Будущее капитализма

1. International Monetary Fund International Financial Statistics, Washington, D. C., ежегодники за различные годы; Stuart Holland, Toward a New Bretton Woods (Nottingham, U. K.: Russel Press, 1994), p. 10.

2. Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Report of the President 1995 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office), p. 403.

3. Ibid., p. 314; Robert Solow, Is All That European Unemployment Necessary? The World Economic Laboratory, MIT Working Paper No. 94–06.

4. «Labour Pains,» The Economist, February 12, 1994, p. 74.

5. Richard Holt, The Reluctant Superpower (New York: Kodansha International, 1995), p. 246; «Stock Market indexes,» Asian Wall Street Journal, January 1, 1990, p. 18, and August 24, 1992, p. 22.

6. «Industrial Growth,» The Economist, September 16, 1995, p. 122.

7. Economic Report of the President 1995, pp. 276, 311, 326; Council of Economic Advisers, Economic indicators, August 1995, pp. 2, 15.

8. Daniel R. Feenberg and James M. Poterba, Income Inequality and the Incomes of Very High Income Taxpayers, NBER Working Paper No. 4229, December 1992, p. 31.

9. «Mexico,» International Herald Tribune, May 2, 1995, p. 1.

10. Kenneth E. Boulding, Economics as a Science (New York: McGraw-Hffl, 1970), p. 7.

11. John A. Garraty, Unemployment in History (New York: Harper and Row, 1978), p. 134.

12. Fred Block, Post-Industrial Possibilities: A Critique of Economic Discourse (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 194.

13. Richard Holt, The Reluctant Superpower (New York: Kodansha International, 1995), p. 79.

14. Martin Carnoy et al., The New Global Economy in the Information Age (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993), p. 8.

15. John King et al., Pakistan (London: Lonely Planet Publications, 1993), p. 28.

16. John M. Gowdy, «New Controversies in Evolutionary Biology: Lessons for Economics,» Methodus, June 1991, p. 86.

17. Robert T. Bakker, The Dinosaur Heresies (New York: Morrow, 1986), p. 16.

18. William J. Broad, «New Theory Would Reconcile Rival Views on Dinosaurs' Demise,» New York Times, December 27, 1994, p. B7; John Noble Wilford, «New Dinosaur Theory: Sulfur Was the Villain,» New York Times, January 3, 1995, p. B6.

19. «Railway,» Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 18, 1972 edition, p. 1126, plate 1.

20. Michael J. Piore and Charles F. Sabel, The Second Industrial Divide (New York: Basic Books, 1984).

21. Robert L. Heilbroner, The Making of Economic Society (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1962), p. 39; The Nature and Logic of Capitalism (New York: W. W. Norton, 1985), p. 109.

22. Jerome M. Segal, «Alternative Conceptions of the Economic Realm,» in Rationality and Efficiency: New Perspectives on Socio-Economics, ed. Richard M. Coughlin (London: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), p. 288.

«P 23. Patrice Higonnet, David S. Landes, and Henry Rosovsky, eds., Favorites of Fortune: Technology, Growth, and Economic Development Since the Industrial Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991), p. 2.

24. Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 8, p. 42.

25. Jane Chisholm and Anne Millard, Early Civilization (Tulsa, Okla.: Osborne, 1988), p. 14.

26. Ibid., p. 17.

27. John Romer, Ancient Lives: Daily Life in Egypt of the Pharaohs (New York: Henry Holt amp; Co., 1984), p. 123.

28. Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 19, p. 204.

29. Gay Robins, Women in Ancient Egypt (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993), p. 14.

30. Andrea Giardina, ed., The Romans (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), p. 1.

31. James P. Speer, Conflict and War: History, Causes, Consequences, Cures (Fort Bragg, Calif.: QED Press, 1986), p. 9; Edith Hamilton, The Roman Way (New York: W. W. Norton, 1993), p. 132.

32. Florence Dupont, Daily Life in Ancient Rome (Oxford, U. K.: Blackwell, 1989), p. 23.

33. Jean Paul Moreal, «The Craftsmen,» in Giardina, ed., The Romans, p. 228; Braudel, History of Civilization, p. 19; Frances and Joseph Gies, Cathedral, Forge, and Waterwheel: Technology and Invention in the Middle Ages (New York: Harper-Collins, 1994), p. 17; M. I. Finley, Economy and Society in Ancient Greece (London: Chatto and Windus, 1981), p. 173.

34. Anthony Marks, Graham Tingay, in Giardina, ed., The Romans, p. 18.

35. Ibid., p. 32.

36. Edith Hamilton, The Roman Way (New York: W. W. Norton, 1993), p. 178.

37. John Matthews, «Roman Life and Society,» in The Oxford History of the Classical World, ed. John Boardman, Jasper Griffin, and Oswyn Murray (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 752; J. F. Drinkwater and Andrew Drummond, The World of the Romans (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 63.

38. Florence Dupont, Daily Life in Ancient Rome, p. 7.

39. Ibid., p. 27.

40. Robert Parker, «Greek Religion,» in The Oxford History of the Classical World, p. 261.

41. Jean Paul Morel, «The Craftsmen,» in Giardina, ed., The Romans, p. 321; Jean Michel Carried, «The Soldier,» in Giardina, ed., The Romans, p. 228; Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 19, p. 453.

42. Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 20, p. 632.

43. Paul Veyne, «The Roman Empire,» in A History of Private Life from Pagan Rome to Byzantium (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1987), p. 118.

44. Andrea Giardina, The Merchant," in Giardina, ed., The Romans, p. 245; Andrea Giardina, ed., The Romans (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), pp. 30, 245.

45. Paul Veyne, Bread and Circuses (London: Penguin, 1990), p. 251.

46. Dupont, Daily Life in Ancient Rome, p. 31.

47. Veyne, Bread and Circuses, p. xvii.

48. Ibid., p. 16.

49. Ibid., pp. 136, 148.

50. Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 19, p. 454.

51. Leonardo B. Dal Maso,Rome of the Caesars (Florence: Bonechi Edizioni, 1990), p. 1.

52. Giardina, ed… The Romans, p. 33.

53. Paul Veyne, The Roman Empire," p. 163.

54. Yvon Thebert, «Private Life and Domestic Architecture in Roman Africa,» in A History of Private Life from PaganRome to Byzantium, p. 351.

55. Veyne, Bread and Circuses, p. 251.

56. Alam Peyrefitte, The Immobile Empire (New York: Knopf, 1992), p. 420; Braudel, History of Civilization, p. 168.

57. Robert J. Thomas, What Machines Can't Do: Politics and Technology in the Industrial Enterprise (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), pp. xiv, 6, 10.

1. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Money Income of Households, Families and Persons in the United States 1992, Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, Series P-60-184 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1993), p. 176.

2. Claudia Goldin and Robert A. Margo, «The Great Compression: The Wage Structure of the United States at Mid-Century,» The Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 1994, p. 4.

3. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, 1992, Series P-60 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1993), pp. xvi, xvii, 14; Sheldon Danziger and Peter Gottschalk, eds., Uneven Tides (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1993), p. 7.

4. Daniel R. Feenberg and James M. Poterba, Income Inequality and the Incomes of Very High Income Taxpayers, NBER Working Paper No. 4229, December 1992, p. 31.

5. Ibid., p. 5.

6. Margaret M. Blair, «CEO Pay: Why Such a Contentious Issue?» The Brookings Review, Winter 1994, p. 23; Nancy I. Rose, «Executive Compensation,» NBER Reporter, Winter 1994-95, p. 11.

7. «Nice Work,» The Economist, December 10, 1994, p. 67.

8. Robert H. Frank, Talent and the Winner-Take-All Society," The American Prospect, Spring 1994, p. 99.

9. Peter Kilborn, «More Women Take Low Wage Jobs Just So Their Families Can Get By,» New York Times, March 13, 1994, pp. 16, 24.

10. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, 1992. p. B-6.

11. Ibid., p. 21.

12. Lynn A. Karoly, «Changes in the Distribution of Individual Earnings in the United States, 1967–1986,» Review of Economics and Statistics, February 1992, pp. 107, A 78; Danziger and Peter, eds., Uneven Tides, pp.69, 85, 102, 129; Steven J. Davis, Cross-Country Patterns of Changes in Relative Wages, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, p. 273; Karoly, «Changes in the Distribution of Individual Earnings,» pp. 107, 113; Frank Levy and Richard J. Murnane, «U. S. Earnings Levels and Earnings Inequality,» Journal of Economic Literature, September 1992, p. 1333.

13. «Wealth: The Divided States of America,» New York Times, April 23, 1995, p. F2; Steven Sass, «Passing the Buck,» Regional Review, Boston Federal Reserve Bank, Summer 1995, p. 16.

14. Barry Bluestone, Economic Inequality and the Macro-Structuralist Debate. Eastern Economics Association Meetings, February 1994, p. 8; Lynn A. Karoly, «The Trend in Inequality Among Families, Individuals, and Workers in the United States,» Rand Corporation, 1992, pp. 44, 66, A16, 221; Lawrence Mishel and Ja-red Bernstein, The State of Working America 1992–1993 (Washington, D. C.: Economic Policy Institute/M. E. Sharpe, 1993), p. 14; «Male Educated in a Pay Bind,» New York Times, February 11, 1994, p. Dl; Richard D. Reeves, «Cheer Up, Downsizing Is Good for Some,» International Herald Tribune, December 29, 1994, p. 4.

15. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Income, Poverty, and Valuation of Noncash Benefits: 1993. Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, Series P-60-188 (Washing-

ton, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1995), p. x; Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Report of the President 1995 (Washington D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1995), pp. 276, 311.

16. Economic Report of the President 1995, p. 310.

17. Kevin Phillips, Boiling Point: The Decline of Middle Class Prosperity (New York: Random House, 1993), p. xvii.

18. Keith Bradsher, «American Real Wages Fell 2.3 Percent in 12-Month Period,» New York Times, June 23, 1995, p. D4.

19. Mishel and Bernstein, The State of Working America 1992–1993, p. 36.

20. Jason DeParle, «Sharp Increase Along the Borders of Poverty,» New York Times, March 31, 1994, p. A18.

21. Center for National Policy, Job Quality Index, November 15, 1993.

22. David E. Bloom and Richard B. Freeman, The Fall of Private Pension Coverage in the United States," American Economic Review, May 1992, p. 539; Virgina L. DuRivage, ed., New Policies for the Parttime and Contingent Work Force (New York: Economic Policy Institute/M. E. Sharpe, 1992), p. 22.

23. The Urban Institute, Inequality of Earnings and Benefits, Winter/Spring, 1994, p. 21.

24. «The Widening Pension Gap,» Fortune, March 16, 1995, p. 48; Bloom and Freeman, «The Fall of Private Pension Coverage in the United States,» p. 540.

