3 PHRASE If you do something at someone's expense , they provide the money for it. □ Should architects continue to be trained for five years at public expense?
4 PHRASE If someone laughs or makes a joke at your expense , they do it to make you seem foolish. □ I think he's having fun at our expense.
5 PHRASE If you achieve something at the expense of someone, you do it in a way which might cause them some harm or disadvantage. □ According to this study, women have made notable gains at the expense of men.
6 PHRASE If you say that someone does something at the expense of another thing, you are expressing concern at the fact that they are not doing the second thing, because the first thing uses all their resources. [DISAPPROVAL ] □ The orchestra has more discipline now, but at the expense of spirit.
7 PHRASE If you go to the expense of doing something, you do something which costs a lot of money. If you go to great expense to do something, you spend a lot of money in order to achieve it. □ Why go to the expense of buying an electric saw when you can hire one? COLLOCATIONS expense NOUN
1
noun + expense : household, living, office; funeral
adjective + expense : additional, considerable, vast; legal, medical, parliamentary; day-to-day, monthly
verb + expense : incur; justify; fiddle
2
noun + expense : hotel, travel
verb + expense : claim, deduct; cover, pay, reimburse
ex|pe nse ac|count (expense accounts ) N‑COUNT An expense account is an arrangement between an employer and an employee which allows the employee to spend the company's money on things relating to their job, for example travelling or looking after clients. [BUSINESS ] □ He put Elizabeth's motel bill and airfare on his expense account. □ …expense account lunches.
ex|pen|sive ◆◆◇ / I kspe ns I v/ ADJ If something is expensive , it costs a lot of money. □ Fuel's so expensive in this country. □ I get very nervous because I'm using a lot of expensive equipment. ● ex|pen|sive|ly ADV [ADV -ed, ADV after v] □ She was expensively dressed, with fine furs and jewels. SYNONYMS expensive ADJ
costly: Having professionally-made curtains can be costly.
pricey: Medical insurance is very pricey.
overpriced: I had an overpriced cup of coffee in the hotel cafeteria.
exorbitant: Exorbitant housing prices have created an acute shortage of affordable housing for the poor.
ex|peri|ence ◆◆◆ / I ksp I ə riəns/ (experiences , experiencing , experienced )
1 N‑UNCOUNT Experience is knowledge or skill in a particular job or activity, which you have gained because you have done that job or activity for a long time. □ He has also had managerial experience on every level. □ His mother's had plenty of experience taking care of the twins for him.
2 N‑UNCOUNT Experience is used to refer to the past events, knowledge, and feelings that make up someone's life or character. □ I should not be in any danger here, but experience has taught me caution. □ She had learned from experience to take little rests in between her daily routine.
3 N‑COUNT An experience is something that you do or that happens to you, especially something important that affects you. □ [+ of ] His only experience of gardening so far proved immensely satisfying. □ Many of his clients are unbelievably nervous, usually because of a bad experience in the past.
4 VERB If you experience a particular situation, you are in that situation or it happens to you. □ [V n] We had never experienced this kind of holiday before and had no idea what to expect.
5 VERB If you experience a feeling, you feel it or are affected by it. □ [V n] Widows seem to experience more distress than do widowers. ● N‑SING Experience is also a noun. □ [+ of ] …the experience of pain. COLLOCATIONS experience NOUN
1
noun + experience : life, work
adjective + experience : first-hand, invaluable, personal, practical; managerial; extensive, previous
verb + experience : gain
3
noun + experience : dining, learning, shopping
adjective + experience : bad, common, memorable, traumatic; near-death; positive, valuable
verb + experience : enjoy, share VERB
4
experience + noun : difficulty, hardship, loss, problem; change, symptom; life
5
experience + noun : anxiety, distress, pain
ex|pe|ri|enced / I ksp I ə riənst/ ADJ If you describe someone as experienced , you mean that they have been doing a particular job or activity for a long time, and therefore know a lot about it or are very skilful at it. □ [+ in ] …lawyers who are experienced in these matters. □ It's a team packed with experienced and mature professionals.
