Berlin: The Downfall 1945

PREFACE

p. xxxiii ‘History always emphasizes…’, Speer interrogation, 22 May, ΝA 740.0011 EW/5–145

p. xxxiii German teenagers, see Die Woche, 8 February 2001

p. xxxiii ‘with the breakthrough…’, 9 November 1944, reprinted in Volkssturm, BLHA Pr. Br. Rep. 61A/363

p. xxxiv ‘culmination of all the operations’, RGALI 1403/1/84, p. 1

1 BERLIN IN THE NEW YEAR

p. 2 ‘Learn Russian quickly’, Klemperer, ii, 4 September 1944, p. 431

p. 2 ‘Bleib übrig!’, Loewe, conversation, 9 October 2001

p. 2 ‘like a stage-set…’, Kardorff, p. 153

p. 4 Schmidtke, conversation, 15 July 2000

p. 4 ‘Volksgenossenschaft’, NA RG 338 B-338

p. 4 ‘I have such faith…’, SHAT 7 Ρ 128

p. 6 ratios of enemy superiority, AWS, p. 86

p. 7 ‘It’s the greatest imposture…’, Guderian, pp. 310–11

p. 8 ‘I know the war is lost’, Below, p. 398

p. 8 ‘wishes for a successful…’, ibid., p. 399

p. 9 rumour of Hitler’s madness and Göring’s flight, SHAT 7 Ρ 128

p. 9 Goebbels dinner, Oven, p. 198

p. 9 foreign doctors, HUA-CD 2600 Charité Dir. 421–24/1 Bd x, p. 125

p. 9 ‘catastrophic losses’, IfZ MA 218, pp. 3,725–49

2 THE ‘HOUSE OF CARDS’ ON THE VISTULA

p. 11 6.7 million men, IVMV, p. 38

p. 11 ‘We are lost…’, SHAT 7 Ρ 128

p. 11 ‘We no longer fought…’, Sajer, p. 382

p. 12 ‘You do not need…’, TsAMO 233/2374/337, p. 64

p. 12 attack before Christmas, TsAMO 233/2374/337, p. 64

p. 12 ‘Mein Führer, don’t believe that…’, Freytag von Loringhoven, conversation, 4 October 1999

p. 12 ‘completely idiotic’, Guderian, p. 315

p. 13 ‘weather for Russians’, General Schaal debriefing, 20 February 1946, 2e Bureau, SHAT 7 Ρ 163

p. 13 ‘strange winter’, Stalin to Harriman, 14 December 1944, NA RG334/Entry 309/Box 2

p. 13 ‘heavy rain and…’, RGVA 38680/1/3, p. 40

p. 14 ‘At that time’, quoted Senyavskaya, 2000, p. 174

p. 14 ‘The Russian infantryman’ and ‘First state…’, Senyavskaya, 1995, p. 111

p. 14 ‘cavalrymen, artillerymen…’, Grossman papers, RGALI 1710/3/51, p. 221

p. 14 ‘You will harvest…’, RGALI 1710/3/47, p. 19

p. 15 ‘disconcertedness’, VOV, iii, p. 232, n. 8

p. 15 Konstanty Rokosowski, I am most grateful to Norman Davies for supplementary information

p. 15 ‘Why this disgrace?’, Rokossovsky, p. 297

p. 16 ‘I know very well…’, Zhukov, p. 174

p. 16 ‘wicked little eyes…’, Beria, p. 130

p. 16 Korsun, see Erickson, pp. 177–9

p. 17 16th Panzer Division, 21st Army, TsAMO 233/2374/337, p. 70

p. 17 ‘fire-storm’, Colonel Liebisch, AWS, p. 617

p. 17 ‘Forward into the fascist lair!’, VOV, iii, p. 236

p. 17 ‘Gold’, Konev, p. 5

p. 18 Sochaczew, TsAMO 307/246791/2, pp. 225–7

p. 18 ‘with their tracks’, TsAMO 307/15733/3, pp. 37–8

p. 18 ‘two or three hours’, Grossman papers, RGALI 1710/3/51, pp. 237–8

p. 18 ‘because of the big advance…’, Bormann diary, GARF 9401/2/97, pp. 32–48

p. 19 ‘very stupid’, ‘a prestige garrison’, NA RG334/Entry 309/Box 2

p. 19 ‘to start the advance’, ViZh 93, No. 6, pp. 30–31

p. 20 ‘Stalin emphasized…’, ΝA RG334/Entry 309/Box 2

p. 20 ‘Ah, what a life…’, RGALI 1710/3/47, p·14

p. 21 ‘Our tanks move faster…’, Grossman papers, RGALI 1710/3/51, pp. 237–8

p. 21 ‘ear battalion’, Duffy, p. 103

p. 21 ‘You must stop everything!’, Humboldt, conversation, 11 October 1999

p. 21 ‘That evening’, Humboldt, conversation, 11 October 1999

p. 22 ‘the situation in the east…’, GARF 9401/2/97, pp. 32–48

p. 22 ‘half an hour before…’, Guderian, p. 327

p. 22 ‘We saw the destruction of Warsaw…’, Klochkov, p. 28

p. 22 Warsaw population figures, VOV, iii, p. 240

p. 23 ‘a single undulating red sea…’, Grossman, Krasnaya Zvezda, 9 February

3 FIRE AND SWORD AND ‘NOBLE FURY’

p. 24 ‘Noble fury’, from the patriotic anthem ‘Sacred War’: ‘Arise vast country/arise for the mortal battle/with the dark fascist force,/with the accursed horde./Let the noble fury/boil up like a wave,/the people’s war is going on,/the sacred war.’

p. 24 ‘master of military…’, Ehrenburg, p. 100

p. 25 ‘Self-propelled guns…’, Grossman papers, RGALI 1710/3/47, p. 14

p. 25 ‘It’s impossible…’, Ehrenburg, p. 100

p. 25 ‘the Jew, Ilya…’, 16 January, BA-B R55/793, p. 9

p. 25 ‘There was a time’, Krasnaya Zvezda, 25 November 1944

p. 26 ‘in weather…’, General der Artillerie Felzmann, XXVII Corps, ΝA RG 338, D-281

p. 27 Walter Beier, Ramm, 1994, p. 164

p. 27 ‘the second Stalin’, Kershaw, 2000, p. 406

p. 28 sixty-two raped and murdered women and young girls, Dönhoff, p. 18

p. 28 ‘Red Army soldiers…’, Agranenko papers, RGALI 2217/2/17, p. 22

p. 28 ‘engaged in the propaganda…’, Kopelev, p. 10

p. 29 ‘many Germans declare…’, Tkatchenko to Beria, GARF 9401/2/94, p. 87

p. 29 ‘There you are, Vera’, TsAMO 372/6570/76, quoted Senyavskaya, 1995, p. 99

p. 30 ‘personally shot…’, Kopelev, p. 56

p. 30 ‘When we breed…’, TsAMO 372/6570/78, pp. 199–203

p. 30 ‘Our soldiers’ behaviour…’, Agranenko papers, RGALI 2217/2/17, p. 42

p. 30 ‘frenzied scream’, Kopelev, p. 50

p. 31 ‘They all lifted their skirts…’, Maltsev, conversation, 29 October 2001

p. 31 ‘Our fellows were so sex-starved’, Werth, p. 964

p. 31 ‘mass poisoning…’, RGVA 32925/1/100, p. 58

p. 31 ‘Russian soldiers…’, Bark and Gress, p. 33

p. 32 ‘The extreme violence…’, Life and Fate, p. 241

p. 32 ‘deindividualize’, Kon, p. 23

p. 32 ‘barracks eroticism’, Yuri Polyakov, quoted Kon, p. 26

p. 33 ‘Even the trees were enemy’, Kovalenko, conversation, 21 September 1999

p. 33 ‘Comrade Marshal’, Agranenko papers, RGALI 2217/2/17, p. 22

p. 34 ‘How should one treat…’, Agranenko papers, RGALI 2217/2/17, p. 26

p. 34 ‘disgusted by the plenty’, Shcheglov, p. 299

p. 34 wirelesses, see Solzhenitsyn, 2000, p. 125

p. 34 ‘politically incorrect conclusions’, TsAMO 372/6570/76, pp. 92–4

p. 34 ‘anti-Soviet quotations…’, TsAMO 372/6570/68, p. 12

p. 35 ‘You cannot imagine…’, N. Reshetnikova, 9 February, quoted Senyavskaya, 2000, pp. 180–81

p. 35 ‘We thought they…’, Agranenko papers, RGALI 2217/2/17

p. 35 ‘tumultuous market’, Solzhenitsyn, 1983, p. 67

p. 35 ‘direct and unmistakable…’, Kopelev, p. 52

p. 36 ‘Russians are absolutely…’, Krivenko to Beria, Leonid Reshin, ‘Tovarisch Ehrenburg uproshchaet: The Real Story of the Famous Pravda Article’, Novoe Vremya, No. 8, 1994

p. 36 ‘They ran away…’, quoted Senyavskaya, 2000, p. 273

p. 36 ‘very few Germans left…’, Shikin to Aleksandrov, 28 January, RGASPI 17/125/320, p. 18

p. 37 ‘Dear Papa!’ Shcheglov, p. 289

p. 37 Frische Nehrung, BA-B R55/616, p. 184

p. 37 ‘the passengers on the carts…’, KA-FU, EI: 18, Vol.6

p. 38 ‘The majority are women…’, GARF 9401/2/93, p. 343

p. 38 1.5 million Soviet Jews, Merridale, p. 293

4 THE GREAT WINTER OFFENSIVE

p. 39 ‘The soldier is the child of the people’, General Blumentritt, NA RG 338B-338

p. 39 ‘Let our husbands…’, Serov to Beria, GARF 9401/2/93, p. 334

p. 39 ‘Vampire!’, Freytag von Loringhoven, conversation, 4 October 1999

p. 39 ‘The fighting will not stop…’, KA-FU, EI: 18, Vol. 6

p. 39 ‘catastrophe beds’, HUA-CD 2600 Charité Dir. 421–24/1 Bd x, pp. 114, 115

p. 40 ‘The Führer’s call…’, ΝA RG338, B-627

p. 40 ‘All the peoples…’, SHAT 7 Ρ 128, Direction Générale et Inspection des P.G. de l’Axe, Paris, 2 February

p. 40 ‘The people were predominantly…’, NA RG338, B-627

p. 41 ‘security measures…’, BA-B R55/995, p. 166

p. 41 ‘Their white starved faces’, Kee, pp. 228–9

p. 42 ‘chief physical characteristics…’, Duffy, p. 45

p. 43 ‘less vulnerable…’, Grossman papers, RGALI 1710/3/51, p. 65

p. 43 seven-hour Lagebesprechung, Freytag von Loringhoven, conversation, 4 October 1999

p. 44 ‘He’s not going…’, Klochkov, p. 31

p. 44 ‘disciplined German prisoners’, Grossman papers, RGALI 1710/3/47, p. 3

p. 44 ‘their merciless…’, Chuikov, p. 91

p. 45 NKVD rifle divisions, Meshik to Beria, 27 January, GARF 9401/2/92, p. 263

p. 45 Auschwitz report by Shikin, 9 February, RGASPI 17/125/323, pp. 1–4

p. 46 ‘all prisoners on arrival’, RGASPI 17/125/323, p. 73 p. 47 ‘a serious offence’, Krockow, p. 45

p. 47 ‘Huddled shapes…’, Libussa von Oldershausen, quoted ibid., pp. 48–9

p. 48 ‘in normal times’, 30 January, BA-B R55/616, p. 158

p. 48 Ilse Braun, Gun, pp. 237–8

p. 48 ‘around 4 million…’, 29 January, BA-B R55/616, p. 153

p. 48 7 million, 11 February, BA-B R55/616, p. 183

p. 48 8.35 million, 19 February, BA-B R55/616, p. 211. This included East Prussia, 1.635m; Danzig and West Prussia, 480,000; Pomerania, 881,000; Wartheland, 923,000; Lower Silesia, 2.955m; and Upper Silesia, 745,000