25. Karoly, The Trend in Inequality," pp. 44, 66, A16, 221.

26. Steven Greenhouse, «Clinton Seeks to Narrow a Growing Wage Gap,» New York Times, December 13, 1993, p. Dl.

27. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, 1993,

p. x.

28. Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Report of the President 1995 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office), pp. 276, 311, 326.

29. Ibid., pp. 276, 326.

30. Kilborn, «More Women Take Low Wage Jobs,» p. 24; Wallace C. Peterson, Silent Depression (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994).

31. Keith Bradsher, «Sluggish Income Figures Show Gains for Some,» New York Times, October 6, 1995, p. A22.

32. U. S. Bureau of Census, Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, 1993, p. x.

33. Mishel and Bernstein, The State of Working America 1992–1993, p. 72.

34. Tamar Lewin, «Mom Is Providing More Income,» International Herald Tribune, May 12, 1995, p. 14.

35. Danziger and Gottschalk, eds., Uneven Tides, p. 195.

36. «Getting Their Dues,» The Economist, March 25, 1995, p. 86.

37. Stephen S. Roach, «Announced Staff Cuts of U. S. Corporations,» in Morgan Stanley Special Economic Study, The Perils of America's Productivity-Led Recovery, 1994.

38. George Church, «The White Collar Layoffs That We're Seeing Are Permanent and Structural,» Time, November 22, 1993, p. 35.

39. U. S. Department of Labor, Employment and Earnings, January 1981 and January 1982, pp. 36, 20.

40. Ibid., pp. 28, 29.

41. Richard E. Caves and Matthew B. Krepps, Fat: The Displacement of Nonproduction Workers from U. S. Manufacturing Industries, The Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, No. 2, 1993, p. 231.

42. John A. Byme, The Pain of Downsizing," Business Week, May 9, 1994, p. 61; Matt Murry, «Amid Record Profits Companies Continue to Lay Off Employees,» Wall Street Journal, Europe, May 8, 1995, p. 1.

43. Farrell Kramer, «AT amp;T and Sprint Plan Big Job Cuts,» Boston Globe, November 16, 1995, p. 46.

44. Dean Baker and Lawrence Mishel, Profits Up, Wages Down, Economic Policy Institute Briefing Paper (Washington, D. C.: 1995), p. 1.

45. Caves and Krepps, «Fat,» p. 227.

46. Martin Neil Baily, Eric J. Bartelsman, and John Haltiwanger, Downsizing and Productivity Growth: Myth or Reality, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 4741, May 1994.

47. Martin Orth and Rudiger Edelmann, «Flexible Working Times: Only a Trendy Concept?» Deutschland, No. 1, February 1994.

48. «Deutsche Bank Plan to Cut 10,000 Jobs,» New York Times, September 18, 1995, p. C2.

49. German Information Center, Unemployment in Germany, March 1994.

50. Marlise Simons, «In French Factory Town, Culprit Is Automation,» New York Times, May 12, 1994, p. A3.

51. Mishel and Bernstein, The State of Working America, p. 174; Robert E. Scott and Thea M. Lee, Reconsidering the Benefits and Costs of Trade Protection, Economic Policy Institute Working Paper No. 105, April 1991, p. 41.

52. William J. Carrington, «Wage Losses for Displaced Workers: Is It Really the Firm That Matters?» Journal of Human Resources, Summer 1993, p. 454.

53. Church, «White Collar Layoffs,» p. 35.

54. Bruce Butterfield, «Working but Worried,» Boston Globe, October 10, 1993, p. 1.

55. «Companies Rewrite the Rules on Jobs,» Financial Times, January 7, 1995, p. 12.

56. Bennett Harrison, Lean and Mean (New York: Basic Books, 1994), p. 201; Polly Callaghan and Heidi Hartmann, Contingent Work (Washington, D. C.: Economic Policy Institute, 1994).

57. DuRivage, ed., New Policies, p. 56.

58. Ibid., pp. 3, 21, 22.

59. Jason DeParle, «Report to Clinton Sees Vast Extent of Homelessness,» New York Times, February 17, 1994, p. 1; Christopher Jencks, «The Homeless,» New York Review of Books, April 21, 1994, p. 20.

60. «Europe and the Underclass,» The Economist, July 30, 1994, p. 19.

61. «Homeless in France,» International Herald Tribune, December 20, 1994, p. 1.

62. Sylvia Nasar, «More Men in Prime of Life Spend Less Time Working,» New York Times, December 1, 1994, p. 1.

63. Alan Cowell, «Where Juliet Pined Youths Now Kill,» New York Times, March 22, 1994, p. A4.

64. Nasar, «More Men in Prime of Life,» p. 1.

65. Jencks, «The Homeless,» p. 23; Robert N. Bellah et al., The Good Society (New York: Knopf, 1991), p. 4.

66. A. M. Rosenthal, «Just Walking Past the Broken People,» New York Times, January 18, 1995, p. 4.

67. Цит. по: Peter S. Canellos, «The Outer Class,» Boston Globe, February 6, 1994.

68. Tamar Lewin, «Families in Upheaval Worldwide,» International Herald Tribune, May 31, 1995, p. 1.

69. Tamar Lewin, «Family Decay Global, Study Says,» New York Times, May 30, 1995, p. A5.

70. Urban Institute, Welfare Reform Brief No. 13, p. 3 as corrected.

71. «The Family: Home Sweet Home,» The Economist, September 9, 1995, p. 26.

72. Seth Faison, «In China, Rapid Social Changes Bring a Surge in Divorce Rate,» New York Times, August 22, 1995, p. 1.

73. Steven A. Holmes, «Low-Wage Fathers and the Welfare Debate,» New York Times, April 25, 1995, p. A12.

74. Duncan Lindsey, The Welfare of Children (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 69.

75. Robert N. Bellah et al., The Good Society (New York: Knopf, 1991), p. 46.

76. Bob Tyrrell and Charlotte Cornish, «Beggar Your Neighbor,» Financial Times, November 17, 1993, p. 14.

77. David Popenoe, «The Family Condition of America,» in Values and Public Policy, ed. Henry J. Aaron, Thomas E. Mann, Timothy Taylor (Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution, 1994), p. 104.

78. Ibid.

79. Ibid., p. 46.

80. Ibid., p. 73.

81. «The Family: Home Sweet Home,» p. 26.

82. Faison, «In China, Rapid Social Changes,» p. 1.

83. James Q. Wilson, «Culture, Incentives, and the Underclass,» in Values and Public Policy, p. 46.

84. Fred Block, Post-Industrial Possibilities: A Critique of Economic Discourse (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 27.

85. «Upon the States' Shoulders Be It,» The Economist, March 25, 1995, p. 67.

86. «The Future Surveyed,» The Economist, September 11, 1993, special section.

87. James Q. Wilson, «The 1994 Wriston Lecture,» The Manhattan Institute, November 1994.

88. Gunnar Myrdal, Against the Stream (New York: Pantheon Books, 1972), p. 175.

89. Peter Drier and John Atlas, «Housing Policies Moment of Truth,» Challenge, Summer 1995, pp. 8, 70.

90. Jack Beatty, «Who Speaks for the Middle Class?» The Atlantic, May 1994, p. 73; Wallace C. Peterson, Silent Depression (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), p. 53.

91. Bellah et al., The Good Society, pp. 141, 175.

92. Phillips, Boiling Point, p. 175.

93. Ibid.

94. David Fletcher, «Worst-Off Fall Further Behind,» Daily Telegraph, June 3, 1995,

p. 5.

95. Steven Davis, Cross-Country Patterns of Change in Relative Wages, NBER Working Paper, 1994.

96. «Inequality,» The Economist, November 4, 1994, p. 19; «Rich Man, Poor Man,» The Economist, July 24, 1994, p. 71.

97. «Real Earnings Down for West German Workers, up in East,» The Week in Germany, March 11, 1994, p. 4.

98. Ibid.

99. International Herald Tribune, «French Staff Takes I Wage Cut,» December 27,

1994, p. 10.

100. Susan N. Houseman and Katharine G. Abraham, Labor Adjustment Under Different Institutional Structures: A Case Study of Germany and the United States, Upjohn Institute Staff Working Papers, April 1994, p. 6; R. Dore, Incurable Unemployment: A Progressive Disease of Modem Societies? Center for Economic Performance Paper No. 6, August 1994.

101. «Marketing Labour,» The Economist, April 1, 1995, p. 44.

102. David Marsh, «German Exporters Feeling the Squeeze,» Financial Times, March 24, 1995, p. 2.

103. Robert Solow, Is AH That European Unemployment Necessary? The World Economic Laboratory, MIT Working Paper No. 94–06, 1993.

104. «Labour Pains,» The Economist, February 12, 1994, p. 74.

105. Heino Fassbender and Susan Cooper Hedegaard, «The Ticking Bomb at the Core of Europe,» McKinsey Quarterly, No. 3, 1993, p. 132.

106. Ibid.

107. «Doleful,» The Economist, October 9, 1994, p. 17.

108. Richard Donkin, «World Outlook for Jobs Gloomy,» Financial Times, April 27, 1994, p. 4.

109. Ibid.

110. Frank Riboud, «Army of Invalids,» Worldlink, May/June 1994, p. 5.

111. Ibid.

112. Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Report of the President 1995, p. 314.

113. Oliver J. Blanchard, «European Unemployment,» NBER Reporter, Winter 1993-94, p. 7.

114. James M. Poterba and Lawrence H. Summers, Unemployment Benefits, Labor Market Transitions, and Spurious Flows, NBER Working Paper No. 4434, August 1993.

115. «The 12 % Shame,» The Economist, April 1, 1995, p. 42.

116. Richard Freeman, «The Trouble with Success,» The Economist, March 12, 1994 p. 51.

117. «How Regulations Kill New Jobs,» The Economist, November 19, 1994, p. 82.

118. «European Bosses Ask for Cuts in Employee Benefits,» Straits Times, August 20,

1994. p. 13.

119. Robert J. Gordon, Back to the Future: European Unemployment Today Viewed from America in 1939, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, No. 1, 1988, p. 271.

120. Audren Choi, «Daimler Benz Looks to Flee German Woes,» Asian Wall Street Journal, March 13, 1995, pp. 1, 2.

121. «Dark Days,» The Economist, October 9, 1993, p. 59.

122. «Nothing Could Be Finer,» The Economist, November 19, 1994, p. 77.

123. «Herr Lazarus,» The Economist, March 18, 1995, p. 68.

124. «Labour Costs,» The Economist, May 27, 1995, p. 110.

125. Ariane Benillard, «Cost Savings of Relocation Lure German Companies,» Financial Times, November 9, 1993, p. 1.

126. «New Law Allows Private Employment Agencies,» This Week in Germany, April 22, 1994, p. 4.

