pavlovich: Stepanov, Chernaia Sotnia (2005), p. 361.

23. “consumed by a sense of doom”: Lincoln, In War’s Dark Shadow, p. x.

24. “smell of burning”: Lincoln, In War’s Dark Shadow, p. 386.

25. living “on a volcano”: Pipes, Russian Revolution, p. 194; Rogger, “Russia in 1914,” p. 95.

26. “a mad chauffeur”: David Christian, Imperial Power and Soviet Russia (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997), p. 170; Figes, A People’s Tragedy, p. 276.

27. strong fatalism: Steinberg, “Nicholas and Alexandra: An Intellectual Portrait,” pp. 13–14.

28. “salient characteristic”: Massie, Nicholas and Alexandra, p. 114; Fuhrmann, Rasputin, p. 16.

29. official badges: Lincoln, In War’s Dark Shadow, p. 331.

30. modern political terrorism: Geifman, Thou Shalt Kill, p. 21.

31. “sign of good manners”: Geifman, Thou Shalt Kill, p. 42.

32. Contrary to suspicions: This is the consensus of the last generation of scholarship despite reasonable suspicions to the contrary. See Klier and Lambroza, Pogroms.

33. “how the pogroms happened”: “Conclusion and Overview,” in Klier and Lambroza, Pogroms, p. 344.

34. “Mad Monk” Iliodor: For a fascinating account of his rise and fall and Tsar Nicholas’s attitude toward him, see Dixon, “The ‘Mad Monk’ Iliodor.”

35. “Jews as a race of superhuman”: Langer, “Corruption and Counterrevolution,” p. 137.

36. “delicate, beautiful”: Dixon, “Mad Monk,” p. 377.

37. “filthy” songs: Dixon, “Mad Monk,” p. 396.

38. losing all sense of reality: Contemporary observers viewed Iliodor as a warning sign of the regime’s decay. The monk, in the opinion of Count A. A. Uvarov, revealed “the astonishing lack of resistance to evil exhibited by the clergy, and especially the civil power.” As Dixon argues, it says much about the regime that such a figure was allowed to become “a disruptive political instrument.” Dixon, “Mad Monk,” p. 413.

39. self-destruct: Just a few years later Iliodor scandalized the right by recanting his reactionary, anti-Semitic views and writing a sensational, confessional autobiography. He moved to America, starred as himself in a silent film, The Fall of the Romanoffs, got into a lawsuit over the rights to his story, then moved back to Russia, then returned to America in 1923, and became a Baptist preacher. He died in New York in 1952. See Dixon, “Mad Monk,” pp. 409–13.

40. “walked the halls alone”: STEN I, p. 58.

41. “There were times when Andrusha’s mother”: STEN I, p. 301.

42. “I know that Alexandra”: STEN I, p. 400.

43. “Since I had no children”: STEN I, p. 87.

44. “I would scream”: STEN I, p. 88.

45. “They broke everything”: STEN I, p. 84.

46. “because of a nosebleed”: Stepanov, Chernaia Sotnia (1992), p. 269.

47. “didn’t know whether to live or die”: STEN I, p. 111.

48. had long known: Beilis’s wife, Esther, recalled having an altercation in a store with Cheberyak who she said called her a “zhidovka,” the feminine of “Yid.” Esther had heard from her neighbors that “in the house she’s the man and her husband is the woman.” Rech’, September 25, 1913.

2. “The Vendetta of the Sons of Jacob”

1. “cold and cloudy weather”: Kievlianin, April 10, 1911.

2. “Why should we worry about cholera”: Hamm, Kiev, p. 48.

3. “blood of the unfortunate Yushchinskys”: Moskovskie Vedomosti, April 23, 1911.

4. Fenenko had been assigned: GAKO DpdB (reel 3) f. 183, op. 5, d. 4, l. 4.

5. indication that Fenenko was chosen: Materialy Chrezvychainoi, p. 92; Rech’, September 22, 1913.

6. Fenenko regarded his integrity: Shulgin, The Years, 116; Margolin, Jews of Eastern Europe, pp. 161, 164.

7. autopsy report: V. M. Bekhterev, “The Iushchinskii Murder,” pp. 24–33.

8. the first wounds: V. M. Bekhterev, “The Iushchinskii Murder,” pp. 10–14.

9. minister of justice was being copied: Pidzharenko, Ne ritual’noe, p. 13.

10. public requiem for Andrei: Pidzharenko, Ne ritual’noe, pp. 22, 31.

11. The authorities did not want a pogrom: Klier and Lambroza, Pogroms, pp. 231, 348; E. Semenoff, The Russian Government and the Massacres, pp. 193–94.

12. owe his position to the empress Alexandra: Gerasimov, Na lezvii, p. 171; Fuller, The Foe Within, p. 89; Stepanov, Zagadki, p. 162.

13. “pogrom must be avoided”: Ruud and Stepanov, Fontanka 16, p. 249 (Russian edition, p. 304).

14. “inflames people’s passions”: Novyi Voskhod (1911) no. 17; Lowe, The Tsars and the Jews, p. 287.

15. “Black Hundred idealist”: Stepanov, Chernaia (2005), 367.

16. William of Norwich: This section draws heavily on Langmuir, Toward a Definition, pp. 209–36. There are two accounts in antiquity of ritual murder by Jews, but Langmuir argues that they played no role in the creation of the medieval myth. The first dates to the second century B.C. during the reign of the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes who, on sacking the Temple in Jerusalem, supposedly learned that Jews had the custom of fattening up and eating a Greek (obviously not Christian) captive. The story was repeated and embellished by the first-century Greek sophist Apion and refuted by the Roman Jewish historian Flavius Josephus in his Against Apion. The second account, and first known accusation of the ritual murder of a Christian, dates to around A.D. 415 in Inmestar in Syria. During Purim celebrations there, Jews were said to have so abused a Christian boy, tied to a cross to represent the biblical villain Haman, that he died. Neither tale gained wide currency. See Langmuir, Toward a Definition, pp. 212–16.

17. “did not alter the course”: Langmuir, Toward a Definition, pp. 234–35.

18. “a certain poor maid-servant”: Quotes about William of Norwich are from Langmuir, Toward a Definition, p. 222, and Thomas of Monmouth, Life and Miracles, pp. 28, 93–94.

19. Chaucer’s story: In the words of Alan Dundes, there is “little doubt that the most famous literary articulation of Jewish ritual murder is Chaucer’s ‘The Prioress’s Tale’ ” (The Blood Libel Legend, p. 91). Strictly speaking, it is not an example of the blood libel, since there is no mention in it of the draining or ingesting of blood. Chaucer, though, may well have been aware of that charge against the Jews, given that it had already been in existence for a century and a half.

20. Fulda: Langmuir, Toward a Definition, pp. 264–65, 275, 278; Strack, The Jew and Human Sacrifice, pp. 179, 240–41.

21. papal bull from Innocent IV: Langmuir, Toward a Definition, p. 265; Smith, The Butcher’s Tale, p. 94.

22. most reliable count: Smith, The Butcher’s Tale, p. 123. For the best overview of the history and sources of the blood accusation, see Smith, chapter 3, pp. 91–133.

23. “Golubev has quieted down”: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 66.

24. On April 18: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 67.

25. Black Hundred thugs: Haynt, April 28, 1911, p. 2.

26. Jews and Gentiles could mix easily: Meir, Kiev, p. 203.

27. “Bronze Horseman”: Stepanov, Chernaia (1995), p. 123.

28. views were extreme: Lowe, The Tsars, p. 286.

29. “pursue the whole malignant sect”: Tager, Tsarskaia, pp. 84–85.

30. boisterous floor fight: Samuel, Blood Accusation, p. 27.

31. “most fearful two days”: Haynt, May 8, 1911.

32. Liadov—vice director: Tager, Tsarskaia, pp. 86–87. In Materialy Chrezvychainoi—depositions of Liadov, pp. 68–71; Fenenko, pp. 56–58; Chaplinsky, p. 208.

33. ritual-murder theory: Haynt, May 13, 1911.

34. “patiently refrain”: Haynt, May 8, 1911, p. 2.

35. record was disturbingly mixed: Klier, The Blood Libel, p. 14. Klier’s article is available in English only in an unpublished manuscript. It was published in Russian as: “Krovavyi navet v Russkoi pravoslavnoi traditsii,” in M. Dimitriev, ed., Evrei i khristiane v pravoslavnykh obshchestvakh vostochnoi evropy, pp. 181–205 (Moscow: Indrik, 2011).

36. David Blondes: “Blondes, David Abramovich,” Evreiskaia entsiklopediia Brokgauza i Efrona, http://brockhaus-efron-jewish-encyclopedia.ru/beje/02-7/014.htm.

37. the “Christian Letters”: GAKO-DpdB (reel 3) f. 183, op. 5, d. 4, 1. 413–418.

38. “At the market they’re saying”: Tager, Tsarskaia, pp. 89–90.

39. “Now it seems to me”: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 88.

40. “if the Jews were beaten up”: Materialy Chrezvychainoi, p. 56.

41. danger of a pogrom: GAKO-DpdB (reel 3) f. 183, op. 5, d. 4, l. 32.

42. Brandorf recommended: GAKO-DpdB (reel 3) f. 183, op. 5, d. 4, l. 22, 22 ob.

43. spiritual awakening: On the imperial couple’s mental world, see Mark Steinberg’s superb “Nicholas and Alexandra: An Intellectual Portrait.” On spiritual life and God-seeking: Steinberg, “Russia’s Fin de Siècle,” pp. 80–81; on lower classes, Steinberg, Proletarian Imagination, pp. 228–29, and Steinberg and Coleman, “Introduction” in Sacred Stories.

44. Nizier-Vachod: Steinberg, “Nicholas and Alexandra: An Intellectual Portrait,” p. 12.

45. Sikorsky’s worldview: Menzhulin, Drugoi Sikorskii, pp. 243, 311, 320–22.

46. races could be divided into two types: Menzhulin, Drugoi, p. 317.

47. “hereditary degeneration”: Menzhulin, Drugoi, p. 155.

48. “but gone rotten”: Menzhulin, Drugoi, pp. 25–26.

49. fanatical anti-Semitism: Menzhulin, Drugoi, pp. 371–73.

50. Their autopsy report differed: STEN II, pp. 245–46.

51. Ambrosius: STEN II, pp. 144–45; GAKO-DpdB (reel 3) f. 183, op. 5, d. 4, l. 170 ob.

52. “racial revenge and vendetta”: STEN I, p. 30.

53. “a certain Yid”: Tager, Tsarskaia, 90; Stepanov, Chernaia (2005), p. 367.

3. “A Certain Jew Mendel”

1. “By order of”: STEN II, p. 536.

2. “King of Thieves”: “Korol’ vorov,” Rannee Utro, November 12, 1908, http://starosti.ru/article.php?id=16887; Stepanov, Zagadki, p. 213.

3. “It seemed as if a dark cloud”: Shulgin, The Years, p. 62.

4. Krasovsky displayed: Pidzharenko, Kriminal’nyi sysk Kieva, pp. 204–38.

5. Tallish and kindly: Stepan Kondurushkin, “Vpechatleniia,” Rech’, October 14, 1913.

6. defendants appealed for help: U Tolstogo, 1904–1910: Iasnopolianskie zapiski D.P. Makovitskogo, vol. 3. (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo nauka, 1979), p. 241.

7. Tolstoy told: New York Times, August 9, 1908, p. SM6.

8. “intrigues and trouble”: STEN I, p. 536.

