The page references in this index correspond to the printed edition from which this ebook was created. To find a specific word or phrase from the index, please use the search feature of your ebook reader.
Aachen 105
Abu Ghraib prison 244
Abyssinia 49–50
acetycholine 54
aconitine 61
Adie, Captain 17–18
Afghanistan 43–44, 237–239
aflatoxin 242
Agee, Philip 218
Agent Orange 194–196, 199
Agricultural and Water Research Centre, Baghdad 242
Agricultural Research Council 86
Agriculture and Fisheries, Ministry of 86
Akashat factory 240
Al Fallujah factory 240
al-Hakam factory 242
Al-Qaeda organisation 251
al-Taji chemical complex 242
Alaska 185
Alexander, General 123
Alibek, Ken 245, 247, 249
Alibekov, Kanatjan 245
Ambros, Otto 54–56, 62, 64
American Chemical Society 45
Anderson, Jack 222
Anderson, Sir Austin 40
Anderson, Sir John 99
animal experiments 39–40, 60, 77, 171, 179, 242, 245
Anorgana 55
anthrax
Allied contingency plan for use of 105
attacks by contaminated letters 251
beer from same equipment 241
Biological Weapons Convention 175
Britain orders bombs 102
Camp Detrick 98
cattle cakes 87–88
code-named N 101
crudeness as a weapon 106
destruction of stocks 221
Dugway Proving Ground 174
effects of 70, 89
first suggested as BW agent 70
German cities 129, 134–136
Guinard tests 70–74
Lord Cherwell reports to Churchill on 101–103
mentioned 144, 156, 158, 170, 173
preparation of spores 70–71
prepared by the Japanese 76–79, 143
suitable as weapon 164
Sverdlovsk 223–225, 246
US attacks 2001: xi
US begins manufacturing bombs 101–104
anti-crop warfare 98–100, 163, 193–195
anti-personnel mines 104
Apen, von 144–145
Arbusov, Alexander 141
Archangel 43
Armentieres 31
“Armour for the Inner Man” 192
Army Medical Research Institute 225
Arras, Battle of 22–23
arsenic 89
Asian ’flu 171
Aspergillus fumigatus 159–160
Atelier de Pyrotechnie du Bouchet 43
Atlee, Clement 114
atomic bomb 65, 97, 100, 115, 125
atropine 57
Aultbea 68, 72
Aum Shinrikiyo cult 250–251
Australia 47, 178, 180, 230
Avonmouth mustard gas factory 28
Bacillus globigii 159
Bacon, Geoffrey 172
Bacteriological Warfare Committee 72, 84–85, 102
Bagwhan Shree Rajneesh 250
Bahamas 158, 161
Baker, James 242–243
Baldwin, Stanley 50
Balkans 133
Bandera, Stefan 202
Barcroft’s dog 38
Barcroft, Joseph 5, 37–38
Bari Harbour disaster 120–124
Barley, Colonel n 6–117
“Beam” operations 29–30
Beaverbrook, Lord 114
Beckstrom, Howard D 120–122
Ben Lomond 160–161
Berlin 105, 106, 126
Bertram, Captain 3
Bild Zeitung 224
binary weapons 234–235, 239
Biological Weapons Convention 1972: xiii, 174, 175, 220–226, 231, 245, 252
Biopreparat 245
Bistera 122
“Black Book” 65
Black Death 246, 252
“Black Magic” 197
Blauer, Harold 191–192
Blome, Professor 85
Boeki Kyusuibu 78
Bomber Command 112–113, 132
Bormann, Martin 63
botulinus toxin (BTX) 84, 88–89, 93, 94, 158, 217, 242
botulism 76
Boulogne 4–5
Bourget 52
Boycott, Professor A E 41
Bradley, General Omar 64
Brandt, Karl 63
Brandyuzhsky gas factory 50
Brave New World 68
Brezhnev, Leonid 231
British Broadcasting Corporation 108, 200
British Expeditionary Force 109
British Medical Journal 171
Brown, Ernest 102. 104
Brown, Sir William 114
brucellosis 76, 98, 106, 158, 164, 166, 175
BTX see botulinus toxin
Buchenwald 85
Bulgaria 200–201
Bush, President George W xi
Butler, Richard 241, 244
BZ 192–193
Callaghan, James 238
Cambodia see Kampuchea
Cambrai salient 31
Camp Detrick 89, 97–98, 154–155, 157, 163, 165, 166, see also Fort Detrick
Camp Sibert 120
Canada
BTX antidote 85
BW Convention 174, 221
Geneva Protocol 45
LSD 190
mentioned 61, 164, 167, 216, 230
Tripartite Agreement 177–178, 180, 186–187
troops suffer early gas attack 3–4
wartime co-operation with Britain 94–95
cancer 35–36, 171
cannabis 211
Castro, Fidel 217
casualties 1980s xi, 241
Iran-Iraq War xi, 241
