Biohazard - читать бесплатно онлайн полную версию книги автора Канатжан Байзакович Алибеков (Index) #13

Index

Afghanistan:

— biological weapons used in, 268

— Soviet conflict with, 89, 268, 269

aflatoxin, 278, 286

African swine fever, 38

Against the Grain (Yeltsin), 79

Agriculture Department, U.S., 183, 257

— Exotic Disease Laboratory of, 282

Agriculture Ministry, Soviet:

— biological weapons program of, x, 37–38, 112, 158, 264, 295, 301, 303

— facilities of, 301

AIDS, 19,109,184,290

Akhromeyev, Sergei, 221

Aksyonenko, Colonel, 29–31, 45

Alibek, Alan (son), 61, 253

Alibek, Ken:

— anthrax mass production technique of, 6, 87–88, 96-97

— anthrax weapon of, 96–99,105, 258

— brucellosis weapon of, 61, 93

— cover identity of, 4

— defection of, xi, 250-56, 265-67

— duties as war commander of Stepnogorsk, 82–83, 87–93, 96-106

— graduate studies of, 29–31, 44

— Kalinin's recruitment of, 23–25

— KGB run-ins with, 53, 66–67, 91–96, 100-4, 141-44, 169-70, 180-83

— KGB's attempted recruitment of, 93-96

— lab training of, 52–57, 58

— marriage of, 58–59

— medical education of, x, 13, 44, 52-54

— military career of, x-xi, 4, 115, 242

— recruited for biological research, 45–47

— resignation of, xi, 212-18, 242, 243-44

— smallpox weapon project of, 117, 118,119-20, 121.-22

— tularemia infection of, 63-69

— tularemia weapon of, 25–28, 61, 81,82

— U.S. debriefing of, xi, 257-58, 261-62, 267-68

— on U.S. inspection tour, 226-31, 235-40

— vaccine allergy of, 51, 287

Alibek, Lena Yemesheva (wife), 245

— background and education of, 58–59

— courtship and marriage of, 58–59

— KA and, 4, 58–59, 63, 67–70, 90, 208, 209, 213-14, 219-20, 241, 251-52, 253, 256, 258

— motherhood of, 4, 61, 102, 214, 220, 251

Alibek, Mira (daughter), 61, 102, 253

Alibek, Timur (son), 102, 253

Alibekov, Bayzak (father), 57–58, 95, 254-55

American Type Culture Collection, 278-79

Andropov, Yury, 11, 86,117,161,173

anthrax, ix, 153

— Anthrax 836 strain of, 78, 87–88, 105

— antibiotic-resistant strain of, 160, 167

— Aum Shinrikyo attack with, 278-79

— cutaneous form of, 72, 76–77, 85, 105

— detection of, 284

— discovery of, 78, 87

— Glass House nightclub hoax and, 279

— incubation period of, 7–8, 74, 77–78

— intestinal form of, 72, 85

— Iraqi acquisition of, 278-79

— Japanese experiments on POWs with, 36 KA's work with, 6, 87–88, 97–99, 105, 258

— Kirov accident and, 78 1979 Sverdlovsk accident with, 70–86, 106

— potency of, 97, 105

— pulmonary or inhalational form of, 73–74, 76, 77-78

— recipe for, 98, 272

— Soviet code for, 20 Soviet production capacity for, 99, 105-6

— spores of, 73, 74, 76, 77, 115

— Stepnogorsk facility for, 82–83, 87–93, 96-106

— stockpiling of, x, 272 symptoms of, 7–8, 76–78, 105

— terrorism and, 278-79

— treatment of, 73, 77, 78, 105

— U.S. project on, 232-33

— U.S. vaccine program for, 285-87

— vaccine against, 73, 78, 105, 286

— vaccine-resistant strain of, 261, 281

— weaponization of, 6, 42, 73, 81–82, 87–88, 89, 97–99,105-6, 272

antibiotics, 73, 77, 78, 105, 155-56, 160,167, 281

antibodies, 108-9, 286, 288-89

arbo viruses, 109

Argentinean hemorrhagic fever, see Junin virus Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 257