9. “regarding the factual side”: Tager, Tsarskaia, 94.

10. “Worldwide Yid”: Russkoe Znamia, May 14, 1911.

11. “was not distinguished by”: Materialy Chrezvychainoi, p. 91.

12. detailed survey: STEN I, pp. 542–44.

13. “one of his own”: STEN I, p. 161.

14. having an affair: STEN I, p. 398.

15. “promissory note”: STEN I, p. 97; GAKO-DpdB (reel 3) f. 183, op. 5, d. 4, l. 69.

16. Chirkov: STEN I, pp. 21, 41, 87.

17. “not especially reputable”: STEN I, p. 66.

18. Alexandra would often boast: STEN I, p. 99.

19. lived on the interest: GAKO f. 864, op. 10, d. 5, l. 10.

20. Alexandra had behaved quite suspiciously: STEN I, p. 131.

21. the police arrested Fyodor: STEN I, p. 561. Suspicion about him, STEN, p. 161; GAKO-DpdB (reel 3) f. 183, op. 5, d. 4, l. 68 ob.–69 ob.

22. Yashchenko: STEN I, pp. 140, 539; Rech’, September 30, 1913.

23. “He ended his investigation”: Stepanov, Chernaia (1992), p. 274.

24. “Nezhinsky’s story”: GAKO-DpdB (reel 3) f. 183, op. 5, d. 4, l. 72–73.

25. Father Glagolev: Kal’nitskii, “Ekspertiza professora Glagoleva,” p. 164.

26. sat himself down: Mikhailov memoir, pp. 6–9. This memoir, by a tsarist officer named Vasily Alexandrovich Mikhailov, is based on notes of a conversation with Mishchuk in 1918 when both were fleeing the Bolsheviks. The memoir, composed many years later, contains factual errors about the Beilis case but has the palpable feel of truth when relating Mishchuk’s personal experiences.

27. “Cheberiachka”: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 88.

28. “lowest of the low”: STEN I, pp. 161, 467, 400.

29. Cheberyak was volatile: STEN I, p. 308.

30. Cheberyak freely admitted: STEN I, p. 468.

31. tried for the crime: Margolin, The Jews, 169.

32. her gang included: STEN I, p. 468.

33. he usually made himself scarce: STEN I, p. 284.

34. into a stupor: STEN II, pp. 20, 23.

35. semen on the wallpaper: STEN II, p. 167.

36. police informer: Mikhailov memoir, p. 13. This is the only source for Vera Cheberyak being an informer, but the accusation seems plausible.

37. “Vera … would visit me”: f. 864, op. 10, d. 11, l. 104.

38. A neighbor noticed: STEN II, p. 27.

39. stretch one day’s dinner: STEN I, p. 663.

40. Gusin watch store: GAKO f. 864, op. 10, d. 11, l. 3–4; STEN I, p. 548; STEN II, p. 42.

41. Nadia Gaevskaya: GAKO-DpdB (reel 4) f. 183, op. 5, d. 5, l. 263; STEN I, pp. 467–69.

42. The next day: STEN I, pp. 503, 549, 571; STEN II, pp. 43, 53.

43. stashed stolen goods: STEN II, p. 47.

44. “She looked somehow upset”: STEN II, pp. 24–25.

45. denied he’d seen: GAKO-DpdB (reel 3) f. 183, op. 5, d. 4, l. 36 ob.

46. A theory of the case: Materialy Chrezvychainoi, p. 306; Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 98; the notion that the Andrei’s murder was part of a plot to foment a pogrom was oft-repeated but unsupported by any evidence. Margolin did not take it seriously; see, Jews of Eastern Europe, p. 189.

47. “Relations between Krasovsky and Mishchuk”: Pidzharenko, Ne ritual’noe, pp. 64–65.

48. clippings: GAKO-DpdB (reel 3) f. 183, op. 5, d. 4, l. 72–73.

49. Krasovsky supervised: STEN I, p. 169.

50. In Luka’s presence: STEN I, p. 111.

51. officers searched the Cheberyaks’ home: GAKO-DpdB (reel 2) f. 2, op. 229, d. 264, l. 18.

52. Kirichenko, recalled: STEN II, p. 41.

53. Cheberyak detained: Materialy Chrezvychainoi, pp. 94–95; Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 96.

54. “I’ll be free of her”: STEN II, p. 21.

55. beaten the rap: STEN II, p. 597.

56. “I was afraid”: STEN I, p. 301.

57. “very drunk” Fyodor: GAKO-DpdB (reel 3) f. 183, op. 5, d. 4, l. 68 ob.–69.

58. A pattern had emerged: This point is made by Stepanov in Chernaia (1992), p. 279.

59. Cheberyak was held: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 101; Materialy Chrezvychainoi, p. 94; GAKO-DpdB (reel 3) f. 183, op. 5, d. 4, l. 66–68 ob.

60. liberal press rejoiced: Stepanov, Chernaia (2005), pp. 362–63.

61. slip of paper: Stepanov, Chernaia (2005), p. 363; STEN I, pp. 114, 560; GAKO f. 864, op. 10, d. 5, l. 11–12.

62. “heaping testimony”: Hans Gross, Criminal Investigation, p. 55, http://archive.org/stream/criminalinvestig00grosuoft/criminalinvestig00grosuoft_djvu.txt.

63. “Unfortunately, one cannot”: Tager, Tsarskaia, pp. 103, 106.

64. “wasted shells”: Korolenko, Delo Beilisa, “1. Na Luk’ianovke,” subheading III.

65. deposition: STEN I, pp. 177–80.

66. “consorting with criminals”: GAKO-DpdB (reel 3) f. 183, op. 5, d. 4, l. 92.

67. cooperating with Golubev: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 126.

68. “The place where Cheberyak”: STEN I, p. 179.

69. “Shakhovskaya told me”: Stepanov, Chernaia (1992), p. 278.

70. On July 20: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 104.

71. “I forgot to mention”: STEN I, p. 179.

72. clay grinders: description in Korolenko, “1. Na Luk’ianovke,” subheading III.

73. “The day before yesterday”: STEN I, p. 192.

74. Korolenko the writer would point out: Korolenko, “Na Luk’ianovke,” subheading III.

75. “an agitated Golubev”: Materialy Chrezvychainoi, p. 209.

76. “What filth”: STEN I, p. 546.

77. “conspiratorial expression”: Materialy Chrezvychainoi, p. 209. Ruud and Stepanov hypothesize that Beilis and his son were initially detained out of fear for their safety and to preserve public order and that, at this point, the prosecution of Beilis was not inevitable. I do not believe a full reading of the record supports this theory. See Rudd and Stepanov, Fontanka 16, pp. 256–61.

78. “[Chaplinsky] explained to me”: Materialy Chrezvychainoi, p. 227.

79. “exceptional interest”: Tager, Tsarskaia, pp. 118–19.

80. At three o’clock in the morning: Tager, Tsarskaia, 106; Beilis, My Sufferings, pp. 36–38; Beilis, “Mayn Lebn in Turme,” Haynt, November 18, 1913.

4. “Andrusha, Don’t Scream”

1. At five o’clock: Beilis, “Mayn Lebn in Turme,” Haynt, November 19, 1913, p. 3; Beilis, My Sufferings, p. 39.

2. Okhrana chief was well-known: Zuckerman, The Tsarist Secret Police, p. 77; Ruud and Stepanov, Fontanka 16, pp. 181–82.

3. “What do I need”: Beilis, “Mayn Lebn in Turme,” Haynt, November 19, 1913, p. 3.

4. Kuliabko left Beilis: Beilis, My Sufferings, p. 40.

5. “You can understand”: Beilis, “Mayn Lebn in Turme,” Haynt, November 19, 1913, p. 3; Beilis, My Sufferings, pp. 41–42.

6. The door opened: Beilis, “Mayn Lebn in Turme,” Haynt, November 20, 1913, p. 3; Beilis, My Sufferings, p. 41.

7. children’s voices: Beilis, My Sufferings, pp. 41–42; Beilis, “Mayn Lebn in Turme,” Haynt, November 20, 1913, p. 3.

8. “no insurance”: Beilis, My Sufferings, p. 39.

9. “rogues”: Baron, The Russian Jew, p. 9.

10. half-million: Gitelman, A Century, p. xiii.

11. Dubnow: Hamm, Kiev, p. 133.

12. “ghetto”: Meir, Kiev, p. 34.

13. poor Jews: Khiterer, “Social and Economic,” p. 308; Meir, Kiev, p. 34.

14. “migraine”: Khiterer, “Social and Economic,” p. 124.

15. “cheese pies”: Khiterer, “Social and Economic,” p. 181.

16. A new life: Meir, Kiev, p. 104; Khiterer, “Social and Economic,” p. 163.

17. For perhaps every ten or so: This is a rough guess. There appears to be no estimate of the number of Jews illegally living in Kiev before World War I. But in 1910, according to Natan Meir, more than one thousand Jewish families were expelled from the city. Meir, Kiev, p. 130.

18. “For what purpose”: “Daily Raids in Kiev,” Haynt, March 30, 1911, p. 2.

19. “Where can”: Khiterer, “Social and Economic,” p. 181. A somewhat different translation can be found in Sholem Aleichem, From the Fair, trans. Curt Leviant (New York: Penguin Books, 1986), p. 238.

20. in the small village of Neshcherov: “Mendel Beilis’s Own Story of His Life and Persecution,” New York American, February 15, 1914. Beilis’s purported multipart memoir in this Hearst paper is extremely unreliable, but this fact is probably accurate. Beilis did talk to a Hearst reporter and it’s known from a reliable source that Beilis worked in Neshcherov. Beilis, “Mayn Lebn in Turme,” Haynt, November 25, 1913, p. 4.

21. pogroms traumatized: Baron, Russian Jew, p. 45.

22. “Temporary Rules”: Baron, Russian Jew, p. 48.

23. “Why do they”: Baron, Russian Jew, pp. 45–46.

24. twenty rubles: Petrovsky-Shtern, personal communication.

25. not the catastrophe: Petrovsky-Shtern, Jews in the Russian Army, pp. 150, 191–92.

26. “The Jewish soldier”: Petrovsky-Shtern, Jews in the Russian Army, p. 196.

27. opportunity came: Beilis, My Sufferings, pp. 23–24.

28. brandy distillery: Beilis, “Mayn Lebn in Turme,” Haynt, November 21, 1913, p. 4.

29. rich man’s home: Samuel, Blood Accusation, p. 56.

30. Kiev’s population: Meir, Kiev, p. 108.

31. “peaceful future”: Beilis, My Sufferings, p. 25.

32. news soon leaked out: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 109.

33. His conversion: Stepanov, Chernaia (2005), p. 362.

34. telegram: GAKO-DpdB (reel 3) f. 183, op. 5, d. 4, l. 78.

35. “I never told”: STEN I, p. 180.

36. “deal with him”: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 110.

37. Ulyana Shakhovskaya was formally questioned: STEN I, pp. 192–93.

38. three in the morning: STEN I, p. 292.

39. “Because of a shit”: STEN I, p. 292.

40. “indictment”: Materialy Chrezvychainoi, p. 95.

41. “I can present no information”: STEN I, p. 596.

42. Though utterly convinced: Margolin, Jews of Eastern Europe, pp. 163–64.

43. Chaplinsky’s order: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 109; Pidzharenko, Ne ritual’noe, pp. 74–77.

44. “I have nothing to consider”: Beilis, “Mayn Lebn in Turme,” Haynt, November 21, 1913, p. 4.

