Berlin 1961: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Most Dangerous Place on Earth

Index

Abel, Elie

Acheson, Dean

Berlin strategy

Berlin strategy, Schlesinger’s alternative to

contempt for Joseph Kennedy

on Cuban invasion

friendship with Adenauer

influence over Kennedy

on Kennedy’s leadership ability

on military buildup and response in Germany

on nuclear preparedness

on Soviet policy

suspicion of Khrushchev

Adenauer, Konrad

appearance in Berlin

appeasement of Soviet Union

on Cuban Missile Crisis

distrust of Kennedy

on East German refugees

election victory

with Johnson in Texas

on Kennedy’s concessions to Khrushchev

Kennedy’s contempt for

on Nixon’s election defeat (1960)

opposition to Kennedy–Khrushchev negotiations

personality

political standing

prisoner-of-war negotiations with Khrushchev

resignation from office and death

reunification goal

on Sino–Soviet alliance

on U.S. Berlin policy

as West German chancellor

West German NATO membership

Adzhubei, Alexei

Albertz, Heinrich

Allies

access rights in Berlin

four-power agreements

impact of Bay of Pigs failure on

inaction on border closure

indecision on Berlin issue

troops in West Berlin

See also de Gaulle, Charles; Macmillan, Harold; NATO

Alphand, Hervé

Alsop, Stewart

Amrehn, Franz

Anderson, George Whelan, Jr.

Andropov, Yuri

Aron, Raymond

Baker, Russell

Bay of Pigs invasion

Acheson on

demonstration of Kennedy’s weakness

failure of mission

impact on Allied confidence

Kennedy’s acknowledgment of error

Khrushchev on

linking to Berlin issue

miscalculations and oversights

plan

pretext of U.S. noninvolvement

Beria, Lavrentiy

Berlin

four-power agreements

Potsdam accord

Soviet occupation

Stalin’s blockade

See also East Berlin; West Berlin

Berlin Airlift

Berlin Wall. See East German border closure

Berliner Morgenpost

Bild-Zeitung

Bissell, Richard

Bohlen, Charles “Chip”

on Khrushchev’s Berlin position

on potential for nuclear war

on Soviet–German prisoner-of-war exchange

Soviet policy deliberations

stance on Berlin issue

Bolle, Eberhard

Bolshakov, Georgi

on Checkpoint Charlie tensions

as Khrushchev–Kennedy intermediary

on upcoming Vienna Summit

border closure. See East German border closure

Bowles, Chester

Brandt, Friedrich

Brandt, Willy

at Adenauer’s eighty-fifth-birthday celebration

election campaign

letter to Kennedy on border closure

meeting with Kennedy

on Vienna Summit

Brentano di Tremezzo, Heinrich von

Britain. See Macmillan, Harold

Bruce, David

Brunzel, Klaus-Detlef

Bundy, McGeorge

Berlin deliberations

on Clay’s appointment to Berlin

on Cuban invasion

on Cuban Missile Crisis

on Johnson’s mission to Berlin

on Kennedy–Khrushchev secret correspondence

on Kennedy’s Berlin speech

on Kissinger

Soviet policy considerations

war planning

warning about start of nuclear holocaust

Burke, Arleigh

Campbell, David

Castro, Fidel. See Cuba

Chayes, Abram

Checkpoint Charlie

military escorts for Allied civilians

restrictions on Allied crossings

as sole crossing point for Westerners

U.S.–Soviet confrontation at

Chen Yi

China

challenge to Soviet communist leadership

economic assistance to East Germany

on Khrushchev’s renunciation of Stalinism

Mao’s strained relations with Khrushchev

Soviet assistance to

Chou En-lai

Chuikov, Vasily

Clarke, Bruce C.

Army command posting

Berlin deliberations

constraint of Clay’s operations

on Johnson’s Berlin visit

Clay, Lucius D.

appointment to Berlin

Autobahn patrols

Berlin Airlift

on Berlin strategy

border escorts

Checkpoint Charlie confrontation

defiance of border procedures

East Berlin tour

on importance of West Berlin’s defense

with Kennedy in Berlin

on Kennedy’s resolve in Cuban Missile Crisis

morale-building mission to Berlin

plans to break through Wall

stance on Soviet Union

Steinstücken defense

Clifford, Clark

Couch, Virgil

Cuba

Bay of Pigs invasion

Acheson on

demonstration of Kennedy’s weakness

failure of mission

impact on Allied confidence

Kennedy’s acknowledgment of error

Khrushchev on

linking to Berlin issue

miscalculations and oversights

plan

pretext of U.S. noninvolvement

Castro’s communist inclinations

Soviet alliance

U.S. support of Batista

Cuban Missile Crisis

Allied support for Kennedy

Kennedy’s resolve

Khrushchev’s perception of Kennedy’s weakness

linking to Berlin issue

Soviet nuclear buildup

Soviet retreat

threat to U.S. cities

Daily News (New York)

