Conkling Chemistry of pyrotechnics

Sparks, production of, 147-150

Molybdenum, 132

in colored flame mixtures, 156,

Pyrodex, 137

Spectrum

161

Pyrotechnic mixture

atomic, 46

in colored smoke mixtures,

granulation of, 95

electromagnetic, 45

Neutralizers, use of,

169-171

manufacture of, 95

molecular, 46

Nitrocellulose, 110-111, 129,

properties of, 55, 144

requirements for, 93

visible, 46, 150, 152

138-139

thermal decomposition of, 50,

Squib, 126

Nitroglycerine, 117, 138-139

56

Stars, for fireworks, 155

Noise, production of, 176-179

with copper chlorate, 58

Realgar (see Arsenic disulfide)

Stoichiometry, 17, 113, 170

NTIS, using, 181

with phosphorus, 56, 127

Red flame compositions, 157,

Strobe effect, 150

with sulfur, 102, 176

159

Strontium carbonate, 153, 157

Potassium dichromate, 94

emission spectrum of, 158

Strontium nitrate, 61

Organic compounds

Potassium nitrate

Red gum, 77

for red flame compositions, 157

as fuels, 74, 78

effect on flame temperature,

Reduction, 18

Sugars (see also Carbohydrates),

definition of, 12

121, 154

Retardants, 80

78, 169

effect on flame temperature,

in igniter compositions, 134

Sulfur

118

properties of, 55, 144

acidic impurities in, 70

heat output of, 76

sources of, 1

Saltpeter (see Potassium ni-

and potassium chlorate, 101

oxidation of, 74

spark production with, 148

trate)

and potassium nitrate, 101

stability of, 31

thermal decomposition of, 55

"Salute," 176

effect on ignition, 70, 108

Oxidation, 18

with sulfur, 101

Sensitivity, factors affecting,

properties of, 70

Oxidation numbers, 18-20

Potassium perchlorate

107-110

smoke production with, 72, 172

Oxidizers

in color compositions, 156,

Shellac, 77

Surface area, effect of, 89, 116-

chlorine and fluorine in, 54, 63

161

Silicon, 72, 129

117

for color compositions, 154

in delays, 132

Smoke, 167-176

ratio with fuels, 74

in "flash and sound" compo-

Smokeless powder, 138

reactivity sequence for, 112

sitions, 177

Sodium atom

Tammann temperature, 100-102

requirements for, 51-54

oxidation numbers in, 19

energy levels of, 44

Teflon, 54

table of, 52-53

properties of, 59

light emission from, 44-46,

Temperature

thermal decomposition of, 59

51, 143, 163

effect on reaction rate, 28

with magnesium, 19

Sodium bicarbonate, 39, 57, 80

of pyrotechnic flame, 117-118

Paris green, 160

Pressure

in colored smoke mixtures,

Thermal conductivity, 37, 90

Particle size, effect of, 88, 101

external, effect of, 114-116

170

table of, 37

Phosphorus

loading, 91, 113, 132

Sodium compounds

Thermite reaction, 63, 134-137

as a fuel, 73

vapor, of liquids, 34

for yellow light compositions,

Thermodynamics, discussion of,

for white smoke, 168, 172

Prime composition, 126

150, 153, 164

21-27

forms of, 73

Primer, 127

hygroscopicity of, 51

Thermograms (see also Differen-

in friction igniters, 127

Propagation of burning, 98,

light emission by, 51

tial thermal analysis)

properties of, 73

111-117

Sodium nitrate, 51, 143-147

appearance of, 40

190

Index

[ Thermograms]

White smoke compositions,

of black powder, 43

172-176

of potassium chlorate /sulfur

system, 106-107

of potassium nitrate/sulfur

X rays, crystal structure

system, 103-105

using, 39

of smokeless powder, 42

of trinitrotoluene, 41

Titanium, 69, 101, 144

Trinitrotoluene (TNT), 12, 41

Yellow flame compositions,

Tungsten, 130

150, 163, 165

emission spectrum of, 164

Water, vaporization of, 113

Whistle effect, 176, 178

White light

Zinc chloride, 168, 175

compositions for, 143, 146

Zinc oxide, 175

production of, 143-147

Zirconium, 70, 101, 134, 144

11

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