1. Dialogues

Introduction

The dialogues which Cain began writing for Mencken and The American Mercury in 1925 were cast in the form of one-act plays and lampooned various aspects of our federal, state, and local governments. He wrote these devastating satires for five years, by which time he had accumulated almost enough for a book. So, encouraged by Alfred A. Knopf, Cain wrote a few more to include in a little volume of satire titled Our Government, published by Knopf in 1930.

If Our Government had been the kind of success Knopf, Mencken, and several of the critics thought it should have been, James M. Cain might today be best known primarily as a satiric writer of comic dialogues. Mencken, especially, never understood why Our Government did not “create a sensation... there was capital stuff in it.”

To emphasize the satire, Cain wrote a pretentious tongue-in-cheek Preface to Our Government in which he suggested that his “studies” of government were the inevitable result of having made the transition into the scientific era. “We live in an age,” he said, “that has abandoned theory, except when theory can be made to serve as working hypothetic, in favor of fact. No longer do we start with cognito, ergo sum as a basis for deducing the principle of the universe; no longer do we believe that the principle of the universe can be deduced, or even stated. We incline to table such profundities as this in favor of things more objective: instead of concluding, by syllogistic processes, that since the patient is insane he must have a devil inside of him, we study his symptoms, trying to find out something about them; instead of indulging in great debates about the fairness of the income tax, we study the minutiae of economic phenomena, accumulating great columns of tables; instead of saying cognito, and letting it go at that, we study ourselves, seeking to find out how we cogitate, if at all. In other words, science has become descriptive.”

Science, said Cain, would hazard no opinion on the principle of the universe until it knew what the universe was like. And “this little book represents an effort to make a beginning in this direction on behalf of our American government, perhaps the most baffling riddle of all. We have, heaven knows, no dearth of books on the theory of our government, on its functions, its virtues, and its defects. The libraries are full of such books, and the courthouses are even fuller, for every judicial decision is in some degree an analysis of these matters, and many judicial decisions are lengthy. But there is no book, so far as I know, which sets out to paint a portrait of our government; to depict, without bias or comment, the machine which passes our laws, educates our children, and polices our streets; to show the kind of men who man it, the matters that occupy them, and the nature of their deliberations.”

His method of approach, he said, was “to select some typical problem of a particular branch of government, usually on the basis of newspaper clippings, and then reconstruct the manner in which it would be dealt with by the typical agents of that branch of government... While it has its limitations, it was the best method, I believe, with which to achieve complete verisimilitude, which after all was the main desideratum.”

Some of the reviewers completely missed the satire and were baffled by the contrasting serious tone of the Preface and the comic shenanigans that took place in the book. But most of them caught it, and some were positively ecstatic in their responses: John Carter, in Outlook, called Our Government a remarkably accurate picture of American politics and said, “It has just that touch of Aristophanes which is necessary to act as a preservative and make it as readable and comprehensible five centuries from now.”

Our Government has long been out of print, but over the years many of the satires have been produced as one-act plays by small theater groups. The dialogues included here are from the “State Government” section of Our Government, and all but two (“Counsel” and “The Judiciary”) originally appeared in The American Mercury. “The Governor” was also included in Katherine and E. B. White’s Subtreasury of American Humor, which always pleased Cain, who wrote Mrs. White in 1941: “The piece is one of the few things I have written that I have real affection for and it means almost more to me than I care to admit to have it in there.”

The last dialogue included here, “Don’t Monkey with Uncle Sam,” was written for Vanity Fair in 1933 and was an obvious attempt to revive the dialogue form for satirizing the government which had worked so well for Mencken, who left The Mercury in 1933. But it was Cain’s last effort at this type of satire.

The Governor

THE GOVERNOR’S office, about two o’clock in the afternoon. Ranged about the table, talking in whispers, area petitioner for a pardon, dressed in ordinary clothes but having a pasty pallor, a singularly close haircut, and a habit of starting nervously whenever he is addressed; two guards, carrying guns on their hips in holsters; a witness, a prosecutor, and counsel for the petitioner. THE GOVERNOR enters, accompanied by a woman secretary, and they all stand up until he has sat down and donned his glasses. In a moment a lovely aroma begins to perfume the air. It is such an aroma as pervades a bonded distillery, and unmistakably it comes from the head of the table, where THE GOVERNOR has taken his place.

THE GOVERNOR

Gen’lemen, y’ may p’ceed.

COUNSEL FOR THE PETITIONER

Yes, Yexcellency.

THE GOVERNOR

’N I’ll ashk y’ t’ be ’s brief ’s y’ can, c’se busy af’noon w’ me. Gi’ me th’ facksh, that’s all I w’nt know. ’M plain, blunt man, got no time f’ detailsh. Gi’ me facksh, ’n y’ won’t have t’ worry ’bout fair trea’m’nt f’m me.

COUNSEL

I think I speak for everybody here, Yexcellency, when I say we’re all anxious to save Yexcellency’s time, and—

THE GOVERNOR

’Preciate ’at.

COUNSEL

And so I imagine the best way would be for me to sketch in for Yexcellency, briefly of course, the history of this case, I may say this very unusual case.

THE PROSECUTOR

So unusual, Yexcellency, that the Parole Board threw up its hands and refused to have anything to do with it whatsoever, and that is why Yexcellency’s valuable time—

THE GOVERNOR

Nev’ min’ Parole Board. Is ’t mer’tor’s case, tha’s all want know.

THE PROSECUTOR

I understand that, Yexcellency. I only wanted to say that the prawscution regards this case as abslutely prepawstrous.

THE GOVERNOR

A’right. Y’said it.

COUNSEL

Now, Yexcellency, this young man Greenfield Farms, this young man you see here—

THE GOVERNOR

One mom’nt. When’s ex’cution take plashe?

COUNSEL

I’m glad Yexcellency reminded me of that, because praps I ought to have explained it sooner. Fact of the matter, Yexcellency, this is not a capital case.

THE GOVERNOR

Gi’ me facksh, gi’ me facksh! I got no time f detailsh. When’s ex’cution take plashe, I said.

COUNSEL

Yes, Yexcellency. I was only telling Yexcellency that there won’t be any execution, because—

THE GOVERNOR

Wha’s ’at?

COUNSEL

Because this young man Farms wasn’t sentenced to death; he was sentenced to the penitentiary—

THE GOVERNOR

Oh!

COUNSEL

On a ten year term, ten years in prison, for participation in the armed march we had some years ago, when the miners made all that trouble. Or, as it’s never been clear in my mind that Farms had any idea what he was doing at that time—

THE PETITIONER

Never did. I hope my die I just went out there to see what was going on—

A GUARD

Hey! Sh!

COUNSEL

Praps I should have said alleged participation.

THE PROSECUTOR

And another thing praps you should have said was that of his ten years in prison he has already served three and he’ll get two more off for good behavior and that leaves five and five is a little different from ten.

THE GOVERNOR

C’me on, c’me on!

THE PROSECUTOR

I’m only—

THE GOVERNOR

Y’ only pett’fogg’n. Shu’ up.

COUNSEL

Now, Yexcellency will recall that as a result of that uprising, six defendants, of which Farms was one, were convicted of treason to the State and the rest were allowed to plead guilty of unlawful assemblage—

THE GOVERNOR

Don’t was’ m’ time talk’n ’bout ’at upris’n. I know all ’bout it. I’s right there ’a saw fi’ thous’n of ’m march by m’own front ya’d. Get on ’th facksh.

COUNSEL

Then if Yexcellency is familiar with that, we’re ready now for this witness, and after he has told his story I can outline briefly to Yexcellency the peculiar bearing it has on this case, and—

THE GOVERNOR

Is ’at witness?

THE WITNESS

Yes, sir.

THE GOVERNOR

Sit over here where I c’n see y’ better. ’N don’t shtan’ ’n awe ’f me. Washa name?

THE WITNESS

Ote Bailey, sir.

THE GOVERNOR

Shpeak right out, Bailey. ’M plain, blunt man ’n y’ needn’t shtan’ ’n awe ’f me.

COUNSEL

Now, Bailey, if you’ll tell the Governor in your own words what you told the Parole Board—

THE WITNESS

Well, it was like this. I was coming down the street on the milk-wagon early in the morning, right down Center Street in Coal City, and it was cold and there was a thin skim of ice on the street. And the mare was a-slipping and sliding pretty near every step, because she was old and the cheap dairy company hadn’t shoed her right for cold weather. And—

THE GOVERNOR

Wha’s ’at? Milk-wagon?

COUNSEL

Just a moment, Yexcellency. Now, Bailey, you forgot to tell the Governor when this was.

THE WITNESS

This here was twenty-three year ago come next January.

COUNSEL

All right, now go ahead and—

THE GOVERNOR

Hol’ on, Bailey, hol’ on. [To COUNSEL] Young man, I got worl’ o’ patience. ’M plain, blunt man, a’ls will’n t’ help people ’n distress, p’ticularly when — p’ticularly — p’ticularly — h’m — p’ticularly. But wha’s twen’ three yea’s ’go got t’ do ’th ’is ex’cution? Tell me that.

COUNSEL

Well, Yexcellency, I thought it would save time if we let Bailey tell his story first, and then I can outline the bearing it has on this case. But if Yexcellency prefers, I’ll be glad to—

THE GOVERNOR

Young man, ’re you trifl’n ’th me?

COUNSEL

Not at all, Yexcellency, I—

THE GOVERNOR

I warn y’ ri’ now I won’t shtan’ f’ trifl’n. Facksh, facksh, tha’s what I want!

COUNSEL

Yes, Yexcellency.

THE GOVERNOR

A’ right, Bailey, g’ on ’th it. I’ll see ’f I c’n get facksh m’self.

THE WITNESS

So pretty soon, the mare went down. She went right down in the shafts, and I seen I would have to unhook her to get her up.

THE GOVERNOR

Y’ right, y’ qui’ right. Y’ can’t get ’m up ’thout y’ unhook ’m. No use try’n. G’ on.

THE WITNESS

So then I got down offen the wagon and commence unhooking her. And I just got one breeching unwrapped, ’cause they didn’t have snap breechings then, when I heared something.

THE GOVERNOR

Whasha hear?

THE WITNESS

I heared a mewling.

THE GOVERNOR

Mewl’n?

THE WITNESS

That’s right. First off, sound like a cat, but then it didn’t sound like no cat. Sound funny.

THE GOVERNOR

What sound like?

THE WITNESS

Sound like a child.

THE GOVERNOR

Y’ sure?

THE WITNESS

Yes, sir.

THE GOVERNOR

Sound’ like child. Thank God, now ’m gett’n some facksh. G’ on. What ’en?

THE WITNESS

So I left the mare, left her laying right where she was, and commence looking around to see where it was coming from.

THE GOVERNOR

Where what was com’n f’m?

THE WITNESS

This here mewling.

THE GOVERNOR

Oh, yes. Mewl’n. F’got f’ mom’nt. G’ on, Bailey. Shpeak right out. Don’t shtan’ ’n awe ’f me. What ’en?

THE WITNESS

So pretty soon I figured it must be coming from the sewer, what run down under Center Street, and I went over to the manhole and listened and sure enough that was where it was coming from.

THE GOVERNOR

Shew’r?

THE WITNESS

Yes, sir.

THE GOVERNOR

Keep right on, Bailey. Y’ g’ me more facksh ’n fi’ minutes ’n whole pack ’lawyersh gi’ me ’n week.

COUNSEL

I assure Yexcellency—

THE GOVERNOR

Keep out o’ this, young man. Y’ tried m’ patience ’nough already. ’M after facksh ’n ’m gett’n ’m. G’ on, Bailey.