Arzhakov, Alexei, 180-82

Aum Shinrikyo cult, 278-79

bacteria, 107, 108

— antibiotic-resistant strains of, 155-56, 160, 167, 281

— cross-border trade in, 278-79

— cultivation of, 53–54, 97–99

— genetic engineering of, 42, 155-57, 160, 163-64,166-67, 273-74, 275

Bailey, Charles, 225, 228-29, 230, 305

Baklanov, Oleg, 209, 216

Beadle, George, 156-57

Behring, Emil von, 125

Belarus, 227-28

Belousov, Igor, 150, 180-81

Belye Odezhdy (White Robes) (Dudintsev), 187

Benetsky (bureaucrat), 25

Bcrdennikov, Grigory, 228, 257

ftmlsk Scientific and Production Base, 59-60

Beria, Lavrenty, 37, 93

biodefense, 271, 280-92

— arms treaties and, 284-85

— biotechnology companies and, 284

— bioweapons convention and, 284-85

— early detection systems and, 284

— First Responders program and, 283-84

— inadequacy of present systems of, xi

— military and civilian network for, 282

— nonspecific immunity approach to, 289-91

— superterrorism and, 281-82

— vaccine stockpiling and, 282,285-88

Bioeffekt Ltd., 272-73

Biokombinat, 38

Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention of 1972, v

— failure to require site inspections by, 145, 194-95

— regulations of, 155

— Soviet endorsement of, x, 257

— Soviet violations of, 72, 145, 149-50, 194-96

— strengthening of, 284—85

— U.S. charged with violation of, 274

Biological Integrated Detection System (BIDS), 284

biological weapons: in Afghan conflict, 268

— animal testing of, ix-x, 17, 21, 27, 28, 54, 72–73, 97,126, 128, 163-64

— anti-crop, 38, 301

— anti-livestock, 38, 301

— "anti-machinery," 268-69

— approval process for, 26–28, 133

— Bolshevik experiment with, 32-33

— British research on, 231-33

— Cold War and, x, xi, 89–90, 115

— cruise missiles and, 140-41

— early uses of, 20

— Ecology program and, 37-38

— effectiveness and potency of, 20–22, 97,105

— Enzyme program founding and, 41-43

— genetic engineering and, 40–42, 155-57,160-64,166-67, 273-75

— history of Soviet development of, ix-xi, 18–20, 32–44

— international trade in, 278-79

— Iraqi program for, 277-79

— Japanese World War II program for, 20, 36–37, 166

— loss of virulence in, 20, 166

— Lysenko's influence on, 39–40

— perestroika's effect on, 116-17, 174

— political assassinations with, 172-77

— post-Cold War conflicts and, 268-69

— proliferation of, 271-73, 277, 278-79

— Soviet codes for, 20 SS-18

— missiles as delivery system for, 5–8, 78

— in Stalingrad, 29–31

— stockpiling of, x, xi, 166, 272

— target delivery of, 20–21

— toxins and, 154-55

— U.S. programs for, 18, 114-15, 181-83,227-35,278-79

— vulnerability of, 272-73

— weaponization of, 6, 25–26, 42, 61, 73, 81–82, 87, 89, 93, 97–99, 105-6, 166-67, 272

— Western cities targeted by, x, 78, 281

— Western surveillance efforts and, 81

— in World War I, 232

Biomash, 193-94, 195, 204, 205, 263

— August coup and, 209-10, 213, 218, 222

Biopreparat:

— Anglo-American demarche and, 149-50, 152

— Anglo-American inspection teams at, 194-204

— Berdsk facility of, 59–61

— Biosafety Directorate of, 116

— civilian institutes operating within, 184,186-87,299

— civilian scientists recruited by, 259

— covert nature of, x, 4, 70, 75, 81, 82, 90, 106, 150, 161

— employee earnings at, 185

— Enzyme program founded at, 41-43

— Fifteenth Directorate's conflict with, 22–23

— Five Year Plans assigned to, 23, 111, 117-18

— founding of, 22, 41–42, 44, 155, 264, 297, 298

— governmental programs connected with, 172, 177, 178, 248

— history of, 22–23

— KA's appointments and promotions at, x-xi, 4–7, 24–25, 44, 82, 96, 115-16, 145, 169, 193-94, 273

— KA's resignation from, xi, 212-18, 242, 243-4

— Lithuanian laboratories of, 186-87

— management election and, 191-92

— Moscow headquarters of, 9-10, 13–14, 19, 168-79

— Omutninsk Scientific and Production Base of, 52, 54–58

— organization of, 298–300

— Pasechnik's defection and, 137-44, 150

— perestroika's effect on, 116-17, 174

— post-Soviet changes at, 242, 248

— reorganizations of, 187-91, 298-99

— research facilities of, 42

— safety warnings of, 131

— scientific advisory council to, 158, 159

— security restrictions in, 14, 161-62, 272

— Stepnogorsk facility of, 82–83, 87–93, 96-109

— supplying of raw materials to, 18–19 tularemia project of, 25–28, 61, 81, 82

— U.S. tour delegation of, 226-27

Black Death, 8, 164, 166 see also plague

Bobkov, Filipp (KGB deputy director), 178

Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, see Machupo virus Bonfire project, 154, 155, 159, 163, 166, 222, 261