World War 1: 32
cat bombs 206
cattle cakes (anthrax impregnated) 87–88
Cayley, Fred 36
Celibes 78
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 149, 204, 205, 207–218, 227
Chad 250
Chamberlain, Neville 83, 89, 108
Changteh 80
Chemical Corps, US
disposal of toxic waste 220
expansion urged in Kennedy era 172
increase in strength in 1970s 231
intelligence estimates unreliable 148
Korean War BW 165–166
mosquitoes for BW 168–171
plans for BW 164–165, 167–169
public relations campaign 188–189
sarin production 185
Soviet strength estimate 232–233
tests germs on US public 157–158, 160–162
Tripartite Agreement 177
VX production 187–188
‘war without death’ 189–192
see also Chemical Warfare Service
Chemical Warfare Convention 1997: xiii, 249–250
Chemical Warfare Service, US
Bari 120–121
expanded 34
Geneva Protocol opposition 46
mentioned 28, 96, 124
presses for increased wartime spending on CW 117–118
recruitment campaign 1920 34
for post-WW2 activities see Chemical Corps
Cherwell, Lord 101–103, 125–126
Chiefs of Staff, British 81, 83, 88, 102, 114–116, 125–130, 135, 140, 152, 154, 204
Chiefs of Staff, Combined 123–124
China 48–49, 79–81, 118–119, 142.–143, 155, 165–166, 168, 191
Chisholm, General Brock 84
chloracne 196
chloramine 246
chlorine 1–3, 6, 10, 11, 14, 17, 118
chlorine triflouride 58, 59
cholera 75–78, 80, 144, 156, 158, 170
cholinesterase 54
Cholmondely Castle 90
Chuhsien 80
Church, Frank 214
Churchill, Winston S
anthrax programme information 101–103
anticrop warfare 99
authorises purchase of 500,000 bombs 102
Bari disaster 123
Bari disaster report 132, 135
cattle cakes manufacture 87–88
CBW developments predicted 70
CW demonstration in WW1 21
CW inititiation ‘cold blooded calculation’ requested 127–128
CW stocks inadequacy 113–115
gas production wound up 136
German invasion and use of gas 112
mentioned 81, 97
phosgene and US supplies 116–117
radioactive gas threat 125–126
Stalin offered CW supplies 137
V-weapon attacks 126–127
Clamency phosgene factory 50
Clarendon Laboratory 115
cloud chamber project 98
Club MAD 250
CN riot gas 197
cobra venom 214
Cockayne, William 179–180
Colby, William 214–215
Collinge, Lieutenant 26
Colorado Beetle 87, 98, 100
Creasy, William M 167
CS riot gas 197–198
Cuba 223
cyanide 214
cyanogen chloride 59
Cyprus 145, 197
Czech Republic 251
Czechoslovakia 89–94, 201, 226
D-Day 64, 124–126, 137
DA 33, 42
Dachau 85
Daily Mail 6
Daily Telegraph 223
Dalby, Captain 69
Danzig, Hitler’s speech at 54–55, 83, 84
Daschle, Tom 251
DDT 65, 67
Defence Standards Laboratories, Australia 217
Defence, Ministry of 86, 160, 185–186, 225
Defense Science Board 188–189
Defense, Department of 167, 174, 195
defoliation 99
dengue 170
DF 235
dichlor 185
dichlorethyl sulphide 28
Dick, Professor 92–93
Dill, Sir John 110–112, 113
dioxin 195–196
dirty weapons xi
disarmament enforcement 254
DM 42, 51
Donovan, William 204–205
Dugway Proving Ground 118, 173–174, 185, 193, 219
Duisberg, Carl 9–10, 11, 32
Dulles, Allen 209
Dunkirk 110, 138
Dyhernfurth nerve gas factory 55–58, 140
dysentery 75, 77–80, 144, 158, 170
East Germany 226–227
Ebola fever 222, 247, 248
Edgewood Arsenal 33, 50, 64, 95, 97, 176, 177, 185, 187, 191–192, 234–235
Egypt 229
Eisenhower, Dwight D 123–125, 135
Elberfeld 54
encephalitis 98, 171
encephalomyelitis 164
entomological warfare 98
Erickson, John 228–229
ethnic weapon 173, 253
Evans, Dr Martin 217
Exeter University 201
Fafek, Rela 91
Falkenhagen sarin factory 58, 140
Falkenhayn, General Erich von 2–3
feather bombs 163, 165
Federal Bureau of Investigation 222–223
Ferry, General 4
fertility blocks 248
Fildes, Dr Paul 69, 72–73, 82–84, 86, 88–91, 105–106, 152
fleas 78, 98, 144–145, 165, 170
‘Flying Cow’ 115
‘Flying Lavatory’ 115
Food Machinery and Chemical Corporation 188
foot and mouth disease 82, 84
Ford, Gerald 167