THE WITNESS

So I tried to get the cover offen the manhole, but I couldn’t lift it. I tried hard as I could, but I couldn’t budge it.

THE GOVERNOR

Busha tried?

THE WITNESS

Yes, sir.

THE GOVERNOR

Thasha shtuff! G’ on.

THE WITNESS

So then I figured the best thing was to get some help and I run all the way up and down the street looking for a cop. And pretty soon I found a couple of them. And first off they didn’t believe it, but then when they come to the manhole and heared this here mewling, they tried to lift the cover with me, and all three of us couldn’t move it, and why we couldn’t move it was it was froze to the rim.

THE GOVERNOR

F’oze?

THE WITNESS

Yes, sir.

THE GOVERNOR

F’oze. G’ on.

THE WITNESS

So then we figured the best thing to do would be to put in a alarm. We figured if we got the fire company down there, maybe they would have something to move it with.

THE GOVERNOR

G’ on. Keep right on till I tell y’ to shtop, Bailey.

THE WITNESS

So we went to the box and put in a alarm. And pretty soon here come the hook-and-ladder galloping down the street. And five fellows what was members of the Coal City Volunteer Fire Department was on it, because they was still setting in the fire-house playing a poker game what they had started the night before after supper.

THE GOVERNOR

The Coal City Vol’teer Fi’ D’pa’ment?

THE WITNESS

Yes, sir. So then—

THE GOVERNOR

Wait minute. Wait minute, Bailey. Y’ touch m’ heart now. The ol’ Coal City Vol’teer Fi’ D’pa’ment, wha’ y’ know ’bout ’at? I was mem’ that m’self. I was mem’ that — le’s see, mus’ been thirty yea’s ’go.

COUNSEL

I hear it was a wonderful company in those days, Yexcellency.

THE GOVERNOR

Won’ful ’n ’en some. We won State ca’nival three times runn’n. C’n y’ ’magine ’at?

COUNSEL

You don’t mean it, Yexcellency!

THE GOVERNOR

Well, well! Y’ touch m’ heart now, Bailey, y’ cert’ny have. ’S goin’ be ha’d f’ me t’ send y’ t’ chair ’f y’ was mem’ old Coal City Vol’teer Fi’ D’pa’ment. G’ on. What ’en?

THE WITNESS

— ?

COUNSEL

Don’t sit there with your mouth hanging open like that, Bailey. The Governor was thinking of something else, of course.

THE WITNESS

Oh! So then them fellows pulled in their horses and got down offen the hook-and-ladder and commence hollering where was the fire. So we told them it wasn’t no fire, but a child down the sewer, and then they got sore, because they claim we broke up their poker game and it was roodles.

THE GOVERNOR

What ’en?

THE WITNESS

So we ast them to help us get the cover off, and they wasn’t going to do it. But just then this here mewling come again, just a little bit. It had kind of died off, but now it started up again, and them fellows, soon as they heared it, they got busy. ’Cause this here mewling, it give you the shivers right up and down your back.

THE GOVERNOR

What ’en?

THE WITNESS

So then we put the blade of one of them axes next to the cover, between it and the rim, and beat on it with another ax. And that broke it loose and we got it off.

THE GOVERNOR

What ’en?

THE WITNESS

So then them firemen put a belt on me, what they use to hook on the hose when they shove it up on them ladders, and let me down in the sewer. And I struck a match and sure enough there was a child, all wrapped up in a bunch of rags, laying out on the sewer water. And why it hadn’t sunk was that the sewer water was froze and a good thing we didn’t shove no ladder down there because if we had the ice would of got broke and the child would of fell in.

THE GOVERNOR

What ’en?

THE WITNESS

So I grabbed the child, and them fellows pulled me up, and then we all got on the hook-and-ladder and whipped up them horses for the Coal City Hospital, ’cause it looked like to me that child was half froze to death, but when we give it in to the hospital we found out that being in the sewer hadn’t hurt it none and it was all right.

THE GOVERNOR

So y’ saved child?

THE WITNESS

Yes, sir.

THE GOVERNOR

Tha’s good!.. Well, Bailey, y’ made good case f’ y’self. I don’t min’ say’n, ’m ’pressed.

COUNSEL

But this witness isn’t quite finished with his testimony, Yexcellency.

THE GOVERNOR

Wha’s ’at? He saved child, didn’ he? ’A’s all wan’ know. Facksh, facksh, tha’s what I go on!

COUNSEL

But Yexcellency—

THE GOVERNOR

A’ right, ą’ right. G’ on, Bailey, what ’en?

THE WITNESS

So then, when I got back to the milk-wagon and unwrapped the other breeching and unslipped the traces, the old mare couldn’t get up nohow. She was stiff from cold, and I had to get them cops again and shoot her. So the dairy company was pretty sore. The old mare, she weren’t worth more’n twenty-five dollars, but them company men let on I was hired to take care of the company property and not pull no babies outen the sewer.

THE GOVERNOR

What ’en?

THE WITNESS

So we had it pretty hot for a while, and then later on that day I went down to the hospital for to look at the baby and get them nurses there to name him Greenfield Farms, what was the name of the dairy company, so when they put it in the Coal City News about the baby being found, the company would get a free ad outen it, anyway twenty-five dollars’ worth, what was the worth of the mare, and they did and we was square.

THE GOVERNOR

What ’en?

THE WITNESS

Well, I reckon that’s all. ’Cepting I picked up the paper about six months ago, and I seen where a fellow name of Greenfield Farms had spoke a piece at a entertainment what they had in the penitentiary, and I got to wondering if it was the same one, and I asked one or two people about it, and they sent me to this gentleman here, and come to find out it was.

COUNSEL

So Yexcellency can see that this young man here, this young man Greenfield Farms, is one and the same with the child this witness pulled out of the sewer twenty-three years ago.

THE GOVERNOR

’N ’a’s all?

THE WITNESS

Yes, sir.

THE GOVERNOR

Well Bailey, don’ min’ say’n y’ touch m’ heart. The ol’ Coal City Vol’teer Fi’ D’pa’ment, wha’ y’ know ’bout ’at?

COUNSEL

Now Yexcellency, you’ve heard the story of this witness, I may say the truly remarkable story of this witness, which I think Yexcellency will agree had the stamp of truth all over it—

THE GOVERNOR

The ol’ Coal City Vol’teer Fi’ D’pa’ment...!

COUNSEL

A story, praps I should add, that we are prepared to substantiate in every particular from the hospital records, which we will leave with Yexcellency, and I may call Yexcellency’s attention to this certificate in particular, which states that the child was at least a month old when it was admitted, and—

THE GOVERNOR

Now wha’s all ’is got t’ do ’th pa’don f’ Bailey?

COUNSEL

Farms, Yexcellency.

THE GOVERNOR

Farmsh, ’en?

COUNSEL

I’m coming to that, Yexcellency. Now the salient point about this evidence, Yexcellency, is that it establishes beyond any reasonable doubt in my mind that there is nowhere in existing records any proof of Farms’s citizenship. He was, I remind Yexcellency, a month old when admitted to the Coal City Hospital. And what does that prove? It proves, Yexcellency, that he might have been born almost anywhere on the whole face of the earth. He might have been born anywhere from Greenland’s icy mountains to India’s coral strand. He is, so far as documentary proof to the contrary goes, Yexcellency, that most unfortunate being, I may say that pitiable being, who can claim no land as his own, being nothing more or less, Yexcellency, as the fellow says, a man without a country!

THE GOVERNOR

Well, well, well. I ashk y’ f facksh, ’n now y’ begin shpout’n poetry at me. Man ’thout country, hunh? Tha’s in’st’n.

COUNSEL

Now I remind Yexcellency once more that the crime of which Farms stands convicted is treason. And treason is unique among crimes, Yexcellency, in that before any man can be convicted of it, his citizenship must be established, beyond all shadow of doubt, because TREASON, Yexcellency, as all the AUTHORITIES agree—

THE GOVERNOR

Shtop yell’n!

COUNSEL

Yes, Yexcellency — implies a ALLEGIANCE — a allegiance to the State against which it is alleged to have been committed. And under the law.

THE GOVERNOR

Law? Law? Y’ talk’n t’ me ’bout law?

COUNSEL

Yes, Yexcellency, and—

THE GOVERNOR

Washa com’n t’ me ’bout law for? Why ’nsha go t’ court ’bout law?

COUNSEL

We’ve been to court, Yexcellency. We applied to the Supreme Court two months ago for a new trial, on the basis of the evidence which Yexcellency has just listened to, and which, praps I should have explained sooner, was not presented at the original trial because Farms had no idea at that time of the importance of his citizenship and neglected to inform me of the peculiar circumstances attending his birth. And the court denied the application, on the ground that while this evidence, if it had been presented at the trial, might have resulted in the granting of a motion to dismiss, it could not properly be regarded as new evidence, as it is essentially evidence of lack of evidence on the part of the State, rather than direct evidence of innocence.

THE PROSECUTOR

In other words, Yexcellency is being asked to certify that if the dog hadn’t stopped to scratch fleas he would have caught the rabbit.

COUNSEL

Not in the least, Yexcellency—

THE GOVERNOR

Y’ know what? Y’ both pair pett-fogg’n lawyersh. Y’ ’sgrace t’ bar. Farmsh! C’me here. I’ll do this m’self. Sit there, where c’n see y’.

THE PETITIONER

Yes, sir. Thank you, sir, Governor.

THE GOVERNOR

A’ right, Farmsh, shpeak right up now. Y’ needn’t shtan’ ’n awe ’f me. ’M plain, blunt man ’n got heart’s big’s all outdoorsh. Washa got say f’ y’self?

THE PETITIONER

Governor, all I got to say is I went out there when them miners was gathering by the creek forks just to see what was going on—

THE GOVERNOR

Thash shtuff! Facksh! Motivesh! Tha’s wha’ want. G’ on, Farmsh. What ’en?

THE PETITIONER

And then when they marched down the road, I went along with them just for fun, and then two months afterwards, when they come and arrested me, I didn’t have no more idea what they meant than the man in the moon, and—

THE GOVERNOR

Now we com’n. G’ on.

THE PETITIONER

And then they sent me up. And... and...

THE GOVERNOR

Farmsh, now I ask y’ some’n. If I was t’ set y’ free, what would y’ do ’th y’ lib’ty?

THE PETITIONER

If you was to set me free, Governor, the first thing I would do would be to go to the judge and get my citizenship fixed up—

THE PROSECUTOR

That’s great! I’ll say that’s great! There you are, Yexcellency, right out of their own mouths! First this man isn’t guilty because maybe the prawscution couldn’t have proved his citizenship. And the first thing he’s going to do if he gets a pardon is to get his citizenship fixed up! If that doesn’t—

COUNSEL

Not at all, Yexcellency. In fact, I resent the imputation of—

THE GOVERNOR

Shtop! F’ God’s sake shtop! [To the Secretary] C’mute’ sen’ce ’mpris’nment f’ life!

THE PETITIONER

What? Oh my God!

THE PROSECUTOR

Hunh?

COUNSEL

But, Yexcellency—

THE GOVERNOR

No more! ’M not g’n lis’n ’nother word. ’S comp’mise. ’S comp’mise, I know it’s comp’mise. But’s bes’ c’n do. Who y’ think y’ are, tak’n up my time way y’ have? Don’ min’ f m’self. ’M plain, blunt man ’n give y’ shirt off m’ back, ’f y’ need it. But my time b’longsh t’ people. Y’ und’shtan’ ’at? My time b’longsh t’ people, ’n wha’ y’ do with it? I ashk y’ f’ facksh ’n y’ come in here ’th noth’n but tech’calitiesh! Tech’calitiesh I said! Pett’fogg’n! Triffl’n detailsh! Dog! Fleash! Rabbit! Poetry! ’M done with it! ’M not g’n lis’n ’nother word!