p. 48 ‘The Friedrichstrasse Bahnhof…’, Menzel, p. 116

p. 49 ‘Dogs and Jews…’, Löwenstein, conversation, 14 July 2000

p. 49 ‘infectious diseases…’, BA-B R55/916, p. 57

p. 50 1,800 civilians and 1,200 wounded, BA-B R55/616, p. 155

p. 51 ‘over 6,000 Hitlerites…’, Wilhelm Gustloff and Marinesco, Senyavskaya, 2000, p. 225, n. 19

p. 51 ‘in order to save…’, BA-B R55/616, p. 157

p. 52 ‘These people…’, BA-B R55/616

p. 52 ‘He is of the opinion…’, 18 February, BA-B R55/616, p. 208

p. 52 Czech reaction, 10 March, BA-B R55/616, p. 243

p. 52 ‘the general staff…’, Guderian, p. 397

p. 53 Oberst i.G. Hans Georg Eismann’s account, BA-MA MSg1/976

p. 54 ‘that a blind man’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 14

p. 55 ‘Where the German soldier…’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 32

p. 55 ‘under these Hitlers and Himmlers’, Krockow, pp. 51–4

5 THE CHARGE TO THE ODER

p. 56 ‘hysteria and disintegration’, Kardorff, p. 281

p. 57 ‘Don’t come back…’, Feuersenger, p. 206

p. 57 evacuation of ministries, NA 740.0011 EW/4–2445

p. 57 executions, see Rürup (ed.), 1997, pp. 167–71

p. 58 ‘He was sometimes hunched…’, Freytag von Loringhoven, conversation, 4 October 1999

p. 59 Eva Braun, Freytag von Loringhoven, conversation, 4 October 1999, and Maizière, 9 October 1999

p. 60 white tulle, Konev, pp. 38–9

p. 61 ‘Strength through fear’, Thorwald, 1950, p. 103

p. 61 ‘had acted in a correct…’, KA-FU, EI: 18, Vol. 6

p. 61 ‘clearly not sufficient…’, RGVA 32891/1/123, p. 6

p. 62 Breslau refugees on foot, see Thorwald, 1950, pp. 109–13

p. 63 seventy and 100 kilometres, TsAMO 233/2307/189, p. 78

p. 63 ‘When you reach the Oder…’, Zhukov, iv, p. 194

p. 63 Lódź ghetto, Grossman papers, RGALI 1710/3/49

p. 64 ‘Troops of the 1st Polish Army…’, GARF 9401/2/93, p. 334

p. 64 ‘the German civilian’, RGALI 1710/3/51, p. 227

p. 65 ‘Chuikov is sitting…’, RGALI 1710/3/51, p. 229

p. 66 ‘Chuikov listens…’, RGALI 1710/3/51, p. 230

p. 66 Chuikov striking officers, Merezhko, conversation, 10 November 1999

p. 66 ‘We marched out of a forest’, Klochkov, conversation, 25 July 2000, and Klochkov, pp. 34–5

p. 67 ‘Tremble with fear…’, 8th Guards Army, TsAMO 345/5502/93, p. 412

p. 67 ‘Everything is on fire…’, RGALI 1710/3/51, p. 231

p. 68 ‘full of enemy tanks’, BA-MA RH 19XV/9b, p. 172

p. 68 Tiger tanks, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 39

p. 68 ‘Tod und Strafe für Pflichtvergessenheit’, BA-MA RH 19 XV/9b, p. 193

p. 68 food for retreating troops, BA-MA RH 19 XV/9b, p. 195

p. 68 ‘The Lord God…’, BA-MA RH 19 XV/28, pp. 1–4

p. 68 ‘left his town…’, IfZ Fa 91/5, p. 1,253

p. 69 ‘Captured German generals…’, Petrov and Kobulov to Beria, 30 January, GARF 9401/2/92, pp. 283–8

p. 69 capture of Kienitz, Le Tissier, Zhukov on the Oder, p. 35

p. 70 ‘Happiness in the…’, Walter Beier, Ramm, 1994, p. 165

p. 72 ‘Stalin ante portas!’, Oven, p. 229

p. 72 Wachregiment Grossdeutsch land, Obergefreiter Harald Arndt, quoted Ramm, 1994, p. 268

p. 72 ‘Our honour is called loyalty’, Baumgart, quoted ibid., p. 61

p. 72 ‘marked uncomradely…’, BA-MA 332, pp. 656, 709–11

p. 73 ‘enthusiasm and fanaticism’, BA-B R55/1305

p. 73 ‘with comradely greetings’, BA-B R55/I305

p. 74 Panzerjagd Division, Guderian, p. 411

p. 74 ‘ein absoluter Schwindel!’, BA-B R55/916, p. 63

p. 74 ‘political leaders’, BLHA Pr. Br. Rep. 61B/20

p. 74 ‘Golden Pheasant’, Kardorff, p. 291

p. 75 ‘Suffered from bombing’, Bormann diary, GARF 9401/2/97, pp. 32–48

p. 75 ‘Evacuation Situation’, 10 February, BA-B R55/616, p. 172

6 EAST AND WEST

p. 78 Yalta accommodation, Alanbrooke, p. 657

p. 78 ‘Riviera of Hades’, Gilbert, p. 1,187

p. 80 ‘the systematic…’, Agranenko papers, RGALI 2217/2/17, p. 22

p. 81 ‘It is a question…’, Tegeran. Yalta. Potsdam. Sbornik dokumentov, Moscow, 1970, p. 22, quoted Volko gonov, p. 489

p. 82 fall of Budapest, see Erickson, p. 508

p. 83 prisoner reprisals, see Kershaw, 2000, p. 779

p. 83 Dresden compassionate leave, Genscher, conversation, 4 September 2000

p. 83 Rhine floodwater, Eisenhower, pp. 406–7

p. 84 ‘I can handle Stalin’, Murphy, p. 233

p. 85 ‘outflanking the West Wall’, Deane, 25 December 1944, NA RG334/Entry 309/Box 2

p. 85 ‘They looked more like…’, report by Shikin, RGASPI 17/125/323, pp. 35–6

p. 86 live targets and ‘sport marches’, VOV, iv, p. 180, n. 36

p. 86 SS pianist, Stanford-Tuck, Larry Forrester, Fly for Your Life, London, 1956

p. 86 ‘Everybody seems to…’, Grossman papers, RGALI 1710/3/47, p. 4

p. 86 ‘We are beating…’, quoted Shindel (ed.), p. 125

p. 87 ‘We are Russian…’, Agranenko papers, RGALI 2217/2/17

p. 88 ‘insecurity as a military leader’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 32

p. 89 ‘but panzer army…’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 35

p. 89 lunch with the Japanese ambassador, Maizière, conversation, 9 October 1999

p. 89 ‘You must believe me…’, Guderian, p. 412

p. 90 ‘The Reichsführer SS is man…’, ibid., pp. 413–15

p. 92 ‘Over the city…’, Oberjäger R. Christoph, quoted Ramm, 1994, p. 186

p. 93 ‘preserve their pitiful lives’, GARF 9401/2/94, pp. 159–65

p. 93 ‘almost four years…’,27 February, IfZ MA 485, p. 20,755

p. 93 ‘significant part…’, Tkachenko to Beria, 28 February, GARF 9401/2/93, p. 324

p. 94 ‘The Führer has ordered…’, 10 March, BA-B R55/616, p. 243

p. 94 ‘corpses of citizens…’, Shvernik to Molotov, GARF 9401/2/96, pp. 255–61

p. 94 Stutthof camp, RGVA 32904/1/19

p. 95 ‘The Germans have not yet…’, SHAT 7 Ρ 146

p. 95 ‘Morale is low but discipline is strong’, RGALI 1710/3/47, p. 25

7 CLEARING THE REAR AREAS

p. 96 ‘Halt. Military Site…’, Abakumov to Beria, 15 February, GARF 9401/2/93, pp. 6–15

p. 96 57th NKVD Rifle Division, RGVA 38680/1/3, p. 4

p. 97 ‘a dirty runner bespattered…’, Solzhenitsyn, 1974, p. 126

p. 97 ‘the Führer’s guard battalion…’, Hans Rattenhuber’s interrogation by SMERSH, Voennye Arkhivy Rossii, No. 1, 1993, p. 355

p. 98 ‘I think it would…’, GARF 9401/2/93, p. 15

p. 98 ‘indispensable’, Stalin to Tedder and Bull, 15 January, ΝA RG334/Entry 309/Box 2

p. 99 ‘saboteurs and terrorists’, 1 March, GARF 9401/2/93, pp. 255–9

p. 99 ‘criminal act of an anti-Soviet policy’, Berezhkov, 1982, p. 364

p. 99 ‘felt that we had at last…’, Kazakova, conversation, 6 November 1999

p. 99 ‘some of whom…’, Zhukov, iv, p. 183

p. 99 Serov as ‘adviser’, RGVA 32925/1/100, p. 143

p. 100 ‘Ukrainian-German nationalists’, BA-B R55/822, pp. 5–8

p. 100 ‘inquiry into Rokossovsky’s relatives’, GARF 9401/2/94, p. 61

p. 101 ‘the civilian pretended…’, 30 March, NA RG334/Entry 309/Box 2

p. 101 ‘Soviet Engineer-Captain Melamedev…’, NA RG334./Entry 309/Box 2

p. 101 ‘negligence of the officer…’, Volkov, deputy chief NKVD troops, 1st Belorussian Front, RGVA 32925/1/100, p. 205

p. 101 ‘in the Soviet Union…’, Antonov to Deane, NA RG334/Entry 309/Box 2

p. 102 ‘secret bakeries’, RGVA 32891/1/123

p. 102 ‘This made him suspect…’, RGVA 32925/1/100, p. 80

p. 102 mine detection, 12 March, RGVA 32925/1/297, p. 8

p. 102 ‘special dogs for smelling bandits’, RGVA 38680/1/12, p. 114

p. 102 ‘terrorists handed over…’, 11 March, GARF 9401/2/94

p. 102 ‘Left in the rear…’, RGVA 38680/1/12, p. 48

p. 103 ‘a German sabotage school…’, Lieutenant General Edunov, 13 February, RGVA 32904/1/19, p. 99

p. 103 ‘An attentive sergeant…’, RGVA 38686/1/21

p. 104 ‘that in some…’, 18 February, 63rd Rifle Division NKVD, RGVA 38686/1/20, p. 49

p. 104 ‘All this leads to…’, RGVA 38680/1/4

p. 105 pass for wounded, RGVA 38686/1/20, p. 31

p. 105 6th Guards Tank Corps, RGVA 32904/1/19

p. 105 ‘The Soviet military…’, BA-B R55/1296

p. 105 ‘citizens of the USSR…’, 3rd Belorussian Front, RGVA 38680/1/3, p. 255

p. 105 ‘Such cases…’, Grossman papers, RGALI 1710/3/51, p. 230

p. 105 five dead and thirty-four injured, 83rd Frontier Guards Regiment, RGVA 38686/1/21, p. 45

p. 106 Rokossovsky at traffic jam, Agranenko papers, RGALI 2217/2/17, p. 31

p. 106 ‘mobilize all Germans…’, RGVA 32925/1/100, p. 47

p. 106 68,680 Germans, 10 March, GARF 9401/2/93, p. 279

p. 106 ‘To Siberia…’, Agranenko papers, RGALI 2217/2/17, p. 20

p. 107 ‘a gendarmerie’, NA RG334/Entry 309/Box 2

p. 107 ‘hostel of repatriated Polish women’, RGVA 38680/1/3, p. 104

p. 107 ‘suicides of Germans…’, GARF 9401/2/94, p. 88

p. 107 ‘immoral event’, RGVA 38686/1/26, p. 36

p. 107 ‘Negative phenomena…’, Senyavskaya, 2000, p. 184, n. 27

p. 107 Ukrainian girls taken for forced labour, RGVA-SA 1382/1/62

p. 108 ‘On the night…’, ‘an unknown…’, RGASPI 17/125/314

p. 109 ‘had sold themselves…’, Inozemtsev, p. 204

p. 109 ‘German dolls’, quoted Senyavskaya, 1995 p. 181

p. 110 ‘the honour and dignity of the Soviet girl’, TsAMO 372/6570/76 and 372/6570/68