45. “My husband”: GAKO f. 864, op. 10, d. 15, l. 95.

46. “confuse and entangle”: Beilis, My Sufferings, p. 46.

47. “I must send you”: Beilis, “Mayn Lebn in Turme,” Haynt, November 25, 1913, p. 3.

48. Darofeyeva: GAKO-DpdB (reel 3) f. 183, op. 5, d. 4, l. 395–395 ob., l. 401.

49. “ruin you”: STEN I, p. 332.

50. pear trees: STEN II, p. 21.

51. Vasily at first: STEN I, p. 330.

52. silent film: Morozov and Derevianko, Evreiskie Kinematografisty v Ukraine, pp. 57–61.

53. “In his delirium”: Stepanov, Chernaia (1992), p. 281; STEN I, p. 286.

54. covered his mouth: STEN I, pp. 283–84.

55. Sinkevich: STEN I, pp. 332–34.

56. communicate something to the boy wordlessly: STEN I, p. 333.

57. Polishchuk told Fenenko: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 121.

58. Contemporary Word: Stepanov, Chernaia (2005), p. 370; Tager, Tsarskaia, pp. 123–24.

59. “[Zhenya’s] death”: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 124.

5. “You Are a Second Dreyfus”

1. culture of professionalism: Zuckerman, The Tsarist Secret Police, pp. 58–80.

2. The officer escorting: Beilis, “Mayn Lebn in Turme,” Haynt, November 26, 1913, p. 4; Beilis, My Sufferings, pp. 49–50.

3. In the waiting area: Beilis, My Sufferings, p. 50.

4. Moments after he entered: Beilis, My Sufferings, p. 51; Beilis, “Mayn Lebn in Turme,” Haynt, November 26, 1913, p. 4.

5. piece of a mouse: Beilis, My Sufferings, p. 52.

6. impromptu courthouse: Beilis, “Mayn Lebn in Turme,” Haynt, November 28, 1913, p. 4.

7. Kiev Opinion: In Russian, Kievskaia Mysl’, literally Kiev Thought.

8. Fenenko was astonished: Fenenko’s account of this episode in GAKO-DpdB (reel 2) f. 2, op. 229, d. 264, l. 196–98.

9. Krasovsky arrived: GAKO-DpdB (reel 2) f. 2, op. 229, d. 264, l. 200 ob.–201 ob.

10. two or three days: GAKO-DpdB (reel 2) f. 2, op. 229, d. 264, l. 198 ob.

11. Chaplinsky threatened: Materialy Chrezvychainoi, pp. 53, 81–82.

12. Mishchuk and his codefendants: “Delo Mishchuka v senate,” Rech’, February 8, 1913; Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 195.

13. “If you don’t give me”: STEN I, p. 547.

14. “rubbed out”: STEN I, p. 564.

15. Evgeny Mifle: GAKO-DpdB (reel 4) f. 183, op. 5, d. 5, l. 263 ob.

16. took with great seriousness: Verner, The Crisis, p. 68; Figes, A People’s Tragedy, p. 22.

17. Peter Badmaev: “Protokol doprosa G.N. Badmaeva” (Deposition of G. N. Badmaev) from the official report on Stolypin’s assassination, http://www.doc20vek.ru/node/1731; Fuhrmann, Rasputin, p. 177; Radzinsky, Rasputin, p. 146.

18. “semi-literate”: Radzinsky, Rasputin, p. 132; Fuhrmann, Rasputin, p. 62.

19. “When in trouble”: Wortman, Scenarios, vol. 2, p. 410.

20. Nicholas had entrusted: Radzinsky, Rasputin, p. 143.

21. “two infusions”: Radzinsky, Rasputin, p. 147.

22. lack of previous experience: Stepanov, Zagadki, p. 5.

23. security preparations: Ascher, Stolypin, p. 369.

24. “most humble”: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 122.

25. bomb: Ascher, Stolypin, p. 369; Rech’, August 30, 1911; Moskovskie Vedomosti, August 30, 1911.

26. crossed himself: Ioffe, “Delo Beilisa,” p. 333, and personal communication; Beilis conveys Grigorovich-Barsky’s account in My Sufferings, p. 69.

27. “We must not forget”: Lincoln, In War’s Dark Shadow, p. 30; Massie, Nicholas and Alexandra, p. 15.

28. “I’m a Unionist”: Stepanov, Chernaia (2005), p. 203.

29. Rogger: Rogger, Jewish Policies, pp. 109–10.

30. “The Jews throw bombs”: Ascher, Stolypin, p. 170.

31. “fighting on two fronts”: Figes, A People’s Tragedy, p. 224.

32. contentious meetings: Ascher, Stolypin, p. 168.

33. “an inner voice”: Rogger, Jewish Policies, p. 93; Steinberg, “An Intellectual Portrait,” p. 16.

34. “Tsar’s mystical attitude”: Ascher, Stolypin, p. 169.

35. “stamped out”: Steinberg, “An Intellectual Portrait,” pp. 16–17.

36. political agenda: Figes, A People’s Tragedy, p. 245; Rogger, Jewish Policies, pp. 41–44.

37. Shcheglovitov: Zviagintsev, Rokovaia femida, pp. 201–11; Gruzenberg, Yesterday, pp. 78–82.

38. “taking over Siberia”: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 130.

39. security: Ascher, Stolypin, p. 369; Stepanov, Zagadki, p. 5.

40. “Death is following”: Stepanov, Zagadki, p. 157. The story has been told many times, as in Massie, Nicholas and Alexandra, p. 238. The story originated with a reliable source, the Duma member and conservative journalist Vasily Shulgin, who heard it directly from the official given the task of being Rasputin’s minder while in Kiev.

41. “I want to be buried”: About the will, with a slightly different translation, see Figes, A People’s Tragedy, p. 223. The Russian text (“Ia khochu byt’ pogrebennym …”) appears in many sources.

42. One bullet: Ascher, Stolypin, p. 372.

43. “At first”: Stepanov, Zagadki, p. 10; Ascher, Stolypin, p. 369.

44. “crossed himself”: Ascher, Stolypin, p. 373.

45. “Kill him!”: Stepanov, Zagadki, pp. 10–11.

46. fragments of the Order: Stepanov, Zagadki, p. 13.

47. Bogrov: Ascher, Stolypin, pp. 376–78.

48. thugs: Ascher, Stolypin, p. 375.

49. Bogrov’s motives: Stepanov, Zagadki, pp. 61–133; Ascher, Stolypin, pp. 384–86; for an argument that Bogrov’s motives stemmed primarily from his Jewishness, see Khiterer, “Social and Economic,” pp. 404–8.

50. morbidly curious readers: Morrissey, Suicide and the Body Politic, p. 314.

51. “Let my drop”: Morrissey, Suicide and the Body Politic, p. 325.

52. “depressed, bored”: Stepanov, Zagadki, p. 195.

53. “most decisive measures”: Ascher, Stolypin, p. 375.

54. Jewish conspiracy: Stepanov, Chernaia (2005), pp. 285–86.

6. “Cheberyak Knows Everything”

1. good-fitting boots: Petrovsky-Shtern, Jews in the Russian Army, p. 147.

2. an “analysis”: Beilis, “Mayn Lebn in Turme,” Haynt, November 28, 1913, p. 4; Beilis, My Sufferings, pp. 56–57.

3. Aaron: Details of Aaron Beilis’s life and personality from personal communication with his granddaughter, Hilda Edelist.

4. Margolin: Khiterer, “Arnold Davidovich Margolin,” pp. 146–50.

5. “who had always worked”: “A Conversation with Mendl Beilis’s Brother” (in Yiddish), Haynt, February 9, 1912, p. 3.

6. Margolin did his best: Margolin, Jews of Eastern Europe, pp. 164–66.

7. “indecisive and timid”: Margolin, Jews of Eastern Europe, p. 173.

8. “something foolish”: Gruzenberg, Yesterday, p. 105.

9. “The first word”: Gruzenberg, Yesterday, p. 12.

10. spiritually stranded: Donald Rawson, introduction to Gruzenberg, Yesterday, p. xv.

11. The poor woman was led off: Gruzenberg, Yesterday, p. 18.

12. funeral: Gruzenberg, Yesterday, pp. 19–20.

13. struggled with his religious and national identity: Khiterer, “Arnold Davidovich Margolin,” pp. 147–48.

14. “iron whip”: Gruzenberg, Yesterday, p. 3.

15. “an offensive”: Stepanov, Chernaia (2005), p. 373.

16. “bad friend”: STEN I, p. 646.

17. “dubious person”: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 134.

18. “I clearly heard”: GAKO f. 864, op. 10, d. 5, l. 37–38; STEN II, p. 27.

19. Fenenko knew: Materialy Chrezvychainoi, pp. 58–59.

20. Ivan Kozachenko: Beilis, My Sufferings, pp. 58–61; GAKO f. 864, op. 10, d. 5, l. 7–8, 16; GAKO f. 864, op. 10, d. 5—Protokoly (statements), separately numbered section, pp. 39–52.

21. Lieutenant Colonel Pavel Ivanov: Materialy Chrezvychainoi, p. 272.

22. “Do not worry”: GAKO f. 864, op. 10, d. 5—Protokoly, p. 51.

23. “My dear wife”: GAKO f. 864, op. 10, d. 5—Protokoly, pp. 39–40.

24. legal bill: GAKO f. 864, op. 10, d. 5—Protokoly, p. 48.

25. “stir up a riot”: STEN I, p. 370.

26. Kozachenko’s story: His statement is in GAKO f. 864, op. 10, d. 5—Protokoly, pp. 40–43; mentioned in indictment, STEN I, p. 35.

27. “I screamed at Kozachenko”: Materialy Chrezvychainoi, p. 195.

28. Chaplinsky had no intention: Tager, Tsarskaia, pp. 136, 141–42.

29. “A cold shiver”: Beilis, “Mayn Lebn in Turme,” Haynt, December 2, 1913, p. 4.

30. Brazul knew Krasovsky: STEN I, p. 475.

31. at Zhenya’s funeral: GAKO-DpdB (reel 3) f. 183, op. 5, d. 4, l. 402.

32. midwife and “healer”: Pidzharenko, Ne ritual’noe, p. 116.

33. “I’m a woman”: STEN I, pp. 478–79.

34. “talking in her sleep”: STEN II, p. 100.

35. “got it good”: STEN I, p. 479.

36. “divining”: STEN I, p. 500.

37. “quixotic”: STEN I, p. 521.

38. “ ‘Cheberyak knows everything’ ”: Margolin, The Jews of Eastern Europe, p. 168.

39. “small, thin restless”: Margolin, The Jews of Eastern Europe, p. 169.

40. Kharkov: STEN I, pp. 479–80.

41. Margolin’s father: GAKO f. 864, o. 10, d. 5—Protokoly, p. 92.

42. Grand Hotel: GAKO-DpdB (reel 2) f. 2, op. 229, d. 264, l. 181.

43. The meeting: Margolin tells the story in his statement to investigators, GAKO-DpdB (reel 2) f. 2, op. 229, d. 264, l. 28 ob.–31, and in Margolin, The Jews of Eastern Europe, pp. 174–77.

44. “noble avenger”: GAKO-DpdB (reel 2) f. 2, op. 229, d. 264, l. 31.

45. “being hunted”: STEN I, p. 527.

46. “untarnished case”: Gruzenberg, Yesterday, p. 111.

47. “Thank God”: STEN II, p. 119.

