Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity

Subject Index

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Abandonment of eggs see Egg destruction

Abandonment of offspring see Abuse, neglect of offspring

Abortion, embryo reabsorption

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

see also Egg destruction

Abraham, Ralph

Abuse (heterosexual) see Harassment; Violence

Abuse, neglect of offspring (heterosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

see also Kidnapping

Adoption, foster-parenting, step-parenting (heterosexual)

interspecies adoption

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

see also Kidnapping; Parasitism

Adoption (homosexual) see Sources of offspring

Affectionate behaviors (homosexual) see Embracing; Grooming; Kissing; Nuzzling; Play-fighting

Ahgook, Robert

Alloparenting, babysitting, helpers (heterosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other see also Creches

Alternative heterosexual pair-bonding see Divorce; Nonmonogamous pair-bonds; Trios, quartets

Alternative heterosexual parenting see Adoption; Alloparenting; Creches; Kidnapping; Parasitism; Single parenting

Anal stimulation, rump-rubbing (heterosexual)

Anal stimulation, rump-rubbing (homosexual)

mammals: primates other

see also Mounting; Penetration

Anguksuar (Richard LaFortune)

Aristotle

Babysitting see Alloparenting; Creches

Bataille, Georges

Behavioral/sexual plasticity

Behavioral transvestism see Transvestism

Beston, Henry

Bey, Hakim

Billing see Kissing

Biodiversity

Biological Exuberance

Birth control (heterosexual) see Abortion; Infanticide; Nonbreeders; Reproductive suppression; Siblicide; Vaginal plugs

Birth, heterosexual activity during see Pregnancy, birth

Bisexuality, latent or situational mammals birds

Bisexuality, sequential

age-based mammals birds

mate-switching mammals birds

seasonal mammals birds

other

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

Bisexuality, simultaneous

bisexual matings outside pair-bond mammals waterfowl shore birds perching birds other birds

bisexual trios/quartets waterfowl shore birds perching birds other birds

group sexual activity mammals birds

other

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

see also Pile-up mounts

Bisexual superiority see Explanations

Boswell, John

Brant, Beth

Breeding by homosexual/bisexual animals

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

see also Parenting; Transgendered animals—breeding or mating by

Breeding rare, incomplete, non-yearly (heterosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore other

see also Infrequency of heterosexual mating

Bryant, Anita

Buffon, Georges-Louis Lederc de

Bunyard, Peter

Butler, Octavia E.

Byne, William

Cameron, Anne

Cannibalism mammals birds

Capra, Fritjof

Caprio, F. S.

Captivity, homosexuality and see Explanations—pathology

Carroll, Lewis

Carse, James

Cattet, Marc

Chadwick, Douglas

Chaos theory

Chimera see Intersexuality

Chrystos

Cleopatra

Clitoral penetration see Penetration

Clitoris

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

Cloacal contact see Penetration

Communal breeding groups see Explanations—helpers; Nonbreeders—helpers

Companionships (homosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds

see also Parenting; Trios, quartets

Competition for homosexual partners see Preference (homosexual)

Consortships see Partnerships

Copulatory plugs see Vaginal plugs

Counter-reproductive heterosexual strategies see Abortion; Abuse of offspring; Cannibalism; Egg destruction; Infanticide; Mortality, stress in breeders; Siblicide; Vaginal plugs

Courtship, other display behaviors (homosexual)

primates

marine mammals

hoofed mammals

other mammals

waterfowl

shore birds

perching birds

other birds

see also Differences between homosexual and heterosexual behaviors; Lek; Vocalizations

Crèches, nursery groups

mammals

birds

Cultural behavior, (homo)sexuality as

individual and/or population differences

language

rituals

taboos

tool use

see also: Ritualized interactions

cummings, e. e.

