A Short History of the World

A

Abolitionist movement,384

Abraham the Patriarch, 116

Abu Bekr", 249, 252, 431

Abyssinia, 398

Actium, battle of, 195

Adam and Eve, 116

Adams, William, 400

Aden, 405

Adowa, battle of, 398

Adrianople, 229

Adrianople, Treaty of, 353

Adriatic Sea, 178, 228

Ægatian Isles, 182

Ægean peoples, 92, 94, 100, 108, 117, 174

Æolic Greeks, 108, 130

Aeroplanes, 4, 363, 413

Æschylus, 139

Afghanistan, 163

Africa, 72, 92, 122, 123, 182, 253, 258, 302

Africa, Central, 397

Africa, North, 65, 94, 180, 192, 232, 292, 394, 397, 431

Africa, South, 72, 335, 398, 405

Africa, West, 393

“Age of Confusion,” the, 168, 173

Agriculturalists, primitive, 66, 68

Agriculture, 203; slaves in, 203

Ahab, 119

Air-breathing vertebrata, 23, 24

Air-raids, 413

Aix-la-Chapelle, 265

Akbar, 292, 332, 433

Akkadian and Akkadians, 90, 122, 429

Alabama, 385

Alabama, the, 388

Alani, 227, 430

Alaric, 230, 232, 431

Albania, 179

Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (Prince Consort), 434

Alchemists, 257, 294

Aldebaran, 257

Alemanni, 200, 431

Alexander I. Tsar, 348

Alexander II of Russia, 435

Alexander III, Pope, 274, 432

Alexander the Great, 142, 146 et seq., 163, 186, 240, 299, 430

Alexandretta, 147

Alexandria, 147, 151, 209, 222, 239

Alexandria, library at, 151

Alexandria, museum of, 150, 180

Alexius Comnenus, 268

Alfred the Great, 26

Algæ, 13

Algebra, 257, 282

Algiers, 185

Algol, 257

Allah, 252

Alligators, 28

Alphabets, 79, 127

Alps, the, 37, 197

Alsace, 200, 309, 391

Aluminium, 360

Amenophis III, 96, 429

Amenophis IV, 96

America, 263, 302, 309, 314, 324, 335, 336, 442-23, 434

America, North, 12, 330, 336, 382

American Civil War, 386, 435

American civilizations, primitive, 73 et seq.

American warships in Japanese waters, 402

Ammonites, 30, 36

Amorites, 90

Amos, the prophet, 124

Amphibia, 24

Amphitheatres, 208

Amur, 334

Anagni, 284

Anatomy, 24, 355

Anaxagoras, 138

Anaximander of Miletus, 132

Andes, 37

Angles, 230

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 405

Animals, (See Mammalia)

Annam, 402

Anti-aircraft guns, 413

Antigonus, 149

Antioch, 243, 271, 431

Antiochus III, 183

Anti-Slavery Society, 384

Antoninus Pius, 195, 430

Antony, Mark, 194

Antwerp, 294

Anubis, 210

Apes, 43, 44; anthropoid, 45

Apis, 209, 211

Apollonius, 151

Appian Way, 191

Appomattox Court House, 338, 435

Aquileia, 235

Arabia, 77, 88, 91, 122, 123, 248

Arabic figures, 257

Arabic language, 243

Arabs, 253 et seq., 294; culture of, 267

Arbela, battle of, 147, 431

Arcadius, 230, 431

Archangel, 419

Archimedes, 151

Ardashir I, 241, 430

Argentine Republic, 396

Arians, 224

Aristocracy, 130

Aristotle, 142, 144, 146, 256, 282, 294, 295, 356, 370

Armadillo, 74

Armenia, 192, 268, 287, 299

Armenians, 100, 108

Armistice, the, 435

Arno, the, 178

Arsacid dynasty, 199, 431

Artizans, 152

Aryan language, 95, 100, 106

Aryans, 95, 104 et seq., 122, 128, 151, 174, 176, 185, 197, 198, 233, 303, 429

Ascalon, 117

Asceticism, 158-60, 213

Ashdod, 117

Asia, 72, 197, 227, 287, 298, 329 et seq., 333, 399 et seq., 403 et seq., 430

Asia, Central, 108, 122, 134, 148, 185, 245-47, 255, 334

Asia Minor, 92, 94, 108, 127, 134, 148, 180, 192-93, 238, 243, 258, 271, 292, 429, 430, 431

Asia, Western, 65

Asoka, King, 163 et seq., 180, 430

Assam, 394

Asses, 77, 83, 102, 112

Assurbanipal (Sardanapalus), 97, 98, 109, 110

Assyria, 109, 115, 119, 121, 122, 429

Assyrians, 84, 96, 97, 98, 108, 429

Astronomy, early, 70, 74

Athanasian Creed, 224

Athenians, 135

Athens, 129, 135-36, 139, 150, 185, 204, 431

Athens, schools of philosophy in, 238

Atkinson, C. F., 345

Atkinson, J. J., 61, 373

Atlantic, 122, 302

Attalus, 430

Attila, 234, 235, 238, 431

Augsburg, Interim of, 313

Augustus Cæsar, Roman Emperor, 195, 214

Aurelian, Emperor, 200

Aurochs, 197

Aurungzeb, 434

Ausculum, battle of, 178, 430

Australia, 72, 322, 336, 395, 405

Austrasia, 431

Austria, 309, 327, 347-48, 349-52, 390, 411, 434

Austrian Empire, 409

Austrians, 344, 351

Automobiles, 362

Avars, 289

Avebury, 106

Averroes, 282

Avignon, 285, 433

Axis of earth, 1, 2

Azilian age, 57, 65

Azilian rock pictures, 57, 78

Azoic rocks, 11

Azores, 302

B

Baber, 290, 310, 332, 433

Baboons, 43

Babylon, 90, 94, 96, 97, 101, 102, 111, 112, 114, 115- 16, 119, 121, 122, 134, 147, 148, 373, 429

Babylonian calendar, 68

Babylonian Empire, 90, 91, 109, 110

Babylonians, 108

Bacon, Roger, 293-97, 433

Bacon, Sir Francis, 321, 355, 433

Bagdad, 256, 267, 290, 292, 432, 433

Bahamas, 407

Baldwin of Flanders, 272

Balkan peninsula, 108, 200, 230, 392, 429

Balkh, 299

Balloons, altitude attained by, 4

Baltic, 415

Baltic Fleet, Russian, 404

Baluchistan, 405

Barbarians, 227 et seq., 230, 320

Barbarossa. Frederick, (See Frederick I)

Bards, 106, 234

Barrows, 104

Barter, 83, 102

Basketwork, 65

Basle, Council of, 305

Basque race, 92, 107

Bastille, 342, 434

Basutoland, 407

Beaconsfield, Lord, 394

Bedouins, 122, 248

Beetles, 26

Behar, 180, 430

Behring Straits, 52, 71, 73

Bel Marduk, 109, 111, 112, 114

Belgium, 185, 344, 347, 352, 411, 434

Belisarius, 421

Belshazzar, 112

Beluchistan, 149

Benares, 156, 160

Beneventum, 179

Berbers, 71, 92

Bergen, 294

Berlin, Treaty of, 435

Bermuda, 407

Bessemer process, 359

Beth-shan, 118

Bible, 1, 68, 100, 112, 115, 116, 119, 121, 122, 184, 286, 298, 306-07 (Cf. Hebrew Bible)

Birds, flight of, 4; the earliest , 31; development of , 32

Bison, 56

Black Death, the, 433

Black Sea, 71, 94-95, 108, 129, 200

Blood sacrifice, 167, 186, 212 (See also Sacrifice)