48. poorly paid: GAKO f. 864, op. 10, d. 9. l. 118 ob.

49. “state of affairs”: GAKO f. 864, op. 10, d. 5—Protokoly, p. 100.

50. “Zhenya came running”: GAKO f. 864, op. 10, d. 5—Protokoly, pp. 100–101.

51. “most profuse bleeding”: GAKO f. 864, op. 10, d. 5—Protokoly, pp. 110, 113.

52. suddenly and summarily dismissed: STEN I, p. 547.

7. “Who Is a Hero?”

1. holes in the soles: Beilis, My Sufferings, p. 62.

2. “completely unreligious”: GAKO f. 864, op. 10, d. 5—Protokoly, pp. 130–31.

3. “frozen feet”: Beilis, “Mayn Lebn in Turme,” Haynt, December 2, 1913, p. 4.

4. the infirmary: Beilis, My Sufferings, pp. 64–65.

5. important person: Beilis, “Mayn Lebn in Turme,” Haynt, December 2, 1913, p. 4.

6. Margolin, received word: Margolin, The Jews of Eastern Europe, p. 243.

7. Margolin encouraged Brazul: Margolin, The Jews of Eastern Europe, pp. 178–79.

8. “gang of thieves”: Stepanov, Chernaia (1992), p. 288; Tager, Tsarskaia, pp. 150–51.

9. escorting him: GAKO f. 864, op. 10, d. 11, l. 3b., l. 103–104b.

10. indictment: GAKO-DpdB (reel 3) f. 183, op. 5, d. 4, l. 168. The entire text of the first indictment can be found in l. 165–69.

11. visitors’ chamber: Beilis, “Mayn Lebn in Turme,” Haynt, December 2, 1913, p. 4; “Beilis’s Own Story,” Literary Digest, December 6, 1913, pp. 1136–37.

12. typhoid fever: Beilis, My Sufferings, p. 79.

13. “slow blood loss”: GAKO-DpdB (reel 3) f. 183, op. 5, d. 4, l. 166–67.

14. “read between the lines”: Margolin, The Jews of Eastern Europe, p. 182.

15. requiem: Rech’, March 12, 1912.

16. stalked into the ball: Rech’, March 14, 1912; Rech’, March 15, 1912.

17. “firm basis”: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 151; Tager, “Tsarskoe pravitel’stvo,” p. 165.

18. “Personal. Top Secret”: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 117; Tager, “Tsarskoe pravitel’stvo,” p. 167.

19. “inadequacy of the evidence”: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 160; Tager, “Tsarskoe pravitel’stvo,” p. 167.

20. Opanasenko: Tager, Tsarskaia, pp. 171–72; GAKO-DpdB (reel 3) f. 183, op. 5, d. 4, l. 386.

21. “felt like a bullet”: Beilis, “Mayn Lebn in Turme,” Haynt, December 4, 1913, p. 3.

22. first mention: Jewish Chronicle, May 5, 1911; New York Times, May 15, 1911.

23. most hospitable soil: Szajkowski, “The Impact of the Beilis Case,” pp. 198, 203.

24. “No one has ever accused”: Samuel, Blood Accusation, p. 238.

25. “vendetta of the Jews”: Samuel, Blood Accusation, p. 239.

26. “ministers of foreign affairs”: Szajkowski, “Paul Nathan,” p. 179.

27. solicited no Jews: Szajkowski, “The Impact of the Beilis Case,” pp. 199–200.

28. open letters: Szajkowski, “The Impact of the Beilis Case,” p. 209; Samuel, Blood Accusation, p. 232; Rech’, March 12, 1912.

29. fine-tuned: Rech’, March 17, 1912.

30. Times letter: Times of London, May 4, 1912.

31. Baron Heyking: Times of London, May 10, 1912.

32. “end in the exoneration”: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 161; Tager, “Tsarskoe pravitel’stvo,” p. 170.

33. Shcheglovitov immediately: Tager, Tsarskaia, pp. 162–63.

34. character straight out of Dostoyevsky: Samuel, Blood Accusation, p. 148.

35. “spark of truth”: STEN I, p. 677.

36. “seamy side”: Geifman, Thou Shalt, p. 154.

37. pistol-packing: Montefiore, Young Stalin, p. 10.

38. bandit gangs: Geifman, Thou Shalt, pp. 126, 135, 25.

39. Karaev: STEN II, p. 666.

40. lenient sentences: Geifman, Thou Shalt, pp. 223–26.

41. Karaev agreed: STEN I, p. 681.

42. Makhalin dropped by: STEN I, p. 669.

43. Ferdydudel: GAKO-DpdB (reel 2) f. 2, op. 229, d. 264, l. 345.

44. restaurant Versailles: GAKO-DpdB (reel 2) f. 2, op. 229, d. 264, l. 347.

45. thrown up: STEN I, p. 214.

46. “ministerial brain”: STEN II, p. 7.

47. outdoor latrine: STEN II, p. 7.

48. “Brazul’s Declaration”: GAKO-DpdB (reel 3) f. 183, op. 5, d. 4, l. 410–12, 409–409 ob.

49. “outcry in the Yid press”: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 187.

50. “unfavorably disposed”: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 186.

51. “completely sufficient material”: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 159.

52. “chase my well-wishers”: Tager, “Tsarskoe Pravitel’stvo,” p. 173.

53. under the code name: Padenie, vol. 3, p. 370.

54. one hundred rubles: Stepanov, Chernaia (1992), p. 300.

55. “agent provocateur”: Stepanov, Chernaia (2005), p. 381.

56. She told Karbovsky: GAKO-DpdB (reel 3) f. 183, op. 5, d. 4, l. 402.

57. Tager, who reviewed: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 190.

58. “a Jew, very plump”: GAKO-DpdB (reel 2) f. 2, op. 229, d. 264, l. 264.

59. Margolin: His version of Kharkov meeting is in GAKO-DpdB (reel 2) f. 2, op. 229, l. 26–33 ob. and in STEN I, pp. 522–29.

60. filed libel suits: Rech’, July 8, 1912.

61. neutralizing Nikolai Krasovsky: Kovbasa, 16 kopeks—Rech’, August 8, 1912; Lottery ticket—Rech’, May 24, 1912, and June 4, 1913. More on charges in Rech’: September 1, 1912; September 2, 1912; October 10, 1912; November 14, 1912; December 21, 1912.

62. Sherlock Holmes: Melamed, “Krasovskii,” p. 167; Samuel, Blood Accusation, p. 46.

63. Makhalin had the good sense: Tager, Tsarskaia, pp. 248, 238.

64. “Yushchinsky’s murderer!”: Rech’, July 13, 1912.

65. “caught Zhenya and Andrusha”: Ludmila Cheberyak’s deposition of August 13, 1912, in GAKO-DpdB (reel 2) f. 2, op. 229, l. 13–16 ob.

8. “The Worst and Most Fearful Thing”

1. “It would be curious”: Beilis, My Sufferings, pp. 77–79.

2. “healthy shoots”: Verner, The Crisis, p. 43.

3. seventeenth-century costume: Hughes, The Romanovs, p. 221.

4. Han-Gaffari: Rech’, January 3, 1912.

5. run away: Wortman, Scenarios, vol. 2, p. 318.

6. “Above all”: Verner, The Crisis, p. 15.

7. saw himself as the heir: Wortman, Scenarios, vol. 2, p. 491.

8. wear a full beard: Wortman, Scenarios, vol. 2, p. 190.

9. “has the kike come”: Wortman, Scenarios, vol. 2, p. 483.

10. “invisible threads”: Wortman, Scenarios, vol. 2, pp. 481, 489.

11. enjoyed favor of the tsar: Wortman, Scenarios, vol. 2, pp. 460–61.

12. belief in the existence: Wortman, Scenarios, vol. 2, p. 505.

13. “no purely rational”: Rogger, Jewish Policies, p. 51.

14. “missing faith”: Rogger, Jewish Policies, pp. 53, 51.

15. “jail is hell”: Beilis, My Sufferings, pp. 81, 83.

16. “You liked to stab”: Beilis, My Sufferings, p. 80.

17. court acquitted him: Rech’, February 6, 1913; Margolin, The Jews of Eastern Europe, p. 203.

18. convicted of forgery: GAKO f. 866, op. 10, l. 36.

19. “1 ruble”: GAKO f. 866, op. 10, l. 31.

20. “Illegitimate”: GAKO f. 866, op. 10, l. 35.

21. “greatest quantity of blood”: Tager, Tsarskaia, pp. 80–81.

22. “poison me”: Beilis, “Mayn Lebn in Turme,” Haynt, December 5, 1913, p. 3.

23. “you can starve”: Beilis, My Sufferings, pp. 98–100.

24. request a copy: GAKO-DpdB (reel 3) f. 183, op. 5, d. 4, l. 128–128 ob.; Beilis, My Sufferings, pp. 120–22.

25. brothers Gorenstein: Pidzharenko, Ne ritual’noe, p. 158.

26. dashed for a window: GAKO-DpdB (reel 4) f. 183, op. 5, d. 5, l. 231 ob.; Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 153; Pidzharenko, Ne ritual’noe, p. 158; Margolin, The Jews of Eastern Europe, p. 208, speculates on Latyshev’s feelings of guilt.

27. forty-two pages: Rech’, September 29, 1913.

28. “No one can know”: Beilis, “Mayn Lebn in Turme,” Haynt, December 5, 1913, p. 3.

29. “blind man’s buff”: Margolin, The Jews of Eastern Europe, p. 181.

30. “resolute, steadfast”: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 256.

31. Catholic “import”: Klier, The Blood Libel, pp. 23, 9.

32. Church, as such, had never advocated: Klier, The Blood Libel, p. 10; Klier, Imperial Russia’s, p. 427. In the historian Laura Engelstein’s assessment: “Most voices within the Russian Orthodox community endorsed the blood ritual myth and its relevance to the [Beilis] trial, but some dissociated themselves from anti-Semitism in general and this belief in particular.” She also notes that “the [church] hierarchy did not issue an opinion on the matter, thus implicitly supporting the accusation.” Engelstein, The Keys to Happiness, pp. 326 and 326n123.

33. Liutostansky: Klier, Imperial Russia’s, pp. 423–24.

34. sure he would be murdered: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 255.

35. “disagreeable” information: Tager, Tsarskaia, pp. 261–63.

36. all Jews would stand in the dock: Klier, Imperial Russia’s, p. 426.

37. minority opinion: Tager, Tsarskaia, pp. 112–14. Tager and Margolin indicate Kamentsev and Ryzhov resigned over the case, but this is not clear from the record.

38. rode alone: Massie, Nicholas and Alexandra, p. 239.

39. “absence of”: Wortman, Scenarios, vol. 2, pp. 468, 464.

40. “Now you can see”: Massie, Nicholas and Alexandra, p. 239.

41. “blindly devoted”: Wortman, Scenarios, vol. 2, pp. 468, 467–68.

42. resolved to reestablish: Wortman, Scenarios, vol. 2, p. 502.

43. “The belief or non-belief”: Wortman, Scenarios, vol. 2, p. 505.

44. publication in Germany: Quotations are from the Russian translation, Mneniia inostrostrannykh. Ziemke, p. 31; Forel, p. 76; Wagner-Jauregg and Obersteiner, p. 91. Also quoted in Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 175. The British report is translated in Mneniia, pp. 49–58. The original is quoted in: “A Foul Libel Repelled,” Colonist (New Zealand), July 15, 1913, p. 2, http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=TC19130715.2.8. Wagner-Jauregg, ironically, was an anti-Semite who later joined the Nazi Party, though he was married to a Jewish woman and had Jewish assistants. Sengoopta Chandak, review of Julius Wagner-Jauregg by Magda Whitrow, Bulletin of the History of Medicine 70, no. 1 (Spring 1996): 147–48.