Formosa 47
Fort Detrick 166, 167, 169–171, 173–174, 194, 209–210, 215–217 see also Camp Detrick
Foulkes, General C H 7–8, 11, 12, 15, 19, 21, 22, 30, 33–34, 39–40, 43–44, 74, 238
fowl pest 98
France 1–3, 4, 23, 28, 32, 38, 43–46, 50–52, 109–110, 138, 140, 165, 200–201, 221
Frankfurt 105
“Frankfurter” 115
Freedom of Information Act 80, 214
French, Sir John 5, 15
Fries, General 28
Fritzsche, Hans 86
Frucht, Adolf-Henning 226–228
fungu toxin 78
G agents 176–177 and see nerve gases
Gabcik, Josef 91, 94
Gas ! 34
gas gangrene 76, 79, 143
Gaswerfer 1918 33
Gelan 65
genetic code 252
Geneva Disarmament Committee 174
Geneva Disarmament Conference 81
Geneva Protocol
belligerents agree to abide by 108
British distrust of German commitment 83, 87, 108
British Porton research continues ‘under the rose’ 47
British willingness to break 116, 131, 136
BW included 75
Italy ignores 49–50
ratification 45–46
signing 45
text 45
US able to use CW by not having ratified 196–197
US change policy regarding 166–167
US not bound by in WW2 117
US ratifies 231
white phosphorus 124–125
George V, King 38
Germany
Allied fears of 109
anticrop warfare by Allies suspected 100
Arras, Battle of 22–23
Bari attack 121
‘beam’ attacks, reaction to 29–30
Blitzkreig 109–100
British and French fear of 51
British consider using CBW against 127–136
British fears of Germany’s BW 83–85, 87, 102
BW in WW1 74
BW programme extent 85
chemical industry strength 8–9
chemicals, dependence on 31
code names for gases 24
CW stocks captured 139–140, 176–179
CW weapons in WW2 57–60
CW WW1, reasons for introduction 8–10
CW WW2, tempted to use no, 138
first British gas attack effects 14–15
first British phosgene attack effects 19–20
first gas attack launched 1–8
Geneva Protocol 45, 46, 108
Heydrich’s death, reaction 94
human experimentation 60–62
main CW installations 58, 62
mustard gas introduced 24–26
nerve gas developed 53–37
nerve gas secrets kept 65–67
offensive launched 1918: 31
phosgene use 17–19
Polish BW evidence 89
post-WW1 work 43
Roosevelt’s warning to 119
Soviet Union collaboration 47
Soviet Union, fear of 141–142, 143–145
V-weapons 126–127
WW1 casualties 32
see also East Germany and West Germany
Gestapo 62, 89
Gestewitz, Hans Rudolf 227
Ghosh, Dr Ranajit 187
glanders 74, 76, 77, 79, 80, 98
glycolates 213
Goebbels, Josef 63
Goring, Hermann 100
Gottlieb, Sid 210, 212, 218
Graves, Robert 12
Great Britain
anthrax bombs ordered 102
anti-crop warfare 98–100
anti-crop warfare in Malaya 194
anti-gas schools 15–16
beam operations 29–30
BW attacks, vulnerability to 171–172
BW convention proposed 221
BW project started 81–83
BW trials post-war 158, 160
BW wartime collaboration with US 96–97
CBW use contemplated in WW2 127–136
chemical industry weakness 8–9, 10
chemical troops raised 11–12
civil defence against gas 50, 108–109
CW stocks disposal post WW2 139–140
CW wartime collaboration with US 116
defensive expertise 230
defensive preparations against BW attack 82, 84–85
first gas attack launched 12–15
first gas attacks reaction 4–7
first mass-produced BW weapon 87–88
French CW experts liaison 51–52
Gas Adviser appointed 7–8
gas attack plans 30
gas casualties in WW1 16, 27, 31, 32, 34
gas production increased 114–115
gas used in Afghanistan 43–44
gas used in Russian civil war 43
gas weapons developed 22–23
Geneva Protocol 45, 46
Geneva Protocol pledge WW2 108
German cities, attack plans 105
German invasion gassing planned 110–113
German nerve gas discovered 140–141
LSD 190–191
mustard gas production 28–29
nerve gas ignorance 65–67
nerve gas manufacture 182–183
phosgene introduced 19–20
Porton Down founded 21, 37–38
post WW1 attitude to gas 33–34, 41–42
post WW2 military planning 152
public hostility to gas 20–21
Russian CW, fears of 141–142
Tripartite Agreement 176–179, 186–187