COUNSEL

But really, Yexcellency—

THE PETITIONER

Yeah, a fine lawyer you was. First you git me sent up for ten year and now you git me sent up for life—

THE WITNESS

Yeah, and a fine thing the Coal City Volunteer Fire Department done for the country when they pulled you out of the sewer—

THE GOVERNOR

Wha’s ’at? Wha’s at?

COUNSEL

I’m just trying to tell Yexcellency—

THE GOVERNOR

Jus’ minute, jus’ minute!.. The ol’ Coal City Vol’teer Fi’ D’pa’ment! Wha’ y’ know ’bout ’at? So Farmsh, y’ were memb’ ol’ Coal City Vol’teer Fi’ D’pa’ment?

THE PETITIONER

Well... I reckon I was, in a way, Governor. I reckon I was, ha ha! I reckon I was kind of born to it, ha ha ha! I reckon I must be pretty near the only person in the world that was ever born to a fire department, ha ha, ha ha!

THE GOVERNOR

Farmsh, ’m g’n ask y’ some’n. Look m’ ’n eye, Farmsh. Farmsh, y’ guilty ’r y’ not guilty?

THE PETITIONER

Governor, I hope my die I ain’t no more guilty than you are.

THE GOVERNOR

Farmsh, I believe y’ tell’n’ me truth. Farmsh, y’ free man.

THE PETITIONER

Oh my Gawd, Governor, thank you sir, thank—!

THE GOVERNOR

The ol’ Coal City Vol’teer Fi’ D’pa’ment. Wha’ y’ know ’bout ’at? Wha’ y’ know ’bout ’at?...

[While the Secretary makes out a pardon and the GOVERNOR signs it, the group breaks up in a round of hand-shaking, the lawyers to go out and have a drink together, the petitioner to go back to the penitentiary for the last formalities. When they have all gone, the GOVERNOR still sits nodding to himself and presently falls amiably asleep.]

The Legislature

THE THIRD ROOM ON your left as you enter the south wing of the State Capitol. It is an afternoon in midwinter, and three gentlemen, MESSRS. HAYES, LOMAN, and FRIEND, are sitting at one end of the table. They constitute a quorum of the Committee on Education of the House of Representatives, and before them is a large pile of bills, resolutions, and memoranda.

MR. HAYES

Well, looking at them don’t do no good.

MR. LOMAN

It sure don’t.

MR. HAYES

Might as well get busy.

MR. LOMAN

A hell of a fine time them other guys on this committee picked to get the flu!

MR. HAYES

How you say we do? Take up them schoolhouses, or leave them wait till we got a couple other things out of the way first?

MR. LOMAN

Leave them schoolhouses till last. They was referred jointly anyhow, and it ain’t no use of us wasting no sweat on them till Ways and Means has said what they’re goin’ to do.

MR. HAYES

All right, then. Authorizing constable of town of Gale’s Island to act as truant officer. Authorizing commissioners of town of Shawville to close certain streets to motor traffic during hours when public schools are in session. Them things don’t amount to nothing and here’s about forty more just like them. Shoot them right through, hey? Report them favorable and be done with it?

MR. LOMAN

Hell, yes.

MR. HAYES

All set on them, then.

MR. LOMAN

Pitch them over to one side. That’s a start anyways.

MR. HAYES

All right, then. Le’s get on this here Evolution Bill. Bill prohibiting the teaching of certain doctrines in educational institutions supported in whole or in part by public funds. What do you say on that?

MR. LOMAN

I say that bill ought to been passed about ten years ago.

MR. HAYES

That bill hits me pretty good too. Still, it’s pretty important, so I guess we better consider it some.

MR. LOMAN

What’s the use of considering? I don’t need no considering to know how I’m going to vote.

MR. HAYES

How you feel about that, Mr. Friend?

MR. FRIEND

Hanh?

MR. HAYES

This here Evolution Bill. We’re getting ready to report on it now and we kind of want to make sure we got the right idea about it.

MR. FRIEND

Hunh.

MR. HAYES

So if you got anything to say about it, now is the time to say it.

MR. FRIEND

They hadn’t ought to kill no cows thouten they pay for them.

MR. LOMAN

Now, what in the hell has the Committee on Education got to do with cows?

MR. HAYES

No, this ain’t the Tubercular Cattle Bill. This is the Evolution Bill. Or Anti-evolution Bill, some of them calls it.

MR. LOMAN

Evolution!

MR. FRIEND

I ain’t deef.

MR. HAYES

You read it.

MR. FRIEND

Maybe I read it.

MR. LOMAN

He ain’t asked maybe did you read it. He asked did you read it. Come on. If you ain’t deef, then act like you was awake.

MR. FRIEND

What’s reading got to do with it?

MR. HAYES

Well, we’re kind of busy this afternoon, Mr. Friend, and it would kind of save time if you had read the bill.

MR. FRIEND

I reckon I can read it if I have to. Where’s it at?

MR. LOMAN

You mean to say you been a member of this Legislature a whole month and attended all the hearings this committee has held and ain’t read that bill yet?

MR. HAYES

Now, Loman, it don’t do no good to get sore.

MR. LOMAN

No, but what does the taxpayers pay a bum like that for?

MR. FRIEND

All right. Where’s it at?

MR. HAYES

Well, Mr. Friend, it’s pretty late in the day to start reading the bill now. I reckon the best way is for us to kind of explain to you what’s in it. Then you can tell us how you feel about it.

MR. FRIEND

I can read. But I ain’t all the time bragging on it.

MR. LOMAN

I bet you ain’t.

MR. HAYES

Well, le’s see. Le’s see now. Le’s see how I can put it.

MR. FRIEND

I never seen such a place in my life. They can’t never do nothing thouten some man stands up and starts reading something. All the time showing off how good they can read. Up my way the people ain’t got time for all this here reading.

MR. LOMAN

They can read them pain-killer ads though.

MR. HAYES

Well, first off, Mr. Friend, you know what this here evolution is, don’t you?

MR. FRIEND

Maybe.

MR. LOMAN

You say maybe oncet more and maybe you stay where you’re sitting and maybe you take a dive in that spittoon.

MR. FRIEND

Yeah, I hear tell of it. I hear the preachers talk about it plenty of time.

MR. HAYES

And you know what it is?

MR. FRIEND

Mister, go ahead and do your talking. Don’t worry about me. I’ll git the hang of it time you git done.

MR. HAYES

The main idea, the way I get it, is that men is descended from monkeys.

MR. FRIEND

Hunh?

MR. LOMAN

Dam, it does break my heart to think of the people of this State paying out their money for this.

MR. HAYES

That men is descended from monkeys.

MR. FRIEND

De—?

MR. LOMAN

Aw hell!

MR. HAYES

Descended. You got a father, ain’t you?

MR. FRIEND

Doggone it, come on and say what you’re gitting at. I’m tired of all this here funny talk. All the time using big words. All the time talking and nobody can’t tell what it means. Sure I got a father. How you think I got here if I didn’t have no father? What you ask me that for, anyway?

MR. LOMAN

Just to be o’n’ry.

MR. HAYES

Keep out of this, will you, Loman? It’s hard enough without no help.

MR. LOMAN

Why don’t you go out there and talk to that tree?

MR. HAYES

Because the tree ain’t on the committee.

MR. LOMAN

That’s a dam shame.

MR. HAYES

Mr. Friend, we ain’t giving you no funny talk. We’re explaining this here evolution as good as we can, and we’d get along better if you would listen at what we’re trying to tell you and quit all the time putting up a bum argument about how we’re doing it.

MR. FRIEND

I ain’t ask you to explain me nothing. Go on and do your talking. I already told you I’ll git the hang of it time you git done. I ain’t never seen nothing yet I couldn’t git the hang of.

MR. LOMAN

If you was to get the hang of a manila rope, that would be a fine thing for the people of this State.

MR. HAYES

All right, you got a father. And you got a grandfather, ain’t you? Or maybe had one?

MR. FRIEND

All right. All right. Just keep on with your funny talk. All right, mister, now I’ll ask you something. If I didn’t have no grandfather, how would I have a father? How would my father of got here, hunh? Tell me that!

MR. LOMAN

That’s a tough one, all right.

MR. HAYES

Loman, just as a favor to me, will you stay out of this and quit balling it up? All right. You want to get in it, you take him awhile. See what you can do.

MR. LOMAN

No, thanks. I pass.

MR. FRIEND

You can read so good, tell me that.

MR. HAYES

All right, Mr. Friend, you got a father and you got a grandfather. Now you’re descended from your father and your grandfather, you got that? And your father and your grandfather, they’re descended from their father and their grandfather, you got that? And so are you descended from their father and their grandfather, and so on and so on, you got that?

MR. FRIEND

I already told you I ain’t deef.

MR. HAYES

And them evolutionists says men is descended from monkeys.

MR. FRIEND

You quit hollering at me.

MR. HAYES

Hollering at you! Goddam it, I’ll crown you with a brick in a minute!

MR. LOMAN

Who’s balling it up now?

MR. HAYES

Well anyway, I ain’t balling it up on purpose.

MR. FRIEND

All the time hollering at me. I ain’t going to take no more of it.

MR. HAYES

Mr. Friend, did you hear what I just now told you about how them evolutionists says men is descended from monkeys?

MR. FRIEND

That’s better, mister. That’s a whole lot better. You talk to me right, I’ll talk to you right.

MR. LOMAN

You hear that, don’t you, Hayes? Now you know where you get off.

MR. HAYES

Mr. Friend.

MR. FRIEND

Hunh?

MR. HAYES

Are we talking to suit you this way? Is this all right, the way I’m talking now?

MR. FRIEND

But that ain’t how you was talking just now. You was hollering at me.

MR. HAYES

Never mind how I was talking just now. Am I talking to suit you now?

MR. FRIEND

And another thing, mister. I’ll thank you to quit cussing at me. I ain’t no mule.

MR. HAYES

All right, then.

MR. FRIEND

I don’t allow nobody to cuss at me. You just as well understand that right now.

MR. HAYES

Where was I at?

MR. LOMAN

Where you was at was about them monkeys, but was you going or coming I wouldn’t like to say.

MR. HAYES

Oh yeah. Them monkeys. Now, Mr. Friend, have you got it all straight about that? About how them evolutionists says men is descended from monkeys?

MR. FRIEND

Who says so?

MR. HAYES

Them evolutionists.

MR. FRIEND

Ev—?

MR. LOMAN

I swear this is the worst crime I ever seen.

MR. HAYES

— olutionists.

MR. FRIEND

All right, mister, keep it up. Just keep it up. Some day the people is going to find out how things is run in this place. All the time showing off how good they can read. All the time showing off how many big words they know. All the time making speeches and using big words. I sit in that place over there every night for to help pass the laws, and then what? I can’t never git the meaning of nothing. I can’t never get the meaning on account of all them big words.

MR. HAYES

Well, it ain’t no other word for these people we’re talking about, Mr. Friend, so you just as well learn this one.

MR. LOMAN

That’s it. Just take a week off and learn it.

MR. FRIEND

Why don’t they talk so’s somebody can understand them?

MR. HAYES

All right, Mr. Friend, we won’t argue about it. We’ll just forget that word and go on with what we’re doing.

MR. LOMAN

What in the hell are we doing anyway?