p. 110 female soldiers treated badly from 1944, Rezhevskaya, conversation, 28 October 2001

p. 110 ‘For example, Eva Shtul…’, RGASPI 17/125/314, pp. 40–45

p. 110 49,500 Soviet citizens, to Aleksandrov, 20 February, RGASPI 17/125/320, p. 36

p. 110 4 million, RGASPI 17/125/314

p. 111 ‘What will be their status?’, RGASPI 17/125/314, p. 33

p. 112 Oppeln incident, 7 March, KA-FU, EI: 18, Vol. 6

p. 112 ‘They were not traitors…’, Solzhenitsyn, 1974, p. 240

p. 113 Over a million Hiwis, TsAMO 2/176495/378, pp. 32–3

p. 113 ‘Vlasovtsy and other…’, VOV, iv, p. 158

p. 113 ‘A man from Orel…’, Grossman papers, RGALI 1710/3/47, p. 1

p. 113 camp guards, RGVA 32904/1/19, pp. 274–5

p. 113 ‘There must be a single…’, 63rd Rifle Division NKVD, RGVA 38686/1/20

p. 113 ‘Comrade President…’, Eugene Schirinkine, 31 July, SHAT 7 Ρ 128

p. 114 restoration of civic rights, VOV, iv, p. 161

p. 114 ‘Comrade soldiers…’, RGASPI 17/125/310, p. 10

8 POMERANIA AND THE ODER BRIDGEHEADS

p. 115 ‘cornerstone’, Duffy, p. 187

p. 116 Colonel Morgunov, VOV, iii, p. 252

p. 116 ‘The success of the advance…’, Grossman papers, RGALI 1710/3/51, p. 230

p. 116 Krukenberg and SS Charlemagne, BA-MA MSg2/1283, and Fenet, conversation, 19 May 1999

p. 116 ‘Weiss is a liar…’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 67

p. 117 ‘returned in the same state…’, Erickson, p. 522

p. 118 ‘Trek orders!’, Krockow, p. 61

p. 120 ‘I have no intention…’, Boldt, p. 81, with corrections Freytag von Loringhoven, September 2001

p. 120 supply ship, report 22 March, BA-B R55/616, p. 248

p. 121 ‘If the birth…’, Sajer, p. 541

p. 121 ‘The number of extraordinary…’, report, 12 April, TsAMO 372/6570/68, pp. 17–20

p. 122 ‘absolutely impossible…’, RGALI 2217/2/17, p. 42

p. 122 ‘too proud’, RGALI 2217/2/17, p. 39

p. 122 ‘I had to concede’, Krockow, p. 99

p. 123 ‘Here I hang…’, ibid., p. 76

p. 123 Herr von Livonius, ibid., pp. 114–15

p. 124 ‘Birds are singing…’, Agranenko papers, RGALI 2217/2/17, p. 42

p. 125 ‘Nach Arbeit!’, Agranenko papers, RGALI 2217/2/17, p. 41

p. 126 ‘to assure the Russians…’, TsAMO 233/2374/337, p. 158

p. 126 ‘Morale is being…’, TsAMO 233/2374/337, p. 124

p. 127 ‘looting by German…’, 24 March, IfZ MA 127/2, p. 13,025

p. 127 twenty-two death sentences, TsAMO 236/2675/339, p. 65

p. 127 ‘Colonel General Schörner…’, TsAMO 236/2675/336, p. 60

p. 128 ‘criminal carelessness’, TsAMO 233/2374/194, p. 8

p. 128 ‘went off to have…’, TsAMO 233/2374/194, p. 9

p. 128 ‘The first piece of metal…’, quoted Senyavskaya, 2000, p. 236, n. 52

p. 128 ‘Livestock was slaughtered…’, RGVA 32891/1/391, pp. 345–6

p. 129 Estonians and Ukrainians, 21^st Army political department, TsAMO 236/2675/339

p. 130 ‘The bedroom…’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 39

p. 130 ‘incompetent and cowardly…’, BA-MA MSg1/976

p. 131 ‘Military tribunals should take…’, 4 February, GARF 9401/2/94, p. 163

p. 131 ‘1 Unteroffizier…’, IfZ MA 325

p. 131 ‘cowardice and defeatism’, IfZ Fa 600, p. 14

p. 131 ‘The overriding priority…’, 13 March, IfZ MA 127/2, pp. 13,031–2

p. 132 ‘You’re the new…’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 31

p. 132 ‘had nothing negative…’, KA-FU, EI: 18, Vol. 6

p. 132 ‘twenty Feldgendarmerie…’, KA-FU, EI: 18, Vol. 6

p. 132 ‘soldiers looked apathetic…’, 16 February, KA-FU, EI: 18, Vol. 6

p. 133 artillery observation and underwater bridges, SHAT 7 Ρ 163

p. 133 rumours of resentment, IfZ Fa 138, pp. 15, 16

p. 133 ‘In the whole war…’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 61

p. 134 requisitioning of carts, BLHA Pr. Br. Rep. 61A/443

p. 134 ‘tantamount…’, 21 February, BLHA Pr. Br. Rep. 61A/38

p. 134 ‘very harsh…’, 14 March report to Dr Naumann, IfZ Fa 600, p. 14

p. 134 ‘The fresh air…’, BLHA Pr. Br. Rep. 61A/16, Gauleitung Mark Brandenburg, 19 March

p. 134 ‘40,000 fanatical volunteers’, Guderian, p. 420

p. 135 ‘chalk-white face’, BA-MA MSg1 784, p. 2

p. 135 ‘that what we…’, Schwarz, quoted Gosztony, p. 92

p. 135 ‘lost in his thoughts’, Kempka, quoted ibid., p. 93

9 OBJECTIVE BERLIN

p. 136 ‘Yakov is never going…’, Zhukov, iv, p. 215

p. 137 ‘independently and proudly’, GARF 9401/2/93, p. 276

p. 137 ‘very pleased’, Zhukov, iv, p. 215

p. 137 ‘when we were working…’, ibid., p. 218

p. 138 ‘the main axis of the Allied…’, 14 October 1944, ΝA RG334/Entry 309/Box 2

p. 138 meeting at Stalin’s dacha, May 1942, Zaloga, pp. 13–19

p. 139 ‘Virus House’, Dr Engel, conversation, FU Archiv, 8 October 2001

p. 139 ‘whoever possesses…’, quoted TsAMO 233/2356/5804, pp. 320–21

p. 139 ‘There is no doubt…’, Alanbrooke, p. 669

p. 140 ‘Have a Go, Joe’, quoted by David Clay Large in ‘Funeral in Berlin’, p. 355, in Robert Cowley (ed.), What If?, New York, 1999

p. 140 ‘In view of the great progress…’, NA RG334/Entry 309/Box 3

p. 140 ‘His relations with Monty…’,6 March, Alanbrooke, p. 669

p. 141 Tedder not consulted, NA RG 218 JCS Box 16

p. 141 ‘politically and psychologically…’, Eisenhower, p. 433

p. 141 ‘our armies will advance…’, 25 March, Churchill papers 20/209, Gilbert, p. 1,264

p. 142 ‘criminal action…’, NA RG334/Entry 309/Box 2, Antonov correspondence

p. 143 ‘We owed much…’, Eisenhower, p. 431

p. 143 ‘on matters that were…’, ibid., p. 401

p. 143 ‘no longer…’, Eisenhower to Marshall, 30 March, quoted ibid., p. 438

p. 145 ‘The German front in the west…’, and whole conversation, Zhukov, iv, pp. 223–6

p. 145 ‘Stalin was given…’, NA RG 334/Entry 309/Box 2

p. 146 ‘Are you aware how…’, Konev, p. 79

p. 147 ‘In the event’, Zhukov, iv, p. 226

p. 147 ‘in the shortest…’, VOV, iii, p. 267

p. 147 ‘The Stavka’ ibid., p. 269

p. 147 ‘completely coincided’, ibid.

10 THE KAMARILLA AND THE GENERAL STAFF

p. 148 ‘The British are partly…’, 16 March, KA-FU, EI: 18, Vol. 6

p. 149 ‘If the attempt…’, KA-FU, EI: 18, Vol. 6

p. 150 ‘taking a stroll…’, Guderian, p. 426

p. 150 ‘the most unsuitable man…’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 78

p. 151 ‘Hitler was very quiet…’, Maizière, conversation, 9 October 1999

p. 151 ‘This mission of his…’, Guderian, p. 420

p. 151 ‘Today I am really…’, Freytag von Loringhoven, conversation, 4 October 1999

p. 152 ‘Meine Herren…’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 99

p. 152 ‘ice-cold lack of emotion’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 107

p. 152 ‘Hitler became paler…’, Freytag von Loringhoven, conversation, 4 October 1999 — eyewitness accounts of this meeting vary in some details; this description is based mainly on the accounts of Guderian and Freytag von Loringhoven

p. 153 ‘a mixture of nervous…’, Maizière, conversation, 9 October 1999

p. 153 ‘This short, bespectacled…’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 70

p. 153 ‘We must always…’, BA-MA MSg1/1207

p. 153 ‘the man who can make…’, Heinrici papers, BA-MA MSg2/4231

p. 153 ‘The war’s over…’, Freytag von Loringhoven, conversation, 4 October 1999

p. 154 ‘Hitlerjunge Quex’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 75

p. 154 ‘mutual respect…’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 62

p. 155 ‘In the evening…’, GARF 9401/2/97, pp. 32–48

p. 155 ‘on the grounds…’, IfZ MA 127/2, p. 13,024

p. 155 ‘dangerous’, and Italian forced labourers, see Gellately, pp. 237–8

p. 156 ‘eliminating all further possibility…’, IMT, xli, pp. 430–31

p. 156 ‘This time you will…’, quoted Sereny, pp. 485–6

p. 156 ‘I have reports that…’, Speer interrogation, 22 May, ΝA 740.0011 EW/5–145

p. 157 ‘lose his head’, Sereny, p. 491

p. 157 ‘impossible to deny the hope…’, Speer interrogation, 22 May, NA 740.0011 EW/5–145

p. 157 abortion instruction, IfZ MA 127/2, pp. 13,042–3

p. 158 Speer and Kinzel, Speer interrogation, 22 May, NA 740.0011 EW/5–145

p. 158 ‘in our eyes…’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 92

p. 159 ‘Wann kommt der Russe?’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 76

p. 159 ‘a cheerful market woman…’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 72

p. 160 ‘Der 800,000 Mann-Plan’, IfZ MA 305

p. 160 ‘It was quite…’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 116

p. 160 ‘with Dr Kaltenbrunner’, GARF 9401/2/97, pp. 32–48

p. 160 Kaltenbrunner and Darius, 15 March, BA-B, R55/1394, p. 195

p. 161 ‘a companion in suffering’, Tillery, quoted Ramm, 1994, p. 27

p. 161 ‘Life is like a child’s…’, Gall, conversation, 2 November 1999

p. 161 ‘gemütlich’ bunker, quoted Ramm, 1994, p. 27

p. 162 ‘a really crazy type’, Tillery, quoted ibid., p. 29

p. 163 ‘For once “soldier’s luck”…’, Laudan, quoted ibid., p. 52

p. 164 ‘Officers have two opinions…’, TsAMO 236/2675/339, p. 63

p. 164 ‘To be an officer’, TsAMO 236/2675/339, p. 63

11 PREPARING THE COUP DE GRÂCE

p. 165 ‘The Berlin operation…’, TsAMO 233/2374/194, p. 29

p. 165 4,000 men each, Erickson, p. 476

p. 165 1,030,494 transferred from Gulag by 5 September 1944, GARF 1914/1/1146, p. 21