— Severin Institute and, 171-72

Boronin, Professor, 158

botulinum toxin, 281, 284, 286

Braithwaite, Roderic, 149

Brezhnev, Leonid, 11, 41, 42, 52, 82, 87, 117, 157, 207, 274

Bronson, Lisa, 239-40, 251, 252

brucellosis (Malta fever), ix, 232, 281, 286

— Soviet code for, 20

— symptoms of, 60

— weaponization of, 61, 93

Bulgak, Anatoly, 91–93, 99-100

— Markin incident and, 102-4

Bulgaria, 173, 277

Burgasov, Pyotr, 75, 85–86

Bush, George, 152, 208

Butuzov, Valery, 168,169-75,177, 231

Bykov, Valery, 44, 116-17, 141-43, 144, 178-79,188, 192, 211, 238

Canada, 231,232, 290

Castro, Fidel, 274

Catherine II (the Great), Empress of Russia, 147

CD-22, Operation, 234

Center for Strategic and International Studies, U.S., 283

Center of Toxicology and Hygienic Regulation of Biopreparations, Soviet, 302

Centers for Disease Control, U.S., 110, 114, 282

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 170, 235, 282

Chelyabinsk nuclear accident, 76

Chemical and Biological Incident Response Force (CBIRF), U.S., 282

Chemical Industry Ministry, Soviet, 158, 301

Chernenko, Konstantin, 11

Chernobyl disaster, 80, 127

Chernyayev, Anatoly, 149

Chernyshov, Nikolai, 74, 75, 83–84, 105, 132

chicken pox,113

chimera virus, 259-60

China, People's Republic of, 233, 268, 273, 277, 292

cholera, 36, 157, 232

Cilluffo, Frank, 283

Civil War, U.S., 20

Clinton, William Jefferson, 239, 291

— Biological Weapons Convention and, 283-84

— bioterrorism, 1999 plan to combat, 282-83

— stockpiling ban order of, 281-82, 288

Cold War, 6, 39

— biological weapons development and, x, xi, 89–90, 115

Colombia, 274 Combine "Biosyntez," 300

Committee for the State of Emergency, Soviet, 208

Common Newspaper (Obshchaya Gazeta), 215

Commonwealth of Independent States, 227-28

Communist Party, Soviet, 95, 209, 221

— KA's resignation from, 212

— power monopoly ceded by, 191

Communist Party Central Committee, Soviet, x, 4,155, 221, 222, 302, 303

— organization of, 295-96

Compound 19, 73, 82–83, 105, 263

Congress, U.S., 279, 283, 291

Congress of People's Deputies, 191

Cornucopia company, 205

Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union, 46, 47, 296, 298, 302

Main Directorate of, see Biopreparat Cox, Frank, 235-36

Crick, Francis, 40

cruise missiles, 140-41

Cuba, 273-75, 277

cytokines, 289-90

Davis, Chris, 198, 199–200, 227

Davydkin, Colonel, 82

Davydov, Vladimir, 144, 189-91, 192, 195-96, 200-1, 211, 217

Defense Department, U.S., 226, 239, 251, 257, 282

Defense Ministry, Kazakh, 247-48, 254

Defense Ministry, Soviet, 206, 238

— Arms Control Department of, 226

— biological weapons approval process and, 26–28, 133

— biological weapons role of, x, 5, 9, 26–27, 28, 34, 35, 41, 99, 146, 158, 160-61, 183-84, 265-66

