Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy

August 27, 2014.

https://bitscan.com/articles/the-high-

school-startup-using-blockchain-

technology.

104 Cawrey, D. “How Monegraph Uses

the Block Chain to Verify Digital

Assets.” CoinDesk, May 15, 2014.

http://www.coindesk.com/monegraph-

uses-block-chain-verify-digital-assets/.

105 Snow, P. “Notary Chains” (white

paper).

https://github.com/NotaryChains/.

106 Stephenson, N. Snow Crash. New

York: Spectra, 1992. See also:

http://everything2.com/title/Franchulate

107 Swan, M. “Illiberty in Biohacking,

Personal Data Rights, Neuro-diversity,

and the Automation Economy.” Broader

Perspective blog, March 2, 2014.

http://futurememes.blogspot.fr/2014/03/ illiberty-

in-biohacking-personal-data.html.

108 Prisco, G. “Bitcoin Governance 2.0:

Let’s Block-chain Them.” CryptoCoins

News, updated October 13, 2014.

https://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/bitcoi n-

governance-2-0-lets-block-chain/.

109 Hofman, A. “Couple to Get Married

on the Bitcoin Blockchain at Disney

Bitcoin Conference.” Bitcoin Magazine,

September 23, 2014.

http://bitcoinmagazine.com/16771/coup le-

get-married-bitcoin-blockchain-disney-

bitcoin-conference/.

110 Marty, B. “Couple Make History with

World’s First Bitcoin Wedding.” PanAm

Post, October 7, 2014.

http://panampost.com/belen-

marty/2014/10/07/couple-make-

history-with-worlds-first-bitcoin-

wedding/.

111 Ploshay, E. “A Word from Jeffrey

Tucker: Bitcoin Is Not a Monetary

System.” Bitcoin Magazine, January 3,

2014.

http://bitcoinmagazine.com/9299/word-

jeffrey-tucker-bitcoin-monetary-

system/.

112 McMillan, R. “Hacker Dreams Up

Crypto Passport Using the Tech Behind

Bitcoin.” Wired, October 30, 2014.

http://www.wired.com/2014/10/world_pa ssport/

Ellis, C. “World Citizenship Project

Features in Wired Magazine.” Blog post,

November 1, 2014.

http://chrisellis.me/world-citizenship-

project-features-in-wired-magazine/.

113 De Soto, H. The Mystery of Capital:

Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West

and Fails Everywhere Else. New York:

Basic Books, 2003.

114 Swan, M. “Crowdsourced Health

Research Studies: An Important

Emerging Complement to Clinical Trials

in the Public Health Research

Ecosystem.” J Med Internet Res 14, no.

2 (2012): e46.

115 Mishra, P. “Inside India’s Aadhar, the

World’s Biggest Biometrics Database.”

TechCrunch, December 6, 2013.

http://techcrunch.com/2013/12/06/inside -

indias-aadhar-the-worlds-biggest-

biometrics-database/.

116 Deitz, J. “Decentralized Governance

Whitepaper.” Quora, May 21, 2014.

http://distributed-autonomous-

society.quora.com/Decentralized-

Governance-Whitepaper.

117 Ramos, J. “Liquid Democracy: The

App That Turns Everyone into a

Politician.” Shareable, January 20,

2014.

http://www.shareable.net/blog/liquid-

democracy-the-app-that-turns-

everyone-into-a-politician.

118 Buchanan, A.E. Deciding for Others:

The Ethics of Surrogate Decision

Making (Studies in Philosophy and

Health Policy). Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 1990.

119 Carroll, L. The Principles of

Parliamentary Representation. London:

Harrison and Sons, 1884.

https://archive.org/details/ThePrinciple sOfParliamentaryRepresentation Black, D. “The Central Argument in

Lewis Carroll’s The Principles of

Parliamentary Representation.” Papers

on Non-market Decision Making 3, no

1 (1967): 1–17.

120 Chaum, D. “Random-Sample

Elections: Far Lower Cost, Better

Quality and More Democratic.”

Accessed 2012 (publishing data

unavailable). www.rs-

elections.com/Random-

Sample%20Elections.pdf.

121 Davis, J. “How Selecting Voters

Randomly Can Lead to Better

Elections.” Wired, May 16, 2012.

www.wired.com/2012/05/st_essay_voting/

122 Hanson, R. “Futarchy: Vote Values,

but Bet Beliefs.” Accessed 2013

(publishing data unavailable).

http://hanson.gmu.edu/futarchy2013.pdf

123 Buterin, V. “An Introduction to

Futarchy [as Applied with Blockchain

Technology].” Ethereum blog, August

21, 2014.

https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/08/21/in troduction-

futarchy/.

124 Cruz, K. “The Truth Behind

Truthcoin.” Bitcoin Magazine,

September 25, 2014.

http://bitcoinmagazine.com/16748/truth -

behind-truthcoin/.

125 Wagner, A. “Putting the Blockchain to

Work For Science!” Bitcoin Magazine,

May 22, 2014.

http://bitcoinmagazine.com/13187/puttin g-

the-blockchain-to-work-for-science-

gridcoin/.

126 Buterin, V. “Primecoin: The

Cryptocurrency Whose Mining Is

Actually Useful.” Bitcoin Magazine,

July 8, 2013.

http://bitcoinmagazine.com/5635/primec oin-

the-cryptocurrency-whose-mining-is-

actually-useful/.

127 Myers, D.S., A.L. Bazinet, and M.P.

Cummings. “Expanding the Reach of

Grid Computing: Combining Globus-and

BOINC-Based Systems.” Center for

Bioinformatics and Computational

Biology, Institute for Advanced

Computer Studies, University of

Maryland, February 6, 2007 (Draft).

http://lattice.umiacs.umd.edu/latticefiles /publications/lattice/myers_bazinet_cummings.pdf 128 Clenfield, J. and P. Alpeyev. “The

Other Bitcoin Power Struggle.”

Bloomberg Businessweek, April 24,

2014.

http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2 014-

04-24/bitcoin-miners-seek-cheap-

electricity-to-eke-out-a-profit.

129 Gimein, M. “Virtual Bitcoin Mining

Is a Real-World Environmental

Disaster.” Bloomberg, April 12, 2013.

http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-

04-12/virtual-bitcoin-mining-is-a-real-

world-environmental-disaster.html.

130 Worstall, T. “Fascinating Number:

Bitcoin Mining Uses $15 Million’s

Worth of Electricity Every Day.”

Forbes, December 3, 2013.

http://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall /2013/12/03/fascinating-

number-bitcoin-mining-uses-15-

millions-worth-of-electricity-every-

day/.

131 Tapscott, D. and A.D. Williams.

Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration

Changes Everything. New York:

Penguin Group, 2008.

132 Anonymous. “EteRNA.” Scientific

American, (publishing data unavailable).

http://www.scientificamerican.com/citize n-

science/eterna/.

133 Vigna, P. and M.J. Casey. “BitBeat:

Could Bitcoin Help Fight the Ebola

Crisis?” The Wall Street Journal,

October 8, 2014.

http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2014/10 /08/bitbeat-

could-bitcoin-help-fight-the-ebola-

crisis/.

134 Cawrey, D. “37Coins Plans

Worldwide Bitcoin Access with SMS-

Based Wallet.” CoinDesk, May 20,

2014.

http://www.coindesk.com/37coins-

plans-worldwide-bitcoin-access-sms-

based-wallet/.

135 Rizzo, P. “How Kipochi Is Taking

Bitcoin into Africa.” CoinDesk, April

25, 2014.

http://www.coindesk.com/kipochi-

taking-bitcoin-africa/.

136 Mims, C. “M-Pesa: 31% of Kenya’s

GDP Is Spent Through Mobile Phones.”

Quartz, February 27, 2013.

http://qz.com/57504/31-of-kenyas-gdp-

is-spent-through-mobile-phones/.

137 Buterin, V. “Sean’s Outpost

Announces Satoshi Forest, Nine-Acre

Sanctuary for the Homeless.” Bitcoin

Magazine, September 9, 2013.

http://bitcoinmagazine.com/6939/seans-

outpost-announces-satoshi-forest/.

138 Green, R. and N.A. Farahany.

“Regulation: The FDA Is Overcautious

on Consumer Genomics.” Nature,

January 15, 2014.

http://www.nature.com/news/regulation-

the-fda-is-overcautious-on-consumer-

genomics-1.14527.

139 Wright, C. et al. “People Have a

Right to Access Their Own Genetic

Information.” Genomes Unzipped:

Personal Public Genomes, November 3,

2011.

http://genomesunzipped.org/2011/03/peo ple-

have-a-right-to-access-their-own-

genetic-information.php.