Boats, 91, 136

Boer republic, 187

Boers, 398

Bohemia, 236, 306

Bohemians, 304-05, 326

Bokhara, 256

Boleyn, Anne, 313

Bolivar, General, 349

Bologna, 295, 312

Bolsheviks (and Bolshevism), 417-19, 435

Bone carvings, 53

Bone implements, 45, 46

Boniface VIII, Pope, 283-84

“Book religions,” 226

Books, 153, 298, 302

Boötes, 257

Boris, King of Bulgaria, 432

Bosnia, 228

Bosphorus, 135

Boston, 337-38

Bostra, 243

Botany Bay, 393

Bourbon, Constable of, 312, 433

Bowmen, 145, 155, 300

Brahmins and Brahminism, 165, 166

Brain, 42

Brazil, 329, 336, 340

Breathing, 24

Brest-Litovsk, 417

Britain, 106, 122, 174, 185, 203, 236, 349, 353, 402, 431, 434, (See also England, Great Britain)

British, 329, 331

British Civil Air Transport Commission, 363

British East Indian Company, (See East India Company)

British Empire, 407; (in 1815) 393; (in 1914) 405

British Guianu. 393

British Navy, 408

“British schools,” the, 369

Brittany, 309

Broken Hill, South Africa, 52

Bronze, 80, 87, 102, 104

Bruges, 294

Brussels, 344

Brythonic Celts, 107

Buda-Pesth, 312

Buddha, 133, 156, 172, 213 429; life of 158; his teaching 161-62

Buddhism (and Buddhists), 166, 172, 222, 255, 290, 319, 334, 400, (See also Buddha)

Bulgaria, 135, 229, 245, 292, 411, 432

Bull fights, Cretan, 93

Burgoyne, General, 338

Burgundy, 309, 342

Burial, early, 102, 104

Burleigh. Lord, 324

Burma, 166, 300, 405

Burning the dead, 104

Bury, J. B., 288

Bushmen, 54

Byzantine Army, 253

Byzantine Empire, 238, 271-72

Byzantine fleet, 431

Byzantium, 228, 243, 267, 268, (See also Constantinople)

C

Cabul, 148

Cæsar, Augustus, 430

Cæsar, Julius, 187, 192, 193, 194, 195, 430

Cæsar, title, etc., 212, 223, 240, 327

Cainozoic period, 37 et seq.

Cairo, 256

Calendar, 68

Calicut, 329

California, 336, 383

Caligula, 195, 430

Caliphs, 252

“Cambulac,&rdquo, 300

Cambyses, 112, 134

Camels, 42, 102, 112, 196, 319

Campanella, 371

Canaan, 116

Canada, 332, 396, 405, 434

Canary Islands, 302

Cannæ, 182

Canossa, 274

Canton, 247

Canute, 263, 432

Cape Colony, 398

Cape of Good Hope, 336, 393, 433

Capet, Hugh, 266, 432

Carboniferous age. (See Coal swamps)

Cardinals, 277 et seq.

Caria, 98

Carians, 94

Caribou, 73

Carlovingian Empire, 432

Carnac, 106

Carolinas, 388

Carrhæ, 194

Carthage, 92, 122, 123, 134, 176, 179, 182, 183, 185, 232, 429- 30, 431

Carthaginians, 179, 182

Caspian Sea, 71, 88, 108, 148, 193, 197, 430

Caste, 157, 165

Catalonians, 302

“Cathay,” 300

Catholicism, 237, 337, 351. (See also Papacy, Roman Catholic)

Cato, 187

Cattle, 77, 83

Caudine Forks, 430

Cavalry, 145, 148, 178

Cave drawings, 53, 56, 57

Caxton, William, 306

Celibacy, 275

Celts, 106, 107, 193

Centipedes, 23

Ceylon, 165, 407

Chæronia, battle of, 145, 146, 430

Chalcedon, 243

Chaldean Empire, 109

Chaldeans, 109, 110-11, 115, 429

Chandragupta, 163, 430

Chariots, 96, 100, 101-02, 112, 119, 145, 148

Charlemagne, 259, 261, 264-65, 272, 309, 432

Charles I, King of England, 308, 314, 433

Charles II, King of England, 324, 434

Charles V, Emperor, 309, 310, 314, 316, 433

Charles X, King of France, 350, 434

Charles the Great, (See Charlemagne)

Charlotte Dundas, steamboat, 357

Chelonia, 27

Chemists, Arab, 257. (Cf. Alchemists)

Cheops, 83

Chephren, 83

China, 76, 84, 103, 166, 167 et seq., 173, 174, 233, 245 et seq., 248, 287, 290, 297, 333, 399- 400, 402-03, 411, 429-31, 432, 433, 435. (See also Chow, Han, Kin, Ming, Shang, Sung, Suy, Ts’in, and Yuan dynasties)

China, culture and civilization in, 247

China, Empire of, 196 et seq.

China, Great Wall of, 173, 430

China, North, 173

Chinese picture writing, 79, 167

Chosroes I, 243, 431

Chosroes II, 243, 431

Chow dynasty, 168, 173, 429

Christ. (See Jesus)

Christian conception of Jesus, 214

Christianity (and Christians), 224, 255, 272, 295, 319, 400, 431

Christianity, doctrinal, development of, 222 et seq.

Christianity, spirit of, 224

Chronicles, book of, 116, 119

Chronology, primitive, 68

Ch’u, 173

Church, the, 68

Cicero, 193

Cilicia, 299

Cimmerians, 100

Circumcision, 70

Circumnavigation, 302

Cities, Sumerian, 78

Citizenship, 187 et seq., 236, 237

City states, Greek, 129 et seq., Chinese, 168

Civilization, 100

Civilization, Hellenic, 139, 150 et seq.

Civilization, Japanese, 400

Civilization, pre-historic, 71

Civilization, primitive, 76, 167

Civilization, Roman, 185

Claudius, Emperor, 195, 430

Clay documents, 77, 80, 111

Clement V, Pope, 285

Clement VII, Pope, 285, 433

Cleopatra, 194

Clermont, 432

Clermont, steamboat, 358

Climate, changes of, 21, 37

Clive, 333

Clothing, 77

Clothing of Cretan women, 93

Clouds, 8

Clovis, 259

Clyde, Firth of, 357

Cnossos (Crete), 92, 94, 95, 101, 108, 127, 429

Coal, 26

Coal swamps, the age of, 21 et seq.

Coinage, 114, 176, 201, 319

Coke, 322

Collectivists, 375

Colonies, 394 et seq., 407

Columbus, Christopher, 300-01 et seq., 335, 433

Communism (and Communists), 374-75, 417

Comnenus, Alexius. (See Alexius)

Comparative anatomy, science of, 25, (Cf. Anatomy)

Concord, Mass., 338

Confederated States of America, 385

Confucius, 133, 168 et seq., 173, 429

Congo, 397

Conifers, 26, 36

Constance, Council of, 286, 304, 433

Constantine the Great, 187, 226, 228, 229, 241, 429, 431

Constantinople, 229, 238, 239, 243, 253, 258, 263- 64, 270 et seq., 272, 283, 292, 301, 321, 327, 431, 432, 433. (See also Byzantium)

Consuls, Roman, 193

Copper, 74, 80, 102, 360, 395

Cordoba, 256

Corinth, 129

Cornwallis, General, 338

Corsets, 93

Corsica, 182, 185, 232

Cortez, 314

Cossacks, 334

Cotton fabrics, 102

Couvade, the, 70

Crabs, 23

Crassus, 192, 194, 199

Creation of the world, story of, 1, 116

Creed religions, 240

Cretan script, 94

Crete, 92, 108

Crimea, 419

Crimean War, 390, 434

Crocodiles, 28

Crœsus, 111, 429

Cro-Magnon race, 51, 54, 65

Cromwell, Oliver, 434

Cronstadt, 419

Crucifixion, 204

Crusades, 267 et seq., 281, 304-05, 432

Crustacea, 13

Ctesiphon, 244

Cuba, 393

Cultivation, the beginnings of, 65 et seq.