45. real purpose was to punish: Cohen, “The Abrogation,” p. 7.

46. “lack real leadership”: Lifschutz, “Hedei Alilat-Hadam Al Beilis Be-Amerikah” (hereafter, “Repercussions”), p. 209.

47. wary of acting: “Politics,” Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd ed., vol. 16 (Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007), p. 350.

48. “Jews, Jews, Jews”: Oney, And the Dead, p. 347.

49. “American Beilis”: Lifschutz, “Repercussions,” p. 207.

50. Anti-Semitism was only one factor: Oney, And the Dead, p. 347.

51. “filthy, perverted”: “Leo Frank,” Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd ed., vol. 7, p. 193.

52. As committee members pondered: The American Jewish Committee, Minutes of the Meeting of the Executive Committee held on November 8, 1913, pp. 12–15. American Jewish Committee Archives. Available at: http://www.ajcarchives.org/ajcarchive/DigitalArchive.asp; Lifschutz, “Repercussions,” p. 212.

53. Kramer’s Comedy Theater: Lifschutz, “Repercussions,” p. 210.

54. “Mendel Beilis epidemic”: Berkowitz, “Mendel Beilis Epidemic,” p. 201.

55. performing a duet: Moment (Yiddish), “How Beilis Is Being Performed in America,” Moment, December 29, 1913, p. 3.

56. romantic subplot: Berkowitz, “Mendel Beilis Epidemic,” p. 210. Berkowitz notes Beilis’s daughter’s age as eight, but she was five.

57. “voice of the people”: Moment, “How Beilis Is Being Performed.”

58. “few dollars”: Berkowitz, “Mendel Beilis Epidemic,” p. 201.

59. “It is this not knowing why”: Beilis, “Mayn Lebn in Turme,” Haynt, December 2, 1913, p. 4.

60. “failure to observe formalities”: Rech’, October 11, 1913.

61. Brazul was charged with lèse-majesté: Margolin, The Jews of Eastern Europe, p. 207; Materialy Chrezvychainoi, pp. 298–99.

62. fortress: Pares, Russia and Reform, pp. 363–64.

63. Karaev wrote a letter: Tager, Tsarskaia, pp. 238–39.

64. dandyish getups: Samuel, Blood Accusation, p. 147.

65. “accompanying a groom”: Beilis, My Sufferings, pp. 123–24.

66. “go in good health”: Beilis, “Mayn Lebn in Turme,” Haynt, December 7, 1913, p. 3.

67. looked out the window: “Beilis’s Own Story,” Literary Digest, December 6, 1913, pp. 1134–37, 1143–44; Beilis, My Sufferings, p. 125.

68. “I will pay you”: Beilis, My Sufferings, p. 126.

69. Karabchevsky: Beilis, My Sufferings, pp. 127–30.

70. led him into the courtroom: Beilis, “Mayn Lebn in Turme,” Haynt, December 12, 1913, p. 3.

9. “Yes, a Jew!”

1. “A place can scarcely”: Vladimir Nabokov, “Na protsesse,” Rech’, September 25, 1913.

2. news organizations: Rech’, August 29, 1913; Rech’, August 26, 1913.

3. simple peasants: Beilis, “Mayn Lebn in Turme,” Haynt, December 12, 1913, p. 3; Korolenko, “Na Luk’ianovke,” subheading III, http://ldn-knigi.lib.ru/JUDAICA/Korol_Stat.htm.

4. “strangers to the high aims”: Aleksandr Tager speculated that Chaplinsky’s right-hand man, A. A. Karbovsky, rigged the jury. Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 231.

5. three times as great: Korolenko, “2. Gospoda prisiazhnye zasedateli.”

6. “state of mind”: Tager, Tsarskaia, pp. 231–34.

7. “my bellicose”: Gruzenberg, Yesterday, p. 38; Samuel, Blood Accusation, p. 177.

8. “legal ladies”: Utevskii, Vospominaniia, p. 24.

9. man obsessed: Utevskii, Vospominaniia, 149; Karabchevskii, “Rech’ v zashchitu Ol’gi Palem,” Sudebnye rechi, http://az.lib.ru/k/karabchewskij_n_p/text_0050.shtml266. Trial of Egor Sazonov: Karabchevskii, “Rech’ v zashchitu Sazonova,” Sudebnye rechi, http://az.lib.ru/k/karabchewskij_n_p/text_0050.shtml (Search term: “gremuchei rtut’iu”); Utevskii, Vospominaniia, p. 152; Kucherov, Courts, pp. 229–30.

10. Zarudny: Troitskii, Sud’by rossiiskikh advokatov, pp. 82–92, http://www.sgu.ru/files/nodes/9851/rus_ad.pdf; Karabchevskii, Chto moi glaza videli (Chapter Six), http://az.lib.ru/k/karabchewskij_n_p/text_0030.shtml.

11. Maklakov: Dedkov, Konservativnyi liberalism, pp. 221–31; Zviagintsev, Rokovaia femida, pp. 227–34.

12. Grigorovich-Barsky: Rech’, September 25, 1913.

13. “In the world”: Ruud and Stepanov, Fontanka 16 (Russian edition), p. 323.

14. “fair and honest”: Margolin, The Jews of Eastern Europe, p. 217.

15. “not by nature”: Gruzenberg, Yesterday, p. 113. For Margolin’s similar assessment of Zamyslovsky, see Margolin, The Jews of Eastern Europe, p. 218.

16. “Fedya”: Utevskii, Vospominaniia, pp. 26–31.

17. “course of hydrotherapy”: Tager, “Protsess Beilisa,” p. 92.

18. He stayed motionless: Jewish Chronicle, October 10, 1913; S. Ansky, “Vpechatleniia,” Rech’, September 26, 1913.

19. “Yes, a Jew!”: STEN I, p. 3; Beilis, My Sufferings, p. 136.

20. “dark-complexioned”: Nabokov, “Na protsesse,” Rech’, October 12, 1913.

21. “beautiful, restlessly”: Rech’, September 26, 1913.

22. “near to fainting”: Beilis, My Sufferings, p. 136.

23. “old friends”: Beilis, My Sufferings, p. 137.

24. sat nervously: Rech’, September 27, 1913.

25. strong, clear voice: Kievskaia Mysl’, September 27, 1913.

26. “Do you admit”: STEN I, p. 37.

27. deeply resonant sobs: Vladimir Bonch-Bruevich, Kievskaia Mysl’, September 27, 1913; S. Ansky, “Vpechatleniia,” Rech’, September 26, 1913.

28. “Did you love him”: STEN I, p. 41.

29. “maybe the Jews”: STEN I, p. 84.

30. “We must inform”: Bonch-Bruevich, Kievskaia Mysl’, September 29, 1913.

31. hours on end: Stepan Kondurushkin, “Vpechatleniia,” Rech’, September 29, 1913.

32. “strange impression”: Tager, “Protsess,” p. 96.

33. police were on trial: Rech’, September 28, 1913; noted in secret police reports—Tager, “Protsess,” p. 97.

34. “disappeared”: STEN I, p. 82; Rech’, September 28, 1913.

35. Tartakovsky: STEN I, p. 291.

36. jumpy, unnerved: Tager, “Protsess,” p. 96.

37. “scribbled over”: STEN I, p. 164.

38. The price quickly: Rech’, September 28, 1913; Tager, “Protsess,” p. 97. The Kievan had no set newsstand price but would ordinarily have cost a few kopeks.

39. “The Beilis indictment”: Shulgin, The Years, pp. 114–15. The closest parallel to Shulgin as a defector from the Left was the philosopher Vasily Rozanov, a decadent sensualist known as “Russia’s Nietzsche,” who was (and still is) regarded as a brilliant literary stylist. In a series of articles published in the leading right-wing newspaper, New Times (Novoe Vremia), he scandalized Russia’s cultural and intellectual world by proclaiming Beilis’s guilt. In one passage, Rozanov argued that Andrei’s wounds formed a mystical, coded message that said the boy was a sacrificial victim to God. One critic professed mock admiration that Rozanov could tease out a whole sentence from the wounds, while poor Father Pranaitis could only manage a single Hebrew word, “echad.” In reaction to his support of the prosecution, Rozanov was himself put on trial by his intellectual peers and nearly expelled from the avant-garde Religious-Philosophical Society. In the end, the members voted only to severely rebuke, not expel him, but he left the group. He collected his articles in a book, The Olfactory and Tactile Relation of Jews to Blood (Oboniatel’noe i osiazatel’noe otnoshenie evreev k krovi). See Harriet Murav, “The Beilis Ritual Murder Trial,” pp. 247–58; Engelstein, The Keys to Happiness, pp. 324–27; Matich, Erotic Utopia, pp. 243-45 and p. 299n73.

40. harass the press: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 208.

41. fining Nabokov: Vladimir Nabokov, Speak Memory, p. 176.

42. striking workers: Rech’, September 26, 1913.

43. although they considered: Rech’, September 28, 1913.

44. “So you are”: STEN I, p. 144.

45. Daria Chekhovskaya: STEN I, p. 157.

46. “ ‘day of the black beards’ ”: Kondurushkin, “Vpechatleniia,” Rech’, September 30, 1913.

47. “Did the detectives”: STEN I, pp. 175–76, 181, 183.

48. “full deck”: Kievlianin, September 30, 1913.

49. “Yes”: STEN I, pp. 191, 195.

50. fined him ten rubles: Rech’, July 11, 1912.

51. confiscated: Rech’, June 25, 1912.

52. night of September 5: Rech’ September 9, 1912.

53. “No, I can talk”: STEN I, p. 200.

54. A refreshed Golubev: STEN I, pp. 201, 206.

55. erupted in laughter: STEN I, p. 204; Rech’, October 1, 1913.

56. piled into twenty-five carriages: Bonch-Bruevich, Znamenie, pp. 68–76; STEN I, pp. 215–19; Kondurushkin, “Vpechatleniia,” Rech’, September 30, 1913.

57. “dancing couple”: STEN II, p. 27.

58. “Of course, we knew him!”: Korolenko, “Na Luk’ianovke,” subheading VI, http://ldn-knigi.lib.ru/JUDAICA/Korol_Stat.htm.

59. Vipper the prosecutor fretted: Kondurushkin, “Vpechatleniia,” Rech’, September 30, 1913.

60. shambled: Bonch-Bruevich, Znamenie, p. 61.

61. air of hopeful confidence: Samuel, Blood Accusation, p. 70.

62. “What do you know”: STEN I, p. 222; Rech’, October 2, 1913.

63. crossing herself: Jewish Chronicle, October 24, 1913, p. 20.

64. “nauseous case”: Times of London, October 15, 1913.

65. Simon of Trent: Po-Chia Hsia’s gripping Trent 1475 is the definitive account.

66. Tiszaeszlar: Yehouda Marton, “Tiszaeszlar,” Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd ed., vol. 19, p. 735; Gale Virtual Reference Library. The dead girl, whose name was Eszter Solymosi, was later established to have committed suicide by throwing herself into a river. The Tiszaeszlar case was of considerable political significance. Anti-Semitic parliament deputies vocally supported the case, which was accompanied in 1883 by violent attacks on Jews in Budapest and elsewhere. In some areas, the authorities declared a state of emergency to protect Jewish lives and property. In the trial’s aftermath, an anti-Semitic party was founded that won seventeen seats in the Hungarian parliament.