p. 166 State Defence Committee, Prikaz No. 7942 ss of 29 March, also GARF 8131/38/236, pp. 34–5

p. 166 ‘a dog’s death for dogs’, Merridale, p. 266

p. 166 ‘redeem their guilt…’, Sulkhanishvili, conversation, 12 October 2000

p. 166 ‘soldiers who were Soviet citizens…’, TsAMO 233/2374/194, pp. 11–13

p. 167 ‘Each day I spent…’, TsAMO 233/2374/93, p. 685

p. 167 ‘Is it true…’, TsAMO 233/2374/93, pp. 700–701

p. 167 ‘Bad supervision…’, RGVA 38686/1/20, p. 21

p. 168 ‘these [curtains] must be removed…’, 7 April, RGVA 32925/1/100, p. 174

p. 168 ‘Checking Fighting Fitness for Battle’, RGVA 36860/1/16

p. 168 ‘They regarded it quite…’, Senyavskaya, 2000, p. 236, n. 50

p. 168 ‘This happens…’, RGVA 38686/1/20, p. 26

p. 168 ‘One mistake…’, Sulkhanishvili, conversation, 16 June 2001

p. 169 ‘Red Army soldier…’, Werth, pp. 964, 965

p. 169 ‘Look how the Germans…’, Eugene Schirinkine, 31 July, SHAT 7 Ρ 128

p. 169 ‘Our soldiers got…’, Gall, conversation, 2 November 1999

p. 169 ‘They put us in a camp…’, TsAMO 236/2675/267, pp. 67–8

p. 170 ‘revenge score’, TsAMO 233/2374/194, p. 24

p. 170 ‘There was a big slogan…’, Kazakova, conversation, 6 November 1999

p. 171 analysis of letters, Gall, conversation, 2 November 1999

p. 171 ‘Can only be used…’, KA-FU, EI: 18, Vol. 6

p. 171 chemical weapons, RGVA 32891/1/384, p. 19

p. 171 ‘the weapons of despair’, Donovan to Secretary of State, 1 April, NA 740.0011 EW/4–145

p. 171 ‘argued for chemical warfare’, Speer interrogation, 22 May, NA 740.0011 EW/5–145

p. 172 panzerfaust trials, Belyaev, conversation, 29 July 2000

12 WAITING FOR THE ONSLAUGHT

p. 173 ‘Yesterday’, Major Juhlin-Dannfel, 4 April, KA-FU, EI: 18, Vol. 6

p. 174 ‘Every Bolshevik…’, report 9 April, SHAT 7 Ρ 102

p. 174 ‘Every male…’, report 9 April, SHAT 7 Ρ 102

p. 174 ‘We know the plans…’, Staatssekretär Dr Naumann, BA-MA RH19/XV/9a, p. 94

p. 175 ‘to that — exclusively…’, NA RG260 OMGUS, Stack 390 41/7/5–6 A2/S4

p. 176 ‘We Germans are not a nation…’, Anonymous, p. 126

p. 176 ‘We believe in victory…’, Kleine and Stimpel, p. 9

p. 176 ‘Heil Hitler!’ report 2e Bureau, 21 April, SHAT 7 Ρ 128

p. 177 ‘thought to defending…’, Haider, NA RG338 Ms P-136

p. 177 ‘There are no children…’, BA-MA MSg1/976

p. 177 ‘Evacuation…’, Oberst i.G Hans Refior, BA-MA MSg1/976

p. 178 ‘short-sightedness, bureaucracy…’, Oberst i.G Hans Refior, BA-MA MSg1/976

p. 178 ‘Muttis’ Refior, BA-MA MSg1/976

p. 178 ‘a sense of duty’, NA RG338 Ms P-136

p. 179 ‘masterpiece of…’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 3

p. 179 ‘Arbeitsunlustig’, RGVA-SA 1367/1/218

p. 179 ‘Those madmen in Berlin…’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 15

p. 179 ‘The Ninth Army…’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 15

p. 180 ‘The Führer once coined…’, Goebbels speech, 20 February, BA-B R55/916, p. 91

p. 180 Schmidtke, conversation, 15 July 2000

p. 181 ‘I swear that…’, IfZ MA 485, p. 20,755

p. 181 ‘deciphering…’, ‘There is an atmosphere…’, KA-FU, EI: 18, Vol. 6

p. 182 Baumgart, quoted Ramm, 1994, p. 65

p. 182 Volkshandgranate 45, SHAT 7 Ρ 102

p. 183 ‘clever eyes’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 100

p. 183 General Bunyachenko, Fröhlich, p. 256

p. 183 ‘better purposes’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 100, and BA-MA N53/76, p. 17

p. 184 200th Rifle Division, N.M. Ramanichev, ‘Iz opyta peregruppirovki army pri podgotovke Berlinskoi operatsii’, ViZh, No. 8, 1979

p. 184 ‘would only get…’, Klochkov, p. 72

p. 184 ‘Some deserters seize carts from…’, 7 April, RGVA 38686/1/21P.40

p. 184 355 deserters, RGVA 32891/1/120, p. 250

p. 184 ‘Many soldiers…’, RGVA 32925/1/100, p. 184

p. 185 ‘barely one half…’, Beria to Stalin, GARF 9401/2/95, pp. 253–68

p. 185 stragglers, 11 April, RGVA 32925/1/130, p. 240

p. 185 ‘Hello Papa, Mama…’, quoted Shindel (ed.), pp. 158–9

p. 186 ‘Our advance is too slow…’, TsAMO 233/2374/92, p. 331

p. 186 ‘Komsomolets’, TsAMO 236/2675/440, pp. 6–8

p. 186 ‘all Communists have a duty…’, TsAMO 233/2374/93, p. 652

p. 186 Artillery regiments, TsAMO 233/2374/93, p. 652

p. 186 ‘the local population…’, TsAMO 233/2374/93, p. 695

p. 187 ‘a pile of stones’, Inozemtsev, p. 196

p. 187 ‘Encircled soldiers…’, RGVA 38680/1/3, p. 68

p. 187 ‘The aviation is…’, Inozemtsev, p. 196

p. 188 ‘A bronze Bismarck…’, ibid., p. 201

p. 188 the hospital ship Goya, Duffy, p. 291

p. 188 ‘On Ninth Army…’, BA-MA RH19/XV/9a, p. 97

p. 188 ‘Führer expects…’, BA-MA RH19/XV/9a, p. 207

p. 188 ‘the Führer is instinctively…’, BA-MA RH19/XV/9a, p. 221

p. 189 ‘The concert took us…’, Below, p. 409

p. 189 Hitler Youth and cyanide capsules, Sereny, p. 507

p. 189 ‘Order of the Day’, BA-MA RH19/XV/9D, p. 34

p. 189 ‘There was terror…’, Senyavskaya, 2000, p. 275

13 AMERICANS ON THE ELBE

p. 190 ‘learning English…’, captured letter, Willi Klein to Lance Corporal Hans Gerl, quoted Ehrenburg, Krasnaya Zvezda, 25 November 1944

p. 190 ‘Germany had lost…’, Papen interrogation, NA 740.0011 EW/4–2445

p. 191 ‘Alex, where are…’, Boiling, quoted Ryan, p. 229

p. 191 ‘Bolsheviks near Vienna…’, GARF 9401/2/97, pp. 32–48

p. 191 massacres in the Leipzig area, report of Captain Claude Merry, 28 April, SHAT 8 Ρ 22

p. 192 ‘On the basis of findings…’, report 8 March, ΝA 740.0011 EW/3–845

p. 192 ‘No speeding…’, SHAT 8 Ρ 27

p. 192 Operation Plunder, Elliott, pp. 121, 125, 143

p. 193 ‘Monty was very stuffy…’, anonymous conversation, 30 December 2000

p. 193 ‘a life and death struggle…’, Elliott, p. 12

p. 194 ‘American tankists…’, Krasnaya Zvezda, 11 April, p. 3

p. 194 ‘conquering with cameras’, ΝA 740.0011 EW/4–1345

p. 194 ‘arrange for an orderly…’, NA 740.0011 EW/3–2745

p. 195 ‘there is no evidence…’, NA 740.0011 EW/4–2345

p. 196 ‘The interrogation of various…’, report of 10 April, SHAT 7 Ρ 102

p. 196 ‘Deutschland, dein…’, Kardorff, p. 306

p. 196 ‘Khvatit’, Krasnaya Zvezda, 11 April, p. 3

p. 197 ‘were not refusing…’, ‘politically harmful’, see Leonid Reshin, ‘Tovarisch Ehrenburg uproshchaet’, Novoe Vremya, No. 8, 1994

p. 197 ‘by promising immunity…’, Ehrenburg, pp. 176, 177

p. 197 ‘Comrade Ehrenburg Oversimplifies’, ‘Tovarisch Ehrenburg uproshchaet’ Pravda, 14 April

p. 198 ‘Your wife may get it…’, Abakumov to Stalin, 29 March, quoted Reshin, Novoe Vremya, No. 8, 1994

p. 198 ‘that we should be ruthless…’, TsAMO 233/2374/92, pp. 360–61

p. 199 ‘What was surprising’, Soyuz veteranov zhurnalistiki, p. 447

p. 199 ‘In connection with…’, GARF 9401/2/95, pp. 31–5, and Serov to Beria, 19 April, GARF 9401/2/95, p. 91

p. 199 43,000 Polish soldiers from Gulag, GARF 1914/1/1146

p. 199 ‘W Sibir ili w Armiju?’, Andrzej Rey, quoted Gerhard Gnauck in ‘Wie die Horden Dschingis Khans’, Die Welt, 8 May 2001, p. 31

p. 200 ‘extremely rude…’, ‘der Katastrophengeneral’, interrogation 8 April of Lieutenant General von Oriola of XIII Corps, 2e Bureau, 21 April, SHAT 7 Ρ 128

p. 201 ‘You’re coming…’, Reichhelm, conversation, 5 October 1999

p. 202 ‘along and either side…’, unpublished MS, diary of Peter Rettich, battalion commander, Scharnhorst Division, Twelfth Army, Reichhélm papers

p. 202 ‘no other possibility but to surrender…’, Reichhelm, conversation, 5 October 1999, and Humboldt, conversation, 11 October 1999

p. 202 ‘the Ninth Army has occupied…’, SHAEF daily report on Allied Operations, SHAT 8 Ρ 19

p. 203 ‘future division of Germany…’, Eisenhower, p. 43

p. 203 ‘Soldiers and officers’, Maizière, conversation, 9 October 1999

p. 204 ‘Where in the hell…’, quoted Ryan, p. 261

p. 204 ‘My Führer, I congratulate you!’, Trevor-Roper, pp. 89–90

p. 204 ‘At the moment…’, BA-MA RH19/XV/9D, p. 34

p. 204 ‘rocking like a ship’, Loewe, conversation, 9 October 2001

p. 205 ‘A whole world…’, Kardorff, pp. 306–7

14 EYE OF BATTLE

p. 206 2.5 million men etc., Sovetskaya voennaya entsiklopediya, Vol. i, Moscow, 1990, p. 383

p. 206 medals stripped from 20th Panzergrenadier Division, VOV, iii, p. 272

p. 206 ‘During the night…’, V. Makarevsky, ‘17-ya motorinzhenernaya brigada ν Berlinskoi operatsii’, ViZh, No. 4, April 1976