Cunnilingus see Oral stimulation

Dagg, Anne Innis

Darling, James

Daycare see Alloparenting; Crèches

Delayed implantation

Differences between homosexual and heterosexual behaviors

courtship mammals birds

pair-bonding (including same-sex pairing in species without opposite-sex pairing) marine mammals hoofed mammals other mammals birds

parenting (including same-sex coparenting in species without opposite-sex coparenting) mammals birds

sexual behaviors primates marine mammals hoofed mammals other mammals birds

see also Duration of homosexual interactions

Dildos see Cultural behavior—tool use

Divorce, separation, mate-switching (heterosexual)

mammals

waterfowl

shore birds

perching birds

other birds

Divorce, separation, mate-switching (homosexual)

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

Dominance see Explanations

Donaldson, Stephen

Douglas, Lord Alfred

Dynes, Wayne

Duration of homosexual interactions

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: shore perching other

Duration of homosexual pair-bonds

long-term

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

short-term

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

Eaton, G. Gray

Edwards, George

Egg destruction, abandonment (heterosexual)

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

Egg/nestling transfer see Parasitism

Egg-stealing see Kidnapping; Sources of offspring

Einstein, Albert

Ejaculation see Orgasm

Embracing, clasping, hugging (homosexual)

mammals: primates marine other

Endangered species

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds

Erection (penile or clitoral) see Sexual arousal

Evolution

see also Post-Darwinian evolution

Excess copulations (heterosexual) see Group activity; Multiple matings

Exclusive homosexuality

lifetime mammals birds

other long-term

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

short-term

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

see also Preference (homosexual)

Explanations of homosexuality

bisexual superiority

contributing to heterosexuality/breeding

dominance

helpers

mistaken sex indentification

nonsexual

pathology—captivity

pathology—hormonal, other physiological

population control

practice for heterosexuality

pseudoheterosexuality

shortage of opposite sex

see also Behavioral/sexual plasticity

Extra-pair (promiscuous) copulations see Nonmonogamous pair-bonds

Face-to-face (ventroventral) position see Mounting positions, variant

Faderman, Lillian

Fedigan, Linda

Fellatio see Oral stimulation

Forced copulations see Nonconsensual sexual activity

Ford, Joseph

Fossey, Dian

Foster-parenting see Adoption; Sources of offspring

Fox, Greysolynne J.

Frassach, King Niall

Frequency, prevalence of homosexual interactions

Freud, Sigmund

Friendships, sexual see Partnerships

Gadeau de Kerville, Henri

Gadpaille, W. J.

Gaia theory

gay, term applied to animals see Terminology for homosexuality

Geist, Valerius

Gender roles (homosexual) see Explanations—pseudohetero- sexuality; Mounter/mountee preferences; Transvestism—contrasted with homosexuality

General Economy, theory of

Genetics of homosexuality

Genital rubbing (heterosexual)

Genital rubbing (homosexual) primates marine mammals

Gibson, William

Goerner, Sally

Goldsmith, Edward

Goodall, Jane

Gould, Stephen Jay

Greetings interactions see Ritualized interactions

Grooming, rubbing, preening (homosexual)

primates

marine mammals

hoofed mammals

other mammals

birds

Group activity (heterosexual)

mammals: primates marine other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

Group activity (homosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

see also Pile-up mounts

Grumbine, R. Edward

Gynandromorph see Intersexuality

Haldane, J. B. S.

Harassed copulations (heterosexual)

mammals: primates hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

Harassment, chasing, antagonism (heterosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

see also Nonconsensual sexual activity; Violence

Harjo, Joy

Heinroth, Oskar

Helms, Jesse

Helpers see Alloparenting; Explanations—helpers; Nonbreeders—helpers

Hermaphroditism see Intersexuality

Hermaphroditism, sequential see Transsexuality

Heterosexism in zoology see Homophobia

Heterosexual aggression see Harassment; Nonconsensual sexual activity; Violence

Heterosexual mating difficulties see Harassed copulations; Mounting without penetration; Partner refusal

Ho, Mae-Wan

Homophobia, heterosexism in zoology

distaste, revulsion toward homosexuality

double standards

inadequate/inconsistent coverage

marginalization

omission of information

presumption of heterosexuality

questionable or inhumane treatment of animals

use of biased/derogatory terms

value judgments

see also Explanations; Naturalness; Terminology for homosexuality

Horapollo

Hormones see Explanations—pathology

Hugging see Embracing

Human homosexuality/transgender

see also Indigenous cultures; Naturalness

Hutchinson, George Evelyn

Idani, Gen’ichi

Incest (heterosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

Incest (homosexual)