MR. HAYES

We’ll just say there’s some people that says this here, and not bother about no name for them at all. Have you got it straight what they say now? That men is descended from monkeys?

MR. FRIEND

But I don’t never git the right meaning of nothing.

MR. LOMAN

Well, that’s tough, but don’t let it worry you none. You got plenty of company. If them delegates ever found out what they was voting for ’stead of getting descended from monkeys they would get ascended up into heaven. ’Cause God is the only one knows, and even He ain’t so dam sure.

MR. FRIEND

Monkeys!

MR. HAYES

That’s what we’re talking about, Mr. Friend. Monkeys.

MR. LOMAN

Monkey-de-monk!

MR. FRIEND

Ain’t these people in this place got nothing better to do, mister, than think up a whole lot of devilment about monkeys? Don’t they never do no work?

MR. HAYES

Never mind about whether they work or not, Mr. Friend. Have you got it straight about how men is descended from monkeys? Or supposed to be, anyhow?

MR. FRIEND

All the time thinking up some new kind of devilment. All the time showing off how good they can read. All the time showing off how many big words they know. Mister, what we talking about monkeys for, anyhow? Why ain’t we talking about something that is some good? Why ain’t we talking about is Flint Neck going to git their new schoolhouse?

MR. HAYES

We’ve been all over that, Mr. Friend. The bills on them schoolhouses was referred jointly to the Committee on Education and the Ways and Means Committee and we’re postponing action on them until the Ways and Means takes up the money part, and then we’ll consider the Flint Neck schoolhouse on its merits same as all the rest. What we’re considering now is the Evolution Bill and I’ll appreciate it if you’ll get your mind on that so we’ll maybe have something to show for our time.

MR. FRIEND

Let me tell you something, mister. I got elected for to git Flint Neck their new schoolhouse and I ain’t got no time to set around talking about monkeys.

MR. HAYES

Loman, what in the hell am I going to do about this?

MR. LOMAN

I don’t know. I never seen nothing like it in my life.

MR. FRIEND

Them people needs that schoolhouse, mister. They got hard times, and if some of them don’t git some money working on the new schoolhouse I don’t see how they’re going to eat.

MR. HAYES

Because look here, Loman, if we don’t get three to vote on it I ain’t so sure we can report the bill out at all. Anyway not without a whole lot of jockeying around the floor.

MR. LOMAN

That’s the hell of it.

MR. HAYES

But how I’m going to keep this up I don’t know. I ain’t even got past the monkeys yet.

MR. LOMAN

If he ain’t even got it straight about the monkeys he’s going to have a hell of a time with the Bible.

MR. FRIEND

Hunh?

MR. HAYES

Nothing at all, Mr. Friend. We was just talking about how we could explain it to you a little better.

MR. FRIEND

You was mumbling about that Bible.

MR. LOMAN

That Bible! It ain’t only one Bible.

MR. FRIEND

It weren’t my Bible! My Bible was in the house all the time!

MR. HAYES

Oh my God!

MR. FRIEND

And it weren’t my still! I already told them it weren’t my still! It was on my place but I never knowed nothing about it! It was ’way down by the creek!

MR. LOMAN

Anh-hanh. Anh-hanh.

MR. FRIEND

Lemme alone! Quit putting on me about that Bible!

MR. LOMAN

Anh-hanh. So you’re the guy the Flint Neck Ku Klux was talking about last month, hey? Using a Bible to prop up the pipe with, where it run down from the still to the coil? Anh-hanh. Well, a fine delegate to the Legislature you turned out to be!

MR. FRIEND

Lemme alone! It weren’t my Bible!

MR. HAYES

Loman, I swear to God I don’t know which is the dumbest, you or this guy or the monkeys. Now look what you done. How the hell am I ever going to get this thing through his nut if you go on like this, scaring the hell out of him about his still? What do we care if he was running a still?

MR. LOMAN

No, but what gets me is a bum like that that gets elected to the Legislature and then they find a still on his place. And propped up with a Bible.

MR. HAYES

I don’t care if it was propped up with a couple of Bibles and a hymn-book. I’m trying to get something done here and if you’ll just kindly keep your mouth the hell out of it, maybe we’ll get done by corn-planting time.

MR. LOMAN

All right.

MR. HAYES

You got a spare handkerchief? Thanks. I ain’t sweat so much since I used to pitch hay.

MR. FRIEND

Lemme alone! I’m going out of this place! I’m going home!

MR. LOMAN

Set down! Set down and quit that blubbering and listen at what Mr. Hayes is telling you or I’ll take a poke at you. You hear me?

MR. HAYES

Now, Mr. Friend, I already told you about how them people says men is descended from monkeys!

MR. LOMAN

Monkeys — you get it?

MR. HAYES

And that there monkey stuff is all crossed up with the Bible!

MR. LOMAN

Bible — what you prop up your still with!

MR. HAYES

The Adam and Eve part, ’cause men couldn’t be descended from monkeys and Adam and Eve both!

MR. LOMAN

Couldn’t be descended from both — you get it?

MR. HAYES

So this here bill says they can’t teach that stuff no more and then we throw out all the monkey books and buy new books in their place and that’s all there is to it!

MR. LOMAN

That’s all. Just buy new books and that’s all there is to it!

MR. HAYES

So that’s the bill and now what do you say on it?

MR. FRIEND

Lemme alone! I don’t know nothing about no bill!

MR. HAYES

Mr. Friend, listen. It don’t make no difference which way you vote, yes or no. ’Cause even if you’re in favor of this here monkey stuff it’ll be two to one the other way and all we want you to do is say yes or no for the record. Now will you please say one way or the other, yes or no?

MR. FRIEND

Lemme alone!

MR. LOMAN

Well, Hayes, there you are!

MR. HAYES

Loman, I’m going to report this guy to the Speaker. I don’t know if anything can be done about it, but I’m going to find out. I’m going to report him at the night session. You’re right. This here is a right down swindle on the taxpayers. Just think of it! A great moral measure like this here Evolution Bill being held up by a bum like that!

MR. LOMAN

They ought to send him back to Flint Neck. That’s where he wants to go and they ought to let him.

MR. FRIEND

I’m agin it.

MR. HAYES, MR. LOMAN

What was that?

MR. FRIEND

I’m agin this here bill. Paying out a whole lot of money for new books and—

MR. LOMAN

Whoops!

MR. HAYES

By gosh we’re done! He’s voted, and he’s agin it, and we’re done!

MR. FRIEND

All the time paying out money for books... Reading... Big words... Monkeys...

The Administration of Justice (in Three Parts)

1. Counsel

A courtroom. It is filled with the usual judge, jury, defendant, prosecutor, counsel, widow of the deceased, bailiff, and crowd of spectators. THE PROSECUTOR has just risen to deliver his summation and now walks slowly to a spot within a few feet of the jury.

THE PROSECUTOR

Gentlemen of the jury, I now begin one of the most disagreeable, I may say thoroughly painful, duties that a officer of the court is ever called upon to perform. I come before you today, my friends, to ask for the life of a fellow citizen. I come before you to ask you to find a man guilty of murder, the greatest crime known to civilized society. My friends, it is indeed a painful duty. And as I have no desire to prolong it any longer than I have to, as I know you are all busy men, anxious to get back to your business, your families, your dear loved ones, I shall be as brief as I can. I shall confine myself to a plain recital of the facts, as revealed by the evidence, and then leave the case with you, confident that twelve men of such outstanding intelligence will not allow justice to miscarry.

Now, my friends, what does the evidence show? It shows first that the defendant Summers was not in the habit of going to church. That was his own affair, my friends. Whether Summers wanted to go to church or not, whether he chose to bow his head on Sunday or not, as you do and I do, I may say as any God-fearing man does, I don’t care whether he’s black or white or rich or poor, or whether he chose to abandon himself to a life of sneering, jeering, and contumacious atheism! — is a matter between him and his God. It is not for you and me to judge, my friends, whether Summers chose to go week after week, month after month, year after year, without once setting his foot inside the house of worship. That, I repeat to you my friends, is for God to judge. That is between him and his God! We’re here today to decide whether he did, as the indictment alleges, kill Pete Brody, the husband of this lady here, the father of this little boy, this little curly-headed boy you see sitting here, willfully and with malice aforethought!

Now, my friends, what else does the evidence show? It shows that a great patriotic organization grew concerned about his welfare. It shows that the sober, God-fearing men that founded it, that nursed it in its infancy, that reared it with loving care until it is one of the greatest, yes, my friends, I will say the very greatest, force for good in the United States of America today! — that these very men gave their attention to Summers same as they would to any other man, be he rich or poor or Gentile or Jew or black or white! — that they gave their valuable time to his case and determined to see if there wasn’t something they could do to bring him to the light, to bring him back into the house of God, to improve, for his own sake, for the sake of his family, his friends, his state, yes, his country, the state of his spiritual welfare! Oh, my friends, what a deed of kindness that was! What a act of pure, Christian charity! What more could you ask of any man, my friends, than that he do what them men done, that he give some of his valuable time for your spiritual welfare and try to bring you to the house of God, so maybe you would get some kind of salvation when you die?

Now, my friends, what did they do? The evidence shows that they got first into the official robes of their order, the hood and gown, my friends, of the Ku Klux Klan, marked with the cross that Christ died on, the cross that’s leading the American nation out of the wilderness of false teaching and on to better things today! They got into this sacred regalia, my friends, and they got into automobiles and proceeded to this defendant’s house. And then what did they do, my friends? They done a simple thing. My friends, they done a thing which, if it had been done to me, it would of broke me up I don’t care if I was the most hardened atheist this side of hell! They sung him a hymn, my friends. They sung him perhaps the most beautiful hymn, my friends, that has ever been written by God-fearing men. Do you know how that hymn goes, my friends? I got no voice, my friends, and I never had no lessons in music. But I’ll sing it for you. It goes like this:

[singing]

Nearer, my God, to Thee,

Nearer to Thee!

E’en though it be a cross

That raiseth me;

Still all my song shall be,

Nearer, my God, to Thee,

Nearer, my God, to Thee,

Nearer to Thee!

That’s what they sung to him, my friends. That beautiful hymn, “Nearer, My God, to Thee.” Think of that! They gathered on his own front stoop, right under his window, and sung him perhaps the most beautiful hymn that has ever been written by God-fearing men. Did you ever know, my friends, that that was the favorite hymn of President William McKinley? It was, my friends, and in the year 1902, in Buffalo, New York, when that great man lay dying, when he lay dying by the assassin’s bullet, what did he do, my friends? In the dead of the night, singing it softly to himself, he was heard to put his faith in that hymn. There in the dark, so low you could hardly hear him, he was singing it to hisself:

[singing]

Or if on joyful wing

Cleaving the sky,

Sun, moon, and stars forgot,

Upwards I fly,

Still all my song shall be,

Nearer, my God, to Thee,

Nearer, my God, to Thee,

Nearer to Thee!

And what then, my friends? Did the defendant Summers see the light? Was his heart touched by this simple act of kindness, this singing by these God-fearing men down there on his front stoop? Did he hear the message in that perhaps most beautiful hymn that has ever been written by God-fearing men, the favorite hymn of President M’Kinley? He did not! What does the evidence show, my friends? There was a shot! Another! Another! Still another! And another still! And when the smoke cleared away, Pete Brody was upon the ground. Pete Brody, the genial and affable Pete Brody that used to drive his milk-wagon through the streets in the early dawn, Pete Brody, the Pete Brody that brought sustenance to little children, Pete Brody, the husband of this little lady you see here, the father of this little curly-headed boy, Pete Brody, the friend of every man that ever knew him, be he black or white or rich or poor, Pete Brody, that never done a thing to any man in his life! — was lying on the ground, a load of shot in his stomach, doomed to die before he could even be brought to a hospital!