— General Staff Operations Directorate of, 5, 296

— military sites of, 42, 140, 194-95

— Moscow headquarters of, 3–4

— organization of, 297-98

— Virological Center of, 111

dengue fever, 281

Desert Storm, Operation, 204

Design Institute "Giprobioprom," 300

diphtheria, 157

DNA, 40, 107,125, 260

Domaradsky, Igor, 154, 157-60, 162-63

Domestic Preparedness Program, U.S., 282

Dorogov, Vladimir, 100-1

Dudintsev, Vladimir, 187

Dugway Proving Ground, 227, 235-36

dysentery, 36, 232

Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 222

Ebola virus, 8, 18, 42, 286

— epidemic of, 125

— mortality rate of, 126, 281

— Soviet code for, 20

— spread of, 109, 113, 125, 126, 281

— vaccinia virus and, 261-62

— weaponization of, 133, 175, 202

Ecology program, 37-38

Edgewood Arsenal, 233

Egypt, 277

Ekho Moskvy, 220

Ellis, Donald E., 75-76

Endo, Seiichi, 278

Energy Department, U.S., 282

enteric viruses, 109

Enzyme program, 41-43

Estonia, 186

Executive Order 12938, U.S., 281

Exotic Disease Laboratory, U.S., 282

External Trade Ministry, Soviet, 27, 295

— organization of, 304

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 282

Fifteenth Directorate of the Soviet Army, 116, 268

— biological weapons role of, 4, 16–17, 37, 52, 73, 117, 145, 158, 272, 297-98, 303

— Biopreparat's conflict with, 22–23, 120

— commanders of, 79, 80–81, 146, 181, 189, 218, 226, 264

— dissolution of, 246 organization and function of, 297-98

Filipenko, Colonel, 93

filoviruses, 125-26

First Responders Chem-Bio Handbook: A Practical Manual for First Responders, 280

First Responders Program, U.S., 283

Flute program, 171,172, 176, 222, 302

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), U.S., 237

foot-and-mouth disease, 38

Foreign Affairs Ministry, Soviet, 194, 196, 226

— Inter-Agency Commission of, 145-46, 148

Fort Detrick, U.S., 228-30, 234

France, 271, 273, 290

French and Indian Wars, 20

Frolov, Nikolai, 137-39, 141, 142

Galkin (government worker), 189

Gamsakhurdia, Zviad, 175-76

Gandhi, Rajiv, 276

Ganzenko, Valery, 184-85

General Staff Operations Directorate, Soviet, 5, 296

genetic engineering:

— of chimera virus, 259-60

— Cuban achievements in, 273-75

— of myelin toxin, 166-67

— research in, 40–42, 155-57, 160-64, 166-67, 234

Georgia, 175, 176, 186

Germany, Democratic Republic of (East), 273

Germany, Federal Republic of (West), 72

Germany, Nazi, 232, 233

glanders, ix, 32, 35, 42, 89, 153, 167, 232, 268-69, 286

— drug-resistant strain of, 261, 281

— Soviet code for, 20

— Soviet use of, 268

glasnost, 85

Glass House nightclub hoax, 279

Glavmikrobioprom, 116

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 11, 143, 146, 177, 178

— August coup and, 208-9, 211, 214, 217, 220

— biological weapons policies of, 132, 144, 145, 188, 189, 195, 218, 242, 263

— Five-Year Plan of, 117-18

— perestroika policies of, 7, 59, 116-18, 149

— resignations of, 221, 241

— Western foreign policy of, 7, 43, 151, 152, 276

Gorbachev, Raisa, 220

Gosplan, 43, 150, 183, 186, 201, 296

— Biological and Chemical Weapons Department of, 296

GPU (State Police Directorate), 33

Great Britain, 143, 145, 149, 151-52, 156, 177, 178, 194, 290

— biological weapons research by, 231-33

Great Plague of 165, 164 see also plague

Grechko, Andrei, 57–58, 79

GRU (Main Intelligence Directorate), 181, 226, 273, 297

Gulf War, 285

Haffkine, Waldemar M. W., 166

Harris, Larry, 279

Health Ministry, Soviet, 157, 206, 226, 261

— biological weapons role of, x, 14, 42, 127, 130, 131, 148, 158, 170, 186, 264, 273, 295, 301-2