Culture, Heliolithic, 69

Culture, Japanese, 402

Cuneiform, 78

Currents, 18

Cyaxares, 109-10, 429

Cycads, 26, 36

Cyrus the Persian, 111, 116, 121, 123, 134, 429

Czech language, 236

Czecho-Slovaks, 351

Czechs, 304

D

Dacia, 195, 200, 203, 227, 236

Dædalus, 94

Dalmatia, 431

Damascus, 243, 253, 431

Danes, 329, 330

Danube, 135, 200, 227, 430

Dardanelles, 136, 147, 292

Darius I, 112, 134, 135, 136, 429

Darius III, 147, 148, 430

Darlington, 356, 434

David, King, 118-19, 429

Da Vinci, Leonardo, 356

Davis, Jefferson, 385, 388

Dawn Man. (See Eoanthropus)

Dead, burning the, 104; burial of (See Burial)

Debtors’ prisons, 336

Deciduous trees, 36

Decius, Emperor, 200, 432

Declaration of Independence, 334, 434

Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Gibbon’s), 288-89

Deer, 42, 56

Defender of the Faith, title of, 313

Defoe, Daniel, 365

Delhi, 292, 433

Democracy, 131, 132, 270

Deniken, General, 419

Denmark, 306, 313, 394, 432

Deshima, 401

Devonian system, 19

Diaz, 433

Dictator, Roman, 194

Dillon, Dr., 424

Dinosaurs, 28, 31, 36

Diocletian, Emperor, 224, 226, 227

Dionysius, 170

Diplodocus Carnegii, measurement of, 28

Diseases, infectious, 379

Ditchwater, animal and plant life in, 13

Dogs, 42

Domazlice, battle of, 305

Dominic, St., 276

Dominician Order, 276, 285, 400

Dorian Greeks, 108, 130

Douglas, Senator, 386

Dover, Straits of, 193

Dragon flies, 23

Drama, Greek, 139

Dravidian civilization, 108

Dravidians, 71

Duck-billed platypus, 34

Duma, the, 416

Durazzo, 268

Dutch, 329, 331, 332, 399

Dutch Guiana, 394

Dutch Republic, 350

Dyeing, 75

E

Earth, the, shape of, 1; rotation of, 1; distance from the sun, 2; age and origin of, 5; surface of, 21

Earthquakes, 95

East India Company, 332, 337, 393, 394

East Indies, 394, 399

Ebro, 182

Ecbatana, 109, 114

Echidna, the, 34

Eclipses, 8

Ecnomus, battle of, 181, 430

Economists, French, 371

Edessa, 271

Education, 294, 361, 368, 369

Egbert, King of Wessex, 263, 432

Egg-laying mammals, 34

Eggs, 24, 26, 31, 102

Egypt (and Egyptians), 71, 78, 90, 91, 62, 96, 98, 100- 101, 115, 119, 121, 122, 123, 124, 134, 138, 147, 174, 208, 209, 210, 238, 253, 267, 290, 292, 396, 398, 405, 429, 431, 434

Egyptian script, 78, 79

Elamites, 88, 90, 174

Elba, 348

Electric light, 360

Electric traction, 360

Electricity, 322, 358, 360

Elephants, 42, 127, 149, 178, 181, 253, 300

Elixir of life, 257

Elizabeth, Queen, 324, 332

Emigration, 336

Emperor, title of, 327

Employer and employed, 375

“Encyclopædists,” the, 371

England (and English), 306, 390, 431

England, Norman Conquest of, 266

England, overseas possessions, 330

English Channel, 331

English language, 95

Entelodonts, 42

Eoanthropus, 47

Eoliths, 45

Ephesus, 149

Ephthalites, 199

Epics, 106, 127, 129, 131

Epirus, 131, 178, 179

Epistles, the, 222

Eratosthenes, 151

Erech, Sumerian city of, 78

Esarhaddon, 429

Essenes, 213

Esthonia, 245

Esthonians, 419

Ethiopian dynasty, 429

Ethiopians, 96, 233

Etruscans, 94, 100, 176, 430

Euclid, 151

Euphrates, 77, 110, 127, 129, 174, 196, 429, 430

Euripides, 139

Europe, 200

Europe, Central, 329

Europe, Concert of, 350

Europe, Western, 53, 298

European overseas populations, 336

Europeans, intellectual revival of, 294 et seq.

Europeans, North Atlantic, 329

Europeans, Western, 329

Everlasting League, 433

Evolution, 16, 42

Excommunication, 275, 281, 285

Execution. Greek method of, 140

Ezekiel, 124

F

Factory system, 365

Family groups, 61

Famine, 420

Faraday, 358

Fashoda, 398

Fatherhood of God, the, 215, 224, 251

Fear, 61

Feathers, 32

Ferdinand of Aragon, King, 293, 302, 309

Ferns, 23, 26

Fertilizers, 363

Fetishism, 63, 64

Feudal system, 258, 400, 401, 402

Fielding, Henry, 365

Fiji, 407

Finance, 134

Finland, 245

Finns, 351

Fish, the age of, 16 et seq.; the first known vertebrata, 19; evolution of, 30

Fisher, Lord, 416

Fishing, 57

Fleming, Bishop, 286

Flint implements, 44, 47

Flood, story of the, 91, 116

Florence, 294

Florentine Society, 322

Florida, 336, 385

Flying machines, 94, 363

Fontainebleau, 348

Food, rationing of, 414

Food riots, 417

Forests, 56, 197

Fossils, 13, 43. (Cf. Rocks)

Fowl, the domestic, 88, 102

France, 106, 185, 230, 259, 263, 312, 336, 342, 353, 390, 391, 394, 396, 402, 409, 411, 434

Francis I, King of France, 310, 312, 313, 433

Francis II, Emperor of Austria, 434

Francis of Assisi, St., 276, 432

Franciscan Order, 276, 285, 432

Frankfort, Peace of, 391, 435

Franks, 200, 227, 235, 259, 265, 431

Frazer, Sir J. G., 66

Frederick I (Barbarossa), 274, 432

Frederick I, King of Prussia, 434

Frederick II, German Emperor, 279, 280, 288 et seq., 289, 294, 304, 435

Frederick II, King of Sicily, 432

Frederick the Great of Prussia, 437, 434

Freeman’s Farm, 338

French, 329, 331, 332, 419

French Guiana, 394

French language, 203, 327, 328, 419

French Revolution, 342 et seq., 374

Frogs, 24

Fronde, war of the, 434

Fulton, Robert, 358

Furnace, blast, 359; electric, 359

Furs, 335

G

Galatia, 430

Galatians, 193

Galba, 430

Galerius, Emperor, 226, 431

Galleys, 91, 92, 181, 263

Galvani, 258

Gamma, Vasco da, 329, 335, 433

Ganges, 156

Gath, 117

Gaul, 203, 235, 236, 357, 431

Gauls, 154, 178, 179, 180, 182, 193, 430

Gautama. (See Buddha)

Gaza, 117, 147

Gaztelu, 314

Genoa (and Genoese), 294, 300, 301, 302

Genoa Conference, 425

Genseric, 232

Geology, 11 et seq., 356

George III, King of England, 324, 337, 434

Georgia, 336, 339, 385, 387

German Empire, 409

German language, 95, 236, 260

Germans, 268, 288, 310, 351, 360- 61, 362

Germany, 197, 326, 347, 348, 362, 390, 396, 402, 409, 410, 411

Germany, North, 306

Gibbon, E., 234, 288

Gibraltar, 71, 92, 94, 253, 393, 407

Gigantosaurus, measurement of, 28

Gilbert, Dr., 322

Gilboa, Mount, 118

Gills, 24

Giraffes, 42

Gizeh, pyramids at, 83

Glacial Ages, 22, 37, 44

Gladiators, 205

Glass, 102

Glyptodon, 74

Goa, 329

Goats, 77

God, idea of one true, 249

God of Judaism, 123, 209, 213, 214, 215

Godfrey of Bouillon, 432

Gods, 111, 123, 129, 165, 184, 186, 201 et seq., 208 et seq., 240

Goidelic Celts, 106

Gold, 74, 80, 83, 102, 300, 395

Golden Bough, Frazer’s, 66

Good Hope, Cape of. (See Cape)

Gospels, the, 214 et seq., 222

Gothic kingdom, 259

Gothland, 197, 200

Goths, 181, 200, 227, 228, 430, 431

Granada, 293, 301

Granicus, battle of the, 146, 430

Grant, General, 387, 388

Graphite, 15

Grass, 37, 51

Great Britain, 396, 410

Great Mogul, Empire of, 394, 434

Great Powers, 399 et seq.