127. «Low Pay Forces Desperate 1 Million to Take Second Jobs,» Guardian, October 24, 1994, p. 4.

128. Takeuchi Hiroshi, «Reforming Management,» Journal of Japanese Trade and Industry, No. 2, 1994, p. 12; «Japan: One in Ten?» The Economist, July 1, 1995, p. 52.

129. «Inequality,» The Economist, November 4, 1994, p. 19.

130. «Shoot Out at the Check Out,» The Economist, June 5, 1993, p. 81.

131. Ed Bark, «CBS Is Joining the TV Youth Movement,» Dallas Morning News, p. Cl.

1. «Oil,» The Economist, July 15, 1995, p. 88.

2. Clyde Prestowitz, «Good but Not Good Enough,» World Link, March/April 1994, p. 31.

3. Kenneth Gooding, «Metals Analysts Expect Fall in Russian Nickel Exports,» Financial Times, May 2, 1995, p. 23.

4. Adi Ignatius, «Former U. S. Executives Advise Russians How to Convert Military Factories,» Wall Street Journal, June 26, 1992, p. D7.

5. Jenny Luesby, Mikki L. Tail, and Chrystia Freeland, «Australia Furious' at Soaring CIS Wool Exports,» Financial Times, August 24, 1995, p. 5.

6. Craig R. Whitney, «West European Companies Head East for Cheap Labor,» New York Times, February 9, 1995, p. Dl.

7. «Making Shoes in Brazil,» The Economist, June 24, 1995, p. 61.

8. Richard Eckaus, The Metamorphosis of Giants: China and India in Transition, MIT Working Paper, March 1994.

9. «Statistics Cheats Disrupt China's Economic Plans,» South China Morning Business Post, August 18, 1994, p. 1.

10. «China: Not So Miraculous?» The Economist, May 27, 1995, p. 63.

11. «Survey: China,» The Economist, March 18, 1995, p. 9.

12. Paul R. Gregory and Robert C. Stuart, Sow'et Economic Structure and Performance (New York: Harper and Row, 1990], p. 356.

13. «Survey: Russia's Emerging Market,» The Economist, April 8, 1995, p. 4.

14. «Rural Discontent Sparks Alarm,» South China Morning Post, February 13, 1995, p. 1; «Survey: China,» The Economist, March 18, 1995, p. 23.

15. United Nations, Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific (New York, 1993), pp. 86, 150.

16. «Fund Reviews China's Economy, It's Big,» New York Times, May 10, 1993, p. 1.

17. John Gittings, «Chinese Whispers in a Vacuum,» Guardian, February 3, 1995, p. 26.

18. John D. Friske, Chinese Facts and Figures Annual Handbook, Vol. 18 (Beijmg: Academic International Press, 1994), p. 114.

19. Alice H. Amsden, Jacek Kochanowicz, and Lance Taylor, The Market Meets Its Match: Restructuring the Economies of Eastern Europe (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994).

20. Michael W. Bell, Hoe E. E. Khor, and Kalpana Kochhar, China at the Threshold of a Market Economy, International Monetary Fund Report No. 107, September 1993, p. 16.

21. Ibid., p. 58.

22. Michael Specter, «Russia's Fall Grain Harvest Seen as the Worst in 30 Years,» New York Times, October 10, 1995, p. A10.

23. Wanda Tseng et al., Economic Reform in China, International Monetary Fund Report No. 114, November 1994.

24. Dun's Asia/Pacific Key Business Enterprises, 1993/94 (Sydney, Australia: Dun and Bradstreet Information Series, 1994), p. 223.

25. Jeffrey D. Sachs, Reforms in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union in Light of East Asian Experience (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Institute for Economic Development, 1995), p. 44.

26. Платежные ведомости из архивов компании «Форд Моторз».

27. «USSR,» The Economist, July 13, 1991, p. 110.

28. John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory (London: Macmfflan amp; Co., 1936), p. 383.

29. «A Survey of Vietnam,» The Economist, July 8, 1995, p. 4.

30. Keith Bradsher, «Skilled Workers Watch Their Jobs Migrate Overseas,» New York Times, August 28, 1995, p. 1. 31. Andrew Stark, «Adieu, Liberal Nationalism,» New York Times, November 2, 1995, p. A27.

1. Paul A. Samuelson and William D. Nordhaus, Economics (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989), pp. 901–910.

2. Этот перечень был прислан мне одним из читателей моей книги "Head to Head-(New York: Morrow, 1992) и предположительно был опубликован в «Уолл-стрит джорнэл» на рубеже веков, но я не смог разыскать точную цитату.

3. В. R. Mitchell, British Historical Statistics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1933), pp. 104, 253.

4. Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990), pp. 638-43.

5. Lester C. Thurow, Head to Head (New York: Morrow, 1992), p. 204.

6. Ibid., p. 45.

7. Eduardo Borenstein et al., The Behavior of Non-Oil Commodity Prices, International Monetary Fund, August 1994, p. 1; International Monetary Fund, Primary Commodities: Market Development and Outlook, July 1990, p. 26.

8. Профессор Боскин отрицает, что он когда-либо делал такое замечание, но оно войдет в историю как его самая знаменитая фраза независимо от того, произносил он ее в действительности или нет.

9. U. S. Department of Labor, Employment and Earnings, March 1993, pp. 93, 99.

10. Lawrence F. Katz and Lawrence H. Summers, Rents: Evidence and Implications, Brookings Economic Papers, Microeconomics 1989, pp. 209, 220.

11. Fortune, The Fortune 500, April 19, 1993, p. 254.

12. «Put Away Childish Things,» The Economist, July 8, 1995, p. 14; «Survey: The European Union,» The Economist, October 22, 1994, p. 1.

13. Brent Schlender, «Why Andy Grove Can't Stop,» Fortune, July 10, 1995, pp. 90, 94.

14. Lawrence M. Fisher, «Microsoft Net Is Stronger Than Expected,» New York Times, July 18, 1995, p. D4; Michael A. Cusumano and Richard W. Selby, Microsoft Secrets (New York: Free Press, 1995).

15. «Oh What a Difference a Day Makes,» Fortune, September 4, 1995, p. 21.

16. Office of Technological Assessment of U. S. Congress, Multinationals and the National Interest, 103d Congress, Washington, D. C., p. 2.

17. John Holusha, «First to College, Then the Mill,» New York Times, August 22, 1995, p. Dl.

18. William L. OTJeffl, American High: The Years of Confidence, 1945–1960 (New York: Free Press, 1986), pp. 9-10.

19. Peter Applebome, «Study Ties Educational Gains to More Productivity Growth,» New York Times, May 14, 1995, p. Y13.

20. JoAnne Yates, Control Through Communications (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989).

21. John Koomey, Report for the Department of Energy on Usage of Computers (draft).

22. Daniel Yankelovich, «How Changes in the Economy Are Reshaping American Values,» Values and Public Policy, ed. Henry J. Aaron, Thomas E. Mann, and Timothy Taylor (Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution, 1994), p. 46.

23. National Issues Forum, Kids Who Commit Crimes (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994), p. 24.

24. Ibid., p. 26.

25. Suzanne Hamlin, «Time Flies, but Where Does It Go,» New York Times, September 6, 1995, p. Cl.

26. Elizabeth Kolbert, «Television Gets Closer Look as a Factor in Real Violence,» New York Times, December 14, 1994, pp. 1, D20.

27. Ruben Cataneda, «Homicides in D. C. Fall,» Washington Post, March 30, 1995, p. Bl.

28. Fox Butterfield, «Many Cities in U. S. Show Sharp Drop in Homicide Rate,» New York Times, August 13, 1995, p. 1.

29. Martin F. Nolan, «California Sees Prisons Filling As Colleges Decline,» Boston Globe, August 28, 1995, p. 3.

30. «Republic of the Image,» New Perspectives Quarterly, Summer 1994, p. 25.

31. Richard Bernstein, «'Jefferson' Turning Rumor into Movie Fact,» International Herald Tribune, April 13, 1995, p. 20.

32. Bernard Weinraub, «Dole Sharpens Assault on Hollywood,» International Herald Tribune, June 2, 1995, p. 3.

33. Robert H. Bellah et al., Habits of the Heart (New York: Harper and Row, 1985), p. 279.

34. Shlomo Maital, Minds, Markets, and Money (New York: Basic Books, 1982), p. 39.

35. Eric Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991 (London: Michael Joseph, 1994), p. 3.

36. Robert L. Heilbroner, The Nature and Logic of Capitalism (New York: W. W. Norton, 1985), p. 109.

37. «The Future of Democracy,» and «Democracy and Technology,» The Economist, June 17, 1995, pp. 13, 21.

1. Paul Kennedy, Preparing for the Twenty-first Century (New York: Random House, 1992), p. 23.

2. «India's Long Multiplication,» The Economist, February 18, 1995, p. 73.

3. «Two Billion More Third World People Predicted by 2030,» Boston Globe, August 4, 1994, p. 4.

4. Paul Taylor, «AIDS Epidemic Casts Pall over Zimbabwe,» International Herald Tribune, March 13, 1995, p, 2,

5. Lester R. Brown, Hal Kane, and Ed Ayres, Vital Signs 1993 (New York: W. W. Norton/World Watch Institute, 1993), p. 106.

6. Barbara Crossette, «Severe Water Crisis Ahead for Poorest Nations in Next 2 Decades,» New York Times, August 10, 1995, p. A13.

7. Leslie Spencer, «Water: The West's Most Misallocated Resource,» Forbes, April 27, 1992, pp. 68–74.

8. «India's Long Multiplication,» The Economist, February 18, 1995, p. 73.

9. «Growing Population,» The Economist, May 20, 1995, p. 116.

10. Charles A. S. Hall et al., «The Environmental Consequences of Having a Baby in the United States,» Population and Environment, July 1994, p. 509.

11. Virginia D. Abernethy, Population Politics: The Choices That Shape Our Future (New York: Insight Books/Plenum Press, 1993), p. 37.

12. George J. Borjas, «The Economics of Immigration,» Journal ofEccnumic Literature, December 1994, pp. 1668, 1670.

13. The New Republic, January 20, 1995, p. 24.

14. StevenA. Holmes, «A Surge in Immigration Surprises Experts and Intensifies a Debate,» New York Times, August 30, 1995, p. 1.

15. Paul J. Smith, «East Asia's Immigration Crisis Demands Careful Choices,» International Herald Tribune, May 22, 1995, p. 8.

16. Hal Kane, «What's Driving Migrations?» World Watch, January /February 1995,

pp. 25, 26.

17. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical History of the U. S. (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1970), p. 105.

18. Vernon M. Briggs, Jr., «Immigration and the U. S. Labor Market: Public Policy Gone Awry,» Public Policy Brief, Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 1994, p. 9.