Dealey, E. M. “Ted,”

de Gaulle, Charles

Eisenhower’s and Roosevelt’s disapproval of

on exclusion of Britain from Common Market

on German reunification

as Kennedy’s host in Paris

opposition to negotiation with Khrushchev

support for U.S. in Cuban Missile Crisis

on U.S. Berlin policy

Demichev, Pyotr

Deng Xiaoping

Dimmer, John

Dobrynin, Anatoly

as adviser for Vienna Summit

concessions from U.S. on missiles in Turkey

diplomatic postings

linking of Berlin and Cuban issues

Doherr, Annamarie

Dönhoff, Marion

Donner, Jörn

Dowling, Walter “Red”

under Adenauer’s influence

admiration for Adenauer

barring of, from East Berlin

in Berlin bureaucracy

on Clay’s appointment to Berlin

on Soviet policy

Dulles, Allen

Dulles, John Foster

East Berlin

Bernauer Strasse

job placement in

optimism during Vienna Summit

response to border closure

RIAS radio broadcasts

Stalinist architecture

tourism

See also East German border closure

East German border closure

Allied civilians

military escorts for

restrictions on

breach of Wall, plans for

confrontation at Checkpoint Charlie

escape attempts

expansion of

first public mention of

implementation of

initial discussions of

Kennedy

acquiescence

inaction

on prospect of closure

relief at closure

Khrushchev

approval

satisfaction

limitation to East German territory

logistical challenges

long-term consequences

official statement on

permanent barriers

plans and preparations

press conference on

punishment of escapees’ families

separation of friends and family

shoot-to-kill police orders

single crossing point for Westerners

tourism

violation of four-power agreements

Warsaw Pact states’ approval of

East Germany

Allied access rights

Chinese assistance to

economic decline and hardships

farm collectivization

Miss Universe refugee

refugee exodus

Soviet oil pipeline

Soviet treaty proposal granting control of access

Steinstücken access

West German trade

See also East Berlin; East German border closure

Economist

Eikemeier, Fritz

Eisenhower, Dwight D.

admiration for Adenauer

on Berlin situation

Camp David meeting with Khrushchev

concealment of Soviet missile capability

Cuban invasion plan

doubts about Kennedy’s abilities

ignoring of Khrushchev

Kennedy’s opinion of

Laos policy

on nuclear war

Paris Summit with Khrushchev

spy missions over Soviet Union

warning against de Gaulle

Eisler, Gerhard

Ellsberg, Daniel

Ende, Horst

Erhard, Ludwig

Fechter, Peter

Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley

France. See de Gaulle, Charles

Frankfurter Rundschau

“free city” status for Berlin

Kennedy’s rejection of

Khrushchev’s idea for

Kissinger’s warning on

Ulbricht on

free elections in East and West Germany

Kennedy’s lack of commitment to

Kissinger’s position on

U.S. policy on

Fulbright, William

Gaevski, Stanislaw

Gagarin, Yuri

Gavin, James M.

Gelb, Norman

German frontiers and revanchism

German reunification

as Adenauer’s goal

Kennedy’s first mention of

Kennedy’s lack of commitment to

Khrushchev’s resistance to

realization of

skepticism about

Stalin on

U.S. policy on

West German hope for

Gilmore, Eddy

Gilpatric, Roswell

Goldwater, Barry

Gomulka, Wladyslaw

Goodwin, David

Grechko, Andrei

Grewe, Wilhelm

Gromyko, Andrei

and Kennedy’s invitation to Khrushchev

on loss of Chinese alliance

negotiations with Rusk

on Thompson’s efforts in Checkpoint Charlie confrontation

Vienna Summit strategy

on West Berlin parliament meeting

Gruson, Sydney

Guthman, Ed

Gvozdev, Yuri

Hager, Kurt

Harriman, W. Averell

on Khrushchev’s influence on U.S. presidential election (1960)

opinion of Khrushchev

Soviet policy deliberations

on Soviet position on Laos

on Soviet release of captive U.S. airmen

stance on Berlin issue

Hartel, Frederick O.