Oh, my friends, it is indeed a painful duty that brings me before you today. For I had rather lose this arm, this good right arm that you see here, than have to stand here and admit that any citizen of the United States of America could be guilty of any such dastardly deed as Summers did that night. Summers! Summers, the man that would never go to church! Summers, the man that went week after week, month after month, year after year, without ever putting a foot inside the house of God or offering up a prayer for the good of his soul! Summers! There he sits, gentlemen of the jury; look at that face and ask yourselves is that man fit to walk the streets of our fair city or breathe our country’s air! Summers! Summers fired those shots. Look at the evidence! What does it say? Out of his own mouth, gentlemen of the jury, we have it that he fired those shots, that he shot to kill or to maim or to work any frightful havoc that might come! That he and he alone was responsible for the death of Pete Brody and whatever judgment the death of Pete Brody may bring! He fired those shots! Summers fired those shots! Summers killed Pete Brody, and, before God, I say Summers must pay the price of his crime!

Self-defense! Against what? Against what? Against a hymn to the Lord God Almighty, my friends. Against God-fearing men, standing with bared heads on his own front stoop, singing “Nearer, My God, to Thee,” the favorite hymn of President McKinley and perhaps the most beautiful hymn ever written by Godfearing men.

No, gentlemen of the jury! No, no, no! Summers must bring better evidence than that before he can escape punishment for his crime. Summers can perhaps escape punishment for not going to church. That is between himself and his God. But I tell you, gentlemen of the jury, as God is your judge, Summers must be made to pay for this dastardly crime that he committed when he shot at those men. Summers must pay! Summers must pay with his life! An eye for an eye! A tooth for a tooth! A life for a life! So spake that great God that you worship and I worship! So spake the God that Summers refuses to worship! So spake the great God on high, and I tell you gentlemen of the jury to alter by one jot or one tittle the word of the great God on high is something that neither you nor I dare do nor any other man, I don’t care if he’s rich or poor or Jew or Gentile or black or white. Murder in the first degree! Murder in the first degree! That is the only thing that will satisfy your oath, gentlemen of the jury! That is the only thing that will satisfy the demands of justice! That is the only thing that will satisfy the word of God! Murder in the first degree! Gentlemen, I ask you for that verdict! Gentlemen, I implore you for that verdict! For the honor of our fair state, gentlemen of the jury, for the honor of your state and my state, for the honor of our fair country, I ask you for a verdict of murder in the first degree!

I thank you.

[He sits down.]

COUNSEL FOR THE DEFENDANT

The defense rests.

2. The Judiciary

The same, a moment later. THE COURT wipes its glasses and turns gravely toward the jury.

THE COURT

Gentlemen of the jury, you have now heard the evidence and the argument of counsel. The court will now instruct you on the law, after which you may retire and consider your verdict.

The court instructs you that the defendant Summers is being tried under an indictment which charges murder in the first degree. On such an indictment the law permits you to return four verdicts. You may return a verdict of murder in the first degree, in which case you must satisfy yourselves that the defendant Summers intended to kill the deceased Brody and that he was actuated by malice prior to the act. It is not necessary that there should be a lapse of time between the formation of malice and the killing of the deceased. If you find that the defendant Summers intended to kill the deceased Brody and that he was actuated by malice at any time before the act, then you should find him guilty of murder in the first degree. Next, you may render a verdict of murder in the second degree. This must embrace malice, but not intent to kill. If you find that the defendant Summers bore malice against the deceased Brody, but did not intend to kill him, then you should return a verdict of murder in the second degree. Next, you may return a verdict of manslaughter. This must embrace intent to kill, but not malice. If you find the defendant Summers intended to kill, but bore no malice, then you should return a verdict of manslaughter. Next, you may render a verdict of acquittal. Under the law, if there is in your mind a reasonable doubt that the defendant Summers committed the act described in the indictment, or if his act was justifiable, then you should render a verdict of acquittal. As the defendant Summers, however, does not deny that he committed the act described in the indictment, but denies merely that his intent and purpose were those described in the indictment, you must disregard reasonable doubt and render a verdict of acquittal only if you find that his act was justifiable. If you find, then, that the defendant Summers was justified in killing the deceased Brody, then you should acquit him.

The evidence shows that the deceased Brody was a member of an organization known as the Ku Klux Klan, and that he was in the regalia of his organization when he was shot by the defendant Summers. You are to disregard all allusion in the testimony to the repute borne by this organization, whether favorable or unfavorable, and confine yourselves strictly to the actions of such members of it as were present at the time when the acts described in the indictment were committed. You are to disregard all allusions to the religion of the defendant Summers. As to whether he was an atheist, or a Disciple of Christ, or anything else, you are not concerned in the least.

It is the plea of the defendant Summers that he shot in self-defense and that his act was accordingly justifiable. Such a plea is permissible under the law, and if supported by the evidence is ground for acquittal. In view of this plea, then, you must consider whether the life of the defendant Summers was actually threatened. To determine this, you must consider the actions of the deceased Brody and his companions antecedent to the acts described in the indictment. It is in evidence that the only act which they committed of which the defendant Summers became aware was their forgathering on his front stoop and singing a hymn known as “Nearer, My God, to Thee,” a point on which he satisfied himself by peeping through the curtains before reaching for his gun. Before his plea can be allowed, then, you must consider whether the singing of the hymn “Nearer, My God, to Thee” by Brody and his companions constituted a threatening act. If you find that it was a threatening act, then you should acquit him. If you find that it was not a threatening act, and if you find that his shooting of the deceased Brody was in no other way justifiable, then you should find him guilty of whichever of the three crimes are open to you under the law. Are there any questions, gentlemen?

You may retire and consider your verdict.

3. The Jury

The jury room, a few moments later. The jurors, who are MR. GAIL foreman, and MESSRS. HAGAR, BASSETT, ZIEGLER, FUNK, REDDICK, PETRY, LEE, DYER, PENNELL, MOON, and WEMPLE, file in and take to the chairs with which the place is provided, some sitting solemnly apart, some hooking their heels on the edge of the table which stands in the middle of the room, and still others camping within range of the cuspidor.

MR. GAIL

Well, men, le’s git at it. What I mean, le’s git a verdick quick, so’s we can git out in time for supper.

MR. DYER

You said it!

MR. LEE

That suits me!

MR. REDDICK

You’re dam tooting!

MR. BASSETT

’Cepting only that State’s attorney tooken away all my appetite for supper.

MR. REDDICK

Me too. I never seen such a looking sight in my life.

MR. BASSETT

“For the honor of our fair State, gentlemen, for the honor of your State and my State, I ask to return a verdict of murder in the first degre-e-e-e-e!” And then all that whooping and hollering wasn’t enough for him. Oh, no! He had to spit all over you.

MR. GAIL

The spit, it wasn’t so good, but what we got to talk about now is the verdict.

MR. WEMPLE

Yeah, the verdict.

MR. GAIL

What we going to do?

MR. PENNELL

I kind of feel like we ought to hear what Mr. Petry thinks about it.

MR. PETRY

This is a hard case. This is an exceptional hard case.

MR. WEMPLE

This is the balled uppest case I ever heard tell of in my life.

MR. MOON

How come that fellow to git killed?

MR. WEMPLE

What’s the matter? Was you deef you couldn’t hear what them people was saying out there?

MR. MOON

I heard what they said, but seems like I can’t quite git the hang of it.

MR. WEMPLE

Hunh!

MR. MOON

Yes, sir. Scuse me, sir.

MR. WEMPLE

Scuse you? Say, fellow, what ails you, anyhow?

MR. MOON

Yes, sir. I ain’t quite got it straight yet, like of that.

MR. WEMPLE

Well, for the love of Mike, quit looking like the police was after you every time I look at you... Which is the part you don’t understand?

MR. MOON

About the singing.

MR. WEMPLE

Why, there wasn’t nothing to that. That there was to fill him with the holy fire.

MR. MOON

Oh yeah. Thank you, sir, Mr. Wemple. Oh yeah. The holy fire.

MR. PETRY

I expect you better explain how it was, Mr. Wemple. Anyway, as good as you can. ’Cause this man don’t act like he was so bright nohow, and maybe it wouldn’t hurt the rest of us none if we was to kind of go over it once more, just to git it all straight.

MR. PENNELL

If Mr. Petry, he feels like he’s got to hear it oncet more, then I reckon we all better hear it.

MR. WEMPLE

Well, the way I git it, this here Summers, what they got on trial, he wouldn’t never go to church.

MR. FUNK

’Cepting only he’s a Disciples of Christ and there ain’t no Disciples church nowhere around here.

MR. WEMPLE

Well, one thing at a time. Whatever the hell he’s a disciples of, he wouldn’t never go to church. So the Ku Klux got it in their head to go out to his place and try to bring him around.

MR. FUNK

It wasn’t no such thing. They was sore at him ’cause he went to work and boughten hisself a disk harrow offen the mail-order house ’stead of down at the store.

MR. WEMPLE

Well then, dam it to hell, you know so much about it, suppose you tell it!

MR. REDDICK, MR. BASSETT, MR. ZIEGLER

Let the man talk!

MR. FUNK

All right. But why don’t he tell it right?

MR. WEMPLE

I’m trying to tell what them witnesses said. After we git that all straight, why then maybe we can figure the fine points on how much they was lying.

MR. PETRY

I think Mr. Wemple’s telling it the way most of us heard it.

MR. WEMPLE

So they went out to his place, this here Brody what got killt and five other of them, all dressed up in them nightgowns.

MR. ZIEGLER

And got it in the neck.

MR. WEMPLE

In the neck and the funny-bone and the seat of the pants and a couple of other places where maybe they’re picking the shot out yet. ’Cause this here Summers, he ain’t only boughten hisself a disk harrow offen the mail-order house, but a twelve-gauge, single-barrel, six-shot pump-gun too. And when they commence bearing down on the close harmony, what he done to them was a plenty.

MR. LEE

I swear I never heared the beat of that in all my life. Idea of going to a man’s house three o’clock in the morning and commence singing right on his front stoop!

MR. DYER

And “Nearer, My God, to Thee”!

MR. REDDICK

They was a hell of a sight nearer than they figured on.

MR. WEMPLE

And Brody, he got it in about all the places there was, and in the middle of the stummick too, and he bled to death. So he come about as near as he’s going to git. So that’s how come he got killt.

MR. PETRY (to MR. MOON)

Do you understand now?

MR. MOON

Oh yeah, oh yeah. Anyways, a whole lot better. Thank you, sir. Thank you, Mr. Wemple.

MR. GAIL

Well, men, what are we going to do?

MR. WEMPLE

That there is a question... Mind, I ain’t afraid of the Ku Klux. If this here Brody was in it, and this here Summers what killed him had the right on his side, I’d turn Summers loose just as quick as I would anybody.

MR. GAIL, MR. HAGAR, MR. LEE, MR. DYER, MR. ZIEGLER, MR. REDDICK, MR. FUNK, MR. PENNELL

Me too! I ain’t afraid of no Ku Klux!

MR. PETRY

Mr. Wemple, I don’t believe there’s a man in this room that’s afraid to do his duty on account of the Ku Klux. Unless—

MR. MOON

I ain’t afraid of the Ku Klux. Not me.

MR. PETRY

Then I think that’s one thing we don’t have to worry about. All the same, I think it wouldn’t hurt none if all of us was to remember that what goes on in this room ain’t to be told outside.

MR. WEMPLE

That’s understood. Or dam sight better had be. But what I started to say, we got to be sure this here Summers had the right on his side.