19. Ben J. Wattenberg and Karl Zinsmeister, «The Case for More Immigration,» Commentary, April 1990, p. 19.

20. «Immigration: Tuscon or Bust,» The Economist, May 20, 1995, p. 59.

21. Scott Derk, ed., The Value of a Dollar (Detroit: Gale Research, 1994), pp. 52, 53.

22. Suzuki Hiromasa, «Problems with Foreign Workers,» Journal of Japanese Trade and Industry, November 2, 1994, p. 44.

23. Youssef M. Ibrahim, «Muslim Immigrants in Europe: A Population Apart,» International Herald Tribune, May 6, 1995, p. 1.

24. National Issues Forum, Admissions Decisions (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995), p. 27; Borjas, «The Economics of Immigration,» pp. 1670, 1701.

25. Holmes, «A Surge in Immigration,» p. A15.

26. Harriet Orcutt Duleep, Sociai Security and the Emigration of Immigrants, ORS Working Paper No. 60, p. 10.

27. George J. Borjas, Immigration and Welfare 1970–1990, NBER Working Paper

No. 4872, September 1994.

28 Frederick Rose, "The Growing Backlash Against Immigration Includes Many

Myths," Wall Street Journal, April 16, 1995, p. 1.

29. Holmes, «A Surge in Immigration,» p. A15.

30. Borjas, Immigration and Welfare 1970–1990.

31. Ibid., p. 22.

32. John Ridding, «Disaffected Find a Home in the Front,» Financial Times, May 2, 1995, p. 2; William Drozdiak, «French Gear Up for 2nd Vote on Presidency,» Washington Post, April 25, 1995, p. A12.

33. Arsen J. Darney, ed., Statistical Record of Older Americans (Detroit: Gale Research, 1994), pp. 47, 48, 49, 64.

34. «Ageing Population Puts the Strain on Pensions,» European, October 28, 1994, p. 20.

35. Aline Sullivan, «Retiring Baby Boomers Dread the End of the Boom Times,» International Herald Tribune, March 11, 1995, p. 16.

36. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract 2994 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office), p. 16; Keizi Koho Center, Japan 1995: An International Comparison, p. 9.

37. Advisory Council on Social Security, Future Financial Resources of the Elderly: A View of Pensions, Savings, Social Security, and Earnings in the 21st Century, December 1991, pp. 12, 13.

38. Ibid., p. 39.

39. Elizabeth Kolbert, «Who Will Face the Music?» New York Times Magazine, August 27, 1995, p. 57.

40. Financial Times, Editorial, December 19, 1994, p. 13.

41. «A Powerful Political Lobby,» Financial Times, March 28, 1995, p. viii.

42. Ibid.

43. Barry Bosworth, Prospects for Savings and Investment in Industrial Countries, Brookings Discussion Paper No. 113, May 1995, pp. 12, 14.

44. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 1996, Historical Tables (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1995), p. 122.

45. Erik Ipsen, «Europe's Ailing Pensions,» International Herald Tribune, December 4, 1993, p. 1.

46. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Income, Poverty and Valuation of Noncash Benefits:1993. Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, Series P60-188 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office), pp. 41, 45.

47. Jean Michel Paul, «Belgium's Debt Crisis Is Europe's Too,» Wall Street Journal Europe, May 22, 1995, p. C9.

48. Bosworth, «Prospects for Savings and Investment,» p. 13.

49. Ibid.

50. Daniel B. Radner, The Wealth of the Aged and the Nonaged 1984, Social Security Administration, ORS Working Paper No. 36, 1988.

51. Edward N. Wolff, «Changing Inequality of Wealth,» American Economics Review, May 1992, p. 554.

52. Ann Reilly Dowd, «Needed: A New War on the Deficit,» Fortune, November 14,

1994. p. 191.

53. «The Budget Pain WH1 Come and the Young Will Suffer,» International Herald Tribune, February 18, 1995, p. 6.

54. «Health Spending,» The Economist, June 24, 1995, p. 98.

55. Richard W. Stevenson, «A Deficit Reigns in Sweden's Welfare State,» New York Times, February 2, 1995, p. 1.

56. «Stripping Down the Cycle,» The Economist, July 3, 1993, p. 61.

57. «House of Debt,» The Economist, April 1, 1995, p. 14.

58. «Public Sector Finances,» The Economist, July 8, 1995, p. 115.

59. Paul, «Belgium's Debt Crisis,» p. 8.

60. Newt Gingrich, Contract withAmerica (New York: Times Books, 1994), p. 115.

61. «French Finance Minister Resigns,» Boston Globe, August 26, 1995, p. 2.

62. Robert Pear, «Panel on a U. S. Benefits Overhaul Fails to Agree on Proposals,» New York Times, December 15, 1994, p. A24.

63. Taking Care of Granny," The Economist, June 3, 1995, p. 25.

64. Health and Wealth, special issue of Daedalus, Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Fall 1994.

65. John Fender, «Not Such a Safe Haven,».Financial Times, December 23, 1994, p. 15.

66. Sylvia Nasar, «Older Americans Cited in Studies of National Savings Rate Slump,» New York Times, February 21, 1995, p. 1.

67. Wallace C. Peterson, Silent Depression (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), p. 149; David Popenoe, «The Family Condition of America,» in Values and Public Policy, ed. Henry J. Aaron, Thomas E. Mann and Timothy Taylor (Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution, 1994), p. 104.

68. Цит. по: Alan Riding, «Passions Ignited, French Students Protest Wage Policy Again,» New York Times, March 26, 1994, p. 3.

69. Dennis Kelly, «Seniors Much Less Likely to Back Local Education Bonds,» USA Today, June 30, 1993, p. 1.

70. William Celis, «Schools Reopen in Town That Made Them Close,» New York Times, September 2, 1993, p. A14; Isabel Wilkerson, Tiring of Cuts, District Plans to Close Schools," New York Times, March 21, 1993, p. 20.

71. Mancur Olson, The Rise and Decline of Nations (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), p. 8; Stephan P. Magee, William A. Brock, and Leslie Young, Black Hole Tariffs and Endogenous Policy Theory (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. xv.

72. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Money Income of Households, Families, and Persons in the United States, 1992, Current Population Reports, Series P60-184, pp. 148, 150.

73. John Eatwell, Murray Milgate, and Peter Newman, eds., The New Palgrave: Social Economics (New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), p. 10; «Statistisches Budesamt,» Sta-tistisches Jahrbuch 1994, Federal Republic of Germany, p. 82.

74. Michael V. Leonesio, The Economics of Retirement: A Nontechnical Guide, ORS Working Paper No. 66, Social Security Administration, April 1995, pp. 65, 66.

75. Leslie Wayne, «Pension Changes Raising Concerns,» New York Times, August 29, 1994, p. 1.

76. «Skimpy Savings,» Fortune, February 20, 1995, p. 38.

77. Ibid.

78. «Why Baby-Boomers Won't Be Able to Retire,» Fortune, September 4, 1995, p. 48.

79. Ibid.

80. Ibid.

81. The Economics of Aging," Business Week, September 12, 1994, p. 60.

82. Louis Uchitelle, «Retirement? Most Americans Have Grown to Fear It,» International Herald Tribune, March 27, 1995, p. 3.

83. Scott Lehigh, «Social Security,» Boston Globe, August 20, 1995, pp. 81, 82.

84. Dean R. Leimer, A Guide to Social Security Money's Worth Issues, ORS Working Paper No. 67, Social Security Administration, April 1995, p. 28.

85. Assar Lindbeck, Uncertainty Under the Welfare State, Seminar Paper No. 576, Institute for International Economic Studies at University of Stockholm, July 1994, p. 6.

86. Leimer, A Guide to Social Security Money's Worth Issues, p. 26.

87. Dowd, «Needed: A New War on the Deficit,» p. 191; Internal Revenue Service, «Form 1040A, 1994» (Washington, 0. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1993).

88. «Sweden: Judgement Day,» The Economist, February 18, 1995, p. 37.

89. The Enlightened Welfare Seeker's Guide to Europe," The Economist, March 12, 1994,

90. Assar Lmdbeck, Overshooting, Reform, and Retreat of the Welfare State, Institute for International Economic Studies at University of Stockholm, No. 499, 1994.

91. Barry P. Bosworth and Alice M. Rivlin, eds., The Swedish Economy (Washington, D. C.: Brookmgs Institution, 1987), pp. 199, 207.

92. «Sweden Shows Effects of Painful Cure,» Financial Times, November 8, 1993, p. 3.

93. Damon Darlin, «A New Flavor of Pork,» Forbes, June 5, 1995, p. 146.

94. «Expanded Medicaid Crowded Out Private Insurance,» The NBER Digest, 1994, p. 1.

95. Yair Aharone, The No Risk Society (New Jersey: Chatham House, 1981), pp. 48, 62.

1. Richard N. Cooper, Environmental and Resource Policies for the World Economy (Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution, 1994), p. xi.

2. Eric Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991 (London: Michael Joseph, 1994), p. 56.

3. Ibid., p. 72.

4. International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics, 1980 yearbook, Washington, D. C., pp. 62, 63; Financial Statistics, 1986 yearbook, pp. 70, 72; U. S. Department of Commerce, Survey of Current Business, Washington, D. C., 1989, 1992, p. 61.

5. J. Bradford De Long and Barry Eichengreen, The Marshall Plan: History's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program, NBER Working Paper No. 3899, November 1991.

6. Tom Buerkle, «EU Heads Boldly into a High-Stakes Debate on Expanding Eastward,» International Herald Tribune, June 2, 1995, p. 1.

7. DRI/McGraw-НШ, Impact of the Peso Crisis, February 1995, p. 1.

8. Ibid., p. 6.

9. «Canada's Endangered Bacon,» Fortune, March 10, 1995, p. 75.

10. «Financial Indicators,» The Economist, February 25, 1995, p. 109.

11. «The Americas Drift Toward Free Trade,» The Economist, July 8, 1995, p. 45.

12. Noel Malcolm, «The Case Against 'Europe,'» Foreign Affairs, March/April 1995, p. 68.

13. «No Cannes Do,» The Economist, July 1, 1995, p. 23.

14. Tom Buerkle, «Seven European Nations Drop Border Controls,» International Herald Tribune, March 25, 1995, p. 1.

15. Malcolm, The Case Against 'Europe," pp. 54, 59.

16. World Bank, World Tables for 1994 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), p. 27, 29.

17. Michael Richardson, «APEC's Crisis of (No) Consensus,» International Herald Tribune, March 17, 1995, p. 17.

18. Steven Brull, «Waves in Pacific Trade: APEC Struggles to Tie Down Specifics,» International Herald Tribune, July 6, 1995, p. 11.