— facilities of, 42, 264, 273, 295, 301-2

— Main Sanitary Epidemiological Directorate of, 301

— organization of, 301-2

— Third Directorate of, 170

Henderson, Donald, 291

History of Soviet Military Medicine in the Great Patriotic War: 1941–1945, 29

Hussein, Saddam, 277, 286

Ignatiev, Oleg, 181, 226, 267

immune system, 108, 288-91

India, 275, 276, 277

Industry Ministry, Russian, 242

influenza, 113

Institute for Biological Instrument Design, Soviet, 300

Institute of Applied Biochemistry, Soviet, 51, 59, 146-47, 193, 300

Institute of Applied Microbiology, Soviet, 159, 300, 302

Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Soviet, 42, 158, 303

Institute of Biological Machinery, Soviet, 43

Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Soviet, 42, 303

Institute of Immunology, Soviet, 197, 299, 300, 302

Institute of Microbiology, Soviet, 297

Institute of Military Technical Problems, Soviet, 298

Institute of Molecular Biology, Soviet, 42, 303

Institute of Pharmacology, Soviet, 169

Institute of Protein, Soviet, 42, 303

Institute of Safety Techniques, Soviet, 297

Institute of Ultra-Pure Biopreparations, Soviet, 42, 137, 140, 144, 263, 269

Inter-Agency Commission, Soviet, 145-46, 148

Inter-Agency Scientific and Technical Council, Soviet, 43–44,158,302-3

interferon, 108, 187, 274

— types of, 290

interleukins, 290

Internal Affairs Ministry, Soviet, 58, 159, 295

— organization of, 304

Iran, 268, 271-72

— Russia and, 275-76, 277

Iraq, 147, 204, 262, 271, 273, 275, 284, 292

— biological weapons program of, 277-79

Ishii, Shiro, 36

Ismailova, Zara, 176

Israel, 271, 277

Ivanovsky, Dmitry, 107

Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, 19, 110, 148, 261

Jahrling, Peter, 262

Japan, 263, 290

— Aum Shinrikyo cult attack in, 278-79

— World War II use of biological weapons by, 20, 36–37, 72, 166, 233

Jenner, Edward, 110

Jewett, Frank, 231-32

Joint Economic Committee, U.S., 291

Junin virus (Argentinean hemorrhagic fever), 42, 113, 126, 202, 281

Justice Ministry, Soviet, 295, 304

Kalinin, Yury Tikhonovich:

— Anglo-American demarche and, 149, 151

— Anglo-American inspections and, 195-96,197, 198, 200-1, 204

— August coup and, 211-12, 215-18, 221-22

— background and personality of, 12–13

— Biopreparat's reorganization decree and, 189-91

— as chief of Main Directorate, Biopreparat, 22, 26, 27–28, 44, 66, 82, 86, 88, 99-101, 115-16, 117, 141-42, 159, 168-72, 178-79,184,186,188, 205, 210, 226, 227, 238, 246, 249, 264

— Cuba visited by, 275

— KA recruited by, 23–25

— KA's life threatened by, 266-67

— and KA's resignation, 212-13, 215-18, 242, 243-44

— and KA's transfer to Biomash, 193-94

— Lukin interviewed by, 120-21

— management election and, 191-92

— Pasechnik's defection and, 141, 142,144, 145

— Urakov appointed by, 162-63

— Ustinov incident and, 127, 129-30

Kamel, Hussein, 277

Karpov, Viktor, 148, 151 Kazakhstan, 246-48, 250, 252, 253, 263

Kazakhstan Scientific and Production Base, 82–83, 87–93, 96-106

KGB (Committee of State Security), 202, 222, 231, 242, 251

— Anglo-American inspectors and, 196, 197, 200

— assassinations undertaken by, 172-77 attempted recruitment of KA as informer by, 93–96

— biological weapons role of, 13, 18–19, 57, 131, 164, 178, 179, 273, 274, 295, 296, 303