V-weapon attacks 126–127
white phosphorus 124–125
Green Cross 24
Green Monkey disease see Marburg fever
Greenland 185
grenades oeuf 52
Griffiths, Tom 183–184
Grindley, Sergeant 3
Gruinard Island 68–74, 81, 95, 97, 101, 161
Guest, Sapper 25
Gulf War 242–244
H, HS, HT see mustard gas
Ha bomb 77
Haber, Clara 10–11
Haber, Fritz 10–11, 15, 32, 254
Hague Declaration 1899: 5, 9, 44
Haig, Alexander 234, 236
Haig, Sir Douglas 12, 14, 31
Haiti 169
Halabja 241
Haldane, J B S 33, 35, 40
Hamburg 105
Hankey, Lord 69, 81–84, 87–88
Harbin 78
Harbin Military Hospital 75, 76
Harrison, Colonel 39
Hartley, Sir Harold 25
Harwell 161
Haselkorn, Avigdor 243, 250
Hawking, Professor Stephen 253
Helfaut, Special Brigade HQ 21
Helminthosoporium oryzae van Brede de Haan 100
Helms, Richard 208, 212, 218
Henderson, Dr David 69–71, 106
Henderson, Major-General in Hersh, Seymour 148
Heydrich, Reinhard 89–94
Highland Light Infantry 20
Hill, Dr Edwin V 156
Himmler, Heinrich 89
Hiroshima 142, 152
Hitler, Adolf
abortive assassination plot 206–207
conference on CW 64
Danzig boast of ‘secret weapons’ 54–55, 83, 84
gassed in WW1 32
mentioned 52, 57, 59, 89, 138
reaction to Heydrich’s death 94
urged to use CW 63
Hmong tribesmen 236
Hochwerk 55
Hodgkin, Captain A E 29–30, 31
Hoffman, Dr Albert 190
Hokkaido 78
Holland Committee 33–34, 41–42
Hollbaum, Professor 92
Holmes, Walter 49–50
Hoover, J Edgar 223
Hormats, Saul 239
Horn Island Testing station 97
Horner, General Charles 244
HS 28
HT 52
Human experiments 39–40, 42–43, 60–62, 79–80, 142–145, 156–157, 170–171, 180–181
human genome mapping 253
Hungary 201, 207–208
Huxley, Aldous 68, 70
hydrogen cyanide (HCN) 38, 48, 59, 115, 142
Hype helmets 17
Ichang 119
Idmiston 37
Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) 11, 51, 99, 187
India 47, 249
Indonesia 251
Inspector of Chemical Warfare 112
Institute of Animal Physiology 216–217
Interessen Gemeinschaft (I G Farben) 8–10, 31, 54, 55, 56, 62
International Scientific Commission 165
Iran
CBW availability xi
Chemical Weapons Convention signed but ignored 250
gas used against Iraq 250
smallpox 249
Iran-Iraq War casualties xi
Iraq
CBW availability xi
CBW in recent years 240–244
Chemical Weapons Convention not signed 250
defensive use of CW 241
experiments on prisoners 244
nerve gas used on battlefield 241
smallpox 249
State Enterprise for the Production of Pesticides (SEPP) 240
Isbell, Dr Harris 209
Ishii, General Shiro 75–76, 78–79, 81, 155–156
Ismay, General Hastings 102
Israel 229, 243, 249
Italy
Bari disaster 120–124
British Intelligence reports on 50, 51
CW used in Abyssinia 49–50
establishes chemical corps 43
mentioned 109, 110
regarded as ‘certain’ to use CW in WW2 51
signs and ratifies Geneva Protocol 45, 46
Jäger, August 4
Japan
Aum Shinrikiyo cult 250–251
BW used in China 80–81
BW weapons developed 77
BW work begun 75–76
CW used in China 48, 118–119
CW weapons range 47–48
CW work begun 43, 47
CW WW2 extent 119–120
experiments on POWs 79–80, 143, 156
Geneva Protocol not ratified 46
Geneva Protocol signed 45
Khabarovsk war crimes trial 79, 142–143
mentioned 87, 118, 133
OSS clandestine attacks on during WW2 206
Pingfan Institute founded 76–78
Roosevelt warns 119, 124
terrorists xi, 250–251
US fears of 118–119
US plans attack on rice crop of 100
US plans to use CW against 137
US shields BW criminals 79, 142–143, 156
John Harvey 120–121
Joint Chiefs of Staff, US 163, 172, 182
Joint Planning Staff 127–128, 131–135
Joint Technical Warfare Committee 98–99, 145, 152
Jones, Professor R V 84
K G B 201–202, 215, 223
Kaffa 74
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute 10, 11, 43
Kampuchea (Cambodia) 168, 195, 236, 237
Karaganda poison gas factory 50
Kargin, Professor Colonel 141
Kelly, Dr John 49–50
Kempai 75
Kennedy, John F 172
Kennes, General 63
Khabarovsk war crimes trial 79, 142–143