19. Kevin Murphy, «Building Blocs: A Rising Yen Challenges the Dollar,» International Herald Tribune, March 27, 1995, p. 11.

20. Commission of the European Communities, Towards a New Bretton Woods: Alternatives for the Global Economy, European University Institute, May 1993.

21. International Labor Organization, World Employment Report, Geneva, 1995, p. 35; Warwick J. McKibbin and Dominick Salvatore, The Global Economic Consequences of the Uruguay Round, Brookings Discussion Papers No. 110, February 1995, p. 3.

22. David Buchan, «GATT Deal May Enrich World by $270 Billion,» Financial Times, November 10, 1993, p. 7; McKibbin and Salvatore, The Global Economic Consequences of the Uruguay Round, p. 5.

23. Elmer Hankiss, «European Paradigms: East and West 1945–1994,» After Communism, What? special issue of Daedalus, Summer 1994, p. 115.

24. Philip R. Schlesinger, «Europe's Contradictory Communicative Space,» Europe Through a Glass Darkly, special issue of Daedalus, Spring 1994, p. 27.

25. «You're Not in Kansas Anymore,» The Economist, February 4, 1995, p. 57; Schlesinger, «Europe's Contradictory Communicative Space,» p. 33.

26. «La Regie du Jeu,» The Economist, March 18, 1995, p. 18.

27. Office of Technology Assessment, Afuttinariona/s and the U. S. Technoiogj/ Base (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1994), p. 7.

28. David Shribman, «GATT: Vilifying the Inscrutable,» Boston Globe, July 22, 1994, р. З.

29. Zanny Minton-Beddoes, «Why the IMF Needs Reform,» Foreign Affairs, May/June 1995, p. 123.

1. Eric Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991 (London: Michael Joseph, 1994), pp. 258, 275.

2. J. Bradford De Long and Barry Eichengreen, The Marshall Plan: History's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program, NBER Working Paper No. 3899, November 1991.

3. Richard Holt, The Reluctant Superpower (Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1995), p. 117.

4. De Long and Eichengreen, The Marshall Plan, p. 14; U. S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Vol. 1 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1975), p. 228.

5. Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 1996 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1995), p. 115.

6. Newt Gingrich, Contract with America (New York: Times Books, 1994); New Repub-Kc, March 25, 1995, p. 21.

7. Robert W. Tucker and David С. He ndrickson, The Imperial Temptation: The New World Order and America's Purpose (New York: Council on Foreign Relations), 1992.

8. Samuel Brittan, «Time to Bury Those League Tables,» Financial Times, May 25, 1995, p. 10.

9. Steven Brull, International Herald Tribune, March 8, 1995, p. 1.

10. «Japan's GDP Rivals That of the U. S.,» International Herald Tribune, May 10, 1995, p. 19.

11. Charles Wolf, Jr., «The Fine Art of the False Alarm,» Wall Street Journal, November 1, 1994, p. A20; World Bank, World Tables 1994 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994).

12. «Russians Don't Like Dead in Chechen on TV,» International Herald Tribune, December 22, 1994, p. 6.

13. Russell Watson, «Russia's TV War,» Newsweek, February 6, 1995, p. 8.

14. DRI/McGraw-НШ, Review of the U. S. Economy, p. 87.

15. «OECD Chides the U. S. Over Foreign Aid Cuts,» International Herald Tribune, March 8, 1995, p. 2.

16. Johsen Takanashi, «Dollar Being Eclipsed as Global Standard,» Nikkei Weekly, June 5, 1995, p. 6.

17. Economic Report of the President 1995 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office), pp. 278, 279.

18. International Monetary Fund, International Trade Policies: The Uruguay Round and Beyond, Vols. I, II, Washington, 1994.

19. David Halberstam, The Next Century (New York: Morrow, 1991), p. 52.

20. «U. S. House Votes to Cut UN Peacekeeping Funds,» The Japan Times, February 18, 1995, p. 2.

21. «House Votes to Curb Role in UN,» International Herald Tribune, February 17, 1995, p. 1.

22. Gingricn, Contract withAmerica, p. 17.

23. Ibid.

24. Цит. по: Richard L. Berke, "Pat Buchanan Is Driving the «96 Race Rightward,» Internatio nal Herald Tribune, May 31, 1995, p. 1.

25. Michael Dobbs, «NATO Expansion Popular But Don't Look at the Price,» International Herald Tribune, July 8, 1995, p. 1.

26. Clyde Haberman, «Israel Warns U. S. Not to Cut Aid to Nations in Peace Talks,» New York Times, March 4, 1995, p. 4.

27. Michel Albert, Capitalism Against Capitalism (London: Whurr Publishers, 1993), p. 35.

28. Tan Kirn Song, «Money Market Chaos a Threat to APEC's Aims,» The Sunday Straits Times, April 16, 1995, p. 1.

29. Laura Keeton, «Legal Beat: More Legal Aliens Seeking Citizenship to Keep Benefits,» Wall Street Journal, March 6, 1995, p. Bl.

30. Jerry Gray, «Budget Axes Land on Items Big and Small,» New York Times, February 28, 1995, p. A14.

31. «Mexico Crisis and Stable Rates Cause Dollar Malaise,» International Herald Tribune, February 17, 1995, p. 11.

32. Anthony Robinson, «Warning on 'Malady' of Weak Leadership,» Financial Times, May 4, 1995, p. 4.

33. Steve Farka, Mixed Messages: A Survey of Foreign Policy Views of American Leaders (Washington, D. C.: Public Agenda Foundation, 1995), p. 28.

34. Цит. по: Craig Lambert, «Leadership in a New Key,» Harvard Magazine, March/ April 1995, p. 31.

35. Ibid.

36. Major Garrett, «Beyond the Contract,» Mother Jones, March/April 1995, p. 54.

37. Newt Gingrich, «Only America Can Lead,» New Perspectives Quarterly, Spring 1995, p. 4.

1. International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics, Washington, D. C., ежегодники за различные годы; Stuart Holland, Toward a New Bretton Woods (Nottingham, U. K.: Russel Press, 1994), p. 10; Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Report of the President 7995 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office), p. 403.

2. Sylvia Nasar, «More Men in Prime of Life Spend Less Time Working,» New York Times, December 1, 1994, p. 1.

3. Robert D. Hershey, Jr., «Survey Finds б Million, Fewer Than Thought, in Impermanent Jobs,» New Yo rk Times, August 19, 1995, p. 31.

4. Polly Callaghan and Heidi Hartmann, Contingent Work (Washington, D. C.: Economic Policy Institute, 1991), p. 2.

5. Lenore Schiff, «Why Inflation Will Keep Falling,» Fortune, October 2, 1995, p. 60.

6. George J. Borjas, «The Economics of Migration,» Journal of Economic Literature, December 1994, p. 1668.

7. Nicholas Fiore, «Carpenter Technology,» report at Conference on Leveraging Taiwanese Resources, МГГ-ЕРОСН Foundation, October 12–14, 1995, Taip ei.

8. Economic Policy Institute, Declining American Incomes and Living Standards, 1994.

9. Craig R. Whitney, «West European Companies Head East for Cheap Labor,» New York Times, February 9, 1995, p. Dl.

10. Richard J. Murnane, John B. Willet, and Frank Lew, «The Growing Importance of Cognitive Skills in Wage Determination,» Review of Economics and Statistics, May 1995, p. 258.

11. Neal Templin, «Dr. Goodwrench, Auto Plants Are Demanding Higher Skilled Labor,» Wall Street Journal, March 11, 1994, p, 1.

12. U. S. Department of Commerce, Survey of Current Business (Washington, D, C.:

U. S. Government Printing Office, 1994), pp. 82, 84.

13 Paul Krugman, Peddling Prosperity (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), p. 231.

14. Eli Berman, John Bound, and Svi Griliches, «Changes in the Demand for Skilled Labor in U. S. Manufacturing,» Quarterly Journal of Economics, May 1994, p. 367.

15. Robert Z. Lawrence and Matthew J. Slaughter, «Trade and U.S. Wages: Great Sucking Sound or Small Hiccup?» Micro-BPEA Meetings, Washington, D. C., June 1993; Paul Krugman and Robert Lawrence, Trade, Jobs, and Wages, MIT Working Paper, 1994.

16. George J. Borjas and Valerie A. Ramey, «Time Series Evidence on the Sources of Trends in Wage Inequality,» AEA Papers and Proceedings, May 1994, p. 10.

17. Farhad Rassekh, «The Role of International Trade in the Convergence of Per Capita GDP in the OECD, 1950–1980,» International Economics Journal, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Winter 1992), p. 1; Manouchehr Mokhtari and Farhad Rassekh, «The Tendency Toward Factor Price Equalization Among OECD Countries,» Review of Economics and Statistics, November 1989, p 636; Dan Ben-David, «Equalizing Exchange, Trade, Liberalization and Convergence,» Quarterly Journal of Economics, August 1993, p. 653; Ana L. Revenga, «Exporting Jobs,» Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 1992, p. 255; David L. Dollar and Edward N. Woffi, «Convergence of In dustrial Labor Productivity Among Advanced Economies, 1963–1982,» Review of Economics and Statistics, November 1988, p. 549.

18. Jeffrey D. Sachs and Howard J. Shatz, Trade and Jobs in U. S. Manufacturing, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, No. 1, 1994, p. 1.

19. Derek Bok, The Cost of Talent (New York: Free Press, 1993), p. 223.

20. Ibid,

21. Rassekh, «The Role of International Trade,» p. 1.

22. Economic Report of the President 1995, p. 279.

23. Economic Policy Institute, Declining American Incomes and Living Standards (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1994), p. 12.

24. Laura D'Andrea Tyson, William T, Dickens, and John Zysman, The Dynamics of Trade and Employment (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1988), p. 102.

25. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, Series P-60 (Washington, D. C.: U. S, Government Printing Office, 1973, 1993), pp. 119, 144.

26. Robert H. Topel, «Regional Labor Markets and the Determination of Wage Inequality,» American Economic Review, May 1994, p. 17.

27. Harold Lydall, A Theory of Income Distnbution (Oxford, U. K.: Clarendon Press, 1979).

28. Lester C. Thurow, Generating Inequality (New York: Basic Books, 1974).

29. Michael Sattinger, «Assignment Models of the Distribution of Earnings,» Journal of Economic Literature, June 1993, p. 833.

30. Thurow, Generating Inequality.

31. Ibid.

32. Robert H. Frank, «Talent and the Winner-Take-All Society,» American Prospect, Spring 1994, p. 99.

33. Robert Taylor, «Decline in Worker Organization,» Financial Times, June 2, 1995, p. 8.

34. «Trade Unions: Adapt or Die,» The Economist, July 1, 1995, p. 60.

