Anna, Like Thunder

NOTES ON LANGUAGE AND GLOSSARY

Long before Europeans came to the shores of the Olympic Peninsula, there was active trade up and down the coast. There was also a lot of movement of people through, for example, frequent and widespread socializing, marriage, sharing of songs, and the movement of prisoners and slaves.

There were (and are) also dozens of languages. These are not simply dialects of one common language. The Makah language is very distinct from what is spoken by the Quileutes and Hoh. Thus, it is widely accepted that many coastal Indigenous people were (and are) bilingual, if not multilingual. Children of exogamous marriages were raised speaking both their mother’s and father’s languages.

Fur traders such as Timofei Tarakanov often used this multilingualism to their advantage. By learning a few words of one coastal language, they were able to make themselves understood. There were reportedly various lists of “Nootkan” words published in Europe and shared among the European traders starting from the visit of Captain James Cook to the Pacific coast in 1778.

This is different from what we know today as Chinook Jargon. Chinook Jargon originated as a trade language that, according to anthropologist Dr. Jay Powell, did not develop until after the arrival of J.J. Astor’s traders in the lower Columbia River in 1812—a few years after Anna’s time. Chinook Jargon has deep roots in the coastal Indigenous trade language, but includes contributions from French and English.

During her time on the coast, Anna dealt with language in this multifaceted context.

A couple of notes on the Russian language: adding ‘i’ to the end of a Russian noun makes it plural; and, Russian naming conventions are used throughout the novel. Anna is known as Madame Bulygina, Anna Petrovna, Anya, and Annichka, in decreasing formality. Her husband is known as Nikolai Issakovich and Kolya, a diminutive for Nikolai.

Babathid: (Makah baba id) white people living in houses on the water

Bast: (Russian) reeds or grass

Beze: (Russian) meringue cookie

Blin: (Russian) pancake

Cache-Cache: (French) hide and seek

Chabas: (Makah čabas) sweet, tasty

Cheetoolth: (Makah ) war club

Cingatudax: (Unangam Tunuu or Aleut) yarrow. Maria would know Achillea millefolium var. borealis, but this is more likely the similar Achillea millefolium var. californica.

Dikari: (Russian) savages

Domovoi: (Russian) spirit of the house

Hamidux: (Unangam Tunuu or Aleut) yellow avens. Maria would know Geum calthifolium, but this is more likely the similar Geum macrophyllum.

Khorovod: (Russian) folk dance, a combination of circle dance and chorus

Kizhuch: (Russian, origins Inuktitut) Coho salmon

Kluchab: (Makah ) large mussel

Klush: (Nuu-chah-nulth) good, pretty

Koliuzhi: (Russian) Indigenous people. This word originates from the Sugpiaq-Alutiiq word “kulut’ruaq,” which means wooden dish. The Russians derogatorily used it because of the practice of some Indigenous Alutiiq women of putting a wooden labret in their pierced lower lip.

Korolki: (Russian) blue glass trading beads

Kotel: (Russian) kettle

Kvass: (Russian) a fermented beverage, usually made from bread. The Russians used other ingredients while in Russian America, such as wild celery or various berries.

Lamestin: (Chinook Jargon) medicine

Leshii: (Russian) spirit of the forest

Makee: (Russian) poppy seeds

Makuk: (Nuu-chah-nulth) buy, trade

Pahchitl: (Nuu-chah-nulth, Jewitt’s list of Nootkan words) to give. The word “potlatch” originates from this word.

Prikashchik: (Russian) supercargo

Promyshlennik: (Russian) fur trader

Putchki: (Russian origins, but widely used in English) cow parsnip. Heracleum lanatum.

Quartlack: (Jewitt’s list of Nootkan words) sea otter

Reindeer: (English) Russians use the word “elk” to describe what Canadians know as moose. Anna would never have seen a Roosevelt elk, and would most likely have confused it with a reindeer.

Rusalka: (Russian) spirit of the ponds

Ryba: (Russian) fish

Sazhen: (Russian) 1.76 metres, using makhovaya sazhen or swung sazhen

Shchi: (Russian) cabbage soup

Sviatoi: (Russian, abbreviation Sv.) saint

Too-te-yoo-hannis Yoo-ett: (Makah) John Jewitt

Toyon: (Yakut) chief. This word was brought from northeastern Siberia by the Russians and used when referring to leaders of the Unangan, Alutiiq, Tlingit, and subsequently, other Indigenous groups.

Ukha: (Russian) fish soup or stew

(Makah) thank you. A personal thank you for something someone has done for you. There is a slightly different word for thanking a group, and an entirely different word for a public thank you.

Verst: (Russian) around 1 kilometre (sing. versta)

Vodyanoy: (Russian) old spirit man of the sea

Wacush: (Nuu-chah-nulth, Makah (wayke·š [also wake·š]) bravo. Applied to a task well done. Used by European anthropologists to name the language group to which the Makah belong: Wakashan.

Zaika: (Russian) bunny. Used affectionately.