ex|peri|en|tial / I ksp I ə rie nʃ ə l/ ADJ Experiential means relating to or resulting from experience. [FORMAL ] □ Learning has got to be active and experiential.
ex|peri|ment ◆◇◇ (experiments , experimenting , experimented ) The noun is pronounced / I kspe r I mənt/. The verb is pronounced / I kspe r I ment/. 1 N‑VAR An experiment is a scientific test which is done in order to discover what happens to something in particular conditions. □ He carried out a series of experiments on the properties of plants. □ This question can be answered only by experiment.
2 VERB If you experiment with something or experiment on it, you do a scientific test on it in order to discover what happens to it in particular conditions. □ [V + with/on ] In 1857 Mendel started experimenting with peas in his monastery garden. □ [V ] The scientists have already experimented at each other's test sites. ● ex|peri|men|ta|tion / I kspe r I mente I ʃ ə n/ N‑UNCOUNT □ …the ethical aspects of animal experimentation. ● ex|peri|ment|er (experimenters ) N‑COUNT □ When the experimenters repeated the tests, they observed an opposite effect.
3 N‑VAR An experiment is the trying out of a new idea or method in order to see what it is like and what effects it has. □ As an experiment, we bought Ted a watch.
4 VERB To experiment means to try out a new idea or method to see what it is like and what effects it has. □ [V ] …if you like cooking and have the time to experiment. □ [V + with ] He believes that students should be encouraged to experiment with bold ideas. ● ex|peri|men|ta|tion N‑UNCOUNT □ Decentralization and experimentation must be encouraged. USAGE experiment
You usually say that someone conducts
an experiment. Don’t say ‘
We decided to make an experiment
’. Say ‘We decided to conduct
an experiment’.
ex|peri|men|tal / I kspe r I me nt ə l/
1 ADJ Something that is experimental is new or uses new ideas or methods, and might be modified later if it is unsuccessful. □ …an experimental air conditioning system. □ The technique is experimental, but the list of its practitioners is growing.
2 ADJ [ADJ n] Experimental means using, used in, or resulting from scientific experiments. □ …the main techniques of experimental science. ● ex|peri|men|tal|ly ADV [ADV with v] □ Communities of species were studied experimentally under controlled conditions.
3 ADJ [usu ADJ n] An experimental action is done in order to see what it is like, or what effects it has. □ The British Sports Minister is reported to be ready to argue for an experimental lifting of the ban. ● ex|peri|men|tal|ly ADV [ADV with v] □ This system is being tried out experimentally at many universities.
ex|pert ◆◆◇ /e kspɜː r t/ (experts )
1 N‑COUNT [oft n N ] An expert is a person who is very skilled at doing something or who knows a lot about a particular subject. □ …a yoga expert. □ [+ on ] …an expert on trade in that area.
2 ADJ Someone who is expert at doing something is very skilled at it. □ [+ at ] The Japanese are expert at lowering manufacturing costs. ● ex|pert|ly ADV [ADV with v] □ Shopkeepers expertly rolled spices up in bay leaves.
3 ADJ [ADJ n] If you say that someone has expert hands or an expert eye, you mean that they are very skilful or experienced in using their hands or eyes for a particular purpose. □ When the horse suffered a back injury Harvey cured it with his own expert hands.