67. Talberg: Materialy Chrezvychainoi, p. 81.

68. He complained: Materialy Chrezvychainoi, p. 147.

69. Koshko: Koshko, “O dele Beilisa,” pp. 165–66, 173–77. Koshko later became the head of criminal investigations for the entire empire, so his opposition to the Beilis case did not obstruct his advancement. The value of Koshko’s memoir, written years after the trial, is mainly in the account of the conversation with Shcheglovitov. Regarding details of the case, it contains significant factual errors and needs to be used with caution.

70. “Let him [Beilis] be acquitted”: Stepanov, Chernaia (1995), p. 392.

71. “severely unnerves”: Tager, “Protsess,” p. 98.

72. “the judge skillfully”: Tager, “Protsess,” p. 101.

73. Boldyrev was aware: Materialy Chrezvychainoi, pp. 171, 186.

74. “sheds rivers”: Berkowitz, “Epidemic,” pp. 204–205; see also, “Ritual Murder Play: Actor Acting in His Stage Version of Beiliss Case to Crowds,” New York Times, November 21, 1913.

75. “three-dimensional newsreels”: Stefan Kanfer, Stardust Lost: The Triumph, Tragedy and Mishugas of the Yiddish Theater in America” (New York: Vintage Books, 2007), p. 114.

76. “deep Jewishness”: Berkowitz, “Mendel Beilis Epidemic,” p. 205.

77. assimilationists to be “furious”: Jewish Chronicle, October 17, 1913, pp. 23–24.

78. “discreet diplomacy”: Szajkowski, “The Impact of the Beilis Case,” p. 205.

79. state legislatures: 1914 American Jewish Yearbook, p. 135; Lifschutz, “Repercussions,” note 39.

80. “elegant women”: Bonch-Bruevich, Znamenie, pp. 95–96.

81. gold buttons: Kievlianin, October 3, 1913.

82. ravenous: Kievlianin, October 3, 1913.

83. “illiterate Jews”: STEN I, p. 276.

84. “gesticulation”: Jewish Chronicle, October 24, 1913, p. 20.

85. elegantly dressed: Rech’, October 3, 1913; Bonch-Bruevich, Znamenie, p. 90.

86. Polishchuk, startlingly: STEN I, pp. 282–84.

87. chestnut hair: Bonch-Bruevich, Znamenie, pp. 93–94; Rech’, October 3, 1913.

88. the girl told the court: STEN I, pp. 295–97.

89. eye-to-eye: STEN I, p. 298.

90. feather pom-pom: Bonch-Bruevich, Znamenie, p. 96.

91. Beilis could stare: Viktor Sosedov, “Otryvki,” Kievlianin, October 4, 1913.

92. skeptical reporter: Kievlianin, October 3, 1913.

93. “Would you be so kind as to read aloud”: STEN I, p. 303.

94. “metallic”: Kievlianin, October 3, 1913. Vialtseva’s voice can be heard on YouTube by searching her name in Russian letters (Vial’tseva).

95. “running away”: Rech’, October 3, 1913.

96. eyewitnesses and liars: Kievlianin, October 3, 1913.

97. sent Zhenya: STEN I, p. 309.

98. “Were you questioned”: STEN I, p. 310, pp. 310–13.

99. “boy suddenly shrank”: Kievlianin, October 5, 1913.

100. “slightly increased”: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 125; Tager, “Protsess,” p. 98.

101. “lying bitch”: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 199.

10. “We Have Seen the Killer”

1. feed had become too expensive: STEN I, pp. 359, 273, 393.

2. “annoying formality”: Kievlianin, October 11, 1913.

3. “What do you think happened”: Rech’, October 6, 1913.

4. Vyshemirsky: Beilis, My Sufferings, pp. 140–45; STEN I, pp. 403–9. The core of Beilis’s account is accurate, but Beilis presents Vyshemirsky as far more well-spoken than he actually was.

5. “In any normal trial”: “Iz zaly suda,” Kievskaia Mysl’, October 6, 1913.

6. “on Paris boulevards”: “Vpechatleniia,” Kievskaia Mysl’, October 7, 1913.

7. one general: Petrovsky-Shtern, Jews in the Russian Army, pp. 134–35.

8. more at home in Berlin: GAKO f. 864, op. 10, d. 5, l. 35.

9. “not a comedy”: Rech’, October 6, 1913.

10. “in the Jewish cemetery”: Rech’, October 7, 1913.

11. workers from the Zaitsev factory testified: STEN I, pp. 433–60.

12. in the Chicago Loop: All details about the rally are from “Overflow Crowd and a Speaker at Beilis Trial Protest Mass Meeting,” Chicago Tribune, October 20, 1913, p. 1; on its organization, “ ‘Ritual Murder Protest Today,’ ” Chicago Tribune, October 19, 1913, and “Set Beilis Protest Meeting,” Chicago Tribune, October 16, 1913.

13. Mass meetings were held in Cincinnati: American Jewish Yearbook, p. 136; Lifschutz, “Repercussions,” note 39. Oddly, in New York, the America city with the biggest Jewish population, a protest of five hundred City College students appears to have been the largest one. Lifschutz, “Repercussions,” note 39.

14. Hirsch wrote: “Editorial Notes,” The Advocate: America’s Jewish Journal 46 (1913): 338.

15. Champ Clark: Lifschutz, “Repercussions,” note 41.

16. Sabath resolution: “Congress Takes Up Defense of Beiliss; Representative Sabath Offers a Joint Resolution of Protest,” New York Times, October 18, 1913, p. 4.

17. “Czar on Trial”: New York Times, October 9, 1913.

18. “And Yet”: Lifschutz, “Repercussions,” note 35.

19. “much surprised”: Lifschutz, “Repercussions,” note 52.

20. “no knowledge”: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 218.

21. “more than ready”: Lifschutz, “Repercussions,” p. 218.

22. “unfortunate effect”: Lifschutz, “Repercussions,” p. 218. Wilson argued, with some foundation, that Beilis would, in any event, be acquitted. The Russian foreign minister himself, who was sharing the consensus of elite opinion—the trial was, after all, clearly going badly for the prosecution—had told Wilson he was “certain” of such an outcome. See Lifschutz, “Repercussions,” note 50.

23. “talented lawyer”: Gruzenberg, Yesterday, p. 111.

24. glass of water: Rech’, October 8, 1913.

25. “unthoughtful”: Nabokov, “Na protsesse,” Rech’, October 8, 1913.

26. “honest, thick-skinned”: Jewish Chronicle, October 24, 1913, p. 23.

27. “mental faculties”: STEN I, p. 528.

28. eye-to-eye: STEN I, p. 535.

29. swarmed the court: Kievskaia Mysl’, October 9, 1913.

30. Prince A. D. Obolensky: Kievskaia Mysl’, October 9, 1913. American Jewish Yearbook, p. 17.

31. King Constantine: Rech’, October 7, 1913; Jewish Chronicle, October 11, 1913.

32. “story of the switches”: see note to p. 111.

33. “Christian letters”: GAKO-DpdB (reel 3) f. 183, op. 5, d. 4, l. 413-18.

34. early newspaper account: STEN I, p. 606.

35. “methods were reprehensible”: Nabokov, “Na protsesse,” Rech’, October 9, 1913.

36. needed to kill: STEN I, p. 601.

37. “airplanes, or ride on motorcycles”: STEN I, p. 623.

38. felt to her like a body: STEN I, p. 618.

39. “When I was sleeping”: STEN I, p. 607.

40. “ ‘I had a dream’ ”: STEN I, p. 623.

41. “sincerity”: Rech’, October 10, 1913; Kievlianin, October 10, 1913.

42. “psychosis”: Kievianin, October 10, 1913.

43. wholly expressionless: Nabokov, “Na protsesse,” Rech’, October 11, 1913.

44. acceded to a plan: Materialy Chrezvychainoi, pp. 172–73.

45. “deadly simplicity”: Nabokov, “Na Protsesse,” Rech’, October 11, 1913.

46. “Beilis had reminded us”: Nabokov, “Na Protsesse,” Rech’, October 11, 1913.

47. “defendant”: Nabokov, “Na protesse,” Rech’, October 11, 1913; Kondurushkin, “Vpechatleniia,” Rech’, October 11, 1913.

48. Zamyslovsky attempted: STEN II, pp. 66–68.

49. On cross-examination: STEN II, pp. 71–73.

50. eye-to-eye: STEN II, pp. 73–74.

51. visceral reaction: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 250.

11. “Gentlemen of the Jury!”

1. rumor: Tager, “Protsess,” p. 101.

2. “some kind of sensation”: Nabokov, “Na protsesse,” Rech’, October 14, 1913.

3. once been imprisoned: Vladimir Nabokov, the son, writes in his autobiography, Speak Memory (p. 29): “My father spent a restful, if somewhat lonesome three months in solitary confinement, with his books, his collapsible bathtub and his copy of J. P. Muller’s manual of home gymnastics.” V. D. Nabokov served the sentence in 1908 as punishment for taking part in the “Vyborg Manifesto,” a protest against the disbanding of the First Duma by Tsar Nicholas.

4. “fantastic”: Nabokov, “Na protsesse,” Rech’, October 12, 1913.

5. Maslash: STEN II, p. 96.

6. “folded his hands”: STEN II, p. 101.

7. Three days earlier: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 251; Materialy Chrezvychainoi, p. 173; Testimony of Beletsky, Padenie, vol. 3, pp. 370–71, 375.

8. Ivanov confided: Materialy Chrezvychainoi, p. 131; Tager, Tsarskaia, pp. 141–44.

9. Jewish money: STEN II, pp. 107–8.

10. “only honest”: STEN II, p. 115.

11. “I believe”: Nabokov, “Na protsesse,” Rech’, October 14, 1913.

12. “tribal enmity”: Tager, “Protsess,” p. 106.

13. reading of the psalter: Kondurushkin, “Vpechatlaniia,” Rech’, October 15, 1913.

14. “The eyelids”: STEN II, pp. 151, 165.

15. box with jars: STEN II, p. 160.

16. Kosorotov: Tager, Tsarskaia, pp. 80–83; Materialy Chrezvychainoi, pp. 64, 112, 187–88; Testimony of Beletsky, Padenie, vol. 3, pp. 381–82; Beletsky explains how the Ten Million Ruble Fund worked in Padenie, vol. 3, pp. 379–80.

17. “If they had wanted”: STEN II, p. 178.

18. dissected heart: STEN II, p. 173.

19. “That’s all the blood”: STEN II, p. 176.

20. collected the blood: STEN II, p. 177.

21. nothing like the state: STEN II, p. 187.

22. filled with blood: STEN II, p. 192.

23. “nonsense”: STEN II, p. 209.

24. “with whatever weapon”: STEN II, p. 212.

25. “mental deterioration”: Nabokov, “Na protsesse,” Rech’, October 23, 1913.

26. “The murder”: STEN II, p. 253.

27. “of unseen hand”: STEN II, p. 254.

28. “Their capital”: STEN II, p. 256.

29. “Bankers, doctors, sexual psychopaths”: S. El’patevskii, “Vpechatleniia,” Kievskaia Mysl’, October 19, 1913.

30. defense objections: STEN II, p. 258.

31. “Could you tell us”: STEN II, p. 263.