— First Main Directorate of, 168-79, 231, 303

— KA's defection and, 252-54, 255-56, 265

— KA's encounters with, 53, 66–67, 91–96, 100-4, 141-44, 169-70, 180-83

— KA's hiring practices and, 99-101

— Markov assassination and, 173-74

— Omutninsk tularemia incident and, 65-66

— organization of, 303

— Pasechnik's defection and, 141-45

— Second Main Directorate of, 170, 303

— Sverdlovsk coverup and, 72–73, 75, 78–79, 84–85, 86

Khorechko, Anatoly, 263

Khrushchev, Nikita, 37

Kirov anthrax incident, 78

Kislichkin, Nikolai, 272-73

Kivelidi, Ivan, 176-77

Klyucherov, Lev, 66–67, 93, 94, 117, 159

Komsomolskaya Pravda, 86

Korea, Democratic People's Republic of (North), 270, 271, 273, 277

Korea, Republic of (South), 270-71, 277

Kossel, Albrecht, 125

Kozhevnikov, Boris, 84

Krasnaya Zvezda, 30

Kryuchkov, Vladimir, 150,170, 177-78, 181, 188, 208, 218, 220, 238

Kundin, Vitaly, 60–61

Kuwait, 204

Kuznetsov (KGB officer), 94-96

Laboratory 12, 172-73, 303

as "Laboratory X," 231

Ladygin, Mikhail, 191-92

Laos, 277

Lassa fever, 113, 118, 133, 281

Latvia, 186

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 282

Lebedinsky, Vladimir, 4–5, 9, 12, 27, 80–81, 86, 187, 218, 274

Lederberg, Joshua, 156-57, 291

Legionnaire's disease, 19

Leningrad Military Academy, 34–36

Lepyoshkin, Gennady, 83–84, 105, 132, 190, 248

Libya, 275, 277

Lithuania, 186-87

Lukin, Yevgeny, 120-21

Lukyanov, Anatoly, 209, 217, 218

Lysenko, Trofim, 39–40, 155

Lyubuchany Institute of Immunology, 42, 299

Machupo virus (Bolivian hemorrhagic fever), 18,42, 113, 118, 126, 202, 234, 281

— Soviet code for, 20

Main Directorate for Scientific and Production Enterprises, Soviet, 37-38

Malta fever, see brucellosis Manhattan Project, 14, 232

Marburg virus, 8, 18, 22, 42, 118, 123-26, 202, 281, 286

— first outbreak of, 124-25

— Soviet code for, 20

— spread of, 126

— symptoms of, 129-30

— Ustinov incident and, 126-31

— Variant U strain of, 132-33, 137

— "V" as victim of, 131-32

— weaponization of, 132-33

Marina (KA's secretary), 11, 14

Marine Corps, U.S., 282

Markin (engineer), 103-5

Markov, Georgy, 173

Maslyukov, Yury, 150, 264

Matlock, Jack, 149

Matveyev, Vilen, 275

measles, 113

Mechnikov, Ilya, 13, 289

Medical and Microbiological Industries Ministry, Soviet, 116, 298

Medical Industry Ministry, Soviet, 179, 187, 189

Medium Machine Building Ministry, Soviet, 43

Medstatistika, 172, 273

melioidosis, 20, 35, 153, 272, 286

Mendeleyev, D. I., 13

Merck, George W., 232

Meselson, Matthew, 85

Metol project, 159

Military Industrial Commission (VPK), Soviet, 8–9, 26, 116, 145-46, 150, 157, 180, 194, 204, 216, 226, 242, 267

— Biological Weapons Directorate of, 296

Mirzabekov (Academician), 158

Molecular Biology, 260

monkey pox, 133

Muthanna State Establishment, Iraqi, 277-78

myelin toxin, 155, 163-64, 166-67

National Academy of Sciences, U.S., 85, 231-32

National Cancer Institute, 234

National Research Council, 291

Naum (businessman), 245

Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 247

Nazil (lab chief), 63–65, 67

Netherlands, 290

Netyosov, Sergei, 258-60

New York Times, 76, 271, 283

Nicholas II, Czar of Russia, 79

Nikolayev (anthrax victim), 75

Nixon, Richard M., 234-35

NKVD, 230-31

Nobel Prize, 157, 289

nonspecific immunity, 289-91

Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Arms Control Directorate, Russian, 264

Nuclear Emergency Search Team (NEST), U.S., 282

Nurmagambetov, Sagadat, 248

Obshcbaya Gazeta (Common Newspaper), 215

Office of Technical Assessment, U.S., 277

Ogarkov, Vsevolod, 22–23

ornithosis, 38

Ovchinnikov, Yury, 40–41, 44, 155, 273

Pacific Ocean Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Soviet, 303

Pakistan, 277

Pasechnik, Vladimir, 137-45, 148, 149, 152, 153, 177, 188, 199, 203, 265, 277

Patrick, Bill, 230, 231, 234, 262-63

Pavlov, Oleg, 71–72, 73, 82

Pavlov, Valentin, 209

peptides, 154-55, 261

perestroika, 85, 174

— Biopreparat and, 116-17

— Gorbachev and, 7, 59, 116-18, 149

pesticides, 52, 55, 274

Peter I (the Great), Czar of Russia, 56

Petrov, Rem, 155, 158

Petrovsky, Vladimir, 146, 148

Petukhov (scientist), 199–200

Pine Bluff Arsenal, U.S., 227, 237-39

Pirogov, Nikolai, 13

plague, ix, 115, 164-67, 279, 288

— bubonic, 8, 166

— detection of, 284

— Domaradsky's work with, 160-61

— flea delivery of, 20, 36–37, 164, 166

— in history, 8, 16, 164-66

— Japanese use of, in World War II, 20, 36–37, 72, 166, 233

— pneumonic form of, 165

— powdered version of, 173

— recent outbreaks of, 166

— resistant form of, 281

— Soviet code for, 20

— stockpiling of, x, 166, 264

— symptoms of, 165

— toxin of, 165

— treatment of, 166

— vaccines for, 166, 286

— weaponization of, 8, 20, 35, 36–37, 42, 72, 89, 125, 153, 166-67, 173, 232, 258