4 ADJ [ADJ n] Expert advice or help is given by someone who has studied a subject thoroughly or who is very skilled at a particular job. □ We'll need an expert opinion.
ex|per|tise /e kspɜː r tiː z/ N‑UNCOUNT Expertise is special skill or knowledge that is acquired by training, study, or practice. □ The problem is that most local authorities lack the expertise to deal sensibly in this market.
ex|pi|ate /e kspie I t/ (expiates , expiating , expiated ) VERB If you expiate guilty feelings or bad behaviour, you do something to indicate that you are sorry for what you have done. [FORMAL ] □ [V n] It seemed that Alice was expiating her father's sins with her charity work. [Also V n + for ] ● ex|pia|tion /e kspie I ʃ ə n/ N‑UNCOUNT □ …an often painful process of evaluation and expiation.
ex|pi|ra|tion /e ksp I re I ʃ ə n/ N‑UNCOUNT The expiration of a fixed period of time is its ending. [FORMAL ] □ [+ of ] …a few hours before the expiration of the midnight deadline.
ex|pire / I kspa I ə r / (expires , expiring , expired ) VERB When something such as a contract, deadline, or visa expires , it comes to an end or is no longer valid. □ [V ] He had lived illegally in the United States for five years after his visitor's visa expired.
ex|pi|ry / I kspa I ə ri/ N‑UNCOUNT [N n] The expiry of something such as a contract, deadline, or visa is the time that it comes to an end or stops being valid. □ [+ of ] …the expiry of a fixed term contract. □ Make a note of credit card numbers and check expiry dates.
ex|plain ◆◆◇ / I ksple I n/ (explains , explaining , explained )
1 VERB If you explain something, you give details about it or describe it so that it can be understood. □ [V n] Not every judge, however, has the ability to explain the law in simple terms. □ [V n + to ] Don't sign anything until your solicitor has explained the contract to you. □ [V wh] Professor Griffiths explained how the drug appears to work. □ [V with quote] 'He and Mrs Stein have a plan,' she explained. □ [V that] I explained that each person has different ideas of what freedom is. [Also V ]
2 VERB If you explain something that has happened, you give people reasons for it, especially in an attempt to justify it. □ [V ] 'Let me explain, sir.'—'Don't tell me about it. I don't want to know.'. □ [V n] Before she ran away, she left a note explaining her actions. □ [V pron-refl] Hospital discipline was broken. Amy would have to explain herself. □ [V wh] Explain why you didn't phone. □ [V that] The receptionist apologized for the delay, explaining that it had been a hectic day. [Also V n + to , V with quote]
▸ explain away PHRASAL VERB If someone explains away a mistake or a bad situation they are responsible for, they try to indicate that it is unimportant or that it is not really their fault. □ [V P n] He evaded her questions about the war and tried to explain away the atrocities. □ [V n P ] I had noticed blood on my husband's clothing but he explained it away.
ex|pla|na|tion ◆◇◇ /e kspləne I ʃ ə n/ (explanations )
1 N‑COUNT [oft of/in N ] If you give an explanation of something that has happened, you give people reasons for it, especially in an attempt to justify it. □ [+of ] She told the court she would give a full explanation of the prosecution's decision on Monday. □ 'It's my ulcer,' he added by way of explanation.
2 N‑COUNT If you say there is an explanation for something, you mean that there is a reason for it. □ [+ for ] The deputy airport manager said there was no apparent explanation for the crash. □ It's the only explanation for these results.
3 N‑COUNT If you give an explanation of something, you give details about it or describe it so that it can be understood. □ [+ of ] Haig was immediately impressed by Charteris's expertise and by his lucid explanation of the work. SYNONYMS explanation NOUN
1
interpretation: The opposition Conservative Party put a different interpretation on the figures.
clarification: The union has written to Zurich asking for clarification of the situation.
2
reason: There is a reason for every important thing that happens.
cause: The causes are a complex blend of local and national tensions.
excuse: It is easy to find excuses for his indecisiveness.
motive: Police have ruled out robbery as a motive for the killing.
ex|plana|tory / I ksplæ nətəri, [AM ] -tɔːri/ ADJ [usu ADJ n] Explanatory statements or theories are intended to make people understand something by describing it or giving the reasons for it. [FORMAL ] □ These statements are accompanied by a series of explanatory notes.