MR. HAGAR

Look to me like he did all right.

MR. FUNK

What I say, when them Ku Klux goes to take a fellow out, why don’t they take him out or else stay home?

MR. BASSETT

That’s me. I never seen such a mess-around-all-the-time-and-then-never-do-nothing bunch in all my life.

MR. ZIEGLER

And all this “Come to Jesus.”

MR. HAGAR

And “Sweet Adeline.”

MR. REDDICK

What’s the good of that? Everybody knows what they was there for. Then why the hell don’t they up and do it thouten all this fooling around?

MR. FUNK

All the time making out they don’t never do nothing ’cepting the preacher told them to do it.

MR. DYER

And then, come to find out, when they pick up Brody he had a strap on him looked like a trace off a six-horse harness.

MR. ZIEGLER

I reckon the preacher give them that for to beat time to the singing.

MR. MOON

That was to scare him.

MR. HAGAR

Yeah?

MR. MOON

Anyway, so I hear tell. That’s what them Ku Klux said.

MR. HAGAR

Them Ku Klux sure can tell it their own way.

MR. WEMPLE

Wait a minute, wait a minute... Moon, how come you heared all this what the Ku Klux said?

MR. MOON

They was just talking around.

MR. WEMPLE

I ain’t asking you was they talking around. I ask you what the hell you was doing around them?

[MR. MOON makes no reply. There is a general stir.]

MR. FUNK

What the hell?...

MR. WEMPLE

Come on, Moon. Why don’t you say something?

MR. PETRY

Why, what’s the matter, Mr. Wemple?

MR. WEMPLE

Why, that simple-looking nut, he’s in the Ku Klux!

SEVERAL

What!

MR. WEMPLE

Look at him, the lying look he’s got on his face! Hell, no wonder he acted like the police was after him! No, he couldn’t git it straight about the singing, ’cause they done filled him up with so much talk, he don’t know is he going or coming! No, he ain’t afraid of no Ku Klux, ’cause he’s got a nightgown hisself already.

MR. ZIEGLER

But how about them questions?

MR. WEMPLE

I’m coming to that. Hey, you, why ain’t you said something about this when they ask you them questions? When they ask you was you in the Ku Klux, how come you said you wasn’t?

MR. MOON

Lemme alone! Lemme alone!

MR. WEMPLE

Quit that crying or I’ll bust you one in the jaw. Now answer me what I just now ask you.

MR. PETRY

Let me talk to him, Mr. Wemple. Now, Mr. Moon, when them lawyers ask you was you in the Ku Klux, what made you answer no?

MR. MOON

I tried to tell them how it was, but they wouldn’t let me say nothing... That there man, he kept a-saying. “Answer yes or no.”... I tried to explain it to them, but they wouldn’t never give me no chance.

MR. WEMPLE

Chance? What the hell! Couldn’t you say yes?

MR. MOON

They ain’t tooken me in yet. I ain’t never had the money. They won’t take me in lessen I give them the ten dollars.

MR. WEMPLE

Well, I’ll be damned!

MR. PETRY

I never hear tell of nothing like this in all my life. Why, Mr. Moon, don’t you know that was perjury?

MR. MOON

I tried to tell them, but they wouldn’t lemme say nothing.

MR. PETRY

Don’t you know that when you take oath before the judge to tell the truth, you got to tell the truth else it’s against the law? Ain’t nobody ever told you that before?

MR. MOON

Lemme alone! Lemme alone!

[There ensues an ominous silence, punctuated occasionally by MR. MOON’S sobbing.]

MR. BASSETT

So now every word what’s been said in here, the Ku Klux knows it five minutes after we got it.

MR. ZIEGLER

This sure is bad.

MR. HAGAR

Moon, effen a juryman tells what he heared in the jury room, they put him in jail for five year.

MR. LEE

Ten year.

MR. DYER

And the penitentiary, not the jail.

MR. HAGAR

In the penitentiary for ten year. And he don’t hardly ever come out. ’Cause before the time comes for him to git out, something generally always happens to him.

MR. MOON

Lemme alone! Lemme alone!

MR. FUNK

Aw hell, what’s the use of talking to him? ’Cause that dumb coot, even if you could scare him deef, dumb, and blind, why he’d blab it all around anyhow and never know he done it.

MR. BASSETT

That’s the hell of it. And never know he done it.

MR. WEMPLE

What do you think about this, Mr. Petry? Do you think we better report this fellow to the judge?

MR. PETRY

I’m just a-thinking. I’m just a-thinking.

MR. WEMPLE

Well, while we’re figuring on that, I reckon we better git up a verdict. This here look like second degree to me.

MR. FUNK

First degree, I say.

MR. REDDICK, MR. DYER, MR. ZIEGLER, MR. GAIL, MR. HAGAR, MR. BASSETT

First degree, I say. Me too. This here is murder.

MR. WEMPLE

Well, I was thinking about first degree myself. ’Cause a Klansman, it stands to reason, he’s as good as anybody else.

MR. LEE

He is that. When a man gits killt, something had ought to be done about it and that goes for a Klansman same as anybody else.

MR. HAGAR

Everybody alike, I say.

MR. BASSETT

And another thing, men, what we hadn’t ought to forget. Ku Klux is a fine order, when you come right down to it.

MR. FUNK

I know a fellow what he’s a kind of a travelling agent for the Red Men. He got something to do with the insurance, I think it is, and believe me he’s got it down pat about every kind of a order they is going. And he says to me one time, he says: “Funk,” he says, “you can put it right down, if they’d run it right, the Ku Klux is the best order what they is going. They ain’t none of them,” he says, “what’s got the charter and the constitution and all like of that what the Ku Klux has. Now you’ll hear a lot of talk,” he says to me, “and I ain’t saying the Ku Klux ain’t made mistakes and is going to make a whole hell of a lot more of them. But when you come right down to what you call citizenship and all like of that, don’t let nobody tell you the Ku Klux ain’t there.”

MR. DYER

Why, ain’t no better order in the world than the Ku Klux — if they run it right.

MR. REDDICK

That’s it. If they run it right.

MR. LEE

I swear, it makes me sick to see how they run a fine order in the ground the way they do around here.

MR. PENNELL

Well, men, I tell you. It’s easy enough for us to set here and belly-ache like we’re doing about how they run it. But just jump in and try to run it oncet. Just try to run it oncet.

MR. FUNK

And specially a order what’s trying to pull off something big, like the Ku Klux is. It’s just like this fellow says to me, the one I was just now telling you about. “Funk,” he says to me, “there’s one thing they can’t take away from the Ku Klux. It ain’t no steamboat-picnic order. No, sir. When the Ku Klux holds a picnic, they don’t sell no round-trip excursion tickets. That they don’t.”

MR. BASSETT

And another thing: that there singing. You ask me, I say that was a pretty doggone nice way to invite a fellow to church. I hope to git invited that way oncet. I’m here to say I do.

MR. LEE

And this here dirty whelp ain’t got no more appreciation than to sock it to them with a pump-gun. Six shots, men. Think of that. Them poor guys didn’t have no more chance than a snowball in hell.

MR. HAGAR

Yep. Ku Klux is all right. It sure is.

MR. WEMPLE

You hear that, don’t you, Moon?

MR. MOON

Lemme alone. I ain’t heared nothing.

MR. WEMPLE

Listen at that! Listen at that! I swear, people that dumb, I don’t see how they git put on a jury.

MR. LEE

Why hell, Wemple, that’s why they git put on a jury. Them lawyers figures the less sense they got, the more lies they believe.

MR. WEMPLE

Now listen at me, Moon. ’Cause if you don’t git this straight, you’re libel to git Ku Kluxed before you ever git outen this room. Now first off, effen you git it straight, we ain’t going to tell the judge what you done. Then maybe you won’t have to go to jail.

MR. MOON

Oh thank you. Thank you, Mr. Wemple.

MR. WEMPLE

But that ain’t all of it. When you go out of here, if you got to do any talking about what you heared in here, we want you to tell what you heared and not no dam lies like some of them does.

MR. MOON

I won’t say ary word, Mr. Wemple. I hope my die I won’t.

MR. WEMPLE

Well, you might. Now you heared these gentlemen say, didn’t you, that the Ku Klux is a fine order, one of the finest orders in the United States?

MR. MOON

I sure did, Mr. Wemple. Ku Klux is a fine order. Yes, Mr. Wemple, I heared them say that. All of them.

MR. WEMPLE

Now—

MR. HAGAR

Wait a minute, Wemple... You got that all straight, Moon?

MR. MOON

Yep. Ku Klux is a fine order.

MR. HAGAR

Then, Wemple, if he done learned that, why look like to me like he ain’t going to learn no more. Not today. Just better let him hang on to that and call it a day.

MR. WEMPLE

I expect you’re right at that. Now, Moon, just to show you what a fine order we think the Ku Klux is, we’re all going to chip in a dollar so you can git took in. Ain’t we, men?

ALL

We sure are.

[There is a brisk digging into pockets. MR. WEMPLE collects the money and hands it over to MR. MOON.]

MR. WEMPLE

There you are, Moon. Ten dollars for to git took in the Ku Klux and a dollar to git yourself a pint of corn.

MR. MOON

Thank you, Mr. Wemple. Thank you, everybody. Thank you. Thank you.

MR. GAIL

Well, I reckon that’s all there is to it. Look to me like we’re done.

MR. PETRY

This ain’t no first degree, men. This here is manslaughter. Fact of the matter, it might be self-defense, ’cepting I always say when a man git killt, why the one that done it had ought to be found guilty of something. There’s too many people getting killt lately.

MR. WEMPLE

Well, Mr. Petry, that’s all right with me. If it’s all right with the rest of them...

[There is a moment of mumbling and nodding, which apparently betokens assent.]

MR. GAIL

Then it’s manslaughter.

[He pokes his head out of the door, gives a signal to a bailiff, and in a moment they are filing back to the courtroom.]

MR. WEMPLE

And that’s something else I want to bring to your attention, Moon, old man. Up to the last minute, they was all for giving him first degree...

ALL

And fact of the matter, I always did say the Ku Klux was all right, if they’d run it right... Why sure, Ku Klux is a fine order... You bet... Citizenship... Patriotism... All like of that...

The Commissioners

The office of the County Commissioners, Room No. I, courthouse. It is morning. Sitting in silence around the large table in the center of the room are MR. LERCH, superintendent of the county almshouse; MR. MUKENS, janitor of the almshouse; and MR. YOST, an inmate of the almshouse. Presently MR. WADE, chairman of the Board of County Commissioners, enters through a door marked “Private.”

MR. WADE

I reckon you gentlemen know what I called this little meeting for. You all seen them pieces in the papers where people are getting burned up down to the almshouse, and I got to lay the matter before the commissioners, account of them people down in the lower end of the county raising so much hell about it. So I thought the thing to do was for us to kind of get together and listen to this man here that done all the talking and see what he’s got to say for hisself.

MR. LERCH

All I got to say, Mr. Wade, is this here stuff in the papers is a pack of lies from start to finish and that’s all there is to it. What gets me is this here man here, and the county’s been feeding him three year now, and he goes and tells them paper men a pack of lies like this here.

MR. MUKENS

Four year.

MR. LERCH

Four year, and that’s all the gratitude he’s got!

MR. YOST

I hope Christ may kill me if I knowed they was paper men. Then I never told them all that stuff they put in. They made up a whole lot theirself.

MR. WADE

I don’t want you to think it’s what you call a reflection on you, Mr. Lerch, because I know how fine you been running things out at the almshouse and all like of that. But it’s them people down in the lower end of the county. You know how they are.