Plum Island, 182-83

Popov, Viktor, 147, 205-6

Progress Scientific and Production Association, 82–83, 87–93, 96-106, 300

Pryadkin, Colonel, 188-89

psittacosis, 38

Pugo, Boris, 209, 216, 221

Q fever, ix, 35, 36, 111, 162, 234, 281, 286

Quayle, Dan, 235

Questions of Virology, 261

Reagan, Ronald, 89

Rebirth Island, ix-x, 15–18, 26, 27, 28, 31–32, 36, 105

regulatory peptides, 154-55, 261

Revolutionary Military Council, 33

ricin, 173,278

Rift Valley fever, 234

rinderpest, 38

RNA, 107,108, 260

Rocky Mountain Arsenal, U.S., 233

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 231-32

Rosen, Peter, 291

Rumyantsev, Vladimir, 56, 60, 61, 94, 96

Russia, 227-28, 241, 242, 257, 267, 268, 292

— biological weapons research restored by, 263-64

— Iran and, 275-76, 277

— vulnerability of biological weapons in, 272-73

Russian Academy of Sciences, 155, 260

Russian Biological Society, 250

Russian Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Association, 205

Russian Business Roundtable, 176

Russian spring-summer encephalitis, 281

Russian State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology, 118

Rutskoi, Alexander, 220

Saddam Hussein, 277, 286

Safrygin, Mikhail, 247-48, 250

Sakharov, Andrei, 104

Salk Center, U.S., 227, 239

Sandakchiev, Lev, 118-20, 121, 124, 127, 130-31, 132, 190-91, 219, 259, 260, 261, 272

— Anglo-American inspectors and, 201, 202-3

— on U.S. inspection tour, 235, 236, 238, 239-40

Sandia National Laboratory, U.S., 282

Science, 85

Scientific and Production Center of Medical Biotechnology, Soviet, 302

Scientific Institute of Phytopathology, Soviet, 301

Scriabin (Academician), 158

Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, 277

Sergeyev (scientist), 170

Severiti Institute, 171-72

Severinovsky, Mark, 246

Shakhov (Central Committee military department head), 80–81

Shcherbakov, Grigory, 226, 227, 239, 242

Shevardnadze, Eduard, 146, 149-51, 176

Sizov, Vladimir, 78

Slava (KA's driver), 3, 9-10, 209-10, 213, 220

smallpox, 8, 42, 109-15, 202, 203, 258-59, 262, 281, 287-88

— contagiousness of, 113-14

— eradication of, 19, 110

— Indian traveler episode and, 112

— international regulation of, 110, 114,148

— mortality rate of, 114

— Soviet code for, 20

— Soviet stockpiling of, x, 261, 264

— Soviet Union and conquest of, 110-11

— symptoms of, 109-10

— vaccination for, 110, 286

— as weapon, 111-12, 113, 114

— World Health Organization and, 19, 110, 111, 114, 148

— in World War II, 114-15

Smidovich, Nikita, 146, 151

Smirnoff, Pyotr, 10

Smirnov, Yefim, 37, 41, 75, 79, 80

Somalia, 110

South Africa, Republic of, 277

Soviet Academy of Sciences, x, 23, 40, 42, 146, 154, 158, 261, 268, 295

— organization of, 302-3

Soviet Union:

— Anglo-American demarche on biological weapons and, 149-52

— August coup in, 207-22

— as biological superpower, x, 106

— biological treaty violations by, 72, 145, 149-50, 194-96

— biological warfare system of, x, xii-xiii, 42–43, 293, 295–304

— collapse of, 186, 204-5, 227-28, 241-42

— and conquest of smallpox, 110-11

— health-can-system of, 184

— history of biological weapons development in, ix-xi, 18–20, 32-44

— India and, 276

— Markov assassination and, 173-74 see also specific agencies and departments

Special Armaments Group, Soviet, 297

Special Biological Group, Soviet, 297

Special Countermeasures Against Foreign Engineering Intelligence Services, KGB, 102-3