ex|pletive / I kspliː t I v/ (expletives ) N‑COUNT An expletive is a rude word or expression such as 'Damn!' which you say when you are annoyed, excited, or in pain. [FORMAL ]
ex|pli|cable / I kspl I kəb ə l, [AM ] e kspl I k-/ ADJ If something is explicable , it can be explained and understood because it is logical or sensible. [FORMAL ] □ The older I grow, the stranger and less explicable the world appears to me.
ex|pli|cate /e kspl I ke I t/ (explicates , explicating , explicated ) VERB To explicate something means to explain it and make it clear. [FORMAL ] □ [V n] We shall have to explicate its basic assumptions before we can assess its implications. ● ex|pli|ca|tion /e kspl I ke I ʃ ə n/ (explications ) N‑VAR □ [+ of ] The jury listened to his impassioned explication of article 306. □ [+ of ] McKen criticises the lack of explication of what the term 'areas' means.
ex|plic|it / I kspl I s I t/
1 ADJ Something that is explicit is expressed or shown clearly and openly, without any attempt to hide anything. □ …sexually explicit scenes in films and books. □ …explicit references to age in recruitment advertising. ● ex|plic|it|ly ADV [ADV with v, ADV adj] □ The play was the first commercially successful work dealing explicitly with homosexuality. ● ex|plic|it|ness N‑UNCOUNT □ When the book was published, the energy and explicitness caught the popular imagination.
2 ADJ [v-link ADJ ] If you are explicit about something, you speak about it very openly and clearly. □ [+ about ] He was explicit about his intention to overhaul the party's internal voting system. ● ex|plic|it|ly ADV [ADV with v] □ She's writing explicitly about old age.
ex|plode ◆◇◇ / I ksploʊ d/ (explodes , exploding , exploded )
1 VERB If an object such as a bomb explodes or if someone or something explodes it, it bursts loudly and with great force, often causing damage or injury. □ [V ] They were clearing up when the second bomb exploded. □ [V n] A school bus was hit by gunfire which exploded the fuel tank.
2 VERB If someone explodes , they express strong feelings suddenly and violently. □ [V + with ] Do you fear that you'll burst into tears or explode with anger in front of her? □ [V with quote] 'What happened!' I exploded. □ [V ] George caught the look and decided that Bess had better leave before she exploded.
3 VERB If something explodes , it increases suddenly and rapidly in number or intensity. □ [V + to ] The population explodes to 40,000 during the tourist season. □ [V ] Investment by Japanese firms has exploded.
4 VERB If someone explodes a theory or myth, they prove that it is wrong or impossible. □ [V n] Electricity privatisation has exploded the myth of cheap nuclear power. USAGE explode or blow up?
If someone destroys a building with a bomb, you say that they blow
it up
. Don’t say ‘
He wanted to explode the place
.’ Say ‘He wanted to blow
the place up
’.
ex|ploit ◆◇◇ (exploits , exploiting , exploited ) The verb is pronounced / I ksplɔ I t/. The noun is pronounced /e ksplɔ I t/. 1 VERB If you say that someone is exploiting you, you think that they are treating you unfairly by using your work or ideas and giving you very little in return. □ [V n] Critics claim he exploited black musicians for personal gain. □ [V -ed] …the plight of the exploited sugar cane workers. ● ex|ploi|ta|tion /e ksplɔ I te I ʃ ə n/ N‑UNCOUNT □ Extra payments should be made to protect the interests of the staff and prevent exploitation.
2 VERB If you say that someone is exploiting a situation, you disapprove of them because they are using it to gain an advantage for themselves, rather than trying to help other people or do what is right. [DISAPPROVAL ] □ [V n] The government and its opponents compete to exploit the troubles to their advantage. ● ex|ploi|ta|tion N‑SING □ [+ of ] …the exploitation of the famine by local politicians.
3 VERB If you exploit something, you use it well, and achieve something or gain an advantage from it. □ [V n] Cary is hoping to exploit new opportunities in Europe.