Khokhlov, Nicholai 201–202
Khruschev, Nikita 149
King’s Liverpool Regiment 26
Kinghwa 80
Kitchener, Lord 5
Kleinhans, Dr Wilhem 56–57, 140
Knowles, Captain Elvin 120–122
Korean War 165–166, 197, 208
Kostov, Vladimir 200–201
Krappitz nerve gas arsenal 56, 62
Kraz, Dr 55
Kroesen, Frederick 230–231
Kubis, Jan 91, 94
Kuhn, Dr Richard 141
Kuibyshev gas factory 50
Kwangtung 75
Kyasanar Forest Disease 171
L pills 214
lachrymators 59
Lance missile 235
Lane, W R 69
Langat virus 171
Langemarck 1
Laos 195, 236, 237
Lashbrok, Robert 210
Lassa fever 222
Le 100: 65
League of Nations 44, 49
Leahy, Admiral Timothy 118
Leeds 72
Lefebure, Victor 33–34
Leningrad Institute of Ultra-Pure Biopreparations 245, 246
leprosy 144
Lethbridge Report 137
Lewisite 33, 47, 51, 118, 151
Ley, Robert 63
Libya
BW programme 249
CBW availability xi
Chemical Weapons Convention not signed 250
CW used against Chad 250
mentioned 203
smallpox 249
lice 90
Lidice 90, 94
Lin Piao, General 165
Linde, van der 54
List 51
Lister Institute 69, 74, 86
Livens Projector 22–23, 42, 47, 113
Livens, Captain F H 22–23
Lloyd George, David 38
LN agents 99
Loos, Battle of 11–15
Lost 28
Lovell, Stanley P 204–207
LSD 190–191, 209–213
Luftwaffe 59
Lumumba, Patrice 217–218
Luranil 55
M device 33, 43
Maddison, Ronald 181
Maher Abdul Rashid, Major General 241
malaria 170
Malaya 101, 194, 195
Manhattan Project 101
Marburg fever 222, 248
Markov, Georgi 200–201
Marshal, George C 125
Martin, Trevor 184
Masuda, Colonel Tomosada 76–78
Masuka Dan 48
Matsumoto 251
McDonald, Larry 230–231
Medical Research Council 81, 82, 86
Mekong delta 194
Melchamie 240–241
meliodosis 98
Mellanby, Edward 82
Memphis 169
Merck, George W 96, 154
Mexico 216
MI 3: 50
MI 6: 94, 149, 227
MI 19: 66, 67
Microbiological Warfare Committee 82
Middlesex Hospital, London 69
Middlesex, 1st Regiment 14–15
Mindszenty, Cardinal Josef 207–208
Minneapolis 160
Mitkiewicz, Colonel 89
MKDELTA 213
MKSEARCH 213
MKULTRA 209–213
Mongolia 144–145
Montana 55
Montgomery, General B L 64
Monturon 55
Moravec, General Frantisek 90, 94
Morocco 44, 205
Morrison, Herbert 126
mosquitoes 97, 165, 168–169
Moss, Robert 223
Mrugowsky, Oberführer 61
Munich crisis 50, 108
Munster 51, 58
Mussolini, Benito 62
mustard gas
Abyssinia, use in 49
Afghanistan, use in 43–44
Bari disaster 120–124
British civil defence precautions against 108–109
British use of 32
British WW2 production 114–115
casualty producing power of 26–27
clandestine operations 204
disposal of stocks after WW2 139, 186
effects of 25–26, 35–36
first use of 24–26
German cities, use against 127–130
German invasion, use against 112
German WW2 weapons 58, 59
high altitude spraying of 52
human experimentation using 39, 42–43
likely effects if used against cities 132–133
mentioned 24, 47, 52, 58, 80, 106, 118
production difficulties 28–29
Saddam Hussein 240
Soviet arsenal 142, 150–151, 233
US stockpile of 199
mycotoxins 237
N-Stoff 58
Nancekuke 182–184, 187
Narshino gas warfare school 48, 119
National Academy of Science 97
National Cancer Institute 225
NATO 148, 222, 228–229, 231, 233–234
Natzweiler concentration camp 60, 85
Needham, Dr Joseph 165, 166
nerve gases
battlefield use 241
binary weapons 234–235
Britain, US and Canada work on 176–178, 179–184
characteristics 54
dangers involved in manufacture 56–57
German arsenal 62
German attempts to destroy factory 140
German manufacture 55–56
Hitler considers using 62–64
insecticides for people xii
invention 53–54
kept secret from the Allies 65–67
Russia begins manufacture of 150
Soviet agents 228–229, 232–233
stocks fall into Allied hands 140–141
V-weapons 59–60
see also sarin, soman, tabun, VX
New York 159, 162
New York State Psychiatric Institute 192
New York Times 32, 198, 222–223
New Zealand 178
Newall, Sir Cyril 83
Newport VX factory 188