Great Schism. (See Papal schism)

Great War, the, 411 et seq. , 421, 435

Greece, 92, 94, 108, 127, 139 et seq., 145 et seq., 434

Greece, war with Persia, 134 et seq.

Greek language, 95, 202, 203

Greeks, 92, 100, 101, 108, 122 et seq., 135, 150, 174, 186, 271, 272, 301, 353, 419, 429, 430, 433

Greenland, 263

Gregory I, Pope, 263

Gregory VII, Pope (Hildebrand), 268, 272, 274, 275, 278, 432

Gregory IX, Pope, 281

Gregory XI, Pope, 285, 433

Gregory the Great, 272

Grimaldi race, 51, 54, 65

Guillotine, the, 346

Guiscard, Robert, 432

Gunpowder, 287, 321

Guns, 321, 413

Gustavus Adolphus, 331

Gymnastic displays, Cretan, 93

H

Habsburgs, 283, 309, 310

Hadrian, 174, 430

Halicarnassus, 138

Hamburg, 294

Hamitic people, 71

Hammurabi, 90, 92, 104, 429

Han dynasty, 196, 200, 245, 430

Hannibal, 182

Hanover, Elector of, 327

Harding, President, 425

Harold Hardrada, 266

Harold, King of England, 266

Haroun-al-Raschid, 267, 432

Hastings, battle of, 266

Hastings, Warren, 333

Hatasu, Queen of Egypt, 96

Hathor, 209

Heaven, Kingdom of, 216, 217

Hebrew Bible, 1, 115, 116. (Cf. Bible)

Hebrew literature, 100

Hebrews, 100, 115. (See also Jews)

Hegira, 431

Heidelberg man, 45

Heliolithic culture, 69, 71, 167, 174

Heliolithic peoples, 107

Hellenic tribes, 100. (See also Greeks)

Hellespont, 430, 431

Helots, 130, 203

Hen. (See Fowl)

Henry IV, King, 274

Henry VI, Emperor, 279

Henry VIII, King of England, 310, 312, 313, 324, 433

Henry the Fowler, 265, 432

Heraclea, battle of, 178, 430

Heraclitus of Ephesus, 132, 156, 161

Heraclius, Emperor, 243, 247, 253, 431

Herat, 148

Herbivorous reptiles, 28

Hercules, Pillars of, (See Gibraltar)

Hero, 151, 152

Herodotus, 138, 139

Herophilus, 151

Hiero, 182

Hieroglyphics, 79, 124

Hildebrand. (See Gregory VII)

Himalayas, the, 37

Hipparchus, 151

Hippopotamus, 43

Hiram, King of Sidon, 118, 119, 122

History of Charles V, 316

Hittites, 96, 97, 98, 108

Hohenstaufens, 283

Holland, 306, 344, 347, 394, 396, 402, 433, 434

Holstein, 351

Holy Alliance, 349

Holy Roman Empire, 264, 309, 317, 323, 347, 377, 409, 432, 434

Homer, 129

Honorius, 230, 431

Honorius III, Pope, 281

Horse, 51, 56, 94, 96, 97, 112, 167, 319, 336; evolution of the, 42

Horsetails, 23

Horus, 209, 210, 211

Hottentots, 54

Hsia, 287

Hudson Bay Company, 393

Hudson River, 358

Hulagu Khan, 290, 433

Human sacrifice, 182, 186. (Cf. Blood Sacrifice, Sacrifice)

Hungarians, 263, 289, 351

Hungary, 185, 203, 227, 245, 258, 263, 289, 290, 292, 310, 312, 351

Hungary, plain of, 234

Huns, 88, 167, 168, 174, 197, 198, 227, 232, 233, 245, 263, 289, 431

Hunting, 56

Huss, John, 304, 433

Hussites, 305

Hwang-ho river, 173

Hwang-ho valley, 300

Hyksos, 90, 96

Hyracodons, 42

Hystaspes, 430

I

Iberians, 71, 92

Ice age, 43. (Cf. Glacial ages)

Iceland, 263

Ichthyosaurs, 29, 36

Ignatius of Loyola, St., 308, 434

Iliad, 127

Illinois, 386

Illyria, 179, 182

Immolation of human beings, 102

Immortality, idea of, 210, 211, 224

Imperialism, 399

Implements, 46, 48, 56, 57, 65, 87

Implements, use of, by animals, 44, 45

India, 71, 84, 104, 108, 122, 149, 156, 163, 164, 196, 199, 287, 302, 335, 394- 95, 399, 409, 433, 434

Indian Empire, 405

Indian Ocean, 329

Indiana, 383, 386

Individualists, 375 et seq.

Individuality in reproduction, 16 et seq.

Indo-Scythians, 199, 430

Indus, 149, 429

Industrial revolution, 365 et seq.

Infantry, 178

Influenza, 414

Innocent III, Pope, 276, 279, 280, 432

Innocent IV, Pope, 281

Innsbruck, 313

Inquisition, the, 276, 349

Insects, 26, 31

Interdicts, papal, 275

Interglacial period, 44

Internationalism, 380

Invertebrata, 13

Investitures, 275

Ionic Greeks, 108, 130

Iowa, 385

Ireland, 106, 405

Iron, 80, 87, 94, 97, 102, 104, 168, 319, 321, 358, 359

Irrigation, 290

Isabella of Castile, Queen, 293, 302, 309

Isaiah, 125, 133, 156

Isis, 209, 210, 211, 212

Islam, 251, 252, 432

Islamism, 267, 319. (See also Moslem, Muhammedanism)

Isocrates, 145

Israel, judges of, 118

Israel, kings of, 118, 119, 121

Issus, battle of, 147, 430

Italian language, 203

Italians, 107, 351

Italica, 202

Italy, 94, 108, 129, 134, 176, 180, 230, 236, 312, 327, 347, 390, 396, 409, 411, 429, 431, 434

Italy, Central, 429

Italy, North, 263, 312, 351, 390, 429, 431

Italy, South, 429

Ivan III (the Great), 327, 433

Ivan IV (the Terrible), 327, 433

J

Jacobin republic, 434

Jamaica, 393, 407

James I, King of England and Scotland, 324, 433

Jamestown (Va.), 433

Japan, 166, 300, 399, 400-01 et seq., 409, 410, 435

Japanese, 419

Jarandilla, 315

Java, 302, 329

Jaw-bone, Heidelberg, 45-46; Piltdown, 46

Jehovah, 125

Jena, 434

Jengis Khan, 287, 298, 334, 432

Jerusalem, 115, 116, 119, 121, 123, 124, 184, 215, 243, 267, 271, 272, 299, 431, 432

Jerusalem, Temple of, 119, 184

Jesuits, 308, 400, 433

Jesus, life and teaching of, 214 et seq., 224, 270, 306, 374, 430

Jews, 123, 124, 147, 184, 213, 215, 255, 256, 270, 294

Jews, early history of, 115 et seq.

Jews, literature of, 115

Jewish religion and sacred books, 116

John III of Poland, 434

John XI, Pope, 272

John XII, Pope, 272, 432

Joppa, 117

Joseph, King of Spain, 349, 434

Josiah, King of Judah, 110, 115, 116, 429

Judah, 115, 119

Judah, kings of, 119

Judea, 115, 183, 214

Judea, priests and prophets in, 122 et seq.

Judges, book of, 117

Judges of Israel, 118

Jugo-Slavia, 354

Jugo-Slavs, 351

Jugurtha, 192

Julian the Apostate, 431

Julius III, 316

Junks, Chinese, 400

Jupiter (god), 211, 212

Jupiter (planet), 2, 3

Jupiter Capitolinus, 184

Jupiter Serapis, 226

Justinian I, 232, 238, 243, 431

Jutes, 230

K

Kaaba, the, 249

Kadessia, battle of, 253, 431

Kalinga, 163

Kansas, 383

Karakorum, 287, 298

Karnak, 101

Kashgar, 300

Kashmir, Buddhists in, 165

Kavadh, 243, 244, 431

Kentucky, 383, 386

Kerensky, 416, 417

Khans, 287 et seq.