140 Green, R.C. et al. “Disclosure of

APOE Genotype for Risk of Alzheimer’s

Disease.” New England Journal of

Medicine 361 (July 16, 2009):245–54.

http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NE JMoa0809578

and discussed in further detail at

http://www.genomes2people.org/director /

141 Regalado, A. “The FDA Ordered

23andMe to Stop Selling Its Health

Tests. But for the Intrepid, Genome

Knowledge Is Still Available.” MIT

Technology Review, October 19, 2014.

http://www.technologyreview.com/featur edstory/531461/how-

a-wiki-is-keeping-direct-to-consumer-

genetics-alive/.

142 DeCODEme. “Sales of Genetic Scans

Direct to Consumer Through

deCODEme Have Been Discontinued!

Existing Customers Can Access Their

Results Here Until January 1st 2015.”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeCODE_g enetics 143 Castillo, M. “23andMe to Only

Provide Ancestry, Raw Genetics Data

During FDA Review.” CBS News,

December 6, 2013.

http://www.cbsnews.com/news/23andme-

to-still-provide-ancestry-raw-genetics-

data-during-fda-review/.

144 Swan, M. “Health 2050: The

Realization of Personalized Medicine

Through Crowdsourcing, the Quantified

Self, and the Participatory Biocitizen.” J

Pers Med 2, no. 3 (2012): 93–118.

145 ———. “Multigenic Condition Risk

Assessment in Direct-to-Consumer

Genomic Services. Genet Med 12, no. 5

(2010): 279–88; Kido, T. et al.

“Systematic Evaluation of Personal

Genome Services for Japanese

Individuals.” Nature: Journal of Human

Genetics 58 (2013):734–41.

146 Tamblyn, T. “Backup Your DNA

Using Bitcoins.” Huffington Post UK,

October 30, 2014.

http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/10 /30/genecoin-

genome-backup-

bitcoin_n_6076366.html.

147 Grens, K. “Cloud-Based Genomics.”

The Scientist, October 28, 2013.

http://www.the-scientist.com/?

articles.view/articleNo/38044/title/Clou d-

Based-Genomics/.

148 Jiang, K. “University of Chicago to

Establish Genomic Data Commons.”

University of Chicago News, December

2, 2014.

http://news.uchicago.edu/article/2014/1 2/02/university-

chicago-establish-genomic-data-

commons.

149 Swan, M. “Blockchain Health—

Remunerative Health Data Commons &

HealthCoin RFPs.” Broader Perspective

blog, September 28, 2014.

http://futurememes.blogspot.com/2014/0 9/blockchain-

health-remunerative-health.html.

150 HL7 Standards. “20 Questions for

Health IT #5: Bitcoin & Blockchain

Technology.” HL7 Standards, September

8, 2014.

http://www.hl7standards.com/blog/2014 /09/08/20hit-

5/.

151 Zimmerman, J. “DNA Block Chain

Project Boosts Research, Preserves

Patient Anonymity.” CoinDesk, June 27,

2014. http://www.coindesk.com/israels-

dna-bits-moves-beyond-currency-with-

genes-blockchain/.

152 Swan, M. “Quantified Self Ideology:

Personal Data Becomes Big Data.”

Slideshare, February 6, 2014.

http://www.slideshare.net/lablogga/quan tified-

self-ideology-personal-data-becomes-

big-data.

153 Levine, A.B. “Let’s Talk Bitcoin!

#158: Ebola and the Body Blockchain

with Kevin J. McKernan.” Let’s Talk

Bitcoin podcast, November 1, 2014.

http://letstalkbitcoin.com/blog/post/lets-

talk-bitcoin-158-ebola-and-the-body-

blockchain.

154 McKernan, K. “Niemann-Pick Type C

& Ebolavirus: Bitcoin Community

Comes Together to Advocate and Fund

Open Source Ebolavirus Research.”

Medicinal Genomics, accessed 2014

(publishing data unavailable).

http://www.medicinalgenomics.com/niem ann-

pick-type-c-and-ebola/.

155 Anonymous. “The Evolving Genetics

of HIV: Can Genes Stop HIV?” The Tech

Museum of Innovation, (publishing data

unavailable).

http://genetics.thetech.org/original_new s/news13

156 Anonymous. “Unreliable Research.

Trouble at the Lab.” The Economist,

October 17, 2013 (paywall restricted).

http://www.economist.com/news/briefing /21588057-

scientists-think-science-self-

correcting-alarming-degree-it-not-

trouble.

157 Schmidt, M. and H. Lipson.

“Distilling Free-Form Natural Laws

from Experimental Data.” Science 324,

no. 5923 (2009): 81–5.

http://creativemachines.cornell.edu/site s/default/files/Science09_Schmidt.pdf

Keim, B. “Computer Program Self-

Discovers Laws of Physics.” Wired,

April 2, 2009.

http://www.wired.com/2009/04/newtonai /

158 Muggleton, S. “Developing Robust

Synthetic Biology Designs Using a

Microfluidic Robot Scientist. Advances

in Artificial Intelligence—SBIA 2008.”

Lecture notes in Computer Science 5249

(2008):4.

http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007 /978-3-540-88190-2_3.

159 Waltz, D. and BG Buchanan.

“Automating Science.” Science 324, no.

5923 (2009): 43–4.

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/324/ 5923/43

160 Higgins, S. “Sidechains White Paper

Imagines New Future for Digital

Currency Development.” Coindesk,

October 23, 2014.

http://www.coindesk.com/sidechains-

white-paper-ecosystem-reboot/; Back, A. et al. “Enabling Blockchain

Innovations with Pegged Sidechains.”

Accessed 2014 (publishing data

unavailable).

http://www.blockstream.com/sidechains. pdf 161 daCosta, F. Rethinking the Internet

of Things: A Scalable Approach to

Connecting Everything. New York:

Apress, 2013.

162 Deleuze, G. Cinema 2: The Time-

Image. Minneapolis: University of

Minnesota Press, 1989.

163 Heidegger, M. Being and Time. New

York: Harper Perennial Modern

Classics, 1927.

164 Crackerhead (handle name). “Mining

LTBCoin.” BitcoinTalk.org forum, July

27, 2014.

https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?

topic=712944.0.

165 von Hayek, F.A. Denationalization of

Money: An Analysis of the Theory and

Practice of Concurrent Currencies.

London: Institute of Economic Affairs,

1977.

166 ———. “The ‘Paradox’ of Saving.”

Economica, no. 32 (1931).

167 Blumen, R. “Hayek on the Paradox of

Saving.” Ludwig von Mises Institute,

January 9, 2008.

http://mises.org/daily/2804.

168 Ferrara, P. “Rethinking Money: The

Rise Of Hayek’s Private Competing

Currencies.” Forbes, March 1, 2013.

http://www.forbes.com/sites/peterferrara /2013/03/01/rethinking-

money-the-rise-of-hayeks-private-

competing-currencies/.

169 Wong, J.I. “MIT Undergrads Can

Now Claim Their Free $100 in Bitcoin.”

CoinDesk, October 29, 2014.

http://www.coindesk.com/mit-

undergrads-can-now-claim-free-100-

bitcoin/.

170 Rizzo, P. “70,000 Caribbean Island

Residents to Receive Bitcoin in 2015.”

CoinDesk, August 28, 2014.

http://www.coindesk.com/70000-

caribbean-island-residents-receive-

bitcoin-2015/.

171 Cawrey, D. “Auroracoin Airdrop:

Will Iceland Embrace a National Digital

Currency?” CoinDesk, March 24, 2014.

http://www.coindesk.com/auroracoin-

airdrop-iceland-embrace-national-

digital-currency/.

172 Khaosan, V. “Ecuador: The First

Nation to Create Its Own Digital

Currency.” CryptoCoins News, updated

August 1, 2014.

https://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/ecuad or-

first-nation-create-digital-currency/.

173 Hamill, J. “The Battle of Little

Bitcoin: Native American Tribe

Launches Its Own Cryptocurrency.”

Forbes, February 27, 2014.

http://www.forbes.com/sites/jasperhamil l/2014/02/27/the-

battle-of-little-bitcoin-native-

american-tribe-launches-its-own-

cryptocurrency/.

174 Lietaerm, B. and J. Dunne.

Rethinking Money: How New

Currencies Turn Scarcity into

Prosperity London: Berrett-Koehler

Publishers, 2013.

175 Swan, M. “Social Economic

Networks and the New Intangibles.”

Broader Perspective blog, August 15,

2010.

http://futurememes.blogspot.com/2010/0 8/social-

economic-networks-and-new.html.

176 ———. “New Banks, New

Currencies, and New Markets in a

Multicurrency World: Roadmap for a

Post-Scarcity Economy by 2050.”