Nimitz, Admiral Chester 137
Ningpo 80
nitric acid 59
Nixon, Richard M 174–176, 214, 218, 219, 222–223, 231, 232, 234, 239
NKVD 89
noddy suit 230–231
Norooz, Sourab 240
North Korea
CBW availability xi
Chemical Weapons Convention not signed 250
smallpox 249
Northern Ireland 197
Novosibirsk 223
Now! 223
Nuremberg war crimes trial 86, 100
Obanakoro, Nigeria 180
Ochsner, General Hermann 59
Ohio State University 166
Okinawa 199. 220
Okolovich, Sergeivich 201–202
Olsen, Frank 210–211
Operation Anthropoid 90–94
Operation Cauldron 161
Operation Harness 158
Operation Hesperus 161
Operation Negation 158
Operation Overlord see D-Day Operation Ozone 158
Operation Pandora 158
Operation Ranch Hand 193–196
organo-phosphorus compounds 53
Osama bin Laden 251
OSS 204–207
Owen, Wilfred 20–21
P helmets 17
Pacific War Council 81
Pakistan 249
Panama Canal Zone 185
Pappenheimer, Professor Alvin 95
Pasechnik, Vladimir 245, 246
Pearl Harbor 87
Peck, Air Vice-Marshal 86
Penclawdd, Gower 74
Penkovsky, Oleg 148–150
Pennsylvania University 198–199
Peshawar 44, 145
PF-3: 67
Phnom Penh 168
phosgene (CG) 11, 17–20, 23, 28–29, 33, 36, 50–52, 59, 115, 116, 132–133, 142, 186, 199
Phytophtera infestans (Mort) de Bary 100
Picker, Professor 61
pigeon bombs 163
Pikalov, V K 228
Pine Bluff Arsenal 117–118, 163, 166, 175, 193, 221
Pingfan Institute 76–79
Piricularia oryzae 100
plague 74, 76–80, 82, 86, 98, 144, 145, 156, 164, 170
pneumonic plague 172
Poland 44–45, 89
Portal, Sir Charles 129
Porton 37
Porton Down, CW and BW establishment
accidents, death of Ronald Maddison 181
accidents, gassing of Williamn Cockayne 179–180
anthrax-filled cattle cakes 87–88
biological warfare department 83
BW work post-war 155, 160–161, 167, 171, 225
clandestine weapons supplied to SOE 204
CS developed 197
CW weapons in WW2 115
CW work post-war 180
defence expertise 230
founded 1916: 21, 37
gas casualties WW1 35–36
German CW investigated after WW2 57–61
Gruinard continuing contamination 73–74
Gruinard tests 69–72, 97
Heydrich asssasination 88–90, 94
Markov case 201
mentioned 64, 176
Microbiological Research Establishment founded 154
Nancekuke out station 182–184
nerve gas development failure 66–67
offensive work continued despite Geneva Protocol 47
opens new ‘Battle Run’ 231
peacetime basis 41–42
present-day size 37
service volunteers in experiments 177
Suffield testing range 94–95
suicide of Director 181
VX developed 187–188
work between the wars 42–43, 52
work in WW1 37–41
Posen Military Medical Academy 85
Possev 223
Post Box V–8724
facility 245
Powers, Gary 214–215
Pravda 142
Project Bluebird 208
Project Coast 248–249
Project Often 213
Project Tomka 47
prussic acid 202
psittacosis 98, 164, 205
Public Health Laboratory 82, 84
Pym, Francis 238
Q Fever 164, 173, 175, 221
radioactive gas 125–126
Ramsay, Captain 25, 27
Randle poison gas factory 115
Raubkammer training area 58–60, 62
Reagan, Ronald 234, 236, 238, 239
Red Cross 49
Reutershan, Paul 196
Rhydymwyn gas factory 115
Ribbentrop, Joachim von 137
ricin 201, 242
ricketts 98
Rift Valley Fever 164, 248
rinderpest 96, 98
Robertson, General 7
Rocksavage poison gas factory 115
Rocky Mountain Arsenal 118, 185, 199, 220
Rocky Mountain spotted fever 164
rogue states 252
Roosevelt, Franklin D 96, 118, 119, 137, 166
Roskill, Stephen 82
Rothschild, General J H 168, 173
Royal Air Force 44, 88, 90, 112–113, 161
Royal Army Medical Corps 17, 25, 41
Royal Engineers 7, 25 see also Special Brigade
Royal Navy 158, 160
Russian casualties in WW1 10–11, 32
Ruwet, Colonel Vincent 210
Rüdriger, Colonel 54
Saddam Hussein
mustard gas 240
nerve gas used on battlefield 241
Sahara 52
Saigon Children’s Hospital 196
Salisbury 160
Salisbury Plain 21, 37, 41
Salman Pak factory 240, 242
salmonella 76, 80, 250
Salt, Major 44
Samarra factory 240
San Francisco 159, 212