35. George J. Borjas and Valerie A. Ramey, Foreign Competition, Market Power and Wage Inequality: Theory and Evidence, Working Paper No. 4556 NBER, December

1993; Lawrence M. Kahn and Michael Curme, «Unions and Nonunion Wage Dispersion,» Review of Economics and Statistics, November 1987, p. 600.

36. Economic Policy Institute, Paying the Toll (Washington, D. C., 1994), p. 1.

37. «Nothing Could Be Finer,» The Economist, November 19, 1994, p. 77.

38. Ibid.

39. Economic Policy Institute, Paying the Toll, p. 1.

1. Jeffrey С. Fuhrer, ed., Goals, Guidelines, and Constraints Facing Monetary Policy-makers (Boston: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, June 1994).

2. Robert Hershey, Jr., «Federal Reserve Raises Its Rates 7th Time in a Year,» New York Times, February 2, 1995, p. 1.

3. «Economy Expanded As Inflation Fell,» New York Times, October 23, 1995, p. 34.

4. Louis Uchitelle, «Labor Costs Show Small Increase,» New York Times, January 2, 1995, p. Dl; «Core U. S. Inflation Lowest Since 1965,» International Herald Tribune, January 12, 1995, p. 5; «OECD: No Inflation Problem Seen in 1995,» International Herald Tribune, December 21, 1994, p. 1.

5. Joshua Ogawa, «Wholesale Prices Estimated to Have Kept Falling,» Nikkei Weekly, June 12, 1995, p. 3.

6. Robert D. Herse, Jr., «Statistics Never Lie, but They Increasingly Mislead in America,» International Herald Tribune, January 17, 1995, p. 17.

7. Mark K. Sherwood, «Difficulties in the Measurement of Service Outputs,» Monthly Labor Review, March 1994, p. 1.

8. «Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Deficit?» The Economist, September 30, 1995, p.

9. Zvi Griliches, «Productivity R amp;D, and the Data Constraint,» American Economic Review, March 1994, p. 1.

10. James Aley, «Medical Inflation Lives,» Fortune, March 20, 1995, p. 24.

11. Robert Barro, in The Bank of England's Quarterly Bulletin; цит. по: «The Costs of Inflation,» The Economist, May 13, 1995, p. 90.

12. Samuel Brittan, «Elusive Case for Stable Prices,» Financial Times, May 18, 1995 p. 9.

13. Samuel Brittan, The Role and Limits of Government (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), p. 113.

14. «What's Happening to Inflation?» The Economist, September 16, 1995, p. 85.

15. Lenore Schiff, «Why Inflation Will Keep Falling,» Fortune, October 2, 1995, p. 59.

16. Jeff Faux, «A National Embarrassment,» Challenge, January-February 1995, p. 6.

17. Ibid., p. 11.

18. Stephen S. Roach, The Next Leg of Disinflation, Morgan Stanley Special Economic Study, June 1994.

19. Anne Romanis Braun, Wage Determination and Income Policy in Open Economies (Washington, D. C.: International Monetary Fund, 1986), p. 100.

20. John Kenneth Galbraith, The Great Crash of 1929 (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1954; reprint, 1988), p. 184; U. S. Department of Commerce, Long Term Economic Growth 1860–1970 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1973), p. 222.

21. Louis Uchitelle, «Manufacturers Challenge Economic Policy,» New York Times, September 24, 1995, p. 38.

22. Robert Heilbroner and William Milberg, The Crisis of Vision in Modem Economic Thought (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 120.

23. OECD, Quarterly National Accounts, No. 2, Paris, 1995, p. 145.

1. Deizai Koho Center, Japan 1995: An International Comparison (Tokyo: 1995), pp. 34, 35; U. S. Department of Commerce, Survey of Current Business, December 1993, pp 71, 72.

2. U. S. Department of Commerce, Survey of Current Business, pp. 38, 42.

3. Richard Holt, The Reluctant Superpower (New York: Kodansha International, 1995), p. 246; «Stock Market Indexes,» Asian Wall Street Journal, January 1, 1990, p. 18; August 24, 1992, p. 22.

4. Nikko Research Center, The Nikko Chartroom (Tokyo: July 1995), p. 8; «Japanese Property Crumbling,» The Economist, July 8, 1995, p. 83; «Slow Crisis in Japan,» Financial Times, July 1, 1995, p. 8.

5. «Japanese Property Crumbling,» p. 83; Akira Ikeya, «Falling Land Prices Spur Call for Tax Reform,» Nifcfcei Weekly, August 28, 1995, p. 2; Sheryl WuDunn, «Erosion in Japan's Foundation,» New York Times, October 4, 1995, p. Dl.

6. Robert E. Scott, «A Trade Strategy for the 21st Century,» in T. Schafer, ed., Foundations for a New Century (Washington, D. C.: Economic Policy Institute, M. E. Sharpe, forthcoming), p. 2.

7. Car and Driver: The Catalog, Japan ed., Buyers Guide (Tokyo: Diamond, 1995), p. 17.

8. «OK Mickey, Let's Say You Won,» The Economist, July 1, 1995, pp. 65–66.

9. Ibid., p. 75.

10. Guy de Jonquieres, «Japanese Quietly Celebrate World Trade Victory,» Financial

Times, March 20, 1995, p. 4.

11. Gerard Barker, «Driven Off the Oriental Highway: Japan Is Crowing over Its Victory in the U. S. Car Clash,» Financial Times, July 2, 1995, p. 9.

12. Steven Brull, «Another Seoul Pothole for Automakers,» International Herald Tribune, August 20, 1994, p. 7.

13. Sheryl WuDunn, «Protectionism Without Quotas,» International Herald Tribune. March 21, 1995, p. 17.

14. Clay Chandler, «Kodak Strives for Japan Exposure,» International Herald Tribune, June 27, 1995, p. 17.

15. «Top 300 Foreign Owned Companies in Japan, 1990,» Tokyo Business Today, August 1991, p. 54.

16. William Dawkins, «Pressure on Japanese Rates as GDP Falls,» Financial Times, March 19, 1995, p. 3.

17. «Industrial Growth,» The Economist, September 16, 1995, p. 122.

18. Mihoko Ida, «For Savers, Lower Interest Rates Not Enriching,» Nikkei Weekly, September 18, 1995.

19. «Borrowing,» The Economist, October 28, 1995, p. 123.

20. The Japan Research Institute Economics Department, «Escaping the Deflationary Spiral,» Japan Research Quarterly, Autumn 1995, p. 35.

21. Seymour Martin Lipset, «Pacific Divide: American Exceptionalism — Japanese Uniqueness,» /ntemotiona/ Journal of Public Opinion, Vol. 5, No. 2 (Spring, 1994), p. 121.

22. Economic Report of the President 1995, p. 402.

23. Richard Covington, «Ignoring Copyright Pact, China Reopens Factories That Pirated U. S. CDs,» International Herald Tribune, June 2, 1995, p. 1; «That Damned Dollar,» The Economist, February 25, 1995, p. 17.

1. Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991), pp. 615-17.

2. Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Report of the President 1995 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office), pp. 358, 366.

3. Benjamin C. Schwarz, «Is Capitalism Doomed?» New York Times, May 23 1994 pp. 1, 15.

4. Economic Report of the President 1995, pp. 401, 403.

5. «Economic and Financial Indicators,» The Economist, June 5, 1993, p. 131.

6. «Slow Growth Seen for '88,» Pensions and Investment Age, Vol. 15 (December 28 1987), pp. 3, 46.

7. Robert L. Heilbroner, Behind the Veil of Economics (New York W W Norton 1988) p. 29.

8. Morris Goldstem et al., International Capital Markets, International Monetary Fund, Washington, D. C., April 1993, p. 4; «A Survey of The World Economy,» The Economist, October 7, 1995, p. 10.

9. Saul Hansell, «The Collapse of Barings: For Rogue Traders Yet Another Victim,» New York Times, February 28, 1995, p. Dl.

10. «Gone Dutch,» The Economist, March 11, 1995, p. 83.

11. Peter Clark et al., Exchange Rates and Economic Fundamentals, International Monetary Fund, December 1994.

12. Ibid., p. 401.

13. DRI/McGraw-Hill, Impact of the Peso Crisis, February 1995, p. 1.

14. «After Mexico, Who's Next?» Fortune, March 6, 1995, p. 14.

15. «Suerging Europe,» The Economist, March 18, 1995, p. 78.

16. «Symposium: The Changing Structure of Mexico,» Challenge, March/April 1995 pp. 12–63.

17. R. Dornbusch and A. Wemer, Mexico: Stabilization, Reform, and No Growth, The World Economic Laboratory, MIT Working Paper No. 94–08, 1994; «Survey Mexico — Another Day, Another Dive,» The Economist, October 28, 1995, p. 6.

18. Geri Smith and Stephen Baker, «The Fall of Carlos Salinas,» Business Week March 27, 1995, p. 52.

19. Anthony DePalma, «Turmoil Grips Mexico over Shock Plan for Economy,» International Herald Tribune, March 13, 1995, p. 1.

20. «Mexican Package Gets Short Shrift,» Financial Times, February 23, 1995, p. 6.

21. David E. Sanger, «Mexico Is Facing New Restrictions to Get U. S. Help,» New York Times, February 20, 1995, p. 1; David E. Sanger, «Peso Rescue Sets New Limits on Mexico,» New York Times, February 22, 1995, p. 1.

22. Lawrence Malkin, «Trade Deficit Expands as Mexico Crisis Takes Its Toll,» International Herald Tribune, March 13, 1995, p. 1.

23. Leslie Crawford, «Inflation in Mexico Accelerated in March,» Financial Times March 25, 1995, p. 4.

24. Harry Hurt III, «It's Time to Get Real About Mexico,» Fortune, September 4 1995 p. 99.

25. A. M. Rosenthal, «Cover-up Chronology,» New York Times, April 4, 1995, p. A25.

26. «Of Politics, Pensions, and Piggy Banks,» The Economist, July 1, 1995 p 82

27. Ibid.

28. DePalma, «Turmoil Grips Mexico,» p. 6; Leslie Crawford, «Anger on the Streets As Mexico Swallows the Economic Medicine,» Financial Times, March 11, 1995, p. 4.

29. Douglas Farah, «First the Peso, Then the Mexican Dream,» International Herald Tribune, March 18, 1995, p. 1.

30. Anthony DePalma, «After the Fall: Two Faces of Mexico's Economy,» New York Times, July 16, 1995, p. Fl.

31. «Sorry, Gringos,» The Economist, August 26, 1995, p. 65.

32. Ibid.

33. Leslie Crawford, «Mexico's Vigil of Woe,» Financial Times, June 2, 1995, p. 12.

34. «Mexico Crisis and Stable Rates Cause Dollar Malaise,» International Herald Tnb-une, February 17, 1995, p. 11.