Khyber Pass, 148, 199

Kiau Chau, 400

Kieff, 287, 432

Kin dynasty, 287

Kings, book of, 119

Kioto, 402

Ki-wi, the, 32

Koltchak, Admiral, 419

Koran, the, 251, 255

Korea, 400, 402

Kotan, 300

Krum of Bulgaria, 432

Kublai Khan, 290, 298, 300, 433

Kushan dynasty, 199

L

Labyrinth, Cretan, 127

Lahore, 287

Lake Ontario, 336

Land scorpions, 23

Langley, Professor, 363

Languages of mankind, 94, 95, 100, 106, 107, 108, 134, 145, 156, 176, 201, 202, 203, 230, 236, 243, 245, 259, 325, 328

Lao Tse, 133, 170 et seq., 222, 429

Lapland, 233

Latin Emperor, 259

Latin language, 201, 202, 203, 236, 259. (Cf. also Languages)

Latins, the, 271, 272, 432

Law, 238

Laws, Plato’s, 142

League of Nations, 422, 423, 424, 425, 435

Learning, 255

Lee, General, 387, 389

Legionaries, 229

Lemurs, 43

Lenin, 417, 419

Leo III, Pope, 265, 272, 432

Leo X, Pope, 310, 312, 433

Leonidas, 136

Leopold I, 353

Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 434

Lepanto, battle of, 293

Lepidus, 194

Lexington, 338

Liberia, 398

Libraries, 151, 164, 170

Liegnitz, battle of, 288, 289, 433

Life, beginnings of, the Record of the Rocks, 11 et seq.; progressive nature of, 16; of what it consists, 16; theory of Natural Selection, 18; a teachable type: advent of, 39

Lincoln, Abraham, 385, 386, 388, 389, 435; assassination of, 389

Linen, 102

Lions, 42, 127

Lisbon, 294, 315, 329

Literary criticism, evolution of, 205

Literature, European, 298

Literature, pre-historic, 115

Lizards, 27, 28

Llamas, 42

Lob Nor, 300

Lochau, battle of, 313

Locke, John, 371

Logic, science of, 144

Lombard kingdom, 259

Lombards, 431

Lombardy, 431

London, 294, 413

Lopez de Recalde, Inigo, 308, (See also Ignatius of Loyola)

Lorraine, 391

Louis XIV, 324, 433

Louis XV, 434

Louis XVI, 342, 343, 434

Louis XVIII, 350, 434

Louis Philippe, 350, 434

Louis the Pious, 265, 432

Louisiana, 336, 385

Lu, state of, 170

Lucretius, 294

Lucullus, 192

Lunar month, 68

Lung, the, 24

Luther, Martin, 306, 310, 433

Luxembourg, 351

Luxor, 101

Lvoff, Prince, 416

Lyceum, Athens, 142, 144

Lydia, 98, 134

Lydians, 94

Lyons, 345

M

Macao, 329

Macaulay, Lord, 187

Maccabeans, 184

Macedonia and Macedonians, 131, 135, 139, 145, 179, 292, 350

Machinery, 322, 356

Madeira, 122, 302

Madras, 163

Magellan, Ferdinand, 302

Magic, 172

Magna Græcia, 129, 178

Magnesia, battle of, 183

Magyars, 263, 264, 270, 289

Mahaffy, Professor, 151

Maine, 336, 339

Majuba Hill, battle of, 398

Malta, 393, 407

Mammals, the earliest, 33; viviparous, 33; egg-laying, 34; the Age of, 37 et seq.

Mammoth, 43, 49

Man, brotherhood of, 216, 224, 380

Man, 43; Heidelberg, 45; Eoanthropus, 47; Neanderthal, 47, 48 et seq.; earliest known, 53 et seq.

Manchu, 333, 433

Manchuria, 197, 400, 402, 403, 404

Mangu Khan, 290, 433

Mani, 241, 270, 430, 431

Manichæans, 243, 255

Mankind, racial divisions of, 54, 71

Mantua, 345

Maoris, 71

Marathon, 136

Marathon, battle of, 430

Marchand, Colonel, 398

Marcus Aurelius, 174, 430

Marie Antoinette, 343, 346

Mariner’s compass, 302, 320

Marius, 191, 192, 237, 430

“Marriage of East and West,” 149

Mars (planet), 2, 3

Marseillaise, the, 343, 345

Marseilles, 129, 182, 312, 345

Martel, Charles, 259, 432

Marlin V, Pope, 286, 304

Marx, 376

Maryland, 337

Mas d’Azil cave, 57

Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, 390, 391

Maximilian I, Emperor, 309, 433

Maya writing, 74, 75

Mayence, 265, 344

Mayflower expedition, 433

Mazarin, Cardinal, 324

Mecca, 248, 249, 251, 431

Mechanical revolution, 256 et seq., 366, 369

Medes, 100, 108, 109, 115, 122, 134, 155, 174, 429

Media, rebellion in, 136

Median Empire, 109, 110, 112

Medicine man, the, 64

Medina, 249

Mediterranean, 71, 91, 176, 292, 293; valley, 71

“Mediterranean” people, pre-Greek, 130

Megatherium, 74

Megiddo, battle of, 110, 115, 429

Melasgird, battle of, 268, 432

Mentality, primitive, 60, et seq.

Mercury (planet), 2, 3

Mesopotamia, 77, 80, 96, 100, 109, 127, 174, 267, 290, 299

Mesozoic period, 27; land life of, 28; sea life of, 30; scarcity of bird and mammal life in, 32, 34; its difference from Cainozoic period, 38

Messina, 179, 180

Messina, Straits of, 179

Metallurgy, 356, 359, 360

Metals, transmutation of, 257

Meteoric iron, 80, 94

Metz, 391

Mexico, 74, 76, 324, 321, 384, 385, 389, 399

Michael VII, Emperor, 268

Michael VIII. (See Palæologus)

Microscope, 355

Midianites, 117

Milan, 227, 235, 309, 312, 351

Miletus, 129

Millipedes, 23

Milton, 129

Ming dynasty, 290, 333, 433

Mining, 335

Minnesota, 385

Minos, 92, 95, 127, 131

Missionaries, 236, 247, 380, 400, 431

Mississippi (state), 385

Mississippi River, 386

Missouri, 382

Mithraism, 211, 212, 213, 222, 431

Mithras, 211, 213

Mnemonics, Chinese and Peruvian method of, 76

Moabites, 117

Moawija, Caliph, 431

Mogul dynasty, 292, 433

Moluccas, 329

Monarchy, 323, 341, 347

Monasticism, 213, 236

Money, 114, 176, 201, 319

Mongol conquests, influence of, 298

Mongol Court, the, 299

Mongol Empire, 332

Mongolia, 197

Mongolian language, 108

Mongolian peoples, 72, 73, 88, 167, 197, 227, 232, 233 et seq., 245, 258, 287 et seq., 298, 320, 333, 400, 433

Mongoloid tribes, 69

Monkeys, 43, 45

Monotheism, 251. (See also Muhammad)

Monroe doctrine, 349, 389, 396, 423

Monroe, President, 349

Montesquieu, 371

Montgomery, 385

Month, the lunar, 68

Moon, the, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 68

Moorish paper-mills, 297

More, Sir Thomas, 365, 371

Morelly, 371

Morocco, 185, 398

Mortillet, 57

Moscow, 293, 434

Moscow, Grand Duke of, 290

Moses, 116

Moslem Empire, 253

Moslems, 297, 431, 432

Moslim, the, 253, 269, 271, 290

Mososaurs, 29

Moses, 23

Mounds, Neolithic, 70

Mountains, 197

Mozambique, 329

Muehlon, Herr, 424

Muhammad, prophet, 243, 247, 248 et seq., 270, 431

Muhammad II, Sultan, 292, 433

Mules, 102

Mummies, 70

Munitions, 412

Musk ox, 43

Mycalæ, battle of, 136, 430

Mycenæ, 92, 108

Mycerinus, 83

Mylæ, battle of, 181, 430

N

Nabonidus, 111, 112

Nankin, 173

Naples, 178, 350, 431

Napoleon Bonaparte, 345, 347, 348, 356, 434

Napoleon III, 390, 434, 435

Nasmyth, 359

Natal, 398

“National schools,” 369

Natural history, father of, 144

Natural Selection, theory of, 17

Nautilus, the pearly, 39

Navarino, battle of, 353, 434

Neanderthaler Man, 47, 48 et seq.