Heichler, Lucian

Hemsing, Albert

Herter, Christian A.

Higgins, Marguerite

Hildebrandt, Regine

Hillenbrand, Martin

Berlin deliberations

on compromised U.S. position in Berlin

on Kennedy’s consideration of war

reply to Khrushchev’s ultimatum

at Vienna Summit

Hillers, Marta

Ho Chi Minh

Hoffmann, Heinz

Holeman, Frank

Home, Lord (Sir Alec Douglas-Home)

Berlin deliberations

on Soviet demands at Vienna Summit

Honecker, Erich

border closure planning and supervision

career ambitions

death in exile

on East German sports movement

and refugee exodus

Hoxha, Enver

Humphrey, Hubert H.

Ibárruri, Dolores

Isaacson, Walter

Izvestia

Jacobson, Max

Jenkins, Kempton

Johns, Glover S., Jr.

Johnson, Lyndon

as host to Adenauer in Texas

morale-building mission to Berlin

on nuclear buildup plans

shopping in Berlin

Soviet policy deliberations

stance on Berlin issue

Junge Welt

Kádár, János

Kaganovich, Lazar

Kaysen, Carl

Kazennov, A. P.

Kellett-Long, Adam

at Checkpoint Charlie confrontation

on impending crisis

joke at border crossing

on Jacqueline Kennedy’s behavior

receipt of border closure announcement

report on border closure

Kennan, George

Kennedy, Jacqueline “Jackie” drug use

impression on de Gaulle

impression on Khrushchev

popularity

stylishness

Kennedy, Joseph P. “Joe,” Sr.

anticommunism and isolationism

wealth and ambition

womanizing

Kennedy, John F.

Acheson

influence over Kennedy

on Kennedy’s leadership ability

Adenauer

distrust of Kennedy

Kennedy’s opinion of

Berlin

on access rights in

assignment of Clay to

consequences of mishandling

on “free city” status proposal

motives about

public pressure for action on

references to West Berlin

reinforcement of garrison at

reluctance to discuss

security commitment to

televised Oval Office speech on

visit to

Cuba, Bay of Pigs invasion

acknowledgment of error

demonstration of weakness

failure of mission

linking to Berlin issue

miscalculations and oversights

plan

pretext of U.S. noninvolvement

Cuban Missile Crisis

de Gaulle and

death

drug use

East Berlin, on Soviet control of

East German border closure

acquiescence to

Checkpoint Charlie confrontation

inaction on

on military escort for U.S. vehicles

on prospect of

relief at

Eisenhower

on Berlin issue

on Kennedy’s leadership ability

Kennedy’s opinion of

on Laos

on nuclear war

election (1960)

inauguration and inaugural address

Khrushchev’s role in

margin of victory

Nixon–Kennedy debates

German reunification

first mention of

lack of commitment to

skepticism about

health

Khrushchev

back-channel communications with

confidential correspondence with

Kennedy’s mistrust of

on Kennedy’s weakness

misinterpretation of motives of

role in Kennedy’s election

ultimatum to Kennedy

military buildup

concern at cost of

defense spending

reinforcement of Berlin garrison

test launch of intercontinental ballistic missile

nuclear capability

call for disarmament

disclosure of details

fear of war

military instructions to NATO

nuclear testing

test ban proposal

war planning

political standing

popularity

on racial tensions in U.S.

self-assessment

Soviet policy, ambivalence on

spy-flight ban over Soviet territory

Vienna Summit

advance preparations through intermediary

agreement to meeting

arrival and first encounter with Khrushchev

casual conversation

on communism

on Cuba

disadvantage at outset

invitation to Khrushchev

on Iran

on Laos

on nuclear test ban

on permanent division of Berlin

poor performance

preconditions for

references to West Berlin

womanizing

youth and inexperience

Kennedy, Robert “Bobby”

back-channel communications, arrangement of

on Checkpoint Charlie confrontation

failure to document

on upcoming Vienna Summit

Berlin deliberations

concession on withdrawal of missiles from Turkey

KGB meeting on U.S. policy

pressure on, for early Kennedy–Khrushchev meeting

on Soviet nuclear testing

Kharlamov, Mikhail

Khrushchev, Nikita

background

captive U.S. airmen, release of

communist ideology

conciliatory gestures

on Cuban invasion by U.S.