parent-offspring mammals birds

sibling mammals birds

taboo

Indigenous cultures

and collaboration with Western scientists

and scientific corroboration of beliefs

Native American

New Guinean

Siberian/Arctic

other cultures

Infanticide (heterosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

Infidelity see Nonmonogamous pair-bonds

Infrequency of heterosexual mating mammals birds

Intergenerational interactions (heterosexual)

primates

marine mammals

hoofed mammals

other mammals

birds

see also Juveniles

Intergenerational interactions (homosexual)

primates

marine mammals

hoofed mammals

other mammals

shore birds

perching birds

other birds

International Ethological Conference

Intersexuality

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

Interspecies adoption see Adoption

Interspecies interactions (heterosexual) mammals birds

Interspecies interactions (homosexual) mammals birds

Jordan, June

Juveniles, heterosexual activity among mammals birds

see also Intergenerational interactions

Karsch, Ferdinand

Kidnapping, egg-stealing (heterosexual) mammals birds

Kinsey, Alfred

Kissing, nose-to-nose contact, billing (homosexual) primates marine mammals hoofed mammals other mammals birds

Laboulmène, Alexandre

LaFortune, Richard see Anguksuar

Language, sexual activity and see Cultural behavior

LaPena, Frank

Left-handedness/-sidedness

Lek mating system (heterosexual)

Lek, other display courts (homosexual)

lesbian, term applied to animals see Terminology for homosexuality

Littlebird, Larry

Lombardo, Michael

Lorde, Audre

Lorenz, Konrad

Lovelock, James

Low, G. C.

MacNeice, Louis

Male sexual cycles see Sexual cycles, male

Manual (or other appendage) stimulation (heterosexual) primates marine mammals hoofed mammals

Manual (or other appendage) stimulation (homosexual)

of partner primates marine mammals hoofed mammals

of self (during partner interaction) primates other animals

Maple, T. L.

Marquess of Tavistock

Masters and Johnson

Masturbation

tool use in

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds

see also Manual stimulation

Mated pairs see Partnerships

Mating outside breeding season/ estrus/fertilizable periods (heterosexual)

primates

marine mammals

hoofed mammals

other mammals

waterfowl

shore birds

perching birds

other birds

see also Pregnancy/incubation, heterosexual activity during

Mills, James A.

Mimicry, male or female see Explanations—pseudoheterosexuality; Transvestism

Monogamy see Pair-bonding

Morris, Desmond

Mortality, stress in breeders mammals birds

Mountee solicitation/facilitation (homosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl perching other

Mounter/mountee preferences (homosexual) mammals birds

Mounting (homosexual)

primates: apes langurs, etc. macaques other

marine mammals

hoofed mammals: deer antelopes, etc. wild sheep, etc. other

other mammals: carnivores marsupials rodents, etc.

waterfowl: geese, etc. other aquatic wading

shore birds: sandpipers, etc. gulls, etc.

perching birds: cotingas, etc. swallows, etc. sparrows, etc. birds of paradise, etc.

other birds: flightless birds of prey, etc. hummingbirds, etc.

see also Mountee solicitation/ facilitation; Mounter/mountee preferences; Mounting positions, variant; Pile-up mounts; Reciprocal mounting

Mounting positions, variant (homosexual)

face-to-face, belly-to-belly primates marine mammals

other positions mammals birds

Mounting without penetration, cloacal contact, and/or ejaculation (heterosexual)

mammals: primates hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

see also Genital rubbing; Reverse mounting

Multiple matings (heterosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

see also Promiscuous mating system

Nataf, Zachary I.

National Forum on BioDiversity

Native American peoples see Indigenous Cultures

Naturalness

Necrophilia (heterosexual)

Neglect of offspring see Abuse

Nest-building, home-sharing (homosexual)

mammals

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

Nest desertion see Egg destruction, abandonment

New Guinean peoples see Indigenous cultures

Nonbreeders (heterosexual)

groups/populations mammals birds

helpers mammals birds

lifetime mammals birds

pairs mammals birds

other

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

see also Breeding rare; Mortality, stress in breeders; Postreproductive individuals; Reproductive suppression