p. 207 ‘Active Komsomol members…’, TsAMO 236/2675/440, p. 76

p. 207 ‘There will be no pity’, TsAMO 233/2374/92, p. 240

p. 207 ‘transmitting in clear…’, TsAMO 236/2675/440, p. 192

p. 207 no sub-units allowed to use the radio, RGVA 32891/1/160

p. 207 wavelengths and codes, RGVA 32891/1/160, p. 232

p. 207 ‘morally and politically unstable’, TsAMO 233/2374/93, p. 454

p. 207 speaking against collective farms, TsAMO 233/2374/92, p. 314

p. 208 Heinrici order, BA-MA RH 19 XV/9b, p. 42

p. 208 ‘Many wanted to be wounded…’, Kertz, conversation, 11 October 1999

p. 208 ‘You can’t imagine’, TsAMO 236/2675/336, p. 57

p. 209 ‘We have to hold…’, TsAMO 233/2374/93 p. 411

p. 209 ‘almost peaceful…’, Wust, conversation, 10 October 1999

p. 209 ‘rabbit-hearted’, IfZ MA 127/2, p. 12,949

p. 210 ‘The keys of the city…’, Vsevolod Vishnevsky, RGALI 1038/1/1804

p. 210 newspaper reports, contradiction by TASS, see Pravda, 25 April

p. 211 ‘other matter’, ΝA RG334/Entry 309/Box 2

p. 211 ‘Some of them shaded…’, Klochkov, p. 72

p. 211 ‘Greetings from the front’, Junior Lieutenant of Medical Service Abdul Aziz Babakhanov, Soyuz veteranov zhurnalistiki, p. 491

p. 212 ‘The hurricane lamp is driving away darkness’, Senyavskaya, 1995, p. 181

p. 213 ‘tortured to death…’, TsAMO 233/2374/92, p. 314

p. 213 ‘Liricheskoe’, quoted Senyavskaya, 1995, p. 101

p. 214 ‘Soon we will return home…’, TsAMO 236/2675/440, p. 16

p. 214 ‘It felt like a huge…’, Gall, conversation, 2 November 1999

p. 214 ‘We warned all…’, Sulkhanishvili, conversation, 12 October 2000

15 ZHUKOV ON THE REITWEIN SPUR

p. 216 arrival of Zhukov, Merezhko, conversation, 10 November 1999

p. 217 ‘The hands of the clock…’, Zhukov, iv, pp. 242–3

p. 217 ‘A terrible thunder…’, Klochkov, p. 73

p. 218 ‘Alarm! so fort… ’, Ramm, 1994, p. 33

p. 218 ‘In a matter…’, Wagner, quoted ibid., p. 200

p. 218 ‘In the field of view…’, Kleine and Stimpel, p. 39

p. 218 ‘burning farmhouses…’, quoted Ramm, 1994, p. 200

p. 218 ‘Christ, the poor…’, Baumgart, quoted ibid., p. 67

p. 218 ‘shavingofficers…’, SS Kriegsberichter Heinz Heering, BA-MA MSg2/3448, p. 6

p. 219 ‘These men were sacrificed…’, Obersturmführer Helmut Schwarz, quoted Ramm, 1994, p. 170

p. 219 ‘It seemed that not…’, Zhukov, iv, p. 244

p. 219 ‘Along the whole length…’, letter, Pyotr Mitrofanovich Sebelev, 2nd Sapper Bde, 16 April, quoted Shindel (ed.), p. 160

p. 219 ‘the light was so blinding…’, Sulkhanishvili, conversation, 12 October 2000

p. 220 ‘producing losses’, etc., TsAMO 233/2374/92, pp. 257–8

p. 221 ‘Maximum Alert’, Schröder diary, quoted Ramm, 1994, p. 177

p. 222 ‘So you’ve underestimated…’, Zhukov, iii, p. 245

p. 223 ‘His outstanding bravery…’, BA-MA RH19/XV/24, p. 36

p. 224 ‘a dull, continuous…’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 17

p. 224 ‘women and girls stood…’, Boldt, pp. 108–9

p. 226 ‘not a killing field…’, Harald Arndt, quoted Ramm, 1994, p. 270

p. 226 ‘We moved across terrain…’, Sebelev, Shindel (ed.), p. 160

p. 226 ‘covered with the corpses…’, Klochkov, p. 73

p. 226 ‘bad organization’, etc., TsAMO 233/2374/92, pp. 27–30

p. 227 ‘in some regiments…’, TsAMO 233/2374/92, pp. 31–2

p. 228 ‘became much more frequent’, TsAMO 233/2374/92, p. 31

p. 228 footnote: Medical personnel, Senyavskaya, 1995, p. 124

p. 228 ‘How many matches were burnt?’, Senyavskaya, 2000, p. 227

p. 229 ‘I was deeply…’, BA-MA MSg2/1096

p. 229 ‘Berlin on the sixth day…’, VOV, iii, p. 270

p. 229 ‘Are you sure that…’, Zhukov, iv, p. 247

p. 230 ‘Even when I was…’, TsAMO 233/2374/194, pp. 47–8

p. 230 ‘The god of war…’, TsAMO 233/2374/194, p. 32

p. 230 ‘At the fascist lair’, etc., TsAMO 233/2374/194, p. 34

p. 230 13th Army observation post, Konev, p. 91

p. 231 ‘The assault boats were launched’, TsAMO 233/2374/194, p. 35

p. 231 ‘We had nowhere to hide’, TsAMO 233/2374/194, p. 33

p. 231 ‘Ivan don’t shoot, we are prison’, TsAMO 236/2675/336, pp. 6, 55–6

p. 232 ‘unbearably slow’, TsAMO 233/2374/194, p. 50

p. 232 ‘Zhukov is not getting…’, TsAMO TsGV/70500/2, pp. 145–9, quoted Zhukov, iv, pp. 226–7

p. 233 ‘[Antonov] said…’, NA RG334/Entry 309/Box 2

16 SEELOW AND THE SPREE

p. 235 ‘He was wearing a long…’, Sulkhanishvili, conversation, 12 October 2001

p. 236 ‘distinctly uncultured’, Erickson, p. 569

p. 236 ‘In the opinion of the infantry’, TsAMO 233/2374/92, p. 355

p. 236 ‘We infantry were once…’, Tillery, quoted Ramm, 1994, p. 35

p. 237 ‘completely shattered…’, BA-MA MSg2/1096, p. 4

p. 237 ‘This is my artillery…’, BA-MA MSg2/1096, p. 5

p. 237 attacks on Oder bridges, RGVA 32925/1/130, p. 259

p. 238 German pilots’ suicide attacks, NA 740.0011 EW/4–2445

p. 238 Leonidas squadron (2./II./KG 200), BA-MA MSg2/4429, pp. 1–44

p. 239 ‘if the Germans…’, TsAMO 236/2675/149, p. 258

p. 239 ‘How are you going to fire it?’, TsAMO 233/2374/194, p. 56

p. 240 ‘No German town…’, BA-MA RH19/XV/9D, p. 131

p. 240 ‘non-employed and those…’, BLHA Pr. Br. Rep. 61A/443

p. 241 Nordland casualties, BA-MA RH 19 XV/9b, p. 62

p. 243 ‘Today is the moment…’, BA-MA RH19/XV/9, p. 264

p. 243 wounded soldier at Hermersdorf, Kleine and Stimpel, p. 35

p. 243 ‘426 Soviet tanks’, Der Angriff, Nr. 92, 20 April

p. 244 ‘And this is the army’, Kleine and Stimpel, pp. 35–6

p. 244 ‘In the town of Gusow…’, TsAMO 233/2374/92, p. 356

p. 245 ‘a defence of the capital…’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 18

p. 245 ‘Berlin would…’, Speer interrogation, 22 May, ΝA 740.0011 EW/5–145

p. 245 ‘the sacrifice of children…’, BA-MA MSg2/1096, p. 6

p. 246 ‘The Russians are eating…’, Martin Kleint, quoted Ramm, 1994, p. 296

p. 246 ‘Der Iwan kommt’ ibid., p. 96

p. 247 executions on Küstrin sector, Wuth, conversation, 10 October 1999 p. 247 SS to Schleswig-Holstein, BA-MA MSg2/3448, p. 6

p. 248 Saalborn to Bürgermeister of Woltersdorf, BLHA Pr. Br. Rep. 61A/443

p. 248 ‘Well, we’ll have to start…’, Zhukov, iv, p. 224

17 THE FÜHRER’S LAST BIRTHDAY

p. 249 ‘with heartiest congratulations’, RGVA-SA 1355/4/11, p. 54

p. 250 ‘I wondered whether he was mad’, Kardorff, p. 307

p. 251 ‘disappointed by the cowardice…’, Speer interrogation, 22 May, NA 740.0011 EW/5–145

p. 251 ‘Führer’s birthday’, GARF 9401/2/97, pp. 32–48

p. 252 ‘It was horrible…’, Traudl Junge, quoted Sereny, p. 512

p. 252 ‘Eva Braun and Dr Stumpfegger’, Bormann’s diary, GARF 9401/2/97, pp. 32–48

p. 252 ‘a really foul trick’, letter of 19 April, quoted Gun, p. 247

p. 252 ‘to keep the mystic legend…’, Brandt paper, ΝA RG319/22/XE 23 11 00

p. 254 ‘She was always…’, Below, pp. 407–8

p. 254 ‘We can already hear…’, letter to Herta Ostermayr, quoted Gun, p. 252

p. 254 ‘Suddenly one remembers…’, Friday 20 April, Anonymous, p. 9

p. 255 ‘the long-range artillery…’, Zhukov, iv, p. 250

p. 255 ‘a historic task: to break into Berlin…’, TsAMO 233/2307/193, p. 88

p. 256 ‘Comrade Rybalko’, TsAMO 236/2712/359, p. 35

p. 256 recognition signals for meeting with Allied armies, TsAMO 132a/2642/38, pp. 14–15

p. 256 ‘Personal to Comrades…’, quoted Erickson, p. 578

p. 256 ‘Auffanglinier’, BA-MA RH19/XV/24, p. 119

p. 256 ‘It was clear to us…’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 18

p. 257 ‘Then the tanks began firing…’, quoted Ramm, 1994, p. 96

p. 257 ‘Now we’ll let them have it’, ibid., p. 97

p. 259 ‘The closer one gets to Berlin’, Grossman papers, RGALI 1710/3/51, p. 240

p. 259 ‘mostly by officers and men…’, TsAMO 233/2374/92, p. 47

p. 259 ‘It was all senseless’, Wuth, conversation, 10 October 1999

p. 259 30th Guards Artillery Brigade, Klochkov, p. 77

p. 260 ‘They returned the following…’, TsAMO 233/2374/93, p. 722

p. 260 ‘given chemical substances…’, RGVA 32891/1/125, p. 289

p. 260 ‘hurl back’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 20

p. 260 ‘to catch deserters and execute…’, TsAMO 233/2374/93, p. 412

18 THE FLIGHT OF THE GOLDEN PHEASANTS

p. 261 ‘no man capable…’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 17

p. 261 ‘Werwolfs of Berlin and Brandenburg’, 24 April, NA RG 260 OMGUS, Stack 390 41/7/5–6 A2/S4

p. 262 ‘What’s going on?’, Günsche interrogation, quoted Bezymenski, pp. 28–9

p. 262 ‘For the rat Goebbels’, TsAMO 233/2374/92, p. 255, and Zhukov, iv, p. 258

p. 262 ‘the bloody god of war’, K. M. Simonov, Notebook No. 8, RGALI 1814/4/7

p. 262 1.8 million shells, Zhukov, iv, p. 255

p. 262 ‘cellar tribe’, Anonymous, pp. 13–16

p. 263 ‘Du General?’, Kertz, conversation, 10 October 1999

p. 263 Scharnhorst Division, Rettich war diary, Reichhelm papers

p. 264 ‘a very bad feeling’, Lorenz, quoted Ramm, 1994, p. 98

p. 264 ‘See that you all get home…’, Tillery, quoted ibid., p. 40

p. 265 ‘Due to the slowness…’, 21 April, TsAMO 233/2374/92, pp. 359–60

p. 267 ‘three battalions and a few tanks’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 143