Cuban Missile Crisis

ability to strike U.S. targets

Kennedy’s weakness in

linking to Berlin issue

nuclear buildup

retreat

surprise at Kennedy’s resolve

death

domestic shortfalls and failures

East German border closure

approval of

Checkpoint Charlie confrontation

Clay’s plans to breach

plans for

proposal to Warsaw Pact states

restriction of operation to East German territory

satisfaction with

East Germany

economic assistance to

exodus of refugees

proposal for treaty granting control of access

Eisenhower

Camp David meeting

lack of respect from

Paris Summit

ultimatum to

on “free city” status for Berlin

on German reunification

on Germany’s frontier and revanchism

on Iran

Kennedy

back-channel communications with

confidential correspondence with

on early negotiations with

impatience with

negotiation positions

perceived weakness of

role in election of (1960)

ultimatum to

Laotian policy

linking of Cuban and Berlin issues

Mao, strained relations with

military buildup

military cuts

NATO, threats against

nuclear testing and capability

ouster from power

peaceful-coexistence policy

physical features

political standing

popularity

Potsdam accord, intention to abrogate

psychological makeup

repressive measures

Siberian science city

space program

Stalinism, repudiation of

UN, outburst at

UN, proposals about involvement in Berlin negotiations

leadership vacancy

protection of West Berlin

on U.S. U-2 spy mission

Vienna Summit

agreement to meet

arrival at and first encounter with Kennedy

casual conversation

on communism

control of conversation

on Cuba

determination to discuss Berlin

on Iran

on Laos

on nuclear test ban

report on outcome

threat to sign treaty with East Germany

on West German importance to Soviet economy

Khrushchev, Sergei

concern for N. Khrushchev’s health

on N. Khrushchev’s intentions about nuclear strike

on N. Khrushchev’s preoccupation with Germany

on N. Khrushchev’s satisfaction with border closure

on threat to demilitarize West Berlin

Kissinger, Henry

alternative Berlin plan

on Berlin issue

as White House consultant

Kohler, Foy

Berlin deliberations

on border-crossing escorts

order for retreat from Checkpoint Charlie confrontation

Konev, Ivan

demand for end of Autobahn patrols

doubts about loyalty of East German forces

intelligence on U.S. preparation for hostilities

job responsibilities

on U.S. tanks at Checkpoint Charlie

World War II service

Korolyov, Sergei

Kosygin, Alexei

Kozlov, Frol

Kramer, Erwin

Kreisky, Bruno

Kroll, Hans

Krone, Heinrich

Kulbeik, Helmut

Kuznetsov, Vasily

Kvitsinsky, Yuli

Lamphir, Bob

Laos

as base for attacks on South Vietnam

communist goals in

Geneva conference on

Macmillan’s recommendation on

neutrality agreements on

as test case for Berlin

Lawford, Peter

Lazai, Hans-Joachim

Lazarev, Colonel

Leibing, Peter

LeMay, Curtis E.

Lemmer, Ernst

Lemnitzer, Lyman

Leonhard, Wolfgang

Leuschner, Bruno

Lightner, Dorothy

Lightner, E. Allan, Jr.

anticommunist stance

defiance of border procedures

and first report of border closure

on show of resolve in Berlin

as West Berlin diplomat

Lincoln, Evelyn

Lippmann, Walter

Litfin, Günter

Lochner, Robert H.

Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr.

Los Angeles Times

Lünser, Bernd

Macmillan, Harold

acquiescence to border procedures

on Adenauer’s response to border closure

Berlin strategy

“Grand Design” proposal

on Kennedy’s youth and character

on Khrushchev’s linking of Berlin and

Cuban issues

on negotiations with Khrushchev

offer to mediate with Khrushchev

relationship with Kennedy

on Soviet demands at Vienna Summit

Malenkov, Georgy

Malinovsky, Rodion

Mansfield, Mike

Mao Tse-tung. See China

Maron, Karl

Matern, Hermann

Mautner, Karl

McCart, Sam

McCord, Thomas

McGrory, Mary

McHugh, Godfrey

McIntyre, William T.

McKone, John

McNamara, Robert

Berlin deliberations

on Checkpoint Charlie confrontation

on Soviet declaration of missile expansion

war planning

Mende, Erich

Menshikov, Mikhail

Mielke, Erich

Mikoyan, Anastas

Molotov, Vyacheslav

Muller, George

Murphy, David

Murrow, Edward R.