Nonconsensual sexual activity (heterosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

see also Partner refusal, indifference

Nonconsensual sexual activity (homosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

see also Partner refusal, indifference

Nonmonogamous pair-bonds (heterosexual)

mammals

waterfowl

shore birds

perching birds

other birds

Nonmonogamous pair-bonds (homosexual) mammals birds

Nonoptimal heterosexual partners see Incest; Intergenerational interactions; Interspecies interactions; Juveniles; Necrophilia

Nonprocreative heterosexual behaviors see Anal stimulation; Genital rubbing; Manual stimulation; Masturbation; Mating outside breeding season; Mounting without penetration; Oral stimulation; Pregnancy, heterosexual mating during; Reverse mounting

Nuzzling, other affectionate touching (homosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds

Oral stimulation (heterosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other,

Oral stimulation (homosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

Orgasm, ejaculation (homosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds

Pair-bonding (homosexual) see Companionships; Differences between homosexual and heterosexual behaviors; Divorce; Duration of homosexual pair-bonds; Nest-building; Nonmonogamous pair-bonds; Partnerships; Trios, quartets

Parasitism, egg/nestling transfer (heterosexual) waterfowl shore birds perching birds other birds

see also Sources of offspring

Parenting (homosexual)

by companions (platonic coparents) mammals birds

by male coparents mammals birds

by partners (mated coparents) mammals waterfowl shore birds perching birds other birds

by trios/quartets

see also Breeding by homosexual /bisexual animals; Differences between homosexual and heterosexual behaviors; Nest-building; Sources of offspring; Supernormal clutches

Parthenogenesis

Partner refusal, indifference (heterosexual)

primates

marine mammals

hoofed mammals

other mammals

waterfowl

shore birds

perching birds

other birds

see also Nonconsensual sexual activity; Violence

Partner refusal, indifference (homosexual)

mammals

birds: waterfowl shore perching

see also Nonconsensual sexual activity

Partnerships (homosexual)

consortships, preferred partners, sexual friendships primates marine mammals hoofed mammals other mammals birds

mated pairs mammals birds: waterfowl shore perching other

see also Parenting; Trios, quartets

Pederasty, pedophilia see Intergenerational interactions

Penetration, cloacal contact (homosexual)

between females mammals birds

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

Pile-up mounts (homosexual, bisexual) mammals birds

Pirsig, Robert

Play-fighting, erotic combat (homosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds

Pleasure, sexual see Sexual arousal

Polyandry, polygynandry (heterosexual)

Polygamy (heterosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

see also Lek mating system; Polyandry; Polygyny; Promiscuous mating system; Trios, quartets

Polygyny (heterosexual)

Post-Darwinian evolution

Postreproductive individuals mammals birds

Preening see Grooming

Preference (homosexual)

competing for same-sex partners mammals birds

higher individual proportions of same-sex activity mammals birds

ignoring opposite-sex partners mammals birds

repeated same-sex pairing or mate-switching mammals birds

reuniting after separation from same-sex partner mammals birds

see also Exclusive homosexuality

Preferred partners (homosexual) see Partnerships

Pregnancy, birth, incubation, heterosexual activity during

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

Pregnancy, homosexual activity during

Promiscuous copulations see Nonmonogamous pair-bonds

Promiscuous mating system (heterosexual)

mammals: primates hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

see also Lek mating system; Polygamy

Protocultural behavior see Cultural behavior

Pseudomale, pseudofemale behaviors see Explanations—pseudoheterosexuality; Transvestism—contrasted with homosexuality

Quartets see Parenting; Sources of offspring; Trios, quartets

Rape see Nonconsensual sexual activity

Reciprocal mounting (heterosexual) see Reverse mounting

Reciprocal mounting (homosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore other

Refusal of heterosexual copulations see Nonconsensual sexual activity; Partner refusal, indifference; Preference (homosexual) —ignoring opposite-sex partners

Reproductive suppression, delay (heterosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

see also Nonbreeders

Reverse mounting (heterosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

Rich, Adrienne

Ritualized and/or greetings interactions (homosexual ) mammals birds

Robertson, Doyle

Rollinat, R.

Rump-rubbing see Anal stimulation

Saunders, Peter

Savage-Rumbaugh, Susan

Schevill, W. E.