MR. LERCH

Don’t tell me nothing about them people down in the lower end of the county, Mr. Wade. I know ’em.

MR. MUKENS

Half of ’em’s already in the almshouse and half of ’em got relations that’s in.

MR. WADE

Of course now, I believe in Christian burial.

MR. LERCH

Mr. Wade, every decent man believes in a Christian burial. I don’t see how them paper men can look theirself in the face to print all that stuff, just on this man’s say-so.

MR. YOST

I hope Christ may kill me if I told ’em all that stuff they put in. They done made a whole lot of it up.

MR. WADE

And the county feeding you four year! It’s just like Mr. Lerch says, you had ought to be ashamed of yourself.

MR. LERCH

And there ain’t nobody down there been treated no better than he is. Same as if he was in his own house, only better.

MR. YOST

I never knowed they was paper men. They come up to me and made out like they was just looking around.

MR. WADE

Well, what did you tell ’em?

MR. YOST

I didn’t tell ’em nothing scarcely, excepting what I hear tell, one thing another. Nothing excepting what a whole lot of them was talking around.

MR. MUKENS

What about that there jawbone?

MR. WADE

Yes, how about that there jawbone? How did they put it in about that there jawbone if you didn’t show them no jawbone?

MR. LERCH

Mr. Wade, you hit it right on the head. That there is just what I want to know. How did they put it in about that there jawbone if he didn’t show them no jawbone?

MR. YOST

I ain’t saying I didn’t tell them nothing about no jawbone. What I say is they done made up a whole lot of lies and put it in.

MR. LERCH

You ain’t no more seen a jawbone down there than you seen a whale. How come you to tell them men any such lie as that?

MR. YOST

I hope Christ may kill me if I didn’t find a jawbone down here. I got that jawbone, right here in my coat pocket.

[He fumbles in his pocket and produces what is unquestionably a human mandible, the teeth still sticking in it.]

MR. LERCH

That there just goes to show what kind of man he is, Mr. Wade. He done showed them paper men that jawbone, just like they said he done.

MR. MUKENS

A fellow could of told he was lying, all along.

MR. WADE

Where did you get that jawbone?

MR. YOST

Found it in the ashes when I was hauling ’em away from the furnace. I pulled it right out of the bucket. Thought it was a clinker, first off, and pulled it right out of the bucket.

MR. LERCH

Who told you to pick the clinkers out of the bucket? You was to haul the ashes away from the furnace, and not pay no attention to them clinkers.

MR. MUKENS

And the county has been feeding him four year! Seems like the court had ought to take back the commitment of a fellow like that.

MR. YOST

Them men never said they was paper men. They just made out like they was looking around, one thing another, and then all them pieces come out in the paper.

MR. WADE

How do you know that there is a jawbone?

MR. YOST

Them men said it was a jawbone. It looks like a jawbone.

MR. MUKENS

That there might be a dog’s jawbone.

MR. WADE

What else did you tell them paper men?

MR. YOST

I didn’t tell them nothing. I didn’t tell them ary other thing. They done made up all the rest of them things they put in.

MR. WADE

How about this here piece about you seeing Mr. Lerch and Mr. Mukens throwing a stiff in the furnace?

MR. LERCH

Mr. Wade, you hit it. That there is just what I want to know. I just been waiting for you to ask him.

MR. MUKENS

Me too. I just been waiting.

MR. YOST

I don’t remember saying nothing about that. I don’t remember good what I did tell them, account of them not saying they was paper men, one thing another. We just kind of talked along, like of that.

MR. WADE

Then that there was another lie, wasn’t it? You didn’t see no stiff throwed on the furnace no more than I did, did you?

MR. YOST

I hope Christ may kill me if I didn’t see Mr. Lerch and Mr. Mukens throw a stiff right in the furnace.

MR. WADE

Then you did tell the paper men all this here stuff they put in, didn’t you?

MR. YOST

I don’t just recollect. But they done made a whole lot of it up.

MR. LERCH

How do you know it was a stiff?

MR. YOST

I knowed it was a stiff by the smell. I smell it soon as the fire hit it. Didn’t smell like no other meat. Had a kind of funny smell to it.

MR. MUKENS

I never heared the beat of that.

MR. LERCH

That there just goes to show how much truth there is in all this stuff you read in the papers.

MR. WADE

How come you to see all this here?

MR. YOST

I hid out on them. I heared a lot of talk, one thing another, and then one day I heared a fellow died in there, and I hid out on them, right down in the cellar.

MR. WADE

And the county has been feeding you four year!

MR. YOST

I hope Christ may kill me if I didn’t see them throw a stiff right in the furnace. I hid out on them, and first thing you know, I hear the door upstairs open easy like, and here come Mr. Lerch and Mr. Mukens, carrying a stiff on a stretcher, one to his head and one to his feet. Then, when they got to the furnace, Mr. Mukens throwed the door open, he did, and then him and Mr. Lerch shoved him in on the fire.

MR. WADE

And then you hollered for the paper men?

MR. YOST

I didn’t holler for no paper men, no sir! I run, I did, after Mr. Lerch and Mr. Mukens went away. And I never knowed they was paper men. They made out like they was just looking around.

MR. WADE

What else did you tell the paper men?

MR. YOST

I never told them nothing else. That there is all I told them, only they made up a whole lot theirself and put it in.

MR. WADE

So that there is all you seen, or think you seen?

MR. YOST

That there is all I seen, but I heared a plenty of talk going around.

MR. WADE

We don’t want to know what you heared. We want to know what you seen.

MR. YOST

That there is all I seen, but I heared a plenty.

MR. LERCH

Don’t that beat all, Mr. Wade? Here this fellow finds a jawbone somewheres around, maybe he digs it up out of the graveyard, and thinks he seen a stiff throwed in the furnace, and that’s all there is to this talk and stuff you see in the newspapers.

MR. MUKENS

And come to find out he don’t know if it was a stiff or not.

MR. WADE

Seems to me them fellows would get tired of printing all the lies they print. They could of come to me or you and none of this stuff would of come out. Now we got the people down in the lower end of the county all stirred up and the commissioners is got to act on it. You know how them people in the lower end of the county is.

MR. LERCH

Don’t tell me! I know them.

MR. MUKENS

My wife’s people lives down there, and I never seen the beat. Ain’t nothing ever suits them.

MR. WADE

If them fellows would only print the truth I wouldn’t mind. It’s them lies that gets me.

MR. LERCH

Of course now, I ain’t saying we ain’t burned some of them people up — cremating them, I call it, regular cremation. But all this stuff about not having no Christian praying for them, why there ain’t nothing to that. I’m for Christian praying same as anybody else. I been a church member for twenty-five year now, and from what them fellows has put in the paper you would think I was brother-in-law to the devil.

MR. MUKENS

And me his stepchild.

MR. LERCH

Why, Mr. Wade, the grand jury would be after me in a minute if I tried to bury all them people. I’m under a bond, I am.

MR. WADE

Them is the things people never understand.

MR. LERCH [to Mr. Yost]

How come you to tell all them lies on me, when you knowed them people gets put away as good as anybody could ask for?

MR. YOST

I never knowed they was paper men. If I had of knowed they was paper men, I wouldn’t never told them nothing.

MR. LERCH

Why, Mr. Wade, me and Mr. Mukens figured it up one night, and you ain’t got a idea what it would cost to bury all them people.

MR. WADE

I ain’t got no doubt of it.

MR. MUKENS

Something tremenjous. Nobody wouldn’t never believe it.

MR. LERCH

First off, Mr. Wade, the county would have to buy more land. That graveyard is all filled up down there. County would have to buy another graveyard. Then we would have to hire two extra men regular, just digging graves. It takes two men a whole morning to dig a grave, and a whole day in wintertime, when the ground is froze.

MR. WADE

Them is the things that runs into money.

MR. LERCH

Then you got to have a box. And I tell you, it ain’t like it used to be, when you could knock a dry-goods box apart and nail it together again and have as good a box as anybody could want.

MR. MUKENS

Them fellows is asking money for boxes, too. A dollar apiece for them, some of them gets.

MR. LERCH

What with the high price of lumber and carpenters’ wages, I tell you a box costs money.

MR. WADE

Lumber and wages is out of sight. I just finished building a storm door on my porch, not no fancy storm door, just a regular storm door, and it cost me seventy-five dollars time I was done with it.

MR. LERCH

It’s a shame what them fellows asks for a day’s work. There ain’t none of them will touch a job for less than ten dollars a day.

MR. WADE

And what’s more, they get it.

MR. MUKENS

They ask railroad fare to come down our way.

MR. LERCH

Time you figure it all up, like me and Mr. Mukens done one night, I expect it would cost twenty-five dollars a head to bury them people.

MR. WADE

I don’t doubt it.

MR. MUKENS

Every cent of it.

MR. LERCH

Then people don’t stop to think how many of them people dies on us down there. We had a hundred and sixty-two last year, and that’s a average of more than three a week. Wintertime is the worst, account of so many of them bums getting committed.

MR. WADE

They ought to send them bums to the county jail.

MR. MUKENS

Jail is the place for them. I always did say so.

MR. LERCH

Time you figure it all up, Mr. Wade, it would cost the county ten thousand dollars a year just to bury them people.

MR. MUKENS

And them nothing but paupers!

MR. LERCH

I tell you, Mr. Wade, I would be afraid for the grand jury to come down there if I had to tell them I was spending ten thousand dollars of the county’s money every year just to bury them people.

MR. WADE

Seems to me like them people’s relations ought to bury some of them.

MR. YOST

Them people’s relations that got burned up ain’t never heared tell of them after they died. Don’t even know they’re dead.

MR. LERCH

Who asked you to get into it? Mr. Wade is the chairman of the County Commissioners, and I would think a fellow that was in the county almshouse would have enough respect for him to shut up until somebody asked him to speak up.

MR. YOST

I didn’t mean nothing, only I hear tell a lot of them people’s relations was looking for them.

MR. WADE

You hear tell a plenty.

MR. LERCH

Well, I tell you how it is, Mr. Wade. It would seem like them people’s relations had ought to bury some of them, but I found out it don’t hardly pay to look them up. Half of them ain’t got money enough to have a funeral anyhow, and the other half you can’t find them.

MR. WADE

I reckon that’s right.

MR. LERCH

Then it makes it bad in summer if you try to keep them people while you’re looking up their relations. You got to ice them, and that costs money.

MR. MUKENS

They won’t keep long in summer.

MR. WADE

The whole trouble is them people down in the lower end of the county. Seems like them people won’t ever listen to reason.

MR. LERCH

Yes, it’s them people down in the lower end of the county that makes it bad. They got a couple of preachers down there that want to be called in all the time, and then when they don’t get no business they put up a holler.

MR. YOST

Then another thing I hear a lot of talk about, how they don’t never have no preacher called in. People dying all the time and they don’t never have no preacher.

MR. LERCH

Don’t that beat all, Mr. Wade? Say, how can you say them things to Mr. Wade, when you know Mr. Mukens is a preacher and you been hearing him preach every Sunday since you been down there?

MR. YOST

Them people want a regular preacher!

MR. LERCH

And you know Mr. Mukens is a regular preacher, Baptist I think it is, a regular preacher with a license. Don’t you know that?

MR. YOST

I never hear tell of it before.

MR. WADE

Are you a reverend, Mr. Mukens? I declare, I never knowed that.

MR. MUKENS

Not Baptist. Disciples of Christ.

MR. LERCH

Now that there just goes to show; Mr. Wade, how much of a kick these preachers is really got.

MR. WADE

Of course, now, I’m for the Christian burial.