San Francisco Herald Examiner 146, 211
Sandoz Drug Company 190
sarin (GB) 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 64, 65, 140, 179–185, 241, 251
Savannah, Georgia 169
Schnitzler, Baron Georg von 62
Schrader, Dr Gerhard 53–54, 56, 57, 65, 100
Schwirkmann, Horst 202–203
sclerotium rolfsii 100
Scotland Yard 200, 201
SD 90
Selassie, Emperor Haile 49
Sergeant missile 169, 174
serratia marcescens 159
Servizio Chemico Mililtare 43
Seventh Day Adventists 170
Seveso 196
sex hormones 207
Shaw, George Bernard 21
shellfish toxin 214–217
Siberian Regiment 11
Singapore 120
SK 9
smallpox 76, 79, 156, 247, 249
Snajdr, Vladimir 92–93
soman (GD) 140–141, 150, 179
Somer-Lost 58
Somme, Battle of 19–20
South Africa 248–249
Southampton 160
Soviet Union
arsenal extent 150–151
British fears of 51, 84, 138
BW allegedly used against Japan 75
BW Convention 221–222, 231
BW development alleged 21–225
BW use by NKVD 89
BW work 143–146
CBW position stated 146–147
CBW programme and arsenal xi, 248
claims not to possess biological weapons 221–222
clandestine use of CBW agents 201–202, 208
CW allegedly supplied to Egypt 229
CW allegedly supplied to Vietnam 236
CW allegedly used in Afghanistan 237
CW convention proposed 231–232
CW stocks post-war 232–233
CW work,post WW1 43, 50
Geneva Protocol 45, 46
German attack feared 137, 147
German nerve gas agents captured 140
Germany, collaboration with 47
Japanese BW experts sought for interrogation 155–156
Khabarovsk war crimes trial 142–143
mentioned 49, 59, 109
missile technology and CBW 248
NATO presumes will use CW 233–234
Penkovsky allegations 148–150
post-war Allied fears of 141–142, 146–147, 153, 228–229, 232
Red Army training 147
smallpox supplies for rogue countries 249
Sverdlovsk 223–225, 246
T2: 237
Spain 44
Spandau CW laboratories 54, 58, 66
Special Air Service 217
Special Brigade 11–13, 19, 20, 29
Special Commission on Disarmament (UNSCOM) 241
Special Operations Executive (SOE) 89, 90, 204–205
Speer, Albert 63, 64
Squirt, The 115
SS 58, 60, 62
St Thomas’s Hospital, London 171
Stalin, Joseph 64
Stamp, Lord 84, 97, 205
Stashinstky, Bodgan 202
State Department 237–238
State Enterprise for the Production of Pesticides (SEPP) 240
stealth viruses 253
Stepnogorsk factory 245
Stimson, Henry L 95–96
Stoff 146: 65
Stokes mortar 22, 23
Stony Mountain, Manitoba 160
Strasburg University 60–61
Stuttgart 105
Substance 83: 65
Suffield testing range 94–95, 176, 177
Supply, Ministry of 114, 115
Sutton, Graham 69, 70
Sverdlovsk 223–225, 246
synthetic dye industry xii
Syria
CBW availability xi
Chemical Weapons Convention not signed 250
cyanide used against rebels 250
smallpox 249
T-Stoff 9
T2: 237
tabun (GA) 53–54, 56, 59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67, 140, 150, 179, 241
Tandanoumi Arsenal 47
Tanganyika 216
Taranto 122
Tariq Aziz 242–243
Tass 224
Tay Minh Hospital 196
tear gas 44, 197–198
Tempsford aerodrome 90
terrorist attacks, ease of 251
tetanus 76, 79, 80, 144
Thailand 168, 236
ticks 170, 171
Times, The 6, 49, 83
Tizard Report 139, 152
Tizard, Sir Henry 152
Tokyo 251
Tomio, Major Karasaw 143
Tooele Arsenal 199
toxins, paralysing 253
trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (245T) 194
trilon 65, 66
Tripartite Agreement 177–178, 186–187, 190, 197
Truman, President Harry S 118
Tube Alloy 65, 125
tuberculosis 35, 76, 80, 156, 218
tularemia 76, 98, 144, 158, 164, 166, 170, 173, 175, 205, 221
Tutu, Archbishop Desmond 248
typhoid 76, 78, 80, 144, 156, 158
typhus 76, 80, 89, 98
typhus-infected lice 90
Uji bomb 77
United Nations Special Commission on Disarmament (UNSCOM) 241
United States of America
anthrax attacks 2001: xi
anthrax attacks by contaminated letters 251
anthrax bomb manufactured 77, 81, 85–86, 101, 104, 135
anti-crop warfare 98–100
Bagwhan Shree Rajneesh 250
Bari disaster 120–124