32. “How can we judge Beilis”: Tager, “Protsess,” p. 111.

33. Book of Neophyte: STEN II, pp. 303–307.

34. “boils”: This passage derives from Deuteronomy 28:27 where Moses tells his people that if they do not obey God’s commandments and laws, “The Lord will smite thee with the botch of Egypt, and with the emerods, and with the scab, and with the itch, whereof thou canst not be healed.”

35. Maklakov: STEN II, pp. 307–308.

36. “The extermination”: STEN II, p. 318.

37. Jack of Diamonds: Rech’, October 21, 1913.

38. “Frankists”: STEN II, p. 362. Frankism was an eighteenth-century heretical religious movement centered around the charismatic leader Jacob Frank. According to the YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, “The Frankists initially thought of themselves as a branch of Judaism opposed to the authority of the rabbis and rejecting some elements of rabbinic tradition. Subsequently, Frankists redefined themselves as a separate religious group, practically independent from hitherto existing forms of both Judaism and Christianity.” In 1759, Frank converted to Catholicism; http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Frankism.

39. Even Kosorotov: STEN II, p. 223.

40. “Sweating, wiping”: Nabokov, “Na protesse,” Rech’, October 21, 1913.

41. Shmakov grew openly angry: “Iz zaly suda,” Kievskaia Mysl’, October 21, 1913.

42. burst into laughter: El’patevskii, “Vpechatleniia,” Kievskaia Mysl’, October 22, 1913.

43. “why it was white”: STEN II, p. 339.

44. plagiarized: Shnayer Leiman, “Benzion Katz: Mrs. Baba Bathra,” p. 52n3.

45. “ploy will backfire”: Leiman, “Benzion Katz: Mrs. Baba Bathra,” p. 55.

46. “would sooner believe”: Nabokov, “Na Protesse,” Rech’, October 23, 1913.

47. Pranaitis was recalled: Based on STEN II, pp. 434–35, and Leiman, “Benzion Katz: Mrs. Baba Bathra,” pp. 55–56. The Baba Bathra episode, vividly recounted by Katz, does not appear in the transcript, which was widely recognized to be imperfect.

48. “Many congratulated”: Leiman, “Benzion Katz: Mrs. Baba Bathra,” p. 56.

49. “ignorance”: Tager, “Protsess,” pp. 111–13.

50. “papal bulls”: STEN II, p. 336.

51. made sure it would not arrive: Tager, “Tsarskoe pravitel’stvo,” p. 345; on the effort to obtain the Vatican’s authentication, see Szajkowski, “The Impact of the Beilis Case,” pp. 356–59. The historian David I. Kertzer mischaracterizes this episode in The Popes Against the Jews, pp. 227–28, 230–36, entirely omitting the role of Ambassador Nelidov in ensuring the letter would not arrive in time for the trial, and blaming the Vatican for the failure of the letter to be introduced at the trial. Lawlor, in Were the Popes Against Jews?, pp. 125–46, corrects some of Kertzer’s errors but unfortunately confuses the chronology by failing to take into account the thirteen-day difference between the Julian calendar used in Russia and the Gregorian one used in the West. Kertzer is on firmer ground in his harsh assessment of the Vatican’s failure to condemn the blood libel at the time of the Beilis trial, or afterward. Kertzer points out that Catholic publications regarded as close to the Vatican published articles advocating for the ritual murder charge. The semiofficial Vatican periodical Civilta Cattolica published two articles on the Beilis trial in the spring of 1914 by a Jesuit, Father Paolo Silva, entirely supporting the prosecution’s point of view. In the articles, titled “Jewish Trickery and Papal Documents—Apropos of a Recent Trial,” Father Silva wrote that “the murder [in Kiev] was committed by people who wanted to extract the blood” and that the Jews regard blood as “a drink like milk” (Kertzer, p. 236). The Catholic newspapers L’Unita Cattolica in Florence and L’Univers in France also supported the ritual-murder charge. See also Charlotte Klein, “From Damascus to Kiev: Civilta Cattolica on Ritual Murder,” in The Blood Libel Legend, pp. 194–96, and passim on Civilta’s advocacy of the blood libel from 1881 to 1914, pp. 180–96. Lawlor (see above) defends the Vatican’s conduct.

52. vertical slash: The document’s significance was first noted by Alexander Tager. Tager, Tsarskaia, photostat following p. 160; Tager, Decay of Czarism, photostat no. 9. Reproduced in the photo section of this book.

53. “anemia of the brain”: STEN III, p. 192.

54. medical attention: Samuel, Blood Accusation, p. 219.

55. “If a non-Jew”: STEN III, p. 4.

56. “unseen hand”: STEN III, p. 5.

57. “under their yoke”: STEN III, p. 18.

58. “question of the cow”: STEN III, p. 38.

59. “prisoner’s dock”: STEN III, p. 41.

60. “pronounce the verdict”: STEN III, p. 57.

61. “ultraviolet clues”: “Iz zaly suda,” Kievskaia Mysl’, October 25, 1913.

62. feared the speech: Nabokov, “Na protsesse,” Rech’, October 25, 1913.

63. dismissing as a “legend”: STEN III, p. 95.

64. “Why not Beilis and Vera?”: STEN III, p. 96.

65. Hamentaschen: STEN III, p. 108; “Iz zaly suda,” Kievskaia Mysl’, October 25, 1913.

66. “unseen hand”: STEN III, p. 98.

67. “overwhelming weapon”: STEN III, p. 98.

68. “perhaps”: STEN III, p. 124. In his memoirs, written two decades later, Maklakov wrote that he himself was, in principle, willing to acknowledge the possibility that somewhere Jewish fanatics had committed ritual murders. “In such an admission,” he insisted, “there is nothing insulting,” arguing that a religion is not responsible for fanatical sects that commit awful acts in its name. In 1956, he carried on correspondence on this topic with his contemporary, the Jewish attorney Mark Vishniak, who reproached him for taking such a position. Indeed, the argument that unspecified Jewish ritual murders may have occurred at some time or some place is clearly fallacious. Of the scores of known cases in the record, not a single one proved to be well-founded. Therefore, it has been pointed out, the notion that there are unknown cases with unknown evidence in which unknown Jews were actually guilty is illogical. See Maklakov, Iz vospominanii, pp. 256–57; O. Budnitskii, “V.A. Maklakov i evreiskii vopros,” pp. 53–54.

69. “The prosecution”: STEN III, p. 124.

70. “I will rely only”: STEN III, p. 136.

71. “She alone”: STEN III, p. 136.

72. “most frightening”: STEN III, p. 137.

73. “But together”: STEN III, p. 138.

74. At those words: El’patevskii, “Vpechatleniia,” Kievskaia Mysl’, October 26, 1913.

75. “invention of Cheberyak”: Ubiistvo Iushchinskogo, “Rech’ V.A. Maklakova,” p. 64; STEN III, p. 145. The text in Maklakov’s published version differs slightly from that in the transcript. Maklakov’s text has been generally preferred here, given the attorneys’ own complaints about inaccuracies in the transcript. See Margolin, The Jews of Eastern Europe, p. 156.

76. “all of Lukianovka”: Ubiistvo Iushchinskogo, “Rech’ V.A. Maklakova,” p. 64; STEN III, p. 145.

77. “You have been told”: Ubiistvo Iushchinskogo, “Rech’ V.A. Maklakova,” p. 87; STEN III, p. 155.

78. “suicide”: Ubiistvo Iushchinskogo, “Rech’ V.A. Maklakova,” p. 84; STEN III, p. 154. In the published version of the speech (p. 87), Maklakov warns more declaratively that, in the event of an unjust verdict, “it will be forever remembered that a court of Russian jurors, out of hatred for the Jewish people, turned away from the truth.” It is not clear if he actually said those words in court.

79. “frightful accusation”: STEN III, p. 155.

80. “I firmly hope”: STEN III, p. 193.

81. “I was always on the side”: Budnitskii, “V.A. Maklakov i evreiskii vopros,” pp. 53–54.

82. “the more eloquent”: Samuel, Blood Accusation, p. 225.

83. “took the liberty”: Gruzenberg, Yesterday, pp. 107–8.

84. candelabrum: STEN III, p. 203.

85. “court is a kind of temple”: STEN III, p. 195.

86. allusions: STEN III, p. 203.

87. “negative system”: STEN III, p. 214.

88. “axiom”: STEN III, pp. 214, 217.

89. “the coat”: STEN III, p. 213.

90. “Defendant Beilis”: STEN III, p. 272; Bonch-Bruevich, Znamenie, p. 184.

91. Jewish leaders: Lifschutz, “Repercussions,” pp. 213–14.

92. Jewish organized labor: Lifschutz, “Repercussions,” pp. 210–11.

93. At eight a.m.: Beilis, My Sufferings, pp. 182–83.

94. St. Sophia Square filled: Viktor Sosedov, “Otryvki,” Kievskaia Mysl’, October 29, 1913; Rech’, October 29, 1913.

95. The jury’s first charge: The text of both questions appears in STEN III, p. 299.

96. prejudicial: On the prejudicial formulation of the two questions, see Nabokov, “Delo Beilisa,” Pravo, no. 44 (November 3, 1913): 2522–24.

97. Nabokov wrote: Nabokov, “Na Protsesse,” Rech’, October 29, 1913. Nabokov analyzes Boldyrev’s prejudiced charged to the jury in “Delo Beilisa,” Pravo, no. 45 (November 10, 1913): 2577–80.

98. “You know that the body”: STEN III, p. 289.

99. Most of those: Tager, Tsarskaia, p. 229; Bonch-Bruevich, Znamenie, p. 186.

100. Gruzenberg could only think: “Beseda s pris. pov. O.O. Gruzenbergom,” Rech’, October 30, 1913. Gruzenberg’s candid admission of pessimism, made to a reporter soon after the verdict, is at odds with his account of his state of mind in his memoirs. “I had not the slightest doubt about the outcome of the trial,” he wrote. “I believed, indeed I knew, that the conscience of a Russian would never condone the destruction of an innocent person.” Gruzenberg, Yesterday, p. 105.

101. After an hour passed: Bonch-Bruevich, Znamenie, p. 186; Bonch-Bruevich, “Reziume predesedatelia,” Kievskaia Mysl’, October 29, 1913.

102. quavering voice: Bonch-Bruevich, “Prigovor,” Kievskaia Mysl’, October 29, 1913; Bonch-Bruevich, Znamenie, pp. 188–89.

103. could not believe: “Osvobozhdenie Beilisa,” Kievskaia Mysl’, October 29, 1913.

104. “Beilis is not yours”: Samuel, Blood Accusation, p. 249; Beilis, My Sufferings, p. 188.

105. “free man”: STEN III, p. 299.

106. “Old people and children”: “U Beilisa,” Kievskaia Mysl’, October 30, 1913.

107. “Beilis Station”: Beilis, My Sufferings, p. 203.

108. Telegrams: “U Beilisa,” Kievskaia Mysl’, October 30, 1913.

109. “won’t say that I ran away”: “U Beilisa,” Kievskaia Mysl’, October 30, 1913.

110. “peculiarities of that act”: “G.G. Zamyslovskii o prigovore,” Kievskaia Mysl’, October 30, 1913; on prosecution claiming victory, see also Samuel, Blood Accusation, p. 253.

111. “comic effort”: “Beseda s pris. pov. O.O. Gruzenbergom,” Rech’, October 30, 1913.

112. New Times: Samuel, Blood Accusation, p. 250.

113. “engineered”: Szajkowski, “The Impact of the Beilis Case,” pp. 215, 216.