Special Design Bureau of Controlling Instrument and Automation, Soviet, 300

SS-18 missiles, 5–8, 78 Stalin, Joseph, 34, 35, 37, 40, 101, 151, 155, 173

Stalingrad, Battle of, 29–31, 35, 44

staphylococcal enterotoxin B, 233-34, 284

Starodubtsev, Vasily, 209

State Department, U.S., 257, 282

State Department of Biotechnology,

Soviet, 276

State Technical Commission, Soviet, 296

Stimson, Henry, 231-32

Sudoplatov, Pavel, 230-31

superterrorism, 281-82

Sverdlovsk accident, 70–86, 106, 131

— Burgasov's U.S. mission and, 84–86

— casualties in, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80, 84,85

— coverups of, 72–73, 75, 76, 78–79, 84–85, 86

— epidemic after, 76

— onset of, 73–75

— Yeltsin and, 79, 86

Syria, 277

Taiwan, 277

Tarasenko, General, 88, 96

TASS, 72

Tatum, Edward, 156-57

Tatyana (Kalinin's secretary), 11, 12, 127, 244

Taylor, Joel, 205-6, 207, 210

T cells, 108, 289

Technical Escort Unii, U.S., 282

Telegin, Lev, 276

terrorism, 278-79, 281-82

Tito (Josip Broz), 173

Tizyakov, Alexander, 209

Tomsk Medical Institute, 29, 44

Top Secret, 263, 268-69, 272

toxins, 154

— difficulty of detecting, 176-77

— myelin, 155, 163-64, 166-67

— of plague bacteria, 165

— ricin, 173, 278

Truman, Harry S, 233

Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 277

tularemia, 175

— KA ill with, 66–79

— Omutninsk incident of, 63–66

— proposed "triple-resistant" strain of, 160-61

— sale of, 272-73, 278-79

— Soviet code for, 20

— spread of, 25, 67

— Stalingrad outbreak of, 29–31, 35

— stockpiling of, 264

— symptoms of, 25, 67–68

— testing of, 26–28

— treatment of, 68–69

— U.S. research in, 233, 278-79

— vaccine for, 286

— weaponization of, 25–28, 36, 42, 61, 81, 88, 89, 258, 281

— typhoid fever, 33, 287

— typhus, 32–34, 35,232, 281

Ukraine, 227-28

United Nations, 262, 274, 275, 278

Special Commission of, 284 United States, 181-83, 194 anthrax project of, 232-33 anthrax vaccine program of, 286 biological weapons programs of, 18, 114-15,181-83, 227-35, 278-79 see also specific agencies and

departments

United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 182,225,227,

235,26-1.":>

Unit 731, Japanese, 36, 233

Urakov, Nikolai Nikolayevich,

162-63,167,198-99, 200, 202, 212,218,221,226,235,236

Ustinov, Dmitry, 79

Ustinov, Nikolai, 123-24, 126-32, 137, 170

"V" (pathologist), 131-32

Vaccine, 261

vaccines, stockpiling of, 282, 285-88

vaccinia virus, 258-62

Valov, Vladimir, 80, 86

Vasiliev, Nikifor, 226, 229, 236-37

Vector program, 118-22, 123, 148, 170, 195,198-99, 201, 258, 263, 272, 299

— Anglo-American inspectors' visit to, 202-3

— Ustinov incident and, 126-32

— vaccinia virus research by, 260-61

— Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE), 42, 111, 114, 202, 233, 279, 281

— vaccinia and, 259-60

Vietnam, 277 Vietnam War, 234

Vinogradov (institute director), 203—4

viruses:

— chimera, 259-60

— cross-border trade in, 278-79

— discovery of, 107

— enteric, 109

— genetic engineering of, 42, 234

— manipulating genes of, 260

— morbidity time of, 114

— nature of, 107-9

— new types of, 109

— resistant strains of, 281

— vaccinia, 258-62

— as weapon, 114

— weaponization, storage and delivery of, xi

— in World War II, I 14–15 see also lunin virus; Lassa fever; Macliupo virus; Marburg virus; Q fever; Rift Valley fever; Russian spring-summer encephalitis; smallpox;

Venezuelan equine encephalitis Voice of America, 220

Volkov, Roman, 183-84

Vorobyov, Anatoly, 27, 28, 117, 168-69, 186-87

Voroshilov, Kliment, 34

War-Fighting Lab, 290

War Research Service, U.S., 232

Water Purification Unit 731, Japanese, 36, 233

Watson, James, 40

Whitecoat, Project, 234

White Robes (Belye Odezhdy) (Dudintsev), 187

Williams, Ron, 228

wool sorters' disease, see anthrax World Health Organization (WHO), 19,110, 111, 114, 148, 165