NATO

Acheson’s role in

Berlin security guarantee

creation of

instructions in event of Berlin blockade

membership of West Germany

nuclear capability

Neue Zürcher Zeitung

Neues Deutschland

New York Times

on Checkpoint Charlie confrontation

on contrast between Kennedy and de Gaulle

on Johnson’s reception in Berlin

on Kennedy’s ambiguity

on Kennedy’s performance at Vienna Summit

on Kennedy’s first presidential press conference

on Khrushchev’s influence in U.S. presidential election (1960)

on racial tensions in U.S.

on U.S. involvement in Cuban invasion

on West Berlin riot

Newman, Larry

Newsweek

Nitze, Paul

Berlin deliberations and strategy

Berlin military response plan

on nuclear strategy

Nixon, Richard M.

as Adenauer’s choice for president

anticommunist stance

attack on Kennedy

election loss (1960)

Khrushchev’s role

Nixon–Kennedy debates

Norstad, Lauris

authorization to break through Wall

on conventional military buildup

NATO posting

Novotný Antonín

nuclear capability

Soviet Union

Cuban buildup

exaggerations

exercises in East Germany

improvements

striking range

testing

United States

call for disarmament

concealment of superiority

constant state of readiness

disclosure of details

hydrogen bomb development

NATO contingency plans

Polaris submarine

Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP-62)

test ban treaty proposal

testing

war planning

withdrawal of missiles from Turkey

O’Donnell, James

O’Donnell, Kenneth

Olmstead, Freeman B.

Owen, Henry

Paolella, Joseph

Paris Summit

Pech, Ottomar

Peng Zhen

Pervukhin, Mikhail

on difficulty and consequences of border closure

and Khrushchev’s approval of border closure

report on Vienna Summit

on Ulbricht’s border-control measures

Peter, Erich

Peters, Gerhard

Peters, Hans

Petrovna, Nina

Pike, Vern

at arrival of U.S. troops in Berlin

ascertainment of tanks’ origin

military escorts across border

observation of Wall construction

police supervision at Wall

and possibility of war

return of U.S. tanks to Checkpoint Charlie

Steinstücken outpost

Poppinga, Anneliese

Potsdam accord

Power, Thomas S. “Tommy,”

Powers, David

Powers, Francis Gary

Pravda

Raskin, Marcus

Rau, Karl Heinrich

Reston, James “Scotty,”

reunification of Germany

as Adenauer’s goal

Kennedy’s first mention of

Kennedy’s lack of commitment to

Khrushchev’s resistance to

realization of

skepticism about

Stalin on

U.S. policy on

West German hope for

RIAS radio

Roos, Albrecht Peter

Rostow, Walter

Rudenko, Roman

Rusk, Dean

Berlin position

on Brandt’s visit to Kennedy

on Checkpoint Charlie confrontation

on Clay’s border confrontations

fear of East German uprising

on frankness with West Germany

Gromyko meetings

on Kennedy’s conditional agreement to summit

on Kennedy’s Vienna Summit failure

on moral responsibility of nuclear first strike

on necessity of military buildup

Soviet policy deliberations

Sabolyk, Robert

Salinger, Pierre

as acquaintance of Bolshakov

delivery of Khrushchev’s request for meeting

Kennedy’s UN speech

media briefing on Vienna Summit

at start of Kennedy–Khrushchev private correspondence

Salisbury, Harrison

Saunders, Frank

Schärf, Adolf

Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr.

alternative to Acheson’s Berlin strategy

control of media

on Cuban invasion

Kissinger’s White House consultancy role

Schmidt, Marlene

Schorr, Daniel

Schumacher, Kurt

Schumann, Hans Conrad

Scowcroft, Brent

Seyr, Veronika

Sherman, Tony

Shuckburgh, Evelyn

Sidey, Hugh

Siekmann, Ida

Sindermann, Horst

Smirnov, Andrei

Smyser, William Richard

Sommer, Monika

Sonntag

Sorensen, Theodore “Ted” on proposal of nuclear first strike

speech on Berlin policy

speech on Soviet policy

stance on Berlin issue

Soviet Union

and arrival of U.S. troops in West Berlin

Checkpoint Charlie confrontation

China, assistance to

conventional-weapon superiority

economic dependence on West Germany

economic shortfalls

foreign policy priorities

military mobilization near Berlin

nuclear capability

Cuban buildup

exaggerations

exercises in East Germany

improvements

striking range

testing

See also Khrushchev, Nikita

occupation of Berlin

oil pipeline across East Germany

Palace of Congresses

Palace of Sports

Pathet Lao support

Potsdam accord

Siberian scientific center

space program

under Stalin

on UN directorate

U.S. trade agreements

U.S. U-2 spy plane, downing of

Spender, Stephen

Springer, Axel

Stalin, Joseph

Berlin blockade

devastation of Soviet Union

on German reunification

on government of East Germany

physical features

on repression in East Germany

Stearman, William Lloyd

Steinstücken operation

Stevenson, Adlai

on Acheson’s influence over Kennedy

on negotiation of Berlin issue

opinion of Khrushchev

position in Kennedy administration

Soviet backing in presidential bid

Stoph, Willi

Strauss, Franz Josef

Suburov, A. N.