Nebraska, 383

Nebuchadnezzar II (the Great), 102, 110, 115, 429

Nebulæ, 4, 5

Necho II, 109, 110, 115, 122, 147, 429

Needles, bone, 57

Negroid tribes, 72, 88

Nelson, Horatio, 348

Neolithic age, 59, 65

Neolithic civilizations, primitive, 71 et seq.

Neptune (planet), 2, 3

Nero, 195, 430

Nestorian missionaries, 431. (Cf. Missionaries)

Netherlands, 259, 309, 351

Neustria, 431

Neva, 327

New Assyrian Empire, 97

New Atlantis, The, 322, 355

New England, 335, 337

New Mexico, 433

New Plymouth, 433

Newts, 24

New York, 358, 434

New Zealand, 322, 396, 405

Newfoundland, 405

Nicæa, 268, 270

Nicæa, Council of, 431

Nicephorus, Emperor, 432

Nicholas I, Tsar, 351, 390, 434

Nicholas II, Tsar, 416

Nickel, 360

Nicomedia, 227

Nieuw Amsterdam, 434. (Cf. New York)

Nile, 83, 100, 129, 398; valley 90, 429

Nile, battle of the, 434

Nineveh, 94, 97, 101, 109, 114, 243, 429, 431

Nippur, 78

Nirvana, 161

Nish, 227

Noah’s Ark, 91

Nogaret, Guillaume de, 284

Nomadic peoples, primitive, 84 et seq., (Cf. Nomads)

Nomads, 122, 155, 167, 168, 174, 198-200, 233-34, 245, 287, 334

Nonconformity, 307, 308

Nordic race, 72, 88, 104, 108, 134, 154, 155, 174, 178, 185, 197, 200, 233, 258, 261

Normandy, 263, 342, 432

Normandy, Duke of, 266

Normans, 263, 266, 279, 302

Northmen, 263, 264, 266, 268, 432

Norway, 306, 313, 432

Norwegians, 351

Novgorod, 294, 432

Nubians, 238

Numerals, Arabic, 282

Numidia, 191

Numidians, 182

Nuremberg, 294

Nuremberg, Peace of, 313

O

Ocean dredgings, deepest, 4

Ocean liners, 322, 336

Octavian. (See Augustus)

Odenathus of Palmyra, 431

Odoacer, 236, 431

Odyssey, 127

Ogdai Khan, 287, 289, 432

Oglethorpe, 336

Okapi, 397

“Old Man,” 372, 373

Old Testament, 115, 116

Olympiad, first, 176, 429

Olympian games, 131

Olympias, Queen, 146

Omar, Caliph, 431

Open-hearth process, 359

Orange River, 398

“Ordinance of secession,” 385

Oregon, 385

Organic Evolution, 16

Ormuz, 299

Orsini family, 284

Orthodoxy, 240

Osiris, 200, 210, 211

Ostrogoths, 227, 431

Othman, 432

Otho, 430

Otto I, King of Germany, 265, 432

Otto of Bavaria, Prince, 354

Ottoman Empire, 202. (See also Turkey, Turks)

Oudh, 394

Ownership, 373, 374, 375

Oxen, 49, 104, 112

Oxford, 295

P

Padua, 235

Pæstum, 176

Palæologus, Michael (Michael VIII), 283

Palæolithic age, 13, 59, 66 (note)

Palermo, 181

Palestine, 290, 299

Pamirs, 196, 300

Panama, 385

Panama, Isthmus of, 314

Pan Chau, 197, 430

Panipat, battle of, 433

Pannonia, 203, 229, 232, 234, 431

Papacy (including Popes), 237, 261, 265, 277 et seq., 329 et seq., 343

Papal schism (the Great Schism), 285, 394, 433

Paper, 153, 236, 255, 297, 320, 322

Papyrus, 78, 153

Parables, 216

Paradise Lost, 129

Parchment, 153

Paris, 294, 295, 342, 350, 356, 390, 391, 412, 413, 415, 435

Paris, Peace of, 338, 434

Parthian dynasty, 202

Parthians, 155, 192, 194, 198, 199, 245

Passau, Treaty of, 314

Patricians, Roman, 176, 188

Paul, St., 202, 223

Pavia, siege of, 312

Peace Conference, Dr. Dillon’s, 434

Peasant revolts, 305, 310

Peculium, 206

Pedro I, 340

Pegu, 300

Pekin, 173, 287, 300, 383, 400, 432

Peloponnesian War, 139, 145, 430

Pentateuch, the, 116

“People’s crusade,” the, 270, 432. (Cf. Crusades)

Pepi II, 83

Pepin I, 259

Pepin of Hersthal, 431

Pergamum, 154, 180, 183, 430

Pericles, 139, 140

Perry, Commodore, 402

Persepolis, 114, 148, 155

Persia, 77, 134 et seq., 165, 185, 192, 227, 243, 253, 255, 287, 399, 409, 430, 431

Persian Empire, 112, 134, 238, 429

Persian Gulf, 77, 78, 91, 299

Persian language, 95

Persians, 100, 108, 109, 115, 155, 174, 431

Peru, 74, 75, 314, 321

Pestilence, 305, 320, 334, 413, 430, 431, 433

Peter the Great, 327, 434

Peter the Hermit, 269, 270

Peterhof, 327

Petersburg, 127, 419. (See also Petrograd)

Petrograd, 416, 417. (See also Petersburg)

Petschenegs, 268

Phalanx, 145, 178

Pharaohs, the, 90, 96, 119, 131, 150, 188

Pharsalos, 430

Philadelphia, 358, 434

Philip, Duke of Orleans, 350

Philip, King of France, 285

Philip II, King of Spain, 314, 324

Philip of Hesse, 313

Philip of Macedon, 145, 146, 430

Philippine Islands, 302, 393, 400

Philistines, 100, 117

Philosopher’s stone, 257

Philosophers and Philosophy, 133, 139, 152, 168, 239, 294, 295

Phœnicians, 92, 94, 107, 123, 147

Phœnix, steamship, 358

Phrygians, 100, 108

Physiocrats, 371

Picture writing, 56, 57, 78, 79, 167

Piedmont, 345

Pirates and Piracy, 92, 179, 180, 200, 263

Pithecanthropus erectus, 45

Pizarro, 314

Plague, (See Pestilence)

Planetoids, 2

Planets, 2

Plant lice, 13

Plants, 22, 23, 36

Platea, battle of, 136, 430

Plato, 140, 142, 144, 170, 370- 71

Platypus, duck-billed, 34

Plebeians, Roman, 176, 177, 187-88

Plesiosaurs, 29, 30, 36

Poison-gas, 413

Poitiers, 432

Poitiers, battle of, 253, 259

Poland, 288, 327, 353, 434

Poles, 288, 419

Political experiment, age of, 318 et seq.

Political ideas, development of, 370 et seq.