Schlesier, Karl

Selous, Edward

Sequential hermaphroditism see Transsexuality

Sex-change see Transsexuality

Sexism in biology

Sex ratios, skewed see Explanations—shortage of opposite sex

Sex segregation

migratory mammals birds

social/spatial primates marine mammals hoofed mammals other mammals perching birds other birds

temporal/seasonal mammals birds

see also Delayed implantation; Sexual cycles, male; Sperm storage

Sexual arousal—erection, thrusting, etc. (homosexual)

primates: apes langurs, etc. macaques other

marine mammals

hoofed mammals

other mammals

birds

see also Orgasm; Penetration

Sexual behaviors (homosexual) see Anal stimulation; Genital rubbing; Differences between homosexual and heterosexual behaviors; Duration of homosexual interactions; Manual stimulation; Mounting; Oral stimulation; Orgasm; Penetration; Ritualized and/or greetings interactions; Sexual arousal

Sexual cycles, male primates marine mammals hoofed mammals other mammals birds

Sexual friendships see Partnerships

Sexually transmitted diseases

Sexual orientation see Bisexuality; Exclusive homosexuality; Preference (homosexual)

Sexual plasticity see Behavioral/ sexual plasticity

Sexual pleasure Sexual arousal

Siberian/Arctic peoples see Indigenous cultures

Siblicide

Sikes, S. K.

Single parenting in pair-bonding species (heterosexual) mammals waterfowl shore birds perching birds other birds

Situational homosexuality see Bisexuality latent or situational; Explanations—shortage of opposite sex

Skewed sex ratios see Explanations—shortage of opposite sex

Smuts, Barbara

Social, spatial responses (toward or by homosexual/transgendered animals)

interference, hostility toward mammals birds

nonchalance, curiosity toward

offensive attacks by mammals birds

partner defense by mammals birds

rank/status of

segregation/separation by

territory defense by mammals birds

see also Preference—competing for same-sex partners; Transgendered animals—greater reproductive/heterosexual activity by

Sørum, Arve

Soulé, Michael E.

Sources of offspring (homosexual parenting)

adoption (coparenting by nonbreeders)

coparenting by breeder and nonbreeder

egg/nest-stealing

foster-parenting in captivity

joint parenting by breeders

mating within bisexual trios/ quartets

nonmonogamous mating

parasitism (egg “donation” by other birds)

Sperm competition theory

Sperm storage

Standing Bear, Luther

Stephenson, Robert

Step-parenting see Adoption

Steward, Daniel-Harry

Stress of breeding see Mortality, stress in breeders

Supernormal clutches waterfowl shore birds perching birds other birds

see also Parenting

Supra-annual breeding cycles see Breeding rare, incomplete, non-yearly

Taboos see Cultural behavior; Incest (homosexual)

Tafoya, Terry

Tennent, W.J.

Terminology for homosexuality/ transgender

use of gay, lesbian

use of homosexual

use of other terms

see also Homophobia—use of biased/derogatory terms

Thrusting, pelvic see Sexual arousal

Tools, sexual use of see Cultural behavior

Transgender see Intersexuality; Transsexuality; Transvestism;

Transgendered animals

breeding or mating by mammals birds

greater reproductive/heterosexual activity by

Transsexuality

Transvestism

contrasted with homosexuality

female-to-male mammals birds

male-to-female mammals birds

Trios, quartets (heterosexual; in pair-bonding species)

mammals

waterfowl

shore birds

perching birds

other birds

Trios, quartets (homosexual, bisexual)

mammals

waterfowl

shore birds

perching birds

other birds

see also Parenting; Sources of offspring

Trouessart, E.

Unwanted sexual advances see Harassment; Nonconsensual sexual activity; Partner refusal, indifference

Vaginal/copulatory plugs, other birth control

Vasey, Paul L.

Violence, injury (heterosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

see also Harassment; Nonconsensual sexual activity

Virgin birth see Parthenogenesis

Vocalizations (during homosexual activity)

primates

marine mammals

hoofed mammals

other mammals

waterfowl

shore birds

perching birds

other birds

von Hildebrand, Martin

Walker, Alice

Ward, Jon

Watanabe, John

Watson, Lyall

Weinrich, James

Whitaker, J.

Wild vs. captive/semiwild animals see Explanations—pathology

Wilde, Oscar

Wilson, Edward O.

Wolfe, Linda

Worster, Donald