p. 268 ‘The defence of Berlin…’, TsAMO 299/17055/4, p. 305

p. 268 ‘twenty-four-hour-a-day…’, Zhukov, iv, p. 276

p. 269 ‘a dirty, swampy little river’, TsAMO 233/2374/194, p. 66

p. 270 ‘Soviet shells exploding…’, Wallin, quoted Ramm, 1994, p. 99

p. 271 Konev’s order to the 28th Army, A. Luchinsky, ‘Na Berlin!’, ViZh, No. 5, May 1965

p. 271 ‘completely surprised…’, NARG 338, P–136, p. 49

p. 271 ‘as snow in the middle…’, TsAMO 233/2374/194, p. 78

p. 271 ‘At about five in the afternoon’, Rocolle, 1954, p. 87

p. 272 ‘hearts raced in fear’, DRK-Schwester Ruth Schwarz, quoted Ramm, 1994, p. 229

p. 273 German stragglers from See-low Heights, RGVA 32925/1/130, p. 269

p. 273 ‘On 22 April, a Red Army cook’, RGVA 32925/1/130, p. 275

p. 273 ‘Everything is covered with flowers…’, Grossman papers, RGALI, 1710/3/51, p. 239

p. 274 ‘Not a single woman…’, Anonymous, p. 21

p. 276 ‘General Field Marshal Keitel’, extracts from notes of Jodl, TsAMO 233/2356/5804, pp. 201–3

p. 276 ‘his mental sickness…’, Maizière, p. 106, and conversation, 9 October 1999

p. 276 ‘Losses can never…’, quoted Trevor-Roper, p. 65

p. 277 ‘the chiefs plan to get…’, ΝA 740.0011 EW/3–2245

p. 277 ‘There exist in…’, NA RG59740.0011 EW/4–645

p. 277 ‘superbly stocked’, Freytag von Loringhoven, conversation, 4 October 1999

p. 277 ‘In the bunker’, Maizière, conversation, 9 October 1999

p. 278 night of 22 April, Below, p. 411, and Traudl Junge, television interview

p. 279 ‘Forgive me…’, letter of 22 April, original reproduced Gun, p. 176

19 THE BOMBARDED CITY

p. 280 ‘the battle a European significance’, diary Uffz. Heinrich V., 23 April, BZG-S

p. 280 siege guns, Zhukov, iv, p. 255

p. 281 ‘Desertion suddenly seems…’, Anonymous, p. 24

p. 282 ‘real feeling of disintegration’, Beier, conversation, 9 October 2001

p. 282 ‘to their impulses’, Kronika, pp. 98–9

p. 282 ‘What a thing to die for’, Petersohn, conversation, 9 July 2000

p. 283 rumour of Model’s arrest, NA740.0011 EW/4–2445

p. 283 7th Department, TsAMO 233/2374/93, pp. 413,419

p. 284 ‘Because the fascist clique…’, TsAMO 233/2374/93, p. 414

p. 284 ‘letter from the inhabitants…’, TsAMO 233/2374/93, p. 415

p. 285 ‘an outstanding…’, Reichhelm, conversation, 5 October 1999, and also Humboldt, conversation, 11 October 1999

p. 285 ‘gravedigger of the army’, NA740.0011 EW/4–1045

p. 285 ‘Soldaten der Armee Wenck!’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 28

p. 285 ‘the Führer has issued orders…’, NA 740.0011 EW/4–2445

p. 285 ‘So we made up…’, Humboldt, conversation, 11 October 1999

p. 286 ‘Boys, you’ve got…’, Reichhelm papers, Das Letzte Aufgebot

p. 286 ‘a feeling of loyalty…’, Genscher, conversation, 4 September 2000

p. 286 ‘So about turn!’, Rettich diary, Reichhelm papers

p. 286 ‘tragi-comedy’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 22

p. 286 state of LVI Panzer Corps, Refior, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 24

p. 287 Berlin defence figures, Willemer, ‘The German Defense of Berlin’, NA RG338, P136, p. 46

p. 288 Speer’s journey to Berlin, NA 740.0011 EW/5–145

p. 288 ‘the legends would be hard to create’, Speer interrogation, 22 May, ΝA 740.0011 EW/5–145

p. 289 ‘My Führer! — In view of…’, quoted Trevor-Roper, p. 116

p. 290 ‘a simple Munich girl…’, Sereny, p. 532

p. 290 ‘Hermann is not with us…’, Gun, pp. 253–4

20 FALSE HOPES

p. 291 Krukenberg account, BA-MA MSg2/1283

p. 291 SS ‘Charlemagne’, Fenet, conversation, 4 June 1999

p. 293 ‘since he alone…’, ΝA 740.0011 EW/5–145

p. 293 ‘The Reichsführer is no longer…’, Trevor-Roper, p. 103

p. 294 Schulstrasse transit camp, Löwenstein, conversation, 14 July 2000

p. 295 ‘a real International’, Konev, p. 150

p. 295 ‘hundreds of bearded Russian…’, RGALI 1710/3/51, p. 239

p. 295 ‘An old woman…’, RGALI 1710/3/51, p. 240

p. 295 ‘The Soviet Union has a right…’, ΝA RG218 JCS Box 15

p. 296 US aircraft attacked, Antonov correspondence, NA RG334/Entry 309/Box 2

p. 297 ‘they were licking [our] boots’, TsAMO 233/2374/92, p. 53

p. 297 ‘In the course of three hours’, V. S. Antonov, ‘Poslednie dni voiny’, ViZh, No. 7, July 1987

p. 297 ‘It was a bloody…’, Ramm, 1994, p. 102

p. 297 ‘Vlasov and his men are taking part’, RGALI 1710/3/51, p. 239

p. 298 Beelitz-Heilstätten, DRK-Schwester Ruth Schwarz, quoted Ramm, 1994, p. 229

p. 299 ‘You’re the only one…’, BA-MA MSg2/1283, p. 11

p. 299 conditions in the bunker, Freytag von Loringhoven, conversation, 4 October 1999, and Misch, 8 July 2000

p. 300 ‘Another officer…’, TsAMO 233/2374/92, p. 361

p. 300 ‘surprised the Berliners immensely’, TsAMO 233/2374/194, p. 78

p. 300 ‘abnormal phenomena’, TsAMO 233/2374/92, p. 362

p. 300 ‘small babushka’, Sulkhanishvili, conversation, 12 October 2000

p. 300 ‘impersonal violence of war itself’, Glenn Gray, pp. 66–7

p. 300 ‘substitutes for the defeat of an enemy’, Naimark, p. 70

p. 300 waves of violence, ibid., p. 83

p. 301 Shulzhenok, TsAMO 233/2374/92, p. 333

p. 301 ‘What contradicts our idea…’, Grossman papers, RGALI 1710/3/51, p. 240

p. 301 ‘Ziegler had secret orders…’, BA-MAMSg1/976, p. 24

p. 302 ‘Meine Herren, alies Gute!’, Roman Burghart, quoted Ramm, 1994, p. 104

p. 302 ‘laid on a blood-smeared table…’, Wallin, quoted ibid., p. 108

p. 302 Krukenberg account, BA-MA MSg2/1283

p. 302 ‘SS traitors extending the war!’, Wallin, quoted Ramm, 1994, p. 103

p. 303 ‘The silence which followed…’, BA-MA N65/126

p. 304 ‘The situation must improve’, TsAMO 233/2356/5804, pp. 201–3

p. 304 ‘a self-deception bordering…’, BA-MA N65/126, p. 165

p. 304 ‘General Eisenhower desires…’, 25 April, Deane to Antonov, NA RG334/Entry 309/Box 2

p. 305 Deutschlandsender, NA RG59740.0011 EW/5–1045

p. 307 Tully and Irwin, NA RG334/Entry 309/Box 6

p. 307 ‘On the walls…’, Serov via Beria to Stalin, 25 April, GARF 9401/2/95, pp. 304–10

p. 308 ‘the attitude of Red Army troops…’, Beria to Stalin, GARF 9401/2/95, pp. 317–28

21 FIGHTING IN THE CITY

p. 310 ‘There they stand…’, Anonymous, p. 28

p. 311 ‘Take up the weapons…’, Diary Uffz. Heinrich V., 27 April, BZG-S

p. 312 ‘We had no idea…’, Petersohn, conversation, 9 July 2000

p. 314 ‘Tag, Russki!’, Boeseler, conversation, 7 July 2000

p. 314 ‘kulaks and landowners’, TsAMO 233/2374/93, p. 747

p. 314 ‘wax-like faces wreathed…’, Anonymous, p. 29

p. 315 ‘almost without antiseptic…’, Rocolle, 1954, p. 73

p. 315 Volkssturm weapons, Toscano-Korvin diary-letter, 7 July, BZG-S p. 315 ‘Berliner! Hold on…’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 28

p. 315 ‘At the moment I am…’, Pyotr Mitrofanovich Sebelev, quoted Shindel (ed.), p. 161

p. 316 ‘casserole’, Johannes Steinhoff, quoted Steinhoff et al. (eds.), p. 245

p. 316 ‘new tactic’, TsAMO 233/2374/194, p. 78

p. 317 3rd Shock Army anti-aircraft guns, Nikolai Vasiliev, ‘Krasnyi tsvet pobedy’, in Vsem smertyam nazlo, Moscow, 2000

p. 317 ‘Offensive operations carried…’, SHAT 7 Ρ 163

p. 317 sections of railway line with dynamite, TsAMO 233/2374/194, p. 78

p. 318 ‘We didn’t have time…’, anonymous interview, 5 November 1999

p. 318 ‘frequent cases of mutual firing…’, A. Luchinsky, ‘Na Berlin!’, ViZh, No. 5, May 1965

p. 319 ‘Poor inner city’, Eva Reuss in Schwerin, p. 166

p. 319 ‘Now we should be scared…’, RGALI 1710/3/51, p. 241

p. 320 ‘thunderbolts from the sky’, Grossman papers, RGALI 1710/3/51, p. 240

p. 320 ‘Old frontline hares’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 25

p. 320 ‘Your proposal is perfectly all right…’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 25

p. 321 tradition of commandant of city, Konev, p. 236

p. 321 ‘The commandant of Berlin…’, RGALI 1710/3/51, p. 240

p. 322 ‘the Americans could cross…’, BA-MAMSg2/1283, p. 22

p. 325 Thiessen and Bewilogua, AGMPG II. Abt., Rep. 1A, A2. IA 9/-Havemann

p. 326 Haus Dahlem, Rocolle, 1992, pp. 108–9

p. 326 ‘the horrors of the Middle Ages’, Marianne Reinold, in Bollmann et al., p. 67

p. 326 events in Dahlem, see also Naimark, p. 82

p. 327 ‘violence under the pretext of revenge’, TsAMO 233/2374/93, p. 706

p. 327 ‘When we broke into Berlin’, TsAMO 233/2374/93, p. 650

p. 327 ‘That? Well, it certainly…’, Anonymous, p. 49

22 FIGHTING IN THE FOREST

p. 328 ‘Who would ever…’, diary of Peter Rettich diary, Reichhelm papers

p. 328 ‘Blast the Russians away!’, Ruth Schwarz, quoted Ramm, 1994, p. 231

p. 329 ‘It was fought…’, Rettich diary, Reichhelm papers

p. 329 civilian casualties in Beelitz, Beelitzer Heimatverein, p. 18

p. 329 footnote: Soviet estimate of Busse’s army, Konev, p. 181, Erickson, p. 592

p. 329 40,000 German troops in forest, NA RG 338 R–79, p. 59

p. 330 ‘pushing to the west like a caterpillar’, quoted NA RG 338 R–79, p. 14 p. 330 ‘to decide for himself…’, quoted NA RG 338 R–79, p. 19

p. 330 ‘to block all the forest roads leading from east to west’, TsAMO 684/492483/1