114. “The muzhichki”: “Beseda s pris. pov. O.O. Gruzenbergom,” Rech’, October 30, 1913.

115. “but when the foreman”: Gruzenberg, Yesterday, p. 186.

116. “political Tsushima”: Tager, “Protsess,” p. 123.

117. “dangerous internal illness”: V. A. Maklakov, “Spasitel’noe predosterezhenoe,” p. 137.

118. victory banquet: Tager, Tsarskaia, pp. 281–82.

119. promotions, and material rewards: Padenie, vol. 3, p. 378; Padenie, vol. 4, pp. 207, 426–27; Tager, Tsarskaia, pp. 281-82.

120. “It is certain”: Hans Rogger, Jewish Policies, p. 48, citing, A. I. Spiridovich, Les dernières années de la cour de Tzarskoïé-Sélo (Paris: Payot, 1928), vol. 2, p. 447.

121. He often invoked: The verse is Job 3:25. The straightforward translation used here is similar in tone to the standard Russian Orthodox translation that Nicholas would have quoted. The memoirs of the French ambassador to Russia, Maurice Paleologue, are an oft-cited source for Nicholas’s penchant for citing Job. Paleologue used an ornate French translation of the passage that was awkwardly retranslated into English and sometimes quoted as Nicholas’s words. Paleologue’s account is reproduced in Fuhrmann, Rasputin, p. 16.

12. “The Smell of Burning, Blood, and Iron”

1. neatly stacked: Stepanov, Chernaia (2005), p. 394.

2. Fastov case: The story of the case is told in Tager, Tsarskaia, pp. 287–95.

3. Chebyshev: According to Chebyshev, the decision to appoint him to succeed Chaplinsky was made by the entire council of ministers, not just by Shcheglovitov, because the government wanted to change course. “Protsess Beilisa: Razoblachenie Bol’shevikov,” Vozrozhdenie, August 24, 1933, p. 3.

4. Goncharuk was convicted: Stepanov, Chernaia (2005), p. 394.

5. Bekhterev: Bekhterev, “The Iushchinskii Murder,” p. 68n2.

6. “no one had any use”: Stepanov, Chernaia, p. 395.

7. most of her role: Samuel, Blood Accusation, p. 35, hints at a similar point, writing, “All in all, we seem to have in Vera Cheberyak a woman born out of her time and setting. In the Italy of Cesare Borgia and Caterina Sforza she might have found an adequate field for her talents…[but] she was fated to operate in mean circumstances with mean accomplices.”

8. “Café Boheme”: “Will Exonerate Beilis: Ex-Russian Police Official Says He Will Clear Up Ritual Murder Myth,” New York Times, April 23, 1914.

9. Margolin disagreed: Margolin, The Jews of Eastern Europe, p. 236.

10. Gruzenberg answered: Gruzenberg, Yesterday, p. 121.

11. “fully in tune”: Figes, A People’s Tragedy, p. 270.

12. “ministerial leapfrog”: Figes, A People’s Tragedy, p. 277.

13. “The most striking”: Figes, A People’s Tragedy, p. 351.

14. “pallid, unshaven”: Utevskii, Vospominaniia, p. 33.

15. Shcheglovitov stood: Zviagintsev, Rokovaia femida, pp. 211–12; N. N. Sukhanov, The Russian Revolution, 1917: Eyewitness Account, vol. 1, ed. and tr. Joel Carmichael (New York: Harper, 1962), p. 52.

16. soldiers led him off: Zenzinov, “Fevral’skie Dni,” p. 238.

17. “enraged crowd”: Andrei A. Ivanov and Anatolii D. Stepanov, eds., Chernaia sotnia: istoricheskaia entsiklopediia (Moscow: Institut Russkoi Tvivilizatsii, 2008), p. 308.

18. “mental breakdown”: Figes, A People’s Tragedy, p. 339.

19. “born for misfortune”: Pipes, The Russian Revolution, p. 312.

20. tsar’s signed abdication: Figes, A People’s Tragedy, pp. 339–44; Pipes, The Russian Revolution, pp. 310–17.

21. school desk, surrounded by toys: Figes, A People’s Tragedy, p. 345; Nabokov, V. D. Nabokov and the Russian Provisional Government, p. 53; Vasily Shulgin, Dni, p. 277.

22. “I seized the materials”: Gruzenberg, Yesterday, pp. 121–24.

23. “My conscience”: Padenie, vol. 3, pp. 347, 358.

24. Once pure red: Nabokov, V. D. Nabokov and the Russian Provisional Government, p. 34.

25. “one continual process”: Nabokov, V. D. Nabokov and the Russian Provisional Government, p. 35.

26. Pranaitis: Tager, Tsarskaia, pp. 272–73.

27. Vipper: Krylenko, Sudebnye, p. 58; Tager, Decay of Czarism, p. 249.

28. Makhalin: Reznik, Skvoz’ chad, p. 177.

29. Cheberyak was convicted: GAKO, f. 864, op. 10, d. 11.

30. According to an agent: Reznik, Skvoz’ chad, p. 177.

31. Cheberyak was shot: Tager, Decay of Czarism, p. 249.

32. Shoshkess: Chaim Shoshkess, “My Meeting with Mendel Beilis,” Der Tog–Morgn Zshurnal, December 1, 1963, p. 6.

33. Nabokov was shot: Nabokov, Speak Memory, p. 193; Boyd, Vladimir Nabokov: The Russian Years, pp. 190–93.

34. “Well, how can anyone”: Kucherov, Courts, p. 268; Gruzenberg, Ocherki, p. 56.

35. Brazul-Brushkovsky: Reznik, Skvoz’ chad, p. 176; Samuel, Blood Accusation, p. 255. The Jewish Telegraph agency published an obituary for Brazul in January 1924, but apparently in error.

36. Rovno: Melamed, “Krasovskii,” p. 164.

37. “did not deserve”: Melamed, “Krasovskii,” p. 165.

38. Margolin: On his life after the revolution, see Khiterer, “Arnold Davidovich Margolin,” pp. 145–67.

39. Fulbright-Margolin Prize: Khiterer, “Arnold Davidovich Margolin,” p. 163.

40. strangest fate: Shulgin, The Years, p. xiv.

41. documentary: The documentary is on Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sKPUoLAc2G4.

42. “invigorating effect”: Beilis, My Sufferings, p. 221.

43. “uncringing Jews”: Beilis, My Sufferings, p. 225.

44. destroyed their home: Beilis, My Sufferings, p. 234.

45. committed suicide: Beilis, Blood Libel, p. 218. Beilis tells of Pinchas’s suicide in the last chapter of his memoirs, which was not included in the original English edition but is translated for the first time in the valuable new edition coedited by Beilis’s grandson.

46. Addams: Beilis, Blood Libel, p. 220.

47. “exploiting myself”: Beilis, Blood Libel, p. 227.

48. “not yet sixty”: Chaim Shoshkess, “My Meeting with Mendel Beilis,” Der Tog–Morgn Zshurnal, December 1, 1963, p. 6.

49. derogatory epithet: S. Ansky, The Enemy at His Pleasure, pp. 28–29, 4.

50. Vipper had complained: STEN III, p. 52.

51. Between the early 1880s: Biale, Blood and Belief, p. 126.

52. Konitz: The definitive work on the Konitz case is Michael Walser Smith’s The Butcher’s Tale.

53. “folkloric belief”: Biale, Blood and Belief, p. 130.

54. Volkischer Beobachter: Rogger, Jewish Policies, pp. 55 and 243n44.

55. “Everywhere murder”: Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, 3rd ed., vol. 3 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003), p. 1095.

56. “lurked in the background”: Biale, Blood and Belief, p. 137.

57. Himmler explained: Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, vol. 3, pp. 1095–96.

58. “Beilis Soap”: Weinreich, Hitler’s Professors, p. 200.

59. Rzeszow: Gross, Fear: Anti-Semitism in Poland After Auschwitz, p. 74.

60. Wyszinski declined: Gross, Fear, pp. 149–50.

61. The excavation: Slater, The Many Deaths of Tsar Nicholas II, p. 26.

62. created a commission: Slater, The Many Deaths, p. 28.

63. The Church asked: Slater, The Many Deaths, pp. 30–32.

64. Jewish ritual: Slater, The Many Deaths, pp. 71–80.

65. “The motives”: Reznik, Rastlenie nenavist’iu, p. 114, citing Moskovskie Novosti, March 1–8, 1998, p. 2; Solovev rendered his official opinion on the ritual question in January 1998. Slater, The Many Deaths, p. 31.

66. Church officials refused: Slater, The Many Deaths, p. 155.

67. In the post-Soviet era: Slater, The Many Deaths, p. 74.

68. “How was it possible”: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Dvesti let vmeste, p. 446.

69. “tries in every way”: Semyon Reznik, “Vmeste ili Vroz’: Zametki o knige A.I. Solzhenitsyna, ’Dvesti let vmeste,” Zhurnal Vestnik Online, May 15, 2002, http://www.vestnik.com/issues/2002/0515/win/reznik.htm.

70. group of about fifteen men: “Antisemitizm na Kievskom Kladbishche,” Segodnia, February 21, 2004. http://www.segodnya.ua/oldarchive/c2256713004f33f5c2256e40004f79d9.html.

71. “in his thirteenth year”: This is incorrect. Andrei was thirteen years old when he died. “In his thirteenth year” would mean he was twelve.

72. someone had made off: Eduard Doks, “Kto Khochet Vozrodit’ Krovavyi Navet,” Evreiskii obozrevatel’, March 2004, http://www.jewukr.org/observer/eo2003/page_show_ru.php?id=531.

73. grave was renovated: “Pam’iati nevinno ubiennogo,” Personal Plus, no. 8 (159) February 22–28, 2006, http://www.personal-plus.net/159/471.html

74. State Department: Contemporary Global Anti-Semitism: A Report Provided the United States Congress (2008), pp. 5, 32, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/102301.pdf.

75. Anti-Defamation League: “Ukraine University of Hate: A Backgrounder on MAUP (Interregional Academy of Personnel Management),” ADL, November 3, 2006, http://www.adl.org/main_anti_semitism_international/maup_ukraine.htm.

76. no legal basis: Anshel Pfeffer, “A Grave with a Particularly Sad Story,” Haaretz, February 8, 2008. http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/a-grave-with-a-particularly-sad-story-1.238892.

77. anti-Semitism in Ukraine: In the Ukrainian parliamentary elections in October 2012, the ultranationalist Svoboda (Freedom) Party, widely regarded as xenophobic and anti-Semitic, shocked observers by winning 12 percent of the vote and representation in parliament. In the 2007 elections, it had won less than 1 percent of the vote. The party’s leader, Oleg Tyagnibok, denies charges that he hates foreigners and Jews, though he had previously been expelled from parliament for using ethnic slurs, has referred to the “Jewish-Russian mafia” that supposedly runs the country, and has called for an end to “the criminal activities of organized Jewry” in his country. David M. Herszenhorn, “Ukraine’s Ultranationalists Show Surprising Strength at Polls,” New York Times, November 8, 2012.

78. fresh flowers: Pfeffer, “A Grave,” Haaretz, February 8, 2008; Paul Berger, “Was Kiev Beating Anti-Semitic Act?: Some See Return of Old Hatreds, But Others Have Doubts,” Jewish Daily Forward, June 8, 2012; Weinberg, “The Blood Libel in Eastern Europe,” p. 283; author’s visit to grave, spring 2011.