MR. LERCH

Why, certainly, Mr. Wade, everybody is for Christian burial. What I mean is, everybody is for putting them away Christian. Me, I don’t see no difference between burying them and cremating them, just so they get put away Christian. When I go, it don’t make no difference to me what they do with me, just so they say a Christian prayer over me, like of that.

MR. WADE

Me neither.

MR. MUKENS

Me neither.

MR. LERCH [to Mr. Yost]

When you go, which it wouldn’t hurt the county none if you went pretty quick, what difference does it make to you whether you get buried or what you call cremated?

MR. YOST

I hear a lot of them say they don’t want to get burnt up.

MR. LERCH

Why? Just tell me that once.

MR. YOST

Some of them is Seven Day Adventists.

MR. WADE

How many of them is Seven Day Adventists?

MR. YOST

There’s a whole lot of them Seven Day Adventists. I’m a Seven Day Adventist.

MR. WADE [to Mr. Lerch]

Is that right?

MR. LERCH

Well, it’s according as according. Sometimes more of them gets committed than other times.

MR. WADE

That kind of makes it bad.

MR. LERCH

Yes, that’s a fact, Mr. Wade, I’ve kind of thought of that myself, that makes it bad. But I say, just because them people thinks they’re going to step out of the grave in a couple of years, that ain’t hardly no reason for the county to spend ten thousand dollars a year burying ’em. Maybe they’re going to step out of the grave and maybe they ain’t.

MR. MUKENS

That there is something nobody can tell.

MR. YOST

And then I hear a lot of talk going around, them people ain’t going to have no white gown.

MR. LERCH

There ain’t nothing to that, Mr. Wade. All them people gets a white gown. Ain’t no fancy gown, but we don’t put them away without no clothes on.

MR. YOST

But the gown it gets burned up in that there furnace just like this here jawbone.

MR. LERCH

That jawbone didn’t get burned up. You got it in your hand.

MR. YOST

I ain’t got the rest of that stiff in my hand. That I ain’t.

MR. WADE

Is them preachers Seven Day Adventists?

MR. LERCH

I believe they are, Mr. Wade.

MR. YOST

Them preachers is raising hell, too.

MR. LERCH

You been talking to them preachers, too, have you? First you talk to the paper men, then you talk to the preachers.

MR. YOST

I never knowed they was paper men.

MR. WADE

Them Seven Day Adventists makes it bad. Course, it don’t make no difference to me. I say if they get put away Christian, that’s all anybody could ask.

MR. LERCH

That’s all anybody could ask, Mr. Wade. And them people gets put away as Christian as I ever hope to get put away. Mr. Mukens prays over every one, and Mr. Mukens can put up as good a prayer as the next one, if you ask me. Even this man can tell you Mr. Mukens can put up a good prayer.

MR. YOST

He prays pretty good, but he ain’t no regular preacher. Not what them people wants for a regular preacher. I hear a lot of talk going on about it.

MR. WADE

What I’m figuring on is what to tell the County Commissioners. Them papers has stirred up such a fuss we got to take action on it.

MR. LERCH

Well, I tell you how it is, Mr. Wade, it don’t make no difference to me, one way or the other. Fact of the matter is, it’ll save me and Mr. Mukens a whole lot of work. It ain’t no light job, carrying them stiffs downstairs like we have to do. But what I say is, if the commissioners think them Seven Day Adventists had ought to be buried regular, why, just let the commissioners give me the money and I’ll bury them regular and put them other people away the way we been doing.

MR. MUKENS

That seems to be perfectly fair and reasonable.

MR. WADE

That there would certainly satisfy them people down in the lower end of the county. Them people is all Seven Day Adventists. What I’m thinking about is the other sections of the county. Maybe we’ll get ’em all stirred up.

MR. LERCH

I don’t think you would, Mr. Wade. When you come to these other people that gets committed, why, nobody don’t know what their religion is. They don’t know theirself.

MR. WADE

Well, I guess we better do it that way then. I’ll call the commissioners in special meeting, and then we can stop all this fuss in the papers. Will you take this man back with you?

MR. LERCH

That I will, Mr. Wade. And thank you for the way you treated me in this here matter. I sure do appreciate it. Because what I say, when a man has done his duty like I have ever since I been down there, why, he kind of hates to see somebody come out and say he ain’t no account and ought to be run out, like of that. I sure do appreciate the way you done, Mr. Wade.

MR. MUKENS

Mr. Wade, I just want to say that you treated me and Mr. Lerch white about this, and if there’s ever a time I can return the favor, why just let me know.

MR. YOST

Thank you, sir, Mr. Wade, thank you, sir. And I never knowed them was paper men, Mr. Wade, I hope Christ may kill me if I did.

MR. WADE

Good day, gentlemen.

Don’t Monkey with Uncle Sam

The Twentieth Century Limited. In the club car, as it draws near Chicago, sit three men, dressed in a blue suit, a brown suit, and a gray suit, staring out at the shore of Lake Michigan.


THE BLUE: Won’t be long now.

THE BROWN: About twenty minutes, if we’re on time. Great town.

THE BLUE: None like it.

THE BROWN: That’s right. Some of them knock Chicago, but there’s one thing they got to hand it: It’s not like any of the others.

THE BLUE: Look at that.

THE BROWN: Lake’s pretty, this time of year.

THE BLUE: I don’t mean the lake. Didn’t you see it? Old campaign poster. “Bill the Builder.” I swear, I don’t think I’ve thought of Bill Thompson in a year. Well, they come and they go.

THE BROWN: And specially here.

THE BLUE: And specially here. And specially here... Wonder what Capone’s doing now.

THE BROWN: Making little ones out of big ones.

THE BLUE: Stead of making dead ones out of live ones. Just the same, I say he got a raw deal.

THE BROWN: You and me both.

THE BLUE: I don’t claim Al was any better than he ought to be. And if they’d got him for some of the real stuff that he done, got him, you understand, even if it was in the chair, I’d say fine. I’d say fair enough, Al. You got it in the neck, where you give it to plenty of others, and things is square. But this income tax thing, I don’t buy that. Something wrong with it.

THE BROWN: Because look. It’s just like you had a kid. He steals a apple off the wop, and if you burnt his tail for that, it’s all right. But when you burn his tail for not coming home and giving you half the apple, what sense does that make? Why that’s nothing more or less than making yourself a partner in crime. When you’re going to get a man, get him right, I say. Don’t go sneaking up from behind and pull something that makes you a worse crook than he is.

THE BLUE: You hit it. Right on the head.

THE GRAY: H’m.

THE BLUE (detecting something in the Gray’s voice, and backing water hastily): Course it’s only one man’s opinion. If it was somebody that Al done something to, or maybe some of his friends, why—

THE GRAY (smiling affably): Oh no. Nothing like that. But I can easily see that you gentlemen don’t know a great deal about that case.

THE BLUE: You kind of got me there.

THE BROWN: Hold on now. A guy don’t have to be able to take a machine gun apart to understand a murder, and believe me it looks like the same thing here. No. All I know about the case is what come out in the papers, but there it is, just the same. You can’t get away from it. It’s here, in black and white.

THE GRAY: Boys, let me tell you something. On little stuff, stuff that nobody’s got time to fool with, anybody can make mistakes. But on big stuff, like this Capone case, the United States Government knows what it’s doing. It don’t make mistakes, and it can see a long way ahead.

THE BLUE: You with the Government?

THE GRAY: Department of Justice. Fact of the matter, I had a hand in the preparation of that case. I didn’t want any of it, but before they got through they had me in it, plenty.

THE BROWN: Funny how he pats that briefcase. I never seen a government guy pat a briefcase like that that I didn’t feel guilty of something.

THE GRAY: Ha-ha. Well, unless you stole a couple of railroads this stuff’ll never get you in any trouble.

THE BLUE: Go on with what you was saying.

THE GRAY: Oh yes, about Capone. Well now, what was this “real stuff” you wanted them to get him for?

THE BLUE: A few murders, for instance.

THE GRAY: Local authority. What else?

THE BROWN: Hold on. What was that?

THE GRAY: If he was guilty of murders, the Government has nothing to do with them. They were Chicago cases. Chicago and New York. That is, if you want to count that Brooklyn case before he came to Chicago. Government can’t touch them. What else?

THE BLUE: Why... I don’t know. Al had a hand in about every racket there was. Like... like—

THE BROWN: The milk racket. Wasn’t he in that?

THE GRAY: Local authority. What else?

THE BLUE: Well, now you’re asking me. I can’t—

THE GRAY: All right. Then I’ll tell you. The only thing the Government had on Capone was beer — outside this other. And so far as his rackets go, he only had one head and two hands and two feet, and I can tell you that most of those rackets were fairy tales. What caused the murders, what he made his money out of, what he kept a mob for, was beer. Of course, Al liked to think he was king of the earth, but when you come down to what he was king of, why it spelled B-E-E-R, and that’s all it spelled.

THE BROWN: Then what was stopping the Government for sending him up for beer stead of sending him up for not giving the Government a cut?

THE BLUE: Wait a minute. This guy has got a funny look in his eye. All right. I’ll bite. What was wrong with hanging it on him for beer?

THE GRAY: I’ll tell you. Suppose, now, they did hang it on him for beer. Suppose they got him on about five counts, and the court said consecutively, stead of concurrently, and he’s doing a stretch. He’s in for long. Now what?

THE BROWN: Well, he’s in.

THE GRAY: No he’s not. He’s out before the robins get their eggs hatched.

THE BLUE: How you figure that out?

THE GRAY: We’ve got beer, haven’t we? Or will have, any day now? Then what law did he break?

THE BROWN: The beer law. Anyway, the beer law that was.

THE GRAY: Oh, we’re not talking about the law that was. You want to keep a man in jail, you better put him there for breaking the law that is. What law, gents?

THE BLUE: You mean to tell me that soon as we got beer they’re going to let all them bootleggers out of jail?

THE GRAY: The beer bootleggers. And Capone, remember, ran beer. Soon as we get repeal, then they let all the bootleggers out.

THE BROWN: Something wrong about that. Believe me, you’ll wait a while for that. That’s one of those things that just don’t happen.

THE GRAY: It has happened.

THE BLUE: Where?

THE GRAY: For one place, California. Soon as they repealed the Wright Act out there, they had to pardon the bootleggers. Nothing else to do.

THE BROWN: In California? You mean California did that?

THE GRAY: Listen, suppose you’re a bootlegger in jail for selling liquor. They repeal the law. What do you do now? You get yourself habeas corpused into court, and you ask the court, What law did I break? And the court will turn you loose. Because that’s one principle of law that’s written right into the Constitution of the United States. You can’t put a man in jail for doing something that wasn’t against the law until after he did it, and you can’t keep him there for doing something that’s not against the law now. So the Executive branch saves the courts the trouble, that’s all.

THE BROWN: Well say, I never thought about that.

THE BLUE: Me neither.

THE GRAY: But this baby, this Capone now, this killer that ought to been fried in the chair twenty times before the Government stepped in to settle his hash — he stays. See? Oh yes. When the United States government gets ready to settle your hash, and not just play papa spank, why your hash is cooked, and it stays cooked for a while. Don’t ever fool with your Uncle Sam. You’re just monkeying with the buzz saw.


All sit for a few moments, in silent admiration for the serpentine wisdom of the federal authority. The porter appears and rubs their shoes. They rise.


THE BLUE: He gets out when they repeal the Income Tax Law. Is that it?

THE GRAY: That’s it.

THE BROWN: Haw-haw-haw-haw!

ALL: Haw-haw-haw-haw-haw-haw-haw-haw!

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