Create Futures IberoAmérica,

Enthusiasmo Cultural, São Paolo Brazil,

October 14, 2009.

177 ———. “Connected World

Wearables Free Cognitive Surplus.”

Broader Perspective blog, October 26,

2014.

http://futurememes.blogspot.com/2014/1 0/connected-

world-frees-cognitive-surplus.html.

178 Lee, T.B. “Bitcoin Needs to Scale by

a Factor of 1000 to Compete with Visa.

Here’s How to Do It.” The Washington

Post, November 12, 2013.

http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/th e-

switch/wp/2013/11/12/bitcoin-needs-to-

scale-by-a-factor-of-1000-to-compete-

with-visa-heres-how-to-do-it/.

179 Spaven, E. “The 12 Best Answers

from Gavin Andresen’s Reddit AMA.”

CoinDesk, October 21, 2014.

http://www.coindesk.com/12-answers-

gavin-andresen-reddit-ama/.

180 Prashar, V. “What Is Bitcoin 51%

Attack, Should I Be Worried?”

BTCpedia, April 21, 2013.

http://www.btcpedia.com/bitcoin-51-

attack/.

181 Rizzo, P. “Ghash.io: We Will Never

Launch a 51% Attack Against Bitcoin.”

CoinDesk, June 16, 2014.

http://www.coindesk.com/ghash-io-

never-launch-51-attack/.

182 Courtois, N. “How to Upgrade the

Bitcoin Elliptic Curve.” Financial

Cryptography, Bitcoin, Crypto

Currencies blog, November 16, 2014.

http://blog.bettercrypto.com/?p=1008.

183 Ibid.

184 Kwon, J. “Tendermint: Consensus

Without Mining” Accessed 2014 (white

paper).

http://tendermint.com/docs/tendermint.p df

185 ———. “Tendermint Consensus

Proposal.” Bitcoin forum, November 20,

2014.

https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?

topic=866460.0. See also

tendermint.com/posts/security-of-

cryptocurrency-protocols/.

186 Anonymous. “The Troubling Holes in

MtGox’s Account of How It Lost $600

Million in Bitcoins.” MIT Technology

Review, April 4, 2014.

http://www.technologyreview.com/view/5 26161/the-

troubling-holes-in-mtgoxs-account-of-

how-it-lost-600-million-in-bitcoins/.

187 Collier, K. “Moolah CEO Accused of

Disappearing with $1.4 Million in

Bitcoin.” Daily Dot, October 21, 2014.

http://www.dailydot.com/politics/moolah -

dogecoin-alex-green-ryan-kennedy-

ryan-gentle-millions-missing-mintpal/.

188 Pick, L. “Nearly $2 Million Worth of

Vericoin Stolen from MintPal, Hard

Fork Implemented.” Digital Currency

Magnates, July 15, 2014.

http://dcmagnates.com/nearly-2-

million-worth-of-vericoin-stolen-from-

mintpal-hard-fork-considered/.

189 Greenberg, A. “Hacker Hijacks

Storage Devices, Mines $620,000 in

Dogecoin.” Wired, June 17, 2014.

http://www.wired.com/2014/06/hacker-

hijacks-storage-devices-mines-620000-

in-dogecoin/.

190 Swan, M. “Scaling Crowdsourced

Health Studies: The Emergence of a

New Form of Contract Research

Organization.” Pers Med. 9, no. 2

(2012): 223–34.

191 Reitman, R. “Beware the BitLicense:

New York’s Virtual Currency

Regulations Invade Privacy and Hamper

Innovation.” Electronic Frontier

Foundation, October 15, 2014.

https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2014/10/b eware-

bitlicense-new-yorks-virtual-currency-

regulations-invade-privacy-and-

hamper.

192 Santori, M. “What New York’s

Proposed Regulations Mean for Bitcoin

Businesses.” CoinDesk, July 18, 2014.

http://www.coindesk.com/new-yorks-

proposed-regulations-mean-bitcoin-

businesses/.

193 Cowen, T. Average Is Over:

Powering America Beyond the Age of

the Great Stagnation. New York: Dutton

Publishing, 2013.

194 Antonopoulos, A.M. Mastering

Bitcoin: Unlocking Digital Crypto-

Currencies. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly

Media, 2014.

195 Bostrom, N. Superintelligence:

Paths, Dangers, Strategies. Oxford,

UK: Oxford University Press, 2014.

196 Swan, M. “Blockchain-Enforced

Friendly AI.” Crypto Money Expo,

December 5, 2014.

http://cryptomoneyexpo.com/expos/inv2 /#schedule and http://youtu.be/qdGoRep5iT0/.

Index

A

address, How a Cryptocurrency

Works

Airbnb, Government Regulation

Alexandria, Freedom of Speech/Anti-

Censorship Applications: Alexandria

and Ostel

altcoin, Summary: Blockchain 1.0 in

Practical Use

altcoin wallet, How a Cryptocurrency

Works

alternative currencies, Summary:

Blockchain 1.0 in Practical Use-

Relation to Fiat Currency,

Cryptocurrency Basics-Ledra Capital

Mega Master Blockchain List

anti-censorship, Freedom of

Speech/Anti-Censorship Applications:

Alexandria and Ostel

APIs, Blockchain Development

Platforms and APIs

Aráoz, Manuel, Proof of Existence

archiving, Blockchain Ecosystem:

Decentralized Storage,

Communication, and Computation

art (see digital art)

artificial intelligence (AI), The

Blockchain as a Path to Artificial

Intelligence, Blockchain AI:

Consensus as the Mechanism to

Foster “Friendly” AI-Smart Contract

Advocates on Behalf of Digital

Intelligence

artworks, Smart Property

(see also digital art)

Ascribe, Monegraph: Online Graphics

Protection

autocitation, Blockchain Academic

Publishing: Journalcoin

automated digital asset protection,

Digital Asset Proof as an Automated

Feature

automatic markets, Automatic

Markets and Tradenets

autonomy, Smart Contracts

B

bandwidth, Technical Challenges

banking industry (see financial

services)

betting, Bitcoin Prediction Markets,

Smart Contracts

big data, Blockchain Layer Could

Facilitate Big Data’s Predictive Task

Automation

.bit domains, Namecoin: Decentralized

Domain Name System

" Bitbank", Financial Services

Bitcoin

colored coins, Smart Property

concept, Preface

digital divide of, Digital Divide of

Bitcoin

M2M/IoT payment network,

M2M/IoT Bitcoin Payment

Network to Enable the Machine

Economy

MOOCs, Blockchain Learning:

Bitcoin MOOCs and Smart

Contract Literacy

neutrality, Blockchain Neutrality

origins and applications overview,

What Is Bitcoin?

and popular culture, Bitcoin

Culture: Bitfilm Festival

pricing, Relation to Fiat Currency

terminology, Currency, Token,

Tokenizing

Web metaphor, Blockchain 2.0:

Contracts

Bitcoin Association of Berkeley,

Campuscoin

Bitcoin terminology, Technology

Stack: Blockchain, Protocol, Currency

BitDrop, Coin Drops as a Strategy for

Public Adoption

Bitfilm Festival, Bitcoin Culture:

Bitfilm Festival

bitFlyer, Dapps

Bithandle, Digital Identity Verification

BitID, Digital Identity Verification-

Digital Identity Verification

Bitmessage, Dapps

BitMixer, eWallet Services and

Personal Cryptosecurity

Bitnotar, Virtual Notary, Bitnotar, and

Chronobit

BitPay, Merchant Acceptance of

Bitcoin, Financial Services

Bitreserve, Relation to Fiat Currency

BitShare, Relation to Fiat Currency,

Blockchain 2.0 Protocol Projects

BitTorrent, The Double-Spend and

Byzantine Generals’ Computing

Problems, Blockchain Ecosystem:

Decentralized Storage,

Communication, and Computation

block chain cryptography, The

Double-Spend and Byzantine

Generals’ Computing Problems

block explorers, The Double-Spend

and Byzantine Generals’ Computing

Problems

Block.io, Blockchain Development

Platforms and APIs

Blockchain 1.0, Technology Stack:

Blockchain, Protocol, Currency-

Regulatory Status

(see also currency)

practical use, Summary: Blockchain

1.0 in Practical Use-Regulatory

Status

technology stack, Technology

Stack: Blockchain, Protocol,

Currency-Technology Stack:

Blockchain, Protocol, Currency

Blockchain 2.0, Blockchain 2.0:

Contracts-The Blockchain as a Path

to Artificial Intelligence

(see also contracts)

applications beyond currency,

Blockchain 2.0: Contracts-

Blockchain 2.0: Contracts

origins and applications overview,

Blockchain 2.0: Contracts-

Blockchain 2.0: Contracts

protocol projects, Blockchain 2.0

Protocol Projects

Blockchain 3.0, Blockchain

Technology Is a New and Highly

Effective Model for Organizing

Activity-Societal Maturity Impact of

Blockchain Governance

(see also justice applications)

academic publishing, Blockchain

Academic Publishing: Journalcoin-

Blockchain Academic Publishing:

Journalcoin

(see also publishing, academic)

for censorship-resistant

governance, Distributed

Censorship-Resistant

Organizational Models

consumer genomics applications,

Blockchain Genomics-Genomecoin,

GenomicResearchcoin

(see also genomics, consumer)

decentralized DNS system,

Namecoin: Decentralized Domain

Name System-Decentralized DNS

Functionality Beyond Free Speech:

Digital Identity

digital art, Digital Art: Blockchain

Attestation Services (Notary,

Intellectual Property Protection)-

Personal Thinking Blockchains

(see also digital art)

digital identity verification, Digital

Identity Verification-Digital Divide

of Bitcoin

freedom and empowerment

potential of, Distributed

Censorship-Resistant

Organizational Models-Distributed

Censorship-Resistant

Organizational Models

health-related applications,

Blockchain Health

(see also health)

and Internet administration,

Distributed Censorship-Resistant

Organizational Models

learning applications, Blockchain

Learning: Bitcoin MOOCs and

Smart Contract Literacy-Learning

Contract Exchanges

(see also learning and literacy)

science applications, Blockchain

Science: Gridcoin, Foldingcoin-

Charity Donations and the

Blockchain—Sean’s Outpost

as transnational governance

structure, Distributed Censorship-

Resistant Organizational Models-

Distributed Censorship-Resistant

Organizational Models

blockchain application progression,

Dapps, DAOs, DACs, and DASs:

Increasingly Autonomous Smart

Contracts

blockchain archival system,

Blockchain Ecosystem: Decentralized

Storage, Communication, and

Computation

blockchain attestation services,

Digital Art: Blockchain Attestation

Services (Notary, Intellectual

Property Protection)-Personal

Thinking Blockchains

(see also digital art)

automated digital asset protection,

Digital Asset Proof as an

Automated Feature

benefits, Proof of Existence

Bitnotar, Virtual Notary, Bitnotar,

and Chronobit

Chronobit, Virtual Notary, Bitnotar,

and Chronobit

contract services, Virtual Notary,

Bitnotar, and Chronobit

hashing and timestamping, Hashing

Plus Timestamping-Limitations,

Batched Notary Chains as a Class

of Blockchain Infrastructure

limitations, Limitations

notary chains, Batched Notary

Chains as a Class of Blockchain

Infrastructure

personal thinking chains, Personal

Thinking Blockchains-Personal

Thinking Blockchains

Proof of Existence, Proof of

Existence-Limitations

Virtual Notary, Virtual Notary,

Bitnotar, and Chronobit

blockchain development platforms,

Blockchain Development Platforms

and APIs

blockchain ecosystem, Blockchain

Ecosystem: Decentralized Storage,

Communication, and Computation-

Blockchain Ecosystem: Decentralized

Storage, Communication, and

Computation

blockchain government, Blockchain

Government-Societal Maturity Impact

of Blockchain Governance

(see also governance)

blockchain interoperability, Technical

Challenges

blockchain neutrality, Blockchain

Neutrality

blockchain technology, Blockchain

Technology Is a New and Highly

Effective Model for Organizing

Activity-Blockchain Layer Could

Facilitate Big Data’s Predictive Task

Automation

administrative potential of,

Blockchain Technology Could Be

Used in the Administration of All

Quanta

and artificial intelligence, The

Blockchain as a Path to Artificial

Intelligence, Blockchain AI:

Consensus as the Mechanism to

Foster “Friendly” AI-Smart

Contract Advocates on Behalf of

Digital Intelligence

application to fundamental

economic principles, Fundamental

Economic Principles: Discovery,

Value Attribution, and Exchange-

Fundamental Economic Principles:

Discovery, Value Attribution, and

Exchange

applications for, Preface-

Blockchain 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0,

M2M/IoT Bitcoin Payment

Network to Enable the Machine

Economy-Mainstream Adoption:

Trust, Usability, Ease of Use

appropriate uses, The Blockchain Is

Not for Every Situation-The

Blockchain Is Not for Every

Situation

as complementary technology,

Conclusion

capabilities of, The Blockchain Is an

Information Technology

concept and overview, What Is the

Blockchain?-M2M/IoT Bitcoin

Payment Network to Enable the

Machine Economy

and consensus models, Blockchain

AI: Consensus as the Mechanism to

Foster “Friendly” AI-Blockchain

Consensus Increases the

Information Resolution of the

Universe

extensibility of, Extensibility of

Blockchain Technology Concepts

for facilitating big data predictive

task automation, Blockchain Layer

Could Facilitate Big Data’s

Predictive Task Automation

future applications, Blockchain AI:

Consensus as the Mechanism to

Foster “Friendly” AI-Blockchain

Consensus Increases the

Information Resolution of the

Universe

limitations of (see limitations)

organizational capabilities,

Blockchain Technology Is a New

and Highly Effective Model for

Organizing Activity

tracking capabilities, Fundamental

Economic Principles: Discovery,

Value Attribution, and Exchange-

Fundamental Economic Principles:

Discovery, Value Attribution, and

Exchange

blockchain-recorded marriage,

Decentralized Governance Services

BlockCypher, Blockchain

Development Platforms and APIs

BOINC, DAOs and DACs

bond deposit postings, Technical

Challenges

Brin, David, Freedom of Speech/Anti-

Censorship Applications: Alexandria

and Ostel

BTCjam, Financial Services

business model challenges, Business

Model Challenges

Buttercoin, Financial Services

Byrne, Patrick, Financial Services

C

Campus Cryptocurrency Network,

Campuscoin

Campuscoin, Campuscoin-Campuscoin

censorship, Internet (see

decentralized DNS system)

Chain, Blockchain Development

Platforms and APIs

challenges (see see limitations)

charity donations, Charity Donations

and the Blockchain—Sean’s Outpost

China, Relation to Fiat Currency

ChromaWallet, Wallet Development

Projects

Chronobit, Virtual Notary, Bitnotar,

and Chronobit

Circle Internet Financial, eWallet

Services and Personal Cryptosecurity

Codius, Financial Services

coin drops, Coin Drops as a Strategy

for Public Adoption

coin mixing, eWallet Services and

Personal Cryptosecurity

coin, defining, Terminology and

Concepts, Currency, Token,

Tokenizing

Coinapult, Global Public Health:

Bitcoin for Contagious Disease Relief

Coinapult LOCKS, Relation to Fiat

Currency

Coinbase, Merchant Acceptance of

Bitcoin, Financial Services

CoinBeyond, Merchant Acceptance of

Bitcoin

Coinffeine, Financial Services

Coinify, Merchant Acceptance of

Bitcoin

Coinprism, Wallet Development

Projects

Coinspace, Crowdfunding

CoinSpark, Wallet Development

Projects

colored coins, Smart Property,

Blockchain 2.0 Protocol Projects

community supercomputing,

Community Supercomputing

Communitycoin, Currency, Token,

Tokenizing-Communitycoin: Hayek’s

Private Currencies Vie for Attention

complementary currency systems,

Demurrage Currencies: Potentially

Incitory and Redistributable

concepts, redefining, Terminology and

Concepts-Terminology and Concepts

consensus models, Blockchain AI:

Consensus as the Mechanism to

Foster “Friendly” AI-Blockchain

Consensus Increases the Information

Resolution of the Universe

consensus-derived information,

Blockchain Consensus Increases the

Information Resolution of the

Universe

contagious disease relief, Global

Public Health: Bitcoin for Contagious

Disease Relief

contracts, Blockchain 2.0: Contracts-

The Blockchain as a Path to Artificial

Intelligence

(see also smart contracts)

crowdfunding, Crowdfunding-

Crowdfunding

financial services, Financial

Services-Financial Services

marriage, Decentralized

Governance Services

prediction markets, Bitcoin

Prediction Markets

smart property, Smart Property-

Smart Property

wallet development projects, Wallet

Development Projects

copyright protection, Monegraph:

Online Graphics Protection

Counterparty, Blockchain 2.0 Protocol

Projects, Counterparty Re-creates

Ethereum’s Smart Contract Platform

Counterparty currency (XCP),

Currency, Token, Tokenizing

Counterwallet, Wallet Development

Projects

crowdfunding, Crowdfunding-

Crowdfunding

cryptocurrencies

benefits of, Currency, Token,

Tokenizing

cryptosecurity, eWallet Services

and Personal Cryptosecurity

eWallet services, eWallet Services

and Personal Cryptosecurity

mechanics of, How a

Cryptocurrency Works-Merchant

Acceptance of Bitcoin

merchant acceptance, Merchant

Acceptance of Bitcoin

cryptosecurity challenges, eWallet

Services and Personal Cryptosecurity

cryptowallet, Blockchain Neutrality

currency, Technology Stack:

Blockchain, Protocol, Currency-

Regulatory Status, Currency, Token,

Tokenizing-Extensibility of

Demurrage Concept and Features

Campuscoin, Campuscoin-

Campuscoin

coin drops, Coin Drops as a

Strategy for Public Adoption

Communitycoin, Communitycoin:

Hayek’s Private Currencies Vie for

Attention-Communitycoin: Hayek’s

Private Currencies Vie for

Attention

cryptocurrencies, How a

Cryptocurrency Works-Merchant

Acceptance of Bitcoin

decentralizing, Communitycoin:

Hayek’s Private Currencies Vie for

Attention

defining, Currency, Token,

Tokenizing-Currency, Token,

Tokenizing, Currency: New

Meanings

demurrage, Demurrage Currencies:

Potentially Incitory and

Redistributable-Extensibility of

Demurrage Concept and Features

double-spend problem, The Double-

Spend and Byzantine Generals’

Computing Problems

fiat currency, Relation to Fiat

Currency-Relation to Fiat Currency

monetary and nonmonetary,

Currency Multiplicity: Monetary

and Nonmonetary Currencies-

Currency Multiplicity: Monetary

and Nonmonetary Currencies

new meanings, Currency: New

Meanings

technology stack, Technology

Stack: Blockchain, Protocol,

Currency-Technology Stack:

Blockchain, Protocol, Currency

currency mulitplicity, Currency

Multiplicity: Monetary and

Nonmonetary Currencies-Currency

Multiplicity: Monetary and

Nonmonetary Currencies

D

DAOs, DAOs and DACs-DAOs and

DACs

DAOs/DACs, DAOs and DACs-DAOs

and DACs, Batched Notary Chains as

a Class of Blockchain Infrastructure,

Blockchain Government

Dapps, Dapps-Dapps, Extensibility of

Demurrage Concept and Features

Dark Coin, eWallet Services and

Personal Cryptosecurity

dark pools, Technical Challenges

Dark Wallet, eWallet Services and

Personal Cryptosecurity

DASs, DASs and Self-Bootstrapped

Organizations

DDP, Crowdfunding

decentralization, Smart Contracts,

Centralization-Decentralization

Tension and Equilibrium

decentralized applications (Dapps),

Dapps-Dapps

decentralized autonomous

organization/corporation (DAO) (see

DAOs/DACs)

decentralized autonomous societies

(DASs), DASs and Self-Bootstrapped

Organizations

decentralized autonomy, eWallet

Services and Personal Cryptosecurity

decentralized DNS, Namecoin:

Decentralized Domain Name System-

Decentralized DNS Functionality

Beyond Free Speech: Digital Identity

challenges of, Challenges and Other

Decentralized DNS Services

and digital identity, Decentralized

DNS Functionality Beyond Free

Speech: Digital Identity-

Decentralized DNS Functionality

Beyond Free Speech: Digital

Identity

DotP2P, Challenges and Other

Decentralized DNS Services

decentralized file storage, Blockchain

Ecosystem: Decentralized Storage,

Communication, and Computation

decentralized secure file serving,

Blockchain Ecosystem: Decentralized

Storage, Communication, and

Computation

deeds, Decentralized Governance

Services

demurrage currencies, Demurrage

Currencies: Potentially Incitory and

Redistributable-Extensibility of

Demurrage Concept and Features

action-incitory features,

Extensibility of Demurrage Concept

and Features

limitations of, Demurrage

Currencies: Potentially Incitory and

Redistributable

digital art, Digital Art: Blockchain

Attestation Services (Notary,

Intellectual Property Protection)-

Personal Thinking Blockchains

(see also blockchain attestation

services)

hashing and timestamping, Hashing

Plus Timestamping-Limitations

online graphics protection,

Monegraph: Online Graphics

Protection

digital cryptography, Ethereum:

Turing-Complete Virtual Machine,

Public/Private-Key Cryptography 101

digital divide, defining, Digital Divide

of Bitcoin

digital identity verification,

Blockchain 2.0: Contracts, Smart

Property, Wallet Development

Projects, Digital Identity Verification-

Digital Divide of Bitcoin, Limitations,

Decentralized Governance Services,

Liquid Democracy and Random-

Sample Elections, Blockchain

Learning: Bitcoin MOOCs and Smart

Contract Literacy, Privacy Challenges

for Personal Records

dispute resolution, PrecedentCoin:

Blockchain Dispute Resolution

DIYweathermodeling, Community

Supercomputing

DNAnexus, Genomecoin,

GenomicResearchcoin

Dogecoin, Technology Stack:

Blockchain, Protocol, Currency,

Currency Multiplicity: Monetary and

Nonmonetary Currencies, Scandals

and Public Perception

DotP2P, Challenges and Other

Decentralized DNS Services

double-spend problem, The Double-

Spend and Byzantine Generals’

Computing Problems

DriveShare, DAOs and DACs

dynamic redistribution of currency

(see demurrage currency)

E

education (see learning and literacy)

Electronic Freedom Foundation (EFF),

Distributed Censorship-Resistant

Organizational Models

EMR (electronic medical record)

system, EMRs on the Blockchain:

Personal Health Record Storage

Ethereum, Crowdfunding, Blockchain

2.0 Protocol Projects, Blockchain

Ecosystem: Decentralized Storage,

Communication, and Computation,

Ethereum: Turing-Complete Virtual

Machine-Counterparty Re-creates

Ethereum’s Smart Contract Platform

eWallet services, eWallet Services

and Personal Cryptosecurity

ExperimentalResultscoin, Blockchain

Academic Publishing: Journalcoin

F

Fairlay, Bitcoin Prediction Markets

fiat currency, Relation to Fiat

Currency-Relation to Fiat Currency

file serving, Blockchain Ecosystem:

Decentralized Storage,

Communication, and Computation,

Ethereum: Turing-Complete Virtual

Machine

file storage, Blockchain Ecosystem:

Decentralized Storage,

Communication, and Computation

financial services, Regulatory Status,

Financial Services-Financial Services,

Blockchain Technology Is a New and

Highly Effective Model for

Organizing Activity, Government

Regulation

Fitbit, Personal Thinking Blockchains,

Blockchain Health Research

Commons, Extensibility of Demurrage

Concept and Features

Florincoin, Freedom of Speech/Anti-

Censorship Applications: Alexandria

and Ostel

Folding@Home, DAOs and DACs,

Blockchain Science: Gridcoin,

Foldingcoin, Community

Supercomputing

franculates, Blockchain Government

freedom of speech, Namecoin:

Decentralized Domain Name System,

Freedom of Speech/Anti-Censorship

Applications: Alexandria and Ostel

(see also decentralized DNS

system)

Freicoin, Demurrage Currencies:

Potentially Incitory and

Redistributable

fundraising (see crowdfunding)

futarchy, Futarchy: Two-Step

Democracy with Voting + Prediction

Markets-Futarchy: Two-Step

Democracy with Voting + Prediction

Markets

G

GBIcoin, Demurrage Currencies:

Potentially Incitory and

Redistributable

GBIs (Guaranteed Basic Income

initiatives), Demurrage Currencies:

Potentially Incitory and

Redistributable

Gems, Blockchain Development

Platforms and APIs, Dapps

Genecoin, Blockchain Genomics

Genomecoin, Genomecoin,

GenomicResearchcoin

Genomic Data Commons,

Genomecoin, GenomicResearchcoin

genomic sequencing, Blockchain

Genomics 2.0: Industrialized All-

Human-Scale Sequencing Solution-

Genomecoin, GenomicResearchcoin

GenomicResearchcoin, Genomecoin,

GenomicResearchcoin

genomics, consumer, Blockchain

Genomics-Genomecoin,

GenomicResearchcoin

Git, Blockchain Ecosystem:

Decentralized Storage,

Communication, and Computation

GitHub, Blockchain Academic

Publishing: Journalcoin, Currency

Multiplicity: Monetary and

Nonmonetary Currencies

global public health, Global Public

Health: Bitcoin for Contagious

Disease Relief

GoCoin, Financial Services

GoToLunchcoin, Terminology and

Concepts

governance, Blockchain Government-

Societal Maturity Impact of

Blockchain Governance

decentralized services,

Decentralized Governance

Services-Decentralized

Governance Services

dispute resolution, PrecedentCoin:

Blockchain Dispute Resolution

futarchy, Futarchy: Two-Step

Democracy with Voting + Prediction

Markets-Futarchy: Two-Step

Democracy with Voting + Prediction

Markets

Liquid Democracy system, Liquid

Democracy and Random-Sample

Elections-Liquid Democracy and

Random-Sample Elections

personalized governance services,

Blockchain Government

random-sample elections, Random-

Sample Elections

societal maturity impact of

blockchain governance, Societal

Maturity Impact of Blockchain

Governance

government regulation, Regulatory

Status, Government Regulation-

Government Regulation

Gridcoin, Blockchain Science:

Gridcoin, Foldingcoin-Blockchain

Science: Gridcoin, Foldingcoin

H

hashing, Hashing Plus Timestamping-

Limitations, Batched Notary Chains as

a Class of Blockchain Infrastructure,

Technical Challenges

Hayek, Friedrich, Communitycoin:

Hayek’s Private Currencies Vie for

Attention, Demurrage Currencies:

Potentially Incitory and

Redistributable, Conclusion, The

Blockchain Is an Information

Technology

health, Blockchain Health-Virus Bank,

Seed Vault Backup

as demurrage currency,

Extensibility of Demurrage Concept

and Features

doctor vendor RFP services, Doctor

Vendor RFP Services and

Assurance Contracts

health notary services, Blockchain

Health Notary

health research commons ,

Blockchain Health Research

Commons

health spending, Healthcoin

healthcare decision making and

advocacy, Liquid Democracy and

Random-Sample Elections

personal health record storage,

EMRs on the Blockchain: Personal

Health Record Storage

virus bank and seed vault backup,

Virus Bank, Seed Vault Backup

Healthcoin, Healthcoin, Demurrage

Currencies: Potentially Incitory and

Redistributable

I

identity authentication, eWallet

Services and Personal Cryptosecurity,

Blockchain 2.0: Contracts, Smart

Property, Smart Property, Wallet

Development Projects, Digital

Identity Verification-Digital Divide of

Bitcoin, Limitations, Decentralized

Governance Services, Liquid

Democracy and Random-Sample

Elections, Blockchain Learning:

Bitcoin MOOCs and Smart Contract

Literacy, Privacy Challenges for

Personal Records

Indiegogo, Crowdfunding, Dapps

industry scandals, Scandals and Public

Perception

infrastructure needs and issues,

Technical Challenges

inheritance gifts, Smart Contracts

intellectual property, Monegraph:

Online Graphics Protection

(see also digital art)

Internet administration, Distributed

Censorship-Resistant Organizational

Models

Internet Archive, Blockchain

Ecosystem: Decentralized Storage,

Communication, and Computation,

Personal Thinking Blockchains

Internet censorship prevention (see

Decentralized DNS system)

Intuit Quickbooks, Merchant

Acceptance of Bitcoin

IP protection, Hashing Plus

Timestamping

IPFS project, Blockchain Ecosystem:

Decentralized Storage,

Communication, and Computation

J

Johnston, David, Blockchain

Technology Could Be Used in the

Administration of All Quanta

Journalcoin, Blockchain Academic

Publishing: Journalcoin

Judobaby, Crowdfunding

justice applications

for censorship-resistant

organizational models, Distributed

Censorship-Resistant

Organizational Models-Distributed

Censorship-Resistant

Organizational Models

digital art, Digital Art: Blockchain

Attestation Services (Notary,

Intellectual Property Protection)-

Personal Thinking Blockchains

(see also digital art, blockchain

attestation services)

digital identity verification,

Blockchain 2.0: Contracts, Smart

Property, Wallet Development

Projects, Digital Identity

Verification-Digital Divide of

Bitcoin, Limitations, Decentralized

Governance Services, Liquid

Democracy and Random-Sample

Elections, Blockchain Learning:

Bitcoin MOOCs and Smart

Contract Literacy, Privacy

Challenges for Personal Records

freedom of speech/anti-censorship,

Freedom of Speech/Anti-Censorship

Applications: Alexandria and Ostel

governance, Blockchain

Government-Societal Maturity

Impact of Blockchain Governance

(see also governance)

Namecoin, Namecoin:

Decentralized Domain Name

System-Decentralized DNS

Functionality Beyond Free Speech:

Digital Identity, Monegraph: Online

Graphics Protection

(see also decentralized DNS)

K

Kickstarter, Crowdfunding,

Community Supercomputing

Kipochi, Blockchain Neutrality, Global

Public Health: Bitcoin for Contagious

Disease Relief, Blockchain Learning:

Bitcoin MOOCs and Smart Contract

Literacy

Koinify, Crowdfunding, Dapps

Kraken, Financial Services

L

latency, Blockchain 2.0 Protocol

Projects, Technical Challenges,

Technical Challenges, Scandals and

Public Perception

LaZooz, Dapps, Campuscoin,

Extensibility of Demurrage Concept

and Features

Learncoin, Learncoin

learning and literacy, Blockchain

Learning: Bitcoin MOOCs and Smart

Contract Literacy-Learning Contract

Exchanges

learning contract exchanges, Learning

Contract Exchanges

Ledra Capital, Blockchain 2.0:

Contracts, Ledra Capital Mega

Master Blockchain List

legal implications

crowdfunding, Crowdfunding

smart contracts, Smart Contracts

lending, trustless, Smart Property

Lighthouse, Crowdfunding

limitations, Limitations-Overall:

Decentralization Trends Likely to

Persist

business model challenges, Business

Model Challenges

government regulation,

Government Regulation-

Government Regulation

personal records privacy challenges,

Privacy Challenges for Personal

Records

scandals and public perception,

Scandals and Public Perception-

Scandals and Public Perception

technical challenges, Technical

Challenges-Technical Challenges

Liquid Democracy system, Liquid

Democracy and Random-Sample

Elections-Liquid Democracy and

Random-Sample Elections

Litecoin, Technology Stack:

Blockchain, Protocol, Currency,

Technology Stack: Blockchain,

Protocol, Currency, Freedom of

Speech/Anti-Censorship Applications:

Alexandria and Ostel, Currency

Multiplicity: Monetary and

Nonmonetary Currencies, Technical

Challenges

literacy (see learning and literacy)

LTBcoin, Wallet Development

Projects, Currency, Token, Tokenizing

M

M2M/IoT infrastructure, M2M/IoT

Bitcoin Payment Network to Enable

the Machine Economy, Blockchain

Development Platforms and APIs,

Blockchain Academic Publishing:

Journalcoin-The Blockchain Is Not for

Every Situation, The Blockchain Is an

Information Technology

Maidsafe, Blockchain Ecosystem:

Decentralized Storage,

Communication, and Computation,

Technical Challenges

Manna, Crowdfunding

marriage, blockchain recorded,

Decentralized Governance Services

Mastercoin, Blockchain 2.0 Protocol

Projects

mechanics of cryptocurrencies, How a

Cryptocurrency Works

Medici, Financial Services

mega master blockchain list, Ledra

Capital Mega Master Blockchain List-

Ledra Capital Mega Master

Blockchain List

Melotic, Crowdfunding, Wallet

Development Projects

merchant acceptance, Merchant

Acceptance of Bitcoin

merchant payment fees, Summary:

Blockchain 1.0 in Practical Use

messaging, Ethereum: Turing-

Complete Virtual Machine, Dapps,

Challenges and Other Decentralized

DNS Services, Technical Challenges

MetaDisk, DAOs and DACs

mindfiles, Personal Thinking

Blockchains

MIT Bitcoin Project, Campuscoin

Monegraph, Monegraph: Online

Graphics Protection

money (see currency)

MOOCs (massive open online

courses), Blockchain Learning:

Bitcoin MOOCs and Smart Contract

Literacy

Moroz, Tatiana, Communitycoin:

Hayek’s Private Currencies Vie for

Attention

multicurrency systems, Demurrage

Currencies: Potentially Incitory and

Redistributable

N

Nakamoto, Satoshi, Blockchain 2.0:

Contracts, Blockchain 2.0: Contracts

Namecoin, Namecoin: Decentralized

Domain Name System-Decentralized

DNS Functionality Beyond Free

Speech: Digital Identity, Monegraph:

Online Graphics Protection

Nationcoin, Coin Drops as a Strategy

for Public Adoption, Demurrage

Currencies: Potentially Incitory and

Redistributable

notary chains, Batched Notary Chains

as a Class of Blockchain

Infrastructure

notary services, Hashing Plus

Timestamping, Blockchain Health

Notary

NSA surveillance, Freedom of

Speech/Anti-Censorship Applications:

Alexandria and Ostel

NXT, Technology Stack: Blockchain,

Protocol, Currency, Blockchain 2.0

Protocol Projects

O

offline wallets, Technical Challenges

OneName, Digital Identity

Verification-Digital Identity

Verification

OneWallet, Wallet Development

Projects

online graphics protection,

Monegraph: Online Graphics

Protection-Monegraph: Online

Graphics Protection

Open Assets, Blockchain 2.0 Protocol

Projects

Open Transactions, Blockchain 2.0

Protocol Projects

OpenBazaar, Dapps, Government

Regulation

Ostel, Freedom of Speech/Anti-

Censorship Applications: Alexandria

and Ostel

P

passports, Decentralized Governance

Services

PayPal, The Double-Spend and

Byzantine Generals’ Computing

Problems, Financial Services,

Distributed Censorship-Resistant

Organizational Models

peer-to-peer lending, Financial

Services

Peercoin, Technology Stack:

Blockchain, Protocol, Currency

personal cryptosecurity, eWallet

Services and Personal Cryptosecurity

personal data rights, Blockchain

Genomics

personal mindfile blockchains,

Personal Thinking Blockchains

personal thinking chains, Personal

Thinking Blockchains-Personal

Thinking Blockchains

physical asset keys, Blockchain 2.0:

Contracts, Smart Property

plagiarism detection/avoidance,

Blockchain Academic Publishing:

Journalcoin

Precedent, PrecedentCoin:

Blockchain Dispute Resolution,

Terminology and Concepts

prediction markets, Bitcoin Prediction

Markets, DASs and Self-Bootstrapped

Organizations, Decentralized

Governance Services, Futarchy: Two-

Step Democracy with Voting +

Prediction Markets-Futarchy: Two-

Step Democracy with Voting +

Prediction Markets

Predictious, Bitcoin Prediction

Markets

predictive task automation,

Blockchain Layer Could Facilitate Big

Data’s Predictive Task Automation

privacy challenges, Privacy

Challenges for Personal Records

private key, eWallet Services and

Personal Cryptosecurity

Proof of Existence, Proof of

Existence-Proof of Existence

proof of stake, Blockchain 2.0

Protocol Projects, PrecedentCoin:

Blockchain Dispute Resolution,

Technical Challenges

proof of work, PrecedentCoin:

Blockchain Dispute Resolution,

Technical Challenges-Technical

Challenges

property ownership, Smart Property

property registration, Decentralized

Governance Services

public documents registries,

Decentralized Governance Services

public health, Blockchain Ecosystem:

Decentralized Storage,

Communication, and Computation,

Global Public Health: Bitcoin for

Contagious Disease Relief

public perception, Scandals and Public

Perception-Scandals and Public

Perception

public/private key cryptography,

Public/Private-Key Cryptography

101-Public/Private-Key Cryptography

101

publishing, academic, Blockchain

Academic Publishing: Journalcoin-

Blockchain Academic Publishing:

Journalcoin

pull technology, eWallet Services and

Personal Cryptosecurity

push technology, eWallet Services and

Personal Cryptosecurity

R

random-sample elections, Random-

Sample Elections

Realcoin, Relation to Fiat Currency

redistribution of currency (see

demurrage currency)

regulation, Government Regulation-

Government Regulation

regulatory status, Regulatory Status

reputation vouching, Ethereum:

Turing-Complete Virtual Machine

Researchcoin, Blockchain Academic

Publishing: Journalcoin

REST APIs, Technical Challenges

Ripple, Technology Stack: Blockchain,

Protocol, Currency, Relation to Fiat

Currency, Blockchain 2.0 Protocol

Projects

Ripple Labs, Financial Services

Roadcoin, Blockchain Government

S

Saldo.mx, Blockchain Neutrality

scandals, Scandals and Public

Perception

science, Blockchain Science: Gridcoin,

Foldingcoin-Charity Donations and the

Blockchain—Sean’s Outpost

community supercomputing,

Community Supercomputing

global public health, Global Public

Health: Bitcoin for Contagious

Disease Relief

Sean's Outpost, Charity Donations

and the Blockchain—Sean’s Outpost

secret messaging, Ethereum: Turing-

Complete Virtual Machine

security issues, Technical Challenges

self-bootstrapped organizations, DASs

and Self-Bootstrapped Organizations

self-directing assets, Automatic

Markets and Tradenets

self-enforced code, Smart Property

self-sufficiency, Smart Contracts

SETI@home, Blockchain Science:

Gridcoin, Foldingcoin, Community

Supercomputing

size and bandwidth, Technical

Challenges

smart contracts, Smart Contracts-

Smart Contracts, Smart Contract

Advocates on Behalf of Digital

Intelligence

automatic markets and tradenets,

Automatic Markets and Tradenets

Counterparty, Counterparty Re-

creates Ethereum’s Smart Contract

Platform

DAOs/DACs, DAOs and DACs-

DAOs and DACs

Dapps, Dapps-Dapps

DASs, DASs and Self-Bootstrapped

Organizations

Ethereum, Ethereum: Turing-

Complete Virtual Machine

increasingly autonomous, Dapps,

DAOs, DACs, and DASs:

Increasingly Autonomous Smart

Contracts-Automatic Markets and

Tradenets

smart literacy contracts, Blockchain

Learning: Bitcoin MOOCs and Smart

Contract Literacy-Learning Contract

Exchanges

smart property, Smart Property-

Smart Property, Monegraph: Online

Graphics Protection

smartwatch, Extensibility of

Demurrage Concept and Features

Snowden, Edward, Distributed

Censorship-Resistant Organizational

Models

social contracts, Smart Contracts

social network currencies, Currency

Multiplicity: Monetary and

Nonmonetary Currencies

Stellar, Blockchain Development

Platforms and APIs

stock market, Financial Services

Storj, Blockchain Ecosystem:

Decentralized Storage,

Communication, and Computation,

Dapps, Technical Challenges

Stripe, Blockchain Development

Platforms and APIs

supercomputing, Community

Supercomputing

Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Virus

Bank, Seed Vault Backup

Swancoin, Smart Property

swaps exchange, Financial Services

Swarm, Crowdfunding, Dapps

Swarm (Ethereum), Ethereum:

Turing-Complete Virtual Machine

Swarmops, Crowdfunding

T

Tatianacoin, Communitycoin: Hayek’s

Private Currencies Vie for Attention

technical challenges, Technical

Challenges-Technical Challenges

Tendermint, Technical Challenges

Tera Exchange, Financial Services

terminology, Terminology and

Concepts-Terminology and Concepts

37Coins, Global Public Health: Bitcoin

for Contagious Disease Relief

throughput, Technical Challenges

timestamping, Hashing Plus

Timestamping-Limitations

titling, Decentralized Governance

Services

tradenets, Automatic Markets and

Tradenets

transaction fees, Summary:

Blockchain 1.0 in Practical Use

Tribecoin, Coin Drops as a Strategy

for Public Adoption

trustless lending, Smart Property

Truthcoin, Futarchy: Two-Step

Democracy with Voting + Prediction

Markets

Turing completeness, Ethereum:

Turing-Complete Virtual Machine

Twister, Dapps

Twitter, Monegraph: Online Graphics

Protection

U

Uber, Government Regulation

unbanked/underbanked markets,

Blockchain Neutrality

usability issues, Technical Challenges

V

value chain composition, How a

Cryptocurrency Works

versioning issues, Technical

Challenges

Virtual Notary, Virtual Notary,

Bitnotar, and Chronobit

voting and prediction, Futarchy: Two-

Step Democracy with Voting +

Prediction Markets-Futarchy: Two-

Step Democracy with Voting +

Prediction Markets

W

wallet APIs, Blockchain Development

Platforms and APIs

wallet companies, Wallet

Development Projects

wallet software, How a

Cryptocurrency Works

wasted resources, Technical

Challenges

Wayback Machine, Blockchain

Ecosystem: Decentralized Storage,

Communication, and Computation

Wedbush Securities, Financial

Services

Whatevercoin, Terminology and

Concepts

WikiLeaks, Distributed Censorship-

Resistant Organizational Models

Wikinomics, Community

Supercomputing

World Citizen project, Decentralized

Governance Services

X

Xapo, eWallet Services and Personal

Cryptosecurity

Z

Zennet Supercomputer, Community

Supercomputing

Zooko's Triangle, Decentralized DNS

Functionality Beyond Free Speech:

Digital Identity

About the Author

Melanie Swan is the Founder of the

Institute for Blockchain Studies and a

Contemporary Philosophy MA candidate

at Kingston University London and

Université Paris VIII. She has a

traditional markets background with an

MBA in Finance from the Wharton

School at the University of

Pennsylvania, and work experience at

Fidelity and JP Morgan. She has a new

markets background as an entrepreneur

and advisor to startups GroupPurchase

and Prosper, and developed virtual

world digital asset valuation and

accounting principles for Deloitte. She

was involved in the early stages of the

Quantified Self movement, and founded

DIYgenomics in 2010, an organization

that pioneered the crowdsourced health

research study. She is an instructor at

Singularity University, an Affiliate

Scholar at the Institute for Ethics and

Emerging Technologies, and a

contributor to the Edge’s Annual Essay

Question.