35. International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics Yearbook, 1994, Washington, D. C., 1995, p. 23.

36. Michael Mussa et al., Improving the International Monetary System (Washington, D. C.: International Monetary Fund, 1994).

1. Adrian H. Bredero, Christendom and Christianity in the Middle Ages, trans. by Re-inder Bruinsma (Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans, 1986), pp. 358–369; Jonathan Sumption, Pilgrimages (New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield, 1975), pp. 270–279.

2. Karl E. Meyer, «Editorial Notebook: The Roots of Bosnia's Anguish,» New York Times, February 28, 1993, sec. 4, p. 14.

3. «Time to Help Algeria,» The Economist, February 18, 1995, p. 13.

4. Serge Schmemarm, «Police Say Rabin Killer Led Sect That Also Targeted Palestinians,» New York Times, November 11, 1995, p. 1; John Kifner, «Zeal of Rabin's Assassin Springs from Rabbis of Religious Right,» New York Times, November 12, 1995, p. 1.

5. Nicholas D. Kristof, «New Chemical Cache Spreads Fear,» International Herald Tribune, March 25–26, 1995, p. 1.

6. Tom Kuntz, «From Thought to Deed: In the Mind of a Killer Who Says He Served God,» New York Times, September 24, 1995, p. E7.

7. Jack Lessenberry, «Michigan Group United by Guns, Anger,» Boston Globe, April 22, 1995, p. 1.

8. John Kifner, «Despite Oklahoma Charges, the Case is Far from Closed,» New York Times, August 12, 1995, pp. 1, 24.

9. Gustav Niebuhr, «A Vision of Apocalypse: The Religion of the Far Right,» New York Times, May 22, 1995, p. A8.

10. Gustav Niebuhr, «Assault on Waco Sect Fuels Extremists' Rage,» New York Times, April 26, 1995, p. A12.

11. Bruce Hoffman, «In America, Too, Violence All the Worse for Its Religious Pretenses,» International Herald Tribune, April 27, 1995, p. 8.

12. William Pfaff, «No Excusing Those Who Brook the Reverend's Nonsense,» International Herald Tribune, March 11, 1995, p. 6.

13. Frank Rich, «Gingrich Family Values,» New York Times, May 14, 1995, p. E15.

14. «The Tablets of Ralph,» The Economist, May 20, 1995, p. 60.

15. «The Counter-attack of God,» The Economist, July 8, 1995, p. 25.

16. Tom Nairn, «Internationalism and the Second Coming,» Reconstructing Nations and States, special issue of Daedalus, Summer 1993, p. 168.

17. Charles F. Doran and Ellen Reisman Babby, eds., Being and Becoming Canada, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, March 1995.

18. Tony Judt, «1988: The End of Which European Era?» After Communism, What? special issue of Daedalus, Summer 1994, p. 24.

19. Martin Kramer, «Arab Nationalism: Mistaken Identity,» Reconstructing Nations and States, special issue of Daedalus, Summer 1993, p. 171.

20. Francis Fukuyama, «Blood and Belonging,» New York Times Book Review, April 10, 1994, p. 7.

21. Marlise Simons, «Corsican Separatists Separate,» International Herald Tribune, June 3, 1995, p. 2.

22. Douglas B. Klusmeyer, «Aliens, Immigrants, and Citizens,» Reconstructing Nations and States, special issue of Daedalus, Summer 1993, p. 102.

23. Eric Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991 (London: Michael Joseph, 1994), p. 11.

24. Ralph C. Bryant, 'Increasing Economic Integration and Eroding Political Sovereignty," The Brookings Review, Fall 1994, p. 42.

1. Arthur R. Jensen, Straight Talk About Mental Tests (New York' Free Press 1981) P. 6.

2. Richard Sandomir, «Pro Basketball: Players Sue to Raise NBA Salary Cap,» New York Times, November 10, 1994, p. B4.

3. Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Report of the President 1995 [Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office), pp. 280, 358.

4. Martin Baily, Gary Burtless, Robert E. Litan, Growth with Equity (Washington, D. C.: Brookmgs Institution, 1993).

5. Jennifer L. Hochschild, What's Fair? American Beliefs About Distributive Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 9.

6. Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Avon Books, 1992), pp. 242, 291.

7. Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 20, 1972 edition, p. 631.

8. J. L. Baxter, Behavioral Foundations of Economics (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993), pp. 28, 35.

9. Ibid., p. 53.; Tibor Scitovsky, The Joyless Economy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), p. 109.

10. Jonathan H. Turner, Herbert Spencer: A Renewed Appreciation (Beverly HUIs, Calif.: Sage Publishers, 1985), p. 11; J. D. Y. Peel, Herbert Spencer, The Evolution of a Sociologist (New York: Basic Books, 1971); Herbert Spencer, The Principles of Biology, Vol. 1 (New York: Appleton amp; Co., 1866), p. 530.

11. Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (New York: Free Press, 1994).

12. Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Annual Digest of Statistics, 1994 Edition (Hong Kong: Government Printer), p. 198.

13. Ng Kang-Chung, «Resale Reform to Free Flats for Needy,» South China Morning Post, Sept. 16, 1995, p. 1.

14. John A. Garraty, Unemployment in History (New York: Harper and Row 1978) p. 134.

15. Peter Applebome, «In Gingrich's College Course, Critics Find a Wealth of Ethical Concerns,» New York Times, February 20, 1995, p. C7.

16. Eric Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991 (London: Michael Joseph, 1994), p. 138.

17. Newt Gingrich, Contract with America (New York: Times Books 1994)

18. Ibid.

19. Nordal Akerman, ed., The Necessity of Friction (Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag 1993) p. 12.

20. Alan Cowell, «Socialists Are Sinking in Germany,» New York Times, September 24 1995, p. 4.

21. Michael Thompson-Noel, «A Daily Dose of Pick and Mix News,» Financial Times March 13, 1995, p. 10.

22. Richard Tomkins, «Enter the Bespoken Newspaper,» Financial Times, March 13 1995, p. 11.

23. Fernand Braudel, The Identity of France, Vol. II, People and Production (New York: Fontana Press, 1991), p. 102.

24. Frances Gies and Joseph Gies, Forge and Waterwheel: Technology and Innovation in the Middle Ages (New York: HarperCoIlins), 1994, pp. 1, 3.

25. Braudel, The Identity of France, p. 102.

26. Georges Duby, ed., A History of Private Life: Revelations of the Medieval World (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press/Belknap Press, 1988), p. 123.

27. Gies and Gies, Forge and Waterwheel, pp. 37, 43.

28. Fernand Braudel, The Structures of Everyday Life: The Limits of the Possible, Vol. 1 (New York: Harper and Row, 1981), p. 123.

29. William Manchester, A World Lit Only by Fire: The Medieval Mind and the Renaissance (Boston: Little, Brown, 1992), p. 47.

30. Ibid., p. 5.

31. Ibid., p. 69.

32. Braudel, The Identity of France, p. 102.

33. Manchester, A World Lit Only by Fire, p. 96.

34. Ibid., p. 51.

35. Ibid.; Georges Duby, Dominique B. Arthelemy, and Charles De LaRonciere, «Portraits,» in Georges Duby, ed., A History of Private Life: Revelations of the Medieval World (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press/Belknap Press, 1988), p. 170.

36. Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of PhilUp 11 (New York: Harper and Row, 1973), p. 745.

37. Duby, ed., A History of Private Life, p. 23.

38. Ibid., p. 397.

39. Duby, Arthelemy, and De LaRonciere, «Portraits,» pp. 116, 165; Norman F. Cantor, The Civilization of the Middle Ages (New York: HarperCoIlins, 1993), p. 197.

40. Timothy Egan, «Many Seek Security in Private Communities,» New York Times, Septembers, 1995, p. 1.

41. Ibid., p. 22.

42. Adam Pertman, 'Home Safe Home: Closed Communities Grow," Boston Globe, March 14, 1994, p. 1.

43. Dale Mahadridge, «Walled Off,» Mother Jones, November/December 1994, p. 27.

44. Ibid.

45. Egan, «Many Seek Security,» p. 22.

46. Edward J. Blakely and Marach Gail Snyder, Fortress America: Gated and Walled Communities in the United States, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, June 10, 1994, p. 11.

47. Ibid., p. 9.

48. Cantor, The Civilization of the Middle Ages, p. 195.

49. Manchester, A World Lit Only by Fire, p. 47.

50. Cantor, The Civilization of the Middle Ages, p. 119.

51. Fernand Braudel, A History of Civilization (New York: Penguin Press, 1963), p. 17.

52. Manchester, A World Lit Only by Fire, p. 5.

53. Duby, ed., A History of Private Life, p. 69.

54. Cantor, The Civilization of the Middle Ages, p. 187; Gies and Gies, Forge and Waterwheel, p. 178.

55. Manchester, A World Lit Only by Fire, pp. 6, 7.

56. Ibid., p. 11.

57. Ibid., p. 37.

58. Malcolm Barber, The Two Cities: Medieval Europe 1050–1320 (New York: Rout-ledge, 1992), p. 27.

59. Cantor, The Civilization of the Middle Ages, p. 27.

60. Manchester, A World Lit Only by Fire, p. 73.

61. Susan Strange, «The Defective State,» Daedalus, Spring 1995, p. 56.

62. Manchester, A World Lit Only by Fire, p. 3.

63. Ibid., pp. 86, 90, 102, 121.

64. Jerry Gray, «Budget Axes Land on Items Big and Small,» New York Times, February 24, 1995, p. A14.

65. Gunnar Myrdal, Against the Stream (New York: Pantheon, 1972).

66. Robert Heilbroner and William Milberg, The Crisis of Vision in Modem Economic Thought (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 108.

67. Richard Holt, The Reluctant Superpower (New York: Kodansha International, 1995), p. 1.

68. R. С. Lewontin, Steven Rose and Leon J. Kamin, Not in Our Genes: Biology, Ideology, and Human Nature (New York: Pantheon Books, 1984), p. 69.

69. Gary S. Becker and William M. Landes, Essays in the Economics of Crime and Punishment (New York: Columbia University Press/ National Bureau of Economic Research, 1974), p. 18.

70. Lewontin, Rose, and Kamin, Not in Our Genes, p. 5.

71. Amitai Etzioni, The Spirit of Community: Rights, Responsibility, and the Communi tarian Agenda (New York: Crown Publishers, 1993), p. 30.

72. Daniel Bell and Irving Kristol, eds., The Crisis in Economic Theory (New York: Basic Books, 1981); Samuel Brittan, The Role and Limits of Government (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), p. 26.

73. Myrdal, Against the Stream.

74. Fred Block, Post-Industrial Possibilities: A Critique of Economic Discourse (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 39.

75. James M. Buchanan and Robert D. Tollison, Theory of PubKc Choice: Political Applications of Economics (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1972).