Sukarno

Sulzberger, Cyrus L.

Symington, James

Tagesspiegel, Der

Taylor, Maxwell

Thompson, Llewellyn E. “Tommy,” Jr.

Berlin deliberations

and Checkpoint Charlie confrontation

discussions with Khrushchev on Berlin position

invitation for Kennedy–Khrushchev meeting

on Kennedy’s position at Vienna Summit

linking of Berlin and Cuban issues

on military buildup

role in Kennedy’s mistrust of Khrushchev

on Soviet policy

on Soviet release of captive U.S. airmen

Thompson, Jane

Thurow, Rudi

Time

on Adenauer’s Germany

on East German Miss Universe

on Kennedy’s poor leadership

on planning of nuclear attack

on Soviet Party Congress

on stability of Soviet Communist Party

Times (London)

Topping, Seymour

Travell, Janet

Trinka, Frank

Trivers, Howard

Troyanovsky, Oleg

Tyree, Thomas

Udall, Stewart

Ulbricht, Walter

border closure encroachment onto West Berlin territory

expansion of border inspections

first public mention of Wall

gathering of government officials during

initial discussions of

multiple sites

official statement on

plans and preparations

press conference on

single crossing point for Westerners

China mission to request assistance

on East German decline

farm collectivization

on Kennedy’s UN speech

Khrushchev, impatience with

at laborers’ gathering

military exercises

personality and physical features

repressive measures

resignation from office

socialist ideology

on Vienna Summit

on West Berlin freedoms

West Berlin’s Steinstücken enclave, threat to

on West German revanchism

United Nations

Kennedy’s address to

secretary-general vacancy

United States

Berlin Task Force

Checkpoint Charlie confrontation

intercontinental ballistic missile test

Joint Chiefs meeting on Berlin strategy

Khrushchev’s visits to

nuclear capability

call for disarmament

concealment of superiority

constant state of readiness

disclosure of details

hydrogen bomb development

NATO contingency plans for Berlin blockade

Polaris submarine

Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP-62)

test ban treaty proposal

testing

war planning

withdrawal of missiles from Turkey

racial tensions

Soviet policy deliberations

spy mission over Soviet Union

See also Eisenhower, Dwight D.; Kennedy, John F.

Vasiliev, Gennady

Verner, Paul

Vienna Summit

arrival of parties

benefits to U.S.

casual conversation

on Cuba

ideological debate on communism

on Iran

Kennedy

advance preparations through intermediary

agreement to meeting

disadvantage at outset

invitation to Khrushchev

on permanent division of Berlin

poor performance

preconditions for summit

references to West Berlin

Khrushchev

agreement to meet

control of conversation

determination to discuss Berlin

report on outcome

threat to sign treaty with East Germany

on Laos

Macmillan on

on nuclear test ban

Ulbricht on

von Pawel, Ernest “Von,”

Wall. See East German border closure

Wall Street Journal

Wansierski, Bruno

Washington Evening Star

Washington Post

Watson, Albert, II

military mobilization to Checkpoint Charlie

restraint in show of force at border closure

Steinstücken operation

on superior Soviet position

in West Berlin bureaucracy

Weber, Heinz

West Berlin

Adenauer’s visit to

Allied troops in

anger at U.S. betrayal

at closure of border

East Berliners working in

“free city” proposal

freedoms and living standards

Johnson’s visit

Kennedy’s visit

refugees in

RIAS radio broadcasts

spy operations

Steinstücken enclave

tourism at Wall

U.S. commitment to protect

U.S. troops in

See also Clay, Lucius D.

West Germany

capital in Bonn

cost of U.S. military presence in

East German trade

economic growth and strength

founding of

Hallstein Doctrine

NATO membership

Soviet economic dependence on

See also Adenauer, Konrad; West Berlin

White, William S.

Whitney, John Hay “Jock,”

Wismach, Kurt

Witz, First Lieutenant

Wolf, Markus

Yakubovsky, Ivan

Zeit, Die

Zhukov, Georgy