Colophon

The animal on the cover of Blockchain

is a Hungarian grey bull, a breed of

domestic bull once thought to have been

brought into central Europe from beyond

the Carpathian mountains during the 9th-

century beginnings of the Hungarian

conquest. It is now known only that the

breed existed in great numbers by the

beginning of the 15th century, when it

was already being exported in large

quantities to other cities in Europe.

The toughness and adaptability of the

Hungarian grey breed have made its

oxen valuable as draft animals for

centuries. It survives well in conditions

of great freedom and so is suited to

grazing on ample pasture lands. It

reportedly acclimates well to a wide

range of climates, and Hungarian grey

heifers are reputed to be less likely to

experience dystocia, or calving

difficulty.

Elimination of pastures in the late 19th

and early 20th centuries represented the

first in a series of threats to the

Hungarian grey’s existence. Farm

mechanization in the same period

relaxed demand for the breed’s abilities

as a draft animal, and attempts to

upgrade the Hungarian grey by crosses

with other central European cattle

further reduced the number in existence.

Since a 1962 count put the number of

Hungarian grey bulls alive at 6,

however, enlightened breeding efforts

have restored the stock to a population

sufficient for maintaining genetic

diversity. Largely restricted to national

parks in Hungary, the breed now serves

as an important genetic resource.

Many of the animals on O’Reilly covers

are endangered; all of them are

important to the world. To learn more

about how you can help, go to

animals.oreilly.com.

The cover image is from Cassell’s

Natural History. The cover fonts are

URW Typewriter and Guardian Sans.

The text font is Adobe Minion Pro; the

heading font is Adobe Myriad

Condensed; and the code font is Dalton

Maag’s Ubuntu Mono.

Document Outline

Blockchain

Blockchain

Revision History for the First Edition

Preface

Currency, Contracts, and Applications beyond Financial Markets

Blockchain 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0

What Is Bitcoin?

What Is the Blockchain?

The Connected World and Blockchain: The Fifth Disruptive Computing Paradigm

Figure P-1. Disruptive computing paradigms: Mainframe, PC, Internet, Social-Mobile, Blockchain8

M2M/IoT Bitcoin Payment Network to Enable the Machine Economy

Mainstream Adoption: Trust, Usability, Ease of Use

Bitcoin Culture: Bitfilm Festival

Figure P-2. Bitfilm promotional videos

Intention, Methodology, and Structure of this Book

Safari® Books Online

How to Contact Us

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1. Blockchain 1.0: Currency

Technology Stack: Blockchain, Protocol, Currency

The Double-Spend and Byzantine Generals’ Computing Problems

How a Cryptocurrency Works

Figure 1-1. Bitcoin ewallet app and transferring Bitcoin (image credits: Bitcoin ewallet developers and InterAksyon)

eWallet Services and Personal Cryptosecurity

Merchant Acceptance of Bitcoin

Summary: Blockchain 1.0 in Practical Use

Relation to Fiat Currency

Figure 1-2. Bitcoin price 2009 through November 2014 (source: http://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/bitcoin/#charts)

Regulatory Status

Chapter 2. Blockchain 2.0: Contracts

Financial Services

Crowdfunding

Bitcoin Prediction Markets

Smart Property

Figure 2-1. Swancoin: limited-circulation digital asset artwork (image credit: http://swancoin.tumblr.com/)

Smart Contracts

Blockchain 2.0 Protocol Projects

Wallet Development Projects

Blockchain Development Platforms and APIs

Blockchain Ecosystem: Decentralized Storage, Communication, and Computation

Ethereum: Turing-Complete Virtual Machine

Counterparty Re-creates Ethereum’s Smart Contract Platform

Dapps, DAOs, DACs, and DASs: Increasingly Autonomous Smart Contracts

Dapps

DAOs and DACs

DASs and Self-Bootstrapped Organizations

Automatic Markets and Tradenets

The Blockchain as a Path to Artificial Intelligence

Chapter 3. Blockchain 3.0: Justice Applications Beyond Currency, Economics, and Markets

Blockchain Technology Is a New and Highly Effective Model for Organizing Activity

Extensibility of Blockchain Technology Concepts

Fundamental Economic Principles: Discovery, Value Attribution, and Exchange

Blockchain Technology Could Be Used in the Administration of All Quanta

Blockchain Layer Could Facilitate Big Data’s Predictive Task Automation

Distributed Censorship-Resistant Organizational Models

Namecoin: Decentralized Domain Name System

Challenges and Other Decentralized DNS Services

Freedom of Speech/Anti-Censorship Applications: Alexandria and Ostel

Decentralized DNS Functionality Beyond Free Speech: Digital Identity

Digital Identity Verification

Blockchain Neutrality

Digital Divide of Bitcoin

Digital Art: Blockchain Attestation Services (Notary, Intellectual Property Protection)

Hashing Plus Timestamping

Proof of Existence

Figure 3-1. “Last documents registered” digest from Proof of Existence

Limitations

Virtual Notary, Bitnotar, and Chronobit

Monegraph: Online Graphics Protection

Digital Asset Proof as an Automated Feature

Batched Notary Chains as a Class of Blockchain Infrastructure

Personal Thinking Blockchains

Blockchain Government

Decentralized Governance Services

Figure 3-2. World’s first Bitcoin wedding, David Mondrus and Joyce Bayo, Disneyworld, Florida, October 5, 2014 (image credit: Bitcoin Magazine, Ruben Alexander)

Figure 3-3. The World Citizen Project’s Blockchain-based passport (image credit: Chris Ellis)

PrecedentCoin: Blockchain Dispute Resolution

Liquid Democracy and Random-Sample Elections

Random-Sample Elections

Futarchy: Two-Step Democracy with Voting + Prediction Markets

Societal Maturity Impact of Blockchain Governance

Chapter 4. Blockchain 3.0: Efficiency and Coordination Applications Beyond Currency, Economics, and Markets

Blockchain Science: Gridcoin, Foldingcoin

Community Supercomputing

Global Public Health: Bitcoin for Contagious Disease Relief

Charity Donations and the Blockchain—Sean’s Outpost

Blockchain Genomics

Blockchain Genomics 2.0: Industrialized All-Human-Scale Sequencing Solution

Blockchain Technology as a Universal Order-of-Magnitude Progress Model

Genomecoin, GenomicResearchcoin

Blockchain Health

Healthcoin

EMRs on the Blockchain: Personal Health Record Storage

Blockchain Health Research Commons

Blockchain Health Notary

Doctor Vendor RFP Services and Assurance Contracts

Virus Bank, Seed Vault Backup

Blockchain Learning: Bitcoin MOOCs and Smart Contract Literacy

Learncoin

Learning Contract Exchanges

Blockchain Academic Publishing: Journalcoin

The Blockchain Is Not for Every Situation

Centralization-Decentralization Tension and Equilibrium

Chapter 5. Advanced Concepts

Terminology and Concepts

Currency, Token, Tokenizing

Communitycoin: Hayek’s Private Currencies Vie for Attention

Campuscoin

Coin Drops as a Strategy for Public Adoption

Currency: New Meanings

Currency Multiplicity: Monetary and Nonmonetary Currencies

Demurrage Currencies: Potentially Incitory and Redistributable

Extensibility of Demurrage Concept and Features

Chapter 6. Limitations

Technical Challenges

Business Model Challenges

Scandals and Public Perception

Government Regulation

Privacy Challenges for Personal Records

Overall: Decentralization Trends Likely to Persist

Chapter 7. Conclusion

The Blockchain Is an Information Technology

Blockchain AI: Consensus as the Mechanism to Foster “Friendly” AI

Large Possibility Space for Intelligence

Only Friendly AIs Are Able to Get Their Transactions Executed

Smart Contract Advocates on Behalf of Digital Intelligence

Blockchain Consensus Increases the Information Resolution of the Universe

Appendix A. Cryptocurrency Basics

Public/Private-Key Cryptography 101

Appendix B. Ledra Capital Mega Master Blockchain List

Endnotes and References

Index

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Z

About the Author

Colophon