p. 331 ‘without information about…’, A. Luchinsky, ‘Na Berlin!’, ViZh, No. 5, May 1965

p. 331 ‘The Führer has ordered…’, ‘The Führer in Berlin…’, NA RG 338 R–79, pp. 37–8

p. 332 ‘If the first attempts…’, TsAMO 236/2675/267, p. 186

p. 332 wounded crushed by tank tracks, Lindner, conversation, 10 October 2001

p. 333 ‘For this they paid…’, A. Luchinsky, ‘Na Berlin!’, ViZh, No. 5, May 1965

p. 334 ‘2,459 attack missions…’, Konev, p. 182

p. 334 ‘a patchwork quilt of corpses’, Baumgart, quoted Ramm, 1994, p. 70

p. 334 ‘It’s already been five days…’, TsAMO 236/2675/267, p. 189

p. 335 SS with panzerfaust in cellar, Buhl, conversation, 10 October 2001

p. 335 ‘I never suspected…’, Jürgs diary (8 May retrospective), quoted Ramm, 1994, pp. 159–60

p. 335 ‘Tanks rolled down…’, quoted Ramm, 1995, p. 25

p. 336 ‘Get up!’, Kleint, quoted Ramm, 1994, p. 306

p. 336 ‘In that place, there was…’, K. M. Simonov, Notebook No. 9, RGALI, 1814/4/8, p. 80

p. 337 ‘The remains of the destroyed…’, TsAMO 233/2374/194, p. 76

p. 337 ‘more than 3,000–4,000’, Konev, pp. 181–2

p. 337 Fieseler Storch from Army Group Vistula, Eismann, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 138

p. 338 ‘to send these children…’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 143

p. 338 ‘disobedience and unsoldierly weakness’, BA-MA MSg1/976, p. 143

23 THE BETRAYAL OF THE WILL

p. 340 61st Rifle Division, A. Luchinsky, ‘Na Berlin!’, ViZh, No. 5, May 1965

p. 340 ‘Rosly, who is usually…’, V. S. Antonov, ‘Poslednie dni voiny’, ViZh, No. 7, July 1987, and TsAMO 301sd/295514/1, p. 158

p. 340 ‘One had a panoramic…’, quoted Schultz-Naumann, p. 178

p. 340 ‘Stand fast, fight fanatically’, 26 April, 04.08 hours, GARF 9401/2/102, pp. 13–17

p. 341 ‘I consider your proposed…’, 26 April, NA RG218 JCS Box 15 File 94

p. 341 ‘Himmler and Jodl stop…’, GARF 9401/2/97, pp. 32–48

p. 342 Fegelein execution, Freytag von Loringhoven, conversation, 4 October 1999

p. 342 ‘A traitor must…’, quoted Trevor-Roper, p. 152

p. 343 ‘in spite of all…’, ibid., pp. 156–7

p. 344 ‘An erotic fever…’, Gun, p. 273

p. 346 ‘Salon Kitty’, Salon Kitty, see Peter Norden, Munich, 1970, and documentary film ‘Meine Oma hatte einen Nazi-Puff’ by Rosa von Praunheim about Kitty’s grandson, Jochen Mattei

p. 346 ‘this grey, frightening…’, TsAMO 233/2374/194, p. 83

p. 346 ‘that very evening’, Rocolle, 1954, p. 69

p. 347 Shatilov and Goebbels, Klochkov, conversation, 25 July 2000

p. 347 ‘looking at us maliciously…’, Shatilov, ‘U sten Reikhstaga’, in Vsem smertyam nazlo, Moscow, 2000

p. 347 checking Moabit for explosives, Sulkhanishvili, conversation, 10 February 2001

p. 347 ‘soon learned what to expect’, TsAMO 233/2374/194, p. 78

p. 349 Reichstag assault, S. Neustroev, ‘Shturm Reikhstaga’, ViZh, No. 5, May 1960, pp. 42–5

p. 349 katyusha launchers on lengths of railway line, Belyaev, conversation, 25 July 2000

p. 349 ‘Greetings from the front’, quoted Shindel (ed.), p. 151

p. 350 ‘Sunday 29 April’, GARF 9401/2/97, pp. 32–48

p. 350 Signals intercepted, 29 April, TsAMO 233/2356/5804, p. 147

p. 351 ‘Herr General, I do not want…’, Freytag von Loringhoven, conversation, 4 October 1999

p. 351 departure of Weiss, Freytag and Boldt, Freytag von Loringhoven, conversation, 4 October 1999

p. 351 assault on Prinz-Albrechtstrasse, V. S. Antonov, ‘Poslednie dni voiny’, ViZh, No. 7, July 1987

p. 352 ‘fed from above’, Krukenberg, BA-MA MSg2/1283, p. 30

p. 352 empty faces, Weisz, quoted Ramm, 1994, p. 106

p. 352 ‘descent into hell’, Bereznyak, quoted ibid., p. 115

p. 352 ‘like a single soldier with a rifle’, Fenet, conversation, 19 May 1999

p. 352 ‘The Communists must be…’, Fenet, conversation, 19 May 1999

p. 352 ‘But Comrade Kukharev…’, TsAMO 233/2374/92, p. 70

24 FÜHRERDÄMMERUNG

p. 354 ‘The order has come through…’, Shatilov, ‘U sten Reikhstaga’, in Vsem smertyam nazlo, Moscow, 2000

p. 355 ‘There’s a grey building…’, Vasily Subbotin, How Wars End, p. 131

p. 355 ‘Hieronymus Bosch landscape’, Kardorff, p. 175

p. 356 bombardment of Reichstag, S. Neustroev, ‘Shturm Reikhstaga’, ViZh, No. 5, May 1960, pp. 42–5

p. 356 ‘to have escaped…’, BA-MA MSg2/3448, p. 10

p. 357 ‘like any other…’, Misch, conversation, 8 July 2000

p. 357 ‘hanged upside down’, Rzhevskaya, 1986, p. 44

p. 357 Hitler’s fear of Eva Braun’s capture, see R.W. Leon, The Making of an Intelligence Officer, London, 1994

p. 358 silver fox fur cape, Sereny, p. 538

p. 358 ‘a book on Egyptian tombs’, RGVA-SA 1355/1/1, p. 18

p. 358 Kempka and petrol

p. 359 ‘black trousers and a grey-green military jacket’, SMERSH protocol of investigation, Vadis to Beria, 7 May, GARF 9401/2/96, pp. 175–82

p. 359 lower bunker just before Hitler’s suicide, Sereny p. 539, and Misch, conversation, 8 July 2000

p. 360 ‘The chief’s on fire’, and Linge taking watch, Misch, conversation, 8 July 2000

p. 360 ‘The information which…’, Rzhevskaya, 1986, p. 36

p. 360 ‘The air thickened…’, ibid., p. 31

p. 361 ‘She said that she needed…’, Vadis to Beria, 7 May, GARF 9401/2/96, pp. 175–82

p. 362 ‘left about 1,800 dead…’, TsAMO 236/2675/149, p. 274

p. 362 ‘We reached a clearing…’, Gefreiter Martin Kleint, 30 April, quoted Ramm, 1994, p. 309

p. 363 ‘The boy was making painful grimaces’, Rzhevskaya, 1986, p. 31

p. 364 ‘Personally, and aside from…’, Truman papers, quoted Martin Gilbert, The Day the War Ended, London, 1995, p. 41

p. 364 ‘a secret agreement…’, NA 740.0011 EW/4–2445

p. 364 Weidling in Führer bunker, evening of 30 April, NA RG 338 R–79, p. ii

p. 365 ‘a special present to Stalin’, Klochkov, conversation, 25 July 2000

p. 365 blood on stone columns, Belyaev, conversation, 25 July 2000

p. 366 soldiers dropping grenades simultaneously, Klochkov, conversation, 25 July 2000

p. 367 ‘as if we had just won…’, Weisz, quoted Ramm, 1994, p. 120

p. 367 ‘What I am about to say’, Vishnevsky, ‘Berlin Diary’, in Sevruk (ed.), pp. 162–93

p. 368 ‘Comrade Stalin has just gone to bed’, Zhukov, iv, pp. 269–70

25 REICH CHANCELLERY AND REICHSTAG

p. 370 ‘A blazing comet is extinguished’, BA-MA MSg2/3448, p. 15

p. 370 ‘As a first priority…’, BA-MA MSg2/1283, p. 32

p. 371 ‘hollow charge’, etc., Karen Meyer, pp. 47–83

p. 371 ‘between around fifty and 15,000’, Amt für die Erfassung der Kriegsopfer, 28 July 1947; I am also grateful to Dietmar Arnold for his comments on the debate

p. 372 bouncing grenade, Belyaev, conversation, 25 July 2000

p. 372 ‘smiling like obedient dogs’, Klochkov, conversation, 25 July 2000

p. 372 ‘We propose that you surrender…’, TsAMO 233/2374/93, pp. 458–9

p. 373 ‘Because this mission…’, Gall, conversation, 2 November 1999

p. 375 ‘Typically German!’, Brettschneider’s account, permanent exhibition, Zitadelle Spandau

p. 376 ‘general testing of…’, Operation Dragon’s Return, STIB, 28 January 1954, PRO DEFE 21/42, p. 4

p. 378 ‘to liquidate a large group…’, TsAMO 236/2675/149, p. 276

p. 378 25,000 men, NA RG 338 R–79, p. 49

p. 378 ‘Was it really unquestioning…’, Horst Haufschildt, quoted Ramm, 1994, p. 291

p. 379 ‘A much loved leader’, ibid., p. 150

p. 379 ‘What are you doing here…’, Reichhelm, conversation, 5 October 1999

p. 379 ‘to be at the immediate disposal…’, BA-MA MSg2/1283, p. 34

p. 380 ‘After we had been talking…’, Vadis to Beria, 7 May, GARF 9401/2/96, pp. 175–82

p. 381 ‘The remains of glass ampoules…’, Vadis to Beria, 7 May, GARF 9401/2/96, pp. 175–82

p. 381 ‘at the head of his troops’, Hamburg radio, Trevor-Roper, p. 188

p. 384 ‘unpleasant suggestion’, Zhukov, iv, p. 272

p. 384 Bärenfänger, Le Tissier, 1999, p. 186

p. 384 Ernst Himmler, Beier, conversation, 9 October 2001

p. 384 ‘There was blood everywhere…’, Loewe, conversation, 9 October 2001

p. 385 ‘Among the crews killed…’, Zhukov, iv, p. 272

p. 385 ‘The Führer is dead’, Beier, conversation, 9 October 2001

26 THE END OF THE BATTLE

p. 386 ‘What I experienced…’, Rürup (ed.), 1997, p. 184

p. 387 ‘We’re sparing these…’, Prinz-Albrecht-Gelände permanent exhibition

p. 388 ‘Sergeant Gorbachov…’, V. S. Antonov, ‘Poslednie dni voiny’, ViZh, No. 7, July 1987

p. 388 fate of Constanze Manzialy, Musmanno, p. 39

p. 389 ‘Come around to the back’, Lothar Rühl, quoted Steinhoff et al. (eds.), p. 434

p. 389 arrest of Günsche, Rzhevskaya, 1986, p. 212

p. 389 Berzarin’s promise of award, Rzhevskaya, 2000, p. 286

p. 389 ‘My comrades and I…’, Sulkhanishvili, conversation, 12 October 2000

p. 390 ‘shrunk in size…’, Sulkhanishvili, conversation, 12 October 2000

p. 390 cigarette case and Hitler’s badge, Vadis to Beria, 7 May, GARF 9401/2/96, pp. 175–82

p. 390 ‘They did not let me go down’, Rzhevskaya, 2000, p. 295

p. 390 ‘the Germans had buried…’, Zhukov, iv, p. 275

p. 391 ‘exemplary’, Erna Flegel debrief by OSS, 23 November

p. 391 repeat interrogations of bunker witnesses, Rzhevskaya, conversation, 28 October 2001