Political science, founder of, 144

Political worship, 412

Polo, Marco, 299-300

Polynesian races, 71

Pompey the Great, 192, 193, 196, 198, 430

Pontifex maximus, 237, 261

Popes. (See Papacy)

Population, 379, 383

Port Arthur, 400, 403

Portugal, 340, 394, 396, 431

Portuguese, 302, 329, 332, 400

Porus, King, 149

Potato, 76

Potsdam, 327

Pottery, 75, 87X

Prague, 433

Prescott, 314

Priestcraft (including Priests), 64, 68, 69, 74, 75, 77, 83, 111, 114 et seq., 122, 131, 132, 167, 174, 275, 277

Primal Law, 61

Primates, 43. (Cf. Mammalia)

Printing, 80, 153, 247, 255, 298, 302, 305, 306, 320, 322, 329

Priscus, 234

Property, 274, 372, 374, 375

Prophet, Muhammad as, 249

Prophets, Jewish, 118, 122 et seq.

Proprietorship, 373

Protestantism, 316, 324, 327, 351, 400

Proverbs, book of, 116

Prussia, 327, 348, 351, 390, 391, 392, 434, 435

Prussia, East, 412, 415

Psalms, 116

Psammetichus I, 109, 429

Psycho-analvsis, 69

Pterodactyls, 28, 29, 31, 36

Ptolemy I, 149, 150, 151, 186, 211

Ptolemy II, 151, 186

Punic language, 203

Punic Wars, 180 et seq., 187, 188, 430

Punjab, 163, 199

Puritans, 335

Pygmies, 397

Pyramids, 69, 83, 100

Pyrenees, 253, 432

Pyrrhus, 178, 179, 430

Q

Quebec, 434

Quinqueremes, 180

Quixada, 314

R

Races of mankind, 71 et seq.

Railways, 322, 350, 357, 382, 383, 384, 389, 395, 396, 409, 434

Rain, 9, 10

Rameses II, 96, 147, 429

Rasputin, 415, 416

Ratisbon, Diet of, 313

Ravenna, 431

Reading, 176

Rebus, 79

Red deer, 56

Red Sea, 91, 118, 122, 196

Reformation, the, 308

Reindeer, 43, 49, 51, 56, 73

Religion, and the creation of the world, 1; and organic evolution, 16; primitive, 61, 64

Religions, 172, 222 et seq., 240 et seq., 319. (Cf. Buddhism, Christianity, etc.)

Religious developments under the Roman Empire, 208 et seq.

Religious wars, 270, 304, 313. (Cf. Crusades)

Reptiles, the age of, 26 et seq.; mental life of, 38

Reproduction, 17 et seq.

Republic, Plato’s, 142

Republic, the Assimilative, 187

Republics, 187 et seq., 236, 308, 324, 328, 340, 343, 344, 416, 433, 434, 435

Republicans, the first, 131

Retreat of the Ten Thousand, 150

Revolution, 342 et seq., 349 et seq., 390, 404, 416, 435

Rhine, 200, 227

Rhine languages, 236

Rhineland, 270, 306

Rhinoceros, 43, 49

Rhodes, 108

Rhodesia, 407

Rhodesian man, 52

Richelieu, Cardinal, 324

Richmond, U.S.A., 386, 388, 389

Roads, 114, 187

Robertson, 316

Robespierre, 345, 346, 434

Robinson, J. H., 284

“Rocket,” Stephenson’s, 356

Rock pictures, 57, 78

Rocks as record of beginnings of life, 11 et seq.

S

Sabellians, 224

Sabre-toothed tiger, 43

Sacrifice, 102, 103, 167, 174, 182, 186, 211, 212. (Cf. also Blood sacrifice, Human sacrifice)

Sagas, 106

Saghalien, 404

Sailing ships, 91, 336

St. Angelo, castle of, 312

St. Helena, 407

St. Sophia, church of, 238

Saladin, 272, 432

Salamis, battle of, 180, 430

Salamis, bay of, 136

Salerno, 282

Samarkand, 256, 297

Samnites, 430

Samos, 129

Samson, 116

Samurai, 401

San Francisco, 383

Sandstones, 26

Sanskrit, 95, 107, 156

Sapor I, 430

Saracens, 264, 265, 297

Saratoga, 338

Sardanapalus (Assurbanipal), 98, 109, 111

Sardinia, 182, 185, 232, 309, 351, 390

Sardis, 98

Sargon I, 90, 92, 109, 122, 429

Sargon II, 97, 109, 429

Sarmatians, 100

Sassanid dynasty, 227, 241, 430

Saturn (planet), 2, 3

Saul, King of Israel, 118, 429

Saul of Tarsus. (See Paul, St.)"

Savannah, steamship, 258

Savoy, 334, 351, 390

Saxons, 230, 265

Saxony, Elector of, 310

Scandinavians, 329

Scarabeus beetle, 209

Scheldt, 344

Schmalkaldic League, 312

Science, 144

Science and religion, 243

Science, exploitation of, 362

Science, physical, 412

Scientific societies, 322

Scipio Africanus, 182, 187

Scorpion, sea, 13, 18, 23

Scotland, 306, 307

Scott, Michael, 282

Scythia, 429

Scythians, 100, 108, 134, 135

Sea trade, 91

Sea worms, 13

Seasons, the, 68

Seaweed, 13

Sedan, 391

Seed-bearing trees, 26

Seleucid dynasty, 183, 186, 196, 199

Seleucus I, 149, 163

Seljuks, 267, 268, 272, 432

Semites and Semitic peoples, 88, 89, 91, 92, 94, 107, 115 , 122, 134, 174, 233, 256, 258

Semitic language, 202, 243

Sennacherib, 97

Serapeum, 211, 213

Serapis, 211, 212

Serbia, 179, 200, 227, 228, 292, 354, 411

Serfdom, 207

Seven Years’ War, 434

Severus, Septimius, 202

Seville, 202, 213, 302

Shang dynasty, 103, 168

Sheep, 77

Shell necklaces, 56

Shellfish, 13

Shells, as protection against drying, 18

Sherman, General, 387, 388

Shi Hwang-ti, 173, 180, 430

Shimonoseki, Straits of, 402

Shipbuilding, 359, 360, 400

Ships, 91, 119, 122, 149, 180, 196, 320, 322, 336

Shishak, 119

Shrubs, 16

Shumanism, 298

Siam, 166

Siberia, 334

Siberia, Eastern, 419

Siberian railway, 403, 409

Sicilies, Two, 287

Sicily, 108, 122, 129, 134, 178, 179, 182, 185, 188, 323, 263, 279, 280

Sidon, 92, 122, 123, 134, 147

Silurian system, 19

Silver, 80, 102, 335

Sind, 394

Sirmium, 227

Skins, use of; for clothing, 56 for writing, 75; inflated as boats, 91

Skull, Rhodesian, 52

Slavery (and slaves), 94, 102 , 188, 191, 194, 203 et seq., 236, 320, 337, 373, 374, 384-86, 388, 430, 433

Slavonic language, 236

Slavs, 263, 265

Smelting, 87, 104, 322

Smith, Adam, 377

Smith, Eliot, 69

Snakes, 27, 28

Social reform, 125

Socialism, 371, 416, 417, 434

Socialists, 375 et seq.

Socialists, primitive, 374

Society, primitive, 60

Socrates, 140

Solomon, King, 119, 122, 127, 429

Solomon’s temple, 119

Sophists, 140

Sophocles, 139

South Carolina, 385

Soviets, 417

Space, the world in, 1 et seq.