binary weapons developed 234–235
Britain supplied with phosgene 116
brucellosis developed 106
BW convention 174–175, 220–222, 225–226, 231
BW in Korean War 165–166
BW installations 97
BW investment 96–97
BW post-war production 163, 166, 169, 172–173, 175
BW post-war research 154–155, 163, 164, 167–169
BW post-war tests 157–162, 169, 170, 173–174
BW WW2 research 95–96
CBW policy changed 150–151, 166–167
chemical disarmament 219–220, 231–232
chemical rearmament 1986: 235
clandestine use of CBW 204–218
CW attitude during WW2 117, 119
CW production in WW2 117–118, 120
CW used in Vietnam 193–198
DDT material censored 65
Geneva Protocol not ratified 46
Geneva Protocol ratified 231
Geneva Protocol signed 45
humane gas weapon search 189–194
Iraq CW underestimated 242
Japanese BW investigated 75, 76, 78–80
Japanese, fears of prove exaggerated 119–120
Japanese, gas attacks considered 137
Japanese, rice crops attacks planned 100
nerve gas arsenal 184–185, 198–199
nerve gas rumours believed 66
Nixon’s ban on growth of CBW 174–176, 219, 220
obstruction to disarmament inspections 254
radioactive gas development 125–126
rearming begun 50
September 11, 2001 attacks xi
Soviet CW, fears of 138, 222–225
Soviet CW, recent allegations 236–239
Tripartite Agreement 177, 186–187
vulnerability to BW attack, vulnerability to 95–97, 153, 162–163
white phosphorus 124–125
WW1 casualties 32
US Navy 235
USAAF 163, 164, 193, 195
V-weapons 59–60, 62, 64, 84, 126–127
Valentine’s Day Declaration 214
Valley arsenal 115
vectors 166, 168
Venezuelan equine
encephalomyelitis 173, 175, 221, 247
Versailles 44
Victor anti-invasion exercise 116
Victor, Dr Jospeh 156
Vietnam 99, 168, 170, 173, 193–198, 219, 236
Vigo germ warfare factory 77, 97, 104
Virgin Islands 163
Vozrozhdeniya Island 144
Vozrozhdeniye testing site 245
VR 55: 228
VX 187–188, 199, 219, 220, 228, 235, 241, 251
Wansbrough-Jones, Brigadier Owen 106–107, 152–153
War Cabinet 83, 88, no, 112–114, 116, 123
War Research Service 96
Warsaw Pact 226–228
Wasco 250
Washington Treaty 1922: 44, 46
Watson, Colonel 39
Watson, Dr Rex 73
Wehrmacht no
Werwick 32
West Germany 199
Westminster, Duke of 21
Westmoreland, General 197
Weteye bomb 185
White Cross 24 and see tear gas
white phosphorus 124–125
White, George 211–213
Who? Me? bomb 206
Wilhelmshafen 105
Wilson, General 6–7
Wimmer, Professor 60
Winnipeg 160
Winter-Lost 58
Wintex 233
Woods, Donald 69
World Health Organisation 36, 89, 247
World War One
Arras, Battle of 22–23
chemicals total tonnage used 32
first British gas attacks 11–15
first gas attacks 1–4
first phosgene attack 17–19
gas casualties totals 32
germ warfare allegations 74
German offensive 1918: 31–32
growing importance of gas 21–22, 32–33
modern weapons 20–21
mustard gas introduction 24–28
Porton Down 37–41
railway trains used in gas attacks 29–30
Somme, Battle of the 19–20
World War Two
Allies consider anti-crop warfare 98–100
Britain plans to initiate CW to repel German invasion 110–113, 116
British consider initiating CBW in response to V-weapon attacks 126–136
British contingency plan to use Anthrax 105
CBW clandestine use of 89–94, 204–208, 211
CW expected to be used 51, 108–109
CW stock movements 109, 120
CW stock totals 58, 109, 120
CW very nearly used in 107, 137–139
Geneva Protocol, belligerents pledge to abide by 108
Hitler considers using CW 57, 59–60, 62–64
likely effect of CBW on course of 131–136
Normandy landings 125–126
records mostly still closed 86
Wunsdorf 51
Wynne, Greville 149
Yamazaki, Major-General 48
Yekaterinburg 246
Yellow Cross 24 and see mustard gas
yellow fever 169–170, 175
yellow rain 236
Yemen 236
Yom Kippur War 229
Younger, General Allan 70–73, 84
Yperite 28 and see mustard gas
Ypres 19, 24, 29
Ypres, 2nd Battle of 1–4, 6, 10
Zhukov, Marshal 147
zinc cadmium sulphide 161