76. Mark A. Lutz and Kenneth Lux, Humanistic Economics (New York: Bootstrap Press 1988).

1. Joseph Nathan Kane, Famous First Facts (New York: H. W. Wilson, 1981), p. 611.

2. Peter F. Drucker, The Age of Social Transformation," Atlantic Monthly, November 1994, p. 53.

3. «It's People, Stupid,» The Economist, May 27, 1995, p. 67; U. S. Department of Commerce, 1987 Census of Service Industries (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1990); American Bar Foundation, Lawyers' Statistical Report (Chicago: 1994), p. 6.

4. Lester C. Thurow, Investment in Human Capital (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1970).

5. NPV =???R-C)/(l+r)

где? — сумма от 0 до бесконечности; NPV — чистая текущая стоимость (Net Present Value); r — норма учетной ставки (discount rate); t — время (time); R — доходы (returns); С — издержки (costs).

6. При капитализме противоречие между потреблением и инвестированием разрешается путем приведения норм (процентов) временного предпочтения к равновесию с банковской ставкой процента. Если банковская ставка составляет 10 %, то любой индивидуум с нормой временного предпочтения ниже 10 % может повысить свою чистую текущую стоимость будущих потребительских товаров, если станет делать сбережения, не потребляя сегодня, и тем самым сможет потребить на 10 % больше год спустя. Каждый такой индивидуум продолжает делать сбережения до тех пор, пока соотношение между текущим и ожидаемым будущим потреблением не поднимет его личную норму временного предпочтения до 10 % — банковской ставки процента. В этот момент он максимизирует чистую текущую стоимость будущих потребительских товаров и больше не будет заинтересован в сокращении текущего потребления с целью увеличения будущего потребления.

С другой стороны, если нормы прибыли от новых инвестиций ниже процента временного предпочтения для некоторых потребителей, последние увеличат свое потребление (и с этой целью сократят сбережения и возьмут заем), чтобы опять же увеличить чистую совокупную стоимость своего потребления.

Сегодняшнее потребление для них стоит больше, чем потребление в будущем, когда им придется возвращать долги. Если банковская процентная ставка составляет 10 %, то для любого индивидуума с нормой временного предпочтения ниже 10 % благоразумно занимать денежные средства, чтобы поднять текущее потребление. Он будет поступать так до тех пор, пока его текущее потребление не станет настолько велико относительно будущего потребления, что его индивидуальный процент временного предпочтения упадет до 10 % В этот момент он опять же максимизирует свою чистую текущую стоимость потребительских товаров за время жизни.

Если людей с нормами временного предпочтения ниже 10 % много, то их общие сбережения снизят процентную ставку. Наоборот, если у многих норма временного предпочтения выше 10 %, их дополнительное потребление повысит банковскую процентную ставку. То же самое справедливо для инвесторов. Благодаря инвесторам, которым требуются денежные средства на финансирование проектов, приносящих больше 10 % дохода, банковская процентная ставка повысится; прекращение инвестиций, приносящих меньше 10 % дохода, понизит ее. Оптимум капиталистических вложений достигается, когда процентная ставка такова, что ни у кого нет стимула изменять ни объем своего потребления, ни объем инвестиций.

7. U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Money Income of Households, Families, and Persons in the United States, 1992, Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, Series P-60 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1993), pp. 144, 146.

8. Ibid., p. 121.

9. George Psacharopoulos, "Returns to Education: A Further International Update and Implications, Journal of Human Resources, 1985, p. 583.

10. James M. Poterba, Government Intervention in the Markets for Education and Health Care: How and Why? NBER Working Paper No. 4916, 1995.

11. James M. Poterba and Lawrence H. Summers, «A CEO Survey of U. S. Companies' Time Horizons and Hurdle Rates,» Sloan Management Review, Fall 1995, p. 145.

12. Poterba, Government Intervention in the Markets for Education and Health Care.

13. Michael Prowse, Time to Separate School and State," Financial Times, March 13, 1995, p. 15.

14. Michael J. Piore, Beyond Individualism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995), p. 77.

15. Peter Passel, The Wealth of Nations: A 'Greener' Approach Turns List Upside Down," New YorkTimes, September 19, 1995, p. C12.

16. Richard D. Bartel, «Editorial Perspective,» Challenge, January-February 1995, p. 3.

17. «Size of the Internet,» The Economist, April 15, 1995, p. 102.

18. Computer Science and Telecommunications Board and National Research Council, Realizing the Information Future: The Internet and Beyond (Washington, D. C.: National Academy Press, 1994), p. 2.

19. «A Survey of the Internet: The Accidental Superhighway,» The Economist, July 1, 1995, p. 13.

20. M. Ishaq Nadiri and Theofanis P. Mamuneas, Infrastructure and Public R amp;D Investments and the Growth of Factor Productivity in U. S. Manufacturing Industries, NBER Working Paper No. 4845, August 1994; Douglas Holtz-Eakin and Amy Ellen Schwartz, Infrastructure in a Structural Model of Growth, NBER Working Paper No. 4824, August 1994; Dean Baker and Todd Schafer, The Case for Public Investment (Washington, D. C.: Economic Policy Institute, 1995), pp. 4, 6, 9.

21. Robert Ford and Pierre Poret, Infrastructure and Private Sector Productivity, OECD Economic Studies No. 17, Autumn 1991, p. 63.

22. Baker and Schafer, The Case for PubKc Investment, pp. 4, 6, 9; Council of Competitiveness, «Charting Competitiveness,» Challenges, October 1995, p. 3.

23. Natalie Angler, «Science Mimics the Movies: Frankensteinian Fruit Fly Experiments Point to Master Gene for Eye Formation,» International Herald Tribune, March 25–26, 1995, p. 1.

24. John Holusha, The Risks for High Tech When Non-Techies Take Over," New York Times, September 5, 1993, p. F7; Gautam Naik, «Corporate Research: How Much Is It Worth? Top Labs Shift Research Goals to Fast Payoffs,» Wall Street Journal, May 22, 1995, p. Bl.

25. Malcolm W. Browne, «Prized Labs Shift to More Mundane Tasks,» New York Times, June 20, 1995, p. Cl.

26. Laura D'Andrea Tyson, Who's Bashing Whom? Trade Conflict in High-Technology Industries (Washington, D. C.: Institute for International Economics, 1992), p. 32.

27. Karen Southwick, «How Far Can Serendipity Carry Adobe?» Upside, September 1995, p. 48.

28. Marguerite de Angela, Book of Nursery and Mother Goose Rhymes (New York: Dou-bleday and Co., 1953), p. 137.

29. Ann Markusen and Michael Oden, «Investing in the Peace Dividend,» in T. Schafer, ed., Foundations for a New Century (Washington, D. C.: Economic Policy Insti-tute/M. E. Sharpe, forthcoming), p. 17.

30. Malcolm W. Browne, «Budget Cuts Seen by Science Group as Very Harmful for U. S. Research,» New York Times, August 29, 1995, p. Cl.

31. PhilipJ. Hilts, «U.S. Intends to Raise Science and Technology Spending, Gore Says,» New York Times, August 4, 1994, p. 19.

32. «Survey Defense Technology,» The Economist, June 10, 1995, p. 8; Carol Lessure, Defense Budget Project, President Clinton's Defense Transition Program, May 10, 1994, p. 8.

33. «Of Strategies, Subsidies, and Spillovers,» The Economist, March 18, 1995, p. 84.

34. Edward O. Wilson, «Is Humanity Suicidal?» New York Times Magazine, May 30, 1993, p. 25–26.

35. Barry Bosworth, Prospects for Saving and Investment in Industrial Countries, Brookings Discussion Papers No. 113, May 1995, p. 2.

36. Ibid., p. 4; Martin Wolf, The Costs of Low Savings," Financial Times, May 2, 1995, p. 20.

37. Bosworth, «Prospects for Saving and Investment,» pp. 8–9.

38. Ibid., appendix, table 1.

39. Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 1996, Historical Tables (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1995), p. 122; Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Report of the President 1995 (Washington, D. C.: Ul S. Government Printing Office, 1995), p. 274; U. S. Department of Commerce, Statistical Abstract of the United States 1994 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office), pp. 372, 607; Statistical Abstract 1979, p. 285; U. S. Department of Commerce, National Income and Product Accounts of the United States, 1959–1988 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1992), p. 64; Richard Ruggles, «Accounting for Savings and Capital Formation in the United States, 1947–1991,» Journal of Economic Perspectives, Spring 1993, p. 11.

40. Robert Heilbroner and William Milberg, The Crisis of Vision in Modem Economic Thought (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 86.

41. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Policies for Long-Run Growth, 1992, p. 186.

42. Sylvia Nasar, «Older Americans Cited in Studies of National Savings Rate Slump,» New York Times, February 21, 1995, p. 1.

43. Edward C. Banfield, The Unheavenly City Revisited (Boston: Little, Brown, 1968), p. 53.

44. U. S. Department of Commerce, Long-Term Economic Growth 1960–1970 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1973), pp. 222-25.

45. «French Finance Minister Resigns,» Boston Globe, August 26, 1995, p. 2.

46. Shlomo Maital and Sharone L. Maital, «Is the Future What It Used to Be? A Behavioral Theory of the Decline of Savings in the West,» Journal of Socio-Economics, Vol. 23, No. 1/2, 1994, p. 10.

47. Economic Report of the President 1986, pp. 282, 336, 338.

48. Economic Report of the President 1995, pp. 306, 362–363.

49. Council on Competitiveness, «Can Credit-Happy America Be Saved?» Challenges, February 1995, p. 1.

50. «How Washington Can Stop Its War on Savings,» Fortune, March 6, 1995, p. 133.

51. «Global 500,» Fortune, August 7, 1995, p. Fl.

52. Martin Feldstein, Too Little, Not Too Much," The Economist, June 24, 1995, p. 72.

53. Lester C. Thurow, The Zero-Sum Society, Chapter 5, «Environmental Problems» (New York: Basic Books, 1980), pp. 103–122; Lester C. Thurow, Head to Head, Chapter 7, «Festering Problems: Global Environmentalism» (New York: Morrow, 1992), p. 219.

54. Richard M. Coughlin, ed., Morality, Rationality, and Efficiency: New Perspectives in Socio-Economics (London: M. E. Sharpe, 1991), p. 5.

55. Ibid., p. 46.

56. Richard Thaler, Quasi Rational Economics (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1991), p. 77.

57. Piore, Beyond Individualism, pp. 137–138.

58. Fred Hirsh, Social Limits to Growth (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976), pp. 143, 156.

59. Ibid., p. 137.

60. Bruno Dagens, Angkor: Heart of an Asian Empire (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1995); Dawn F. Rooney, Angkor (Chicago: Passport Books, 1994), p. 32.

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