Spain, 93, 106, 122, 123, 180, 185, 230, 232, 236, 253, 255, 256, 309, 348, 349, 350, 393, 429, 431; relics of first true man in, 53

Spain, North, 431

Spanish, 329, 331

Spanish language, 203

Sparta, 129, 130, 136, 203

Spartacus, 191, 192, 203, 430

Spartans, 136

Species, generation of, 17; new, 36

Speech, primitive human, 63

Spiders, 23

Spiral nebulæ, 5

Spores, 24

Stagira, 142

Stamford Bridge, battle of, 286

Stars, 68, 257

State, modern idea of a, 375

State ownership, 374

States General, the, 341, 434

Steamboat, 340, 357 et seq., 374, 382, 395, 396

Steam engine, 151, 152, 359

Steam hammer, 359

Steam power, 322

Steel, 322, 359-60

Stephenson, George, 356

Stilicho, 230, 234, 431

Stockholm, 417

Stockton, 356, 434

Stone age, 53, 59

Stone implements, 45, 65

Stonehenge, 106, 429

Story-telling, primitive, 62

Styria, 309

Submarine campaign, 423

Subutai, 289

Sudan, the, 405

Suevi, 431

Suleiman the Magnificent, 310, 312, 432, 433

Sulla, 192, 237

Sumeria and Sumerians, 77, 78 et seq., 87, 88, 90, 91, 122

Sumerian Empire, 429

Sumerian language and writing, 77, 78, 79

Sun, the, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10

Sun worship, 211

Sung dynasty, 290

Susa, 114, 135, 148, 149, 155

Suy dynasty, 245

Swastika, 70

Sweden, 306, 313, 348

Swedes, 326, 329, 330, 351

Swimming bladder, 24

Switzerland, 327, 347, 350, 433

Syracuse, 151, 154, 170, 178

Syria, 88, 91, 115, 119, 122, 138, 238, 243, 249, 290, 431

Syrians, 96, 98

T

Tabus, the, 61

Tadpoles, 26

Tagus valley, 314

Tai-Tsung, 247, 431

Tang dynasty, 200, 245, 247, 287, 431

“Tanks,” 413

Taoism, 174, 222. (See also Lao Tse)

Taranto, 178

Tarentum, 178

Tarim valley, 430

Tartars, 167, 197, 232, 243, 288, 290, 334

Tasmania, 59, 322, 393

Tattooing, 70

Taxation, 271, 337

Tea, 247, 337

Teeth, 19, 20

Telamon, battle of, 182

Telegraph, electric, 340, 358, 382, 384, 396

Telescope, 355

Temples, 77, 83, 101, 129, 131, 167, 174, 184, 186, 211, 212, 213, 240

Tennessee, 386

Testament, Old, 115, 116

Teutons, 431

Texas, 384, 385

Texel, 344

Thales, 131, 161

Thebes, 101, 102, 129, 136

Theocrasia, 209

Theodora, Empress, 238

Theodoric the Goth, 236, 431

Theodosius II, 234, 238

Theodosius the Great, 226, 229, 431

Thermopylæ, battle of, 136, 430

Thessaly, 145, 178

Thirty Years’ War, 326

Thothmes III, 96, 127, 147, 429

Thought and research, 140

Thought, primitive, 60 et seq.

Thrace, 135

Three Estates, council of the, 285

Three Teachings, the, 170

Tiberius Cæsar, 195, 214, 430

Tibet, 196, 400

Tides, 18

Tigers, 42, 43

Tiglath Pileser I, 97, 429

Tiglath Pileser III, 97, 108, 109, 429

Tigris, 77, 84

Time, 5, 6

Timor, 329

Timurlane, 290, 334

Tin, 360

Tiryns, 108

Titanotherium, the, 39, 42

Tonkin, 402

Tortoises, 27, 28

Toulon, 345

Trade, early, 83, 88

Trade, Grecian, 129

Trade routes, 119

Traders, 132, 335

Traders, sea, 92

Trafalgar, battle of, 348

Trajan, 195, 430

Transport, 319, 358, 382

Transvaal, 398

Transylvania, 195

Trasimere, Lake, 182

Trench warfare, 412

Trevithick, 356

Tribal life, 61

Trilobites, 13

Trinidad, 407

Trinil, Java, 45

Trinitarians, 224

Trinity, doctrine of the, 224, 261

Triremes, 180

Triumvirates, 194

Trojans, 94

Troy, 92, 127

Troyes, battle of, 235, 431

Tsar, title of, 327

Tshushima, Straits of, 404

Ts’i, 173

Ts’in, 173, 431

Tuileries, 342, 343

Tunis, 185

Turkestan, 77, 108, 148, 196, 197, 198, 199, 245, 253, 287, 290, 292, 334

Turkey, 390, 411

Turkoman dynasty, 405

Turkomans, 334

Turks, 167, 197, 243, 245, 263, 267, 287, 292, 310, 312, 334, 353, 354, 434

Turtles, 27, 28

Tushratta, king of Mitanni, 97

Twelve tribes, the, 116

Tyrannosaurus, 28

Tyre, 92, 118, 119, 122, 123, 134, 147

U

Uintatheres, 42

Uncleanness, 68

United States, 357, 410, 411, 422, 434; Declaration of Independence, 338; treaty with Britain, 339; expansion of, 382 et seq.

Universities, 295, 304, 355, 361

Uranus, 2, 3

Urban II, Pope, 268, 272, 432

Urban VI, Pope, 285, 433

Utopias, 140, 142, 144

V

Valens, Emperor, 229

Valerian, 430

Valladolid, 314, 315, 316

Valmy, battle of, 434

Vandals, 227, 229, 230, 232, 431

Varennes, 343, 434

Vassalage, 259

Vatican, 265, 266, 272, 285

Vedas, 106

Vegetation of Mesozoic period, 28

Veii, 177, 178

Vendée, 345

Venetia, 235

Venetians, 301

Venice, 235, 272, 274, 294, 327, 351, 432

Venus (goddess), 213

Venus (planet), 2, 3

Verona, 345

Versailles, 325, 327, 341, 342

Versailles, Peace Conference of, 421

Versailles, Treaty of, 421, 422

Vertebrata, 19; ancestors of, 20

Verulam, Lord, (See Bacon, Sir Francis)

Vespasian, 430

Vesuvius, 191

Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy, 435

Victoria, Queen, 394, 434

Vienna, 292, 312, 433, 434

Vienna, Congress of, 348, 349, 350

Vienna, Treaty of, 355

Vilna, 356

Vindhya Mountains, 159

Virginia, 337, 383, 386

Visigoths, 227, 229, 232, 235, 259, 431. (Cf. Goths)

Vitellus, 430

Vittoria, ship, 302

Viviparous mammals, 33

Vivisection, Herophilus and, 151

Volcanoes, 37

Volga, 200, 227

Volta, 358

Voltaire, 328

Votes, 382

W

Waldenses, 276, 280, 305

Waldo, 276

Walid I, 432

War and Warfare, 96, 344, 390, 422

War of American Independence, 338 et seq.

Warsaw, 353

Washington, 340, 357, 383, 386, 389

Washington, Conference of, 425

Washington, George, 338

Waterloo, battle of, 348

Watt engine, 356

Weapons, 100, 106

Weaving, 65, 75

Wei-hai-wei, 400

Wellington, Duke of, 348

West Indies, 330, 385, 393, 394

Western Empire, 431

Westminster, 306

Westphalia, Peace of, 326, 355, 433

Wheat, 66, 104

White Huns. (See Ephthalites)

William Duke of Normandy (William I), 432

William II, German Emperor, 410, 435

Wilson, President, 422, 423, 424

Wings, birds’, 32

Wisby, 294

Wisconsin, 385

“Wisdom lovers,” the first, 133

Witchcraft, 68

Wittenberg, 306

Wolfe, General, 434

Wolsey, Cardinal, 324

Wood blocks for printing, 247

Wool, 102, 395

Workers’ Internationals, 377

World, The, creation of, 1; in time, 5 et seq.

Wrangel, General, 419

Writing, 74, 75, 78, 79, 80, 94, 124, 176; dawn of, 57

Wycliffe, John, and his followers, 286, 304, 433

X

Xavier, Francis, 400

Xenophon, 150

Xerxes, 136, 138, 147, 150

Y

Yang-Chow, 300

Yang-tse-Kiang, 173

Yangtse valley, 173

Yarmuk, battle of, the, 253, 431

Yedo Bay, 401

Yorktown, 338

Yuan dynasty, 290, 433

Yucatan, 74

Yudenitch, General, 419

Yuste, 314, 317

Z

Zama, battle of, 182, 430

Zanzibar, 329

Zarathustra, 241

Zeppelins, 413

Zero sign, 257

Zeus, 211

Zimbabwe, 397

Zoophytes, fossilized, 13

Zoroaster (and Zoroastrianism), 241, 243, 255