p. 391 Colonel Haller, TsAMO 233/2374/93, pp. 458–9

p. 392 ‘post-mortal convulsions’, K. M. Simonov, Notebook No. 9, RGALI 1814/4/8

p. 392 famine in Soviet Central Asia, see GARF 9401/2/95, pp. 57–62,92–6

p. 393 ‘their blood group tattooed…’, Beria to Stalin, 20 November, GARF 9401/2/100, p. 492

p. 393 denunciations, Belyaev, conversation, 25 July 2000

p. 393 ‘But surely you aren’t…’, RGALI 1710/3/51, p. 240

p. 393 ‘Prisoners’, RGALI 1710/3/51, p. 242

p. 394 ‘They don’t look at anyone…’, RGALI 1710/3/51, p. 245

p. 394 ‘huge and powerful’, RGALI 1710/3/51, p.·243

p. 395 ‘the colossal scale…’, RGALI 1710/3/51, p. 244

p. 395 reinstating the military salute, Genscher, conversation, 4 September 2000

p. 395 ‘It’s over!’, Peter Rettich diary, 3 May, Reichhelm papers

p. 396 negotiations at Stendal, Edelsheim, BA-MA MSg1/236 and Reichhelm, NA RG 338 B-606

p. 396 ‘It is thanks to our Führer!’, Robert Ohlendorf, quoted Ramm, 1994, p. 174

p. 397 9,139 Hiwis, NA RG 338 R–79, p. 58

p. 397 5,000 Hiwis reach the Twelfth Army, Genscher, conversation, 4 September 2000

p. 397 ‘Nix SS…’, Herbert Fuchs, quoted Ramm, 1994, p. 256

p. 397 ‘Quite a few people…’, Reichhelm, conversation, 5 October 1999

p. 397 ‘The real problem’, Humboldt, conversation, 11 October 1999

p. 399 ‘Stalin’s system needed…’, Rzhevskaya, 2000, p. 277

p. 400 ‘the sort used…’, Rzhevskaya, conversation, 28 October 2001

p. 400 ‘accepted with great satisfaction’, Eisenhower to Antonov, 10 May, ΝA RG334/Entry 309/Box 2

p. 401 Bradley and Konev, Bradley, p. 551

p. 401 ‘tankists of 25th Tank Corps…’, Yashechkin, reported to GLAV-PURKKA, RGASPI 17/125/310

p. 401 Vlasov hiding under blankets, Konev, p. 230

p. 402 ‘on behalf of the Soviet…’, Eisenhower to Antonov, 8 May, NA RG334/Entry 309/Box 2

p. 403 ‘We celebrated victory…’, Yuri Gribov, ‘Igral nam ν Brandenburge grammofon’, Stroki’s velikoi voiny, Moscow, 2000

p. 403 ‘The first toast to victory’, Inozemtsev, p. 206

p. 403 ‘a fat, small colonel’, K. M. Simonov Diary, Notebook No. 9, RGALI, 1814/4/8

p. 404 ‘in a two-storey building…’, TsAMO 233/2356/5804, pp. 155–6

p. 404 ‘they jumped up…’, K. M. Simonov Diary, Notebook No. 9, RGALI, 1814/4/8

27 VAE VICTIS!

p. 406 2,389 kilos in gold, GARF 9401/2/96, p. 15

p. 406 police forensic laboratories, RGVA 32925/1/100, p. 293

p. 406 deportation of V–2 rocket scientists, Siemens engineers etc., see PRO DEFE 41/116, and Counter Intelligence Corps ΝA 319/22/XE169886 and NA 319/22/XE 257685

p. 406 ‘Socialism cannot benefit itself, Fedoseyev notes

p. 407 ‘the systematic destruction…’, report 2e Bureau, 21 April, SHAT 7 Ρ 128

p. 407 ‘two dachshunds (nice fellows)’, RGALI 1710/3/51, p. 241

p. 407 ‘twenty unique shotguns…’, Abakumov to Stalin, 10 January 1948, ‘Portrety bez retushi’, Voennye Arkhivy Rossii, No. 1, 1993, p. 189

p. 408 ‘Come on, take it!’, K. M. Simonov Diary, Notebook No. 8, RGALI 1814/4/7

p. 408 ‘Uhr schon Kamerad’, Toscano-Korvin diary-letter, 7 July, BZG-S

p. 408 looting by Russian boys, RGVA 32925/1/121, pp. 61,93

p. 408 ‘considerable amount…’, Murphy to State Department, NA 740.0011 EW/4–2445

p. 409 ‘Even the Bishop of Munster’, NA 740.0011 EW5–145

p. 409 Soviet officer and pistol, Zbarsky, p. 134

p. 410 mothers saving daughters, Kardorff, p. 358, and Lewin, conversation, 14 October 1999

p. 410 rape estimates, Dr Gerhard Reichling, and Charité and Kaiserin Auguste Victoria, quoted Sander and Johr, pp. 54, 59

p. 410 ‘twenty-three soldiers…’, Kardorff, p. 358

p. 410 ‘I must repress…’, Frau Irene Burchert, quoted Owings, p. 147

p. 410 ‘That feeling…’, Juliane Hartmann, quoted Steinhoff et al. (eds.), p. 455

p. 410 ‘All in all’, Anonymous, p. 102

p. 411 ‘Afterwards, I had to…’, Hanna Gerlitz, quoted Steinhoff et al. (eds.), p.·459

p. 411 ‘desexualization’ of prisoners, see Frank Biess, ‘The Protracted War’, GHI Bulletin, No. 28 (Spring 2001)

p. 411 engagement broken off, Kardorff, p. 358

p. 411 ‘You’ve turned into shameless bitches’, Anonymous, p. 202

p. 411 daughter, mother and grandmother raped, Frau Regina Frankenfeld, quoted Owings, p. 405

p. 412 ‘Go along, for God’s sake!…’, Anonymous, p. 66

p. 412 ‘The thirteen-year-old Dieter Sahl’, Toscano-Korvin diary-letter, 7 July, BZG-S

p. 412 ‘that German intelligence left…’, 16 June, RGVA 32925/1/121, p. 82

p. 412 ‘Some members of the underground…’, 29 May, RGVA 32925/1/116, p. 428

p. 412 ‘the enemy is prepared to use…’, 14 April, TsAMO 372/6570/68, pp. 17–20

p. 412 penicillin and births in hospital, Sander and Johr, p. 17

p. 412 ‘The Red Army is the most…’, 26 April, TsAMO 233/2374/92, p. 240

p. 413 ‘to change their attitudes…’, RGVA 32925/1/100, p. 296

p. 413 ‘Monsieur, I like your army…’, RGALI 1710/3/51, p. 244

p. 413 ‘robbery’, ‘physical violence’ and ‘scandalous events’, RGVA 32925/1/297, pp. 30–31

p. 414 ‘This scoundrel campaign…’, 5 October, RGASPI 17/125/316, p. 81

p. 414 ‘First comes food…’, Kardorff, p. 364

p. 414 ‘cigarette currency’, Werner, conversation, 15 October 1999

p. 414 ‘occupation wives’, Naimark, p. 93

p. 415 desertion of Red Army officers, OMGUS, NA, RG260 A2 B1 C3 Box 363

p. 415 ‘Perhaps we women’, Kardorff, p. 341

p. 415 ‘a conviction of total catastrophe’, Loewe, conversation, 10 October 2001

p. 415 ‘by the docility and discipline of the people’, Zbarsky, p. 129

p. 415 ‘with unquestioning obedience’, Beria to Stalin, GARF 9401/2/95, pp. 395–9

p. 415 ‘respect for the powers that be’, Merezhko, conversation, 10 November 1999

p. 416 ‘that leaders of fascist organizations…’, RGVA 32925/1/121, p. 89

p. 416 ‘The Party Lives On!’, 7 May, RGVA 32925/1/121, p. 41

p. 416 ‘an unknown number of bandits’, RGVA 38680/1/4, p. 43

p. 416 ‘Klamottenberg’, Beier, conversation, 9 October 2001

p. 416 ‘People were living with their fate’, Loewe, conversation, 9 October 2001

p. 416 Grossdeutscher Rundfunk, Beier, conversation, 9 October 2001

p. 417 ‘We had no idea what…’, Wolf, conversation, 14 July 2000

p. 417 ‘naïve enough to hope…’, Wolf, 1997, p. 47

p. 418 ‘Our frontoviki have…’, Wolf, 1998, p. 33

p. 418 ‘Then came the experience…’, Wolf, conversation, 14 July 2000

p. 418 ‘a scoundrel capable…’, Beria, p. 88

p. 418 ‘an absolute order’, Wolf, conversation, 14 July 2000

p. 418 ‘taboo themes’, Wolf, conversation, 14 July 2000

p. 419 ‘burnt-out tanks…’, Kardorff, p. 356

p. 419 Red Army rabbi, LA-B 3928

p. 419 ‘Hamster-express’, ‘Zeitung in der Zeitung’, Freie Welt, July 1975, BA-MA MSg2/3626

p. 419 ‘to secure the elimination…’, Beria to Stalin, GARF 9401/2/95, p. 374

p. 420 East Prussian population reduced to 193,000, 16 June, GARF 9401/2/96, pp. 343–4

p. 420 ‘in forests, peat bogs and canals…’, Caritas report, ΝA RG 260 OMGUS, Stack 390 41/7/5–6

p. 420 fifteen NKVD regiments for Poland, Beria to Stalin, 22 June, GARF 9401/2/97, pp. 8–10

28 THE MAN ON THE WHITE HORSE

p. 421 ‘So, Ninka’, TsAMO 372/6570/68, quoted Senyavskaya, 1995, p. 191

p. 422 ‘At that time…’, TsAMO 372/6570/78, pp. 30–32

p. 422 ‘We don’t believe…’, TsAMO 233/2374/92, p. 288

p. 423 officers shot in the back in battle, Kubasov, conversation, 27 October 2001

p. 423 ‘systematic anti-Soviet talk…’, RGVA 38686/1/26, p. 36

p. 423 ‘systematically carried out…’, RGVA 32925/1/297, p. 28

p. 423 ‘counter-revolutionary crimes’, GARF 9401/1a/165, pp. 181–3

p. 423 ‘screened by NKVD…’, VOV, iv, pp. 191, n. 59, and 193, n. 65

p. 423 Red Army generals sentenced, Bezborodova, p. 15

p. 424 ‘long hours for artificial limbs…’, V. Kardin, quoted Senyavskaya, 2000, p. 95

p. 424 ‘Wait until our boys…’, 12 July, letter from Jews of Rubtsovsk in Altai to chairman of Council of Nationalities of the USSR, RGASPI 17/125/310, p. 47

p. 424 ‘by two anti-Semites…’, RGASPI 17/125/310, p. 50

p. 425 ‘the nations of the Soviet Union’, quoted Werth, pp. 1001–2

p. 425 ‘Our great genius…’, TsAMO 233/2374/194, p. 83

p. 426 ‘we have not yet found…’, ‘Zeitung in der Zeitung’, Freie Welt, July 1975, BA-MA MSg2/3626

p. 426 Stalin and Hitler’s corpse, Rzhevskaya, 2000, pp. 292, 301

p. 426 ‘I still ride…’, Zhukov, iv, pp. 297–8

p. 428 ‘for outstanding service…’, BA-MA MSg2/3626

p. 428 ‘Zhukov! Zhukov! Zhukov!’, Kazakova, conversation, 6 November 1999

p. 429 ‘the mistaken developments since 1933’, Blumentritt interrogation, NA RG 338 B-338

p. 429 ‘a perverted moral…’, 7 May, NA 740.0011 EW/5–1045

p. 430 ‘residual Nazism’, SHAEF Psychological Warfare Division report, passed Murphy to State Department, NA 740.0011 EW/4–2445