4 VERB To exploit resources or raw materials means to develop them and use them for industry or commercial activities. □ [V n] I think we're being very short sighted in not exploiting our own coal. ● ex|ploi|ta|tion N‑UNCOUNT □ [+ of ] …the planned exploitation of its potential oil and natural gas reserves.
5 N‑COUNT [usu pl, with poss] If you refer to someone's exploits , you mean the brave, interesting, or amusing things that they have done. □ His wartime exploits were later made into a film. SYNONYMS exploit VERB 1
abuse: He showed how the rich and powerful can abuse their position.
take advantage of: She took advantage of him even after they were divorced.
use: Why do I have the feeling I'm being used again?
ill-treat: They said they had not been ill-treated in captivity. NOUN 5
feat: This seems to me an impressive feat.
adventure: I set off for a new adventure on the first day of the year.
stunt: In a bold promotional stunt, he smashed his car into a passing truck.
deed: His heroic deeds were celebrated in every corner of India.
ex|ploit|able / I ksplɔ I təb ə l/
1 ADJ If something is exploitable , it can be used or developed to make a profit. □ Exploitable raw materials were in short supply. □ Of 27 new wells drilled, 16 have proved exploitable.
2 ADJ An exploitable situation can be used by someone to their own advantage. □ Your hope was I'd make some exploitable mistake.
ex|ploita|tive / I ksplɔ I tət I v/ ADJ If you describe something as exploitative , you disapprove of it because it treats people unfairly by using their work or ideas for its own advantage, and giving them very little in return. [FORMAL , DISAPPROVAL ] □ The expansion of Western capitalism incorporated the Third World into an exploitative world system.
ex|ploit|er / I ksplɔ I tə r / (exploiters ) N‑COUNT If you refer to people as exploiters , you disapprove of them because they exploit other people in an unfair and cruel way. [FORMAL , DISAPPROVAL ]
ex|plora|tory / I ksplɒ rətri, [AM ] -plɔː rətɔːri/ ADJ Exploratory actions are done in order to discover something or to learn the truth about something. □ Exploratory surgery revealed her liver cancer.
ex|plore ◆◇◇ / I ksplɔː r / (explores , exploring , explored )
1 VERB If you explore a place, you travel around it to find out what it is like. □ [V n] After exploring the old part of town there is a guided tour of the cathedral. □ [V ] We've come to this country, let's explore! ● ex|plo|ra|tion /e kspləre I ʃ ə n/ (explorations ) N‑VAR □ [+ of ] We devote several days to the exploration of the magnificent Maya sites of Copan.
2 VERB If you explore an idea or suggestion, you think about it or comment on it in detail, in order to assess it carefully. □ [V n] The film explores the relationship between artist and instrument. ● ex|plo|ra|tion N‑VAR □ [+ of ] I looked forward to the exploration of their theories.
3 VERB If people explore an area for a substance such as oil or minerals, they study the area and do tests on the land to see whether they can find it. □ [V + for ] Central to the operation is a mile-deep well, dug originally to explore for oil. [Also V n for n] ● ex|plo|ra|tion N‑UNCOUNT □ Oryx is a Dallas-based oil and gas exploration and production concern.
4 VERB If you explore something with your hands or fingers, you touch it to find out what it feels like. □ [V n] He explored the wound with his finger, trying to establish its extent. SYNONYMS explore VERB 2
investigate: Gas officials are investigating the cause of the explosion.
consider: The government is being asked to consider the plan.
research: She spent two years in South Florida researching and filming her documentary.
examine: The plans will be examined by E.U. ministers.
analyse: You need to analyse what is causing the stress in your life.
ex|plor|er / I ksplɔː rə r / (explorers ) N‑COUNT An explorer is someone who travels to places about which very little is known, in order to discover what is there.
ex|plo|sion ◆◇◇ / I ksploʊ ʒ ə n/ (explosions )
1 N‑COUNT An explosion is a sudden, violent burst of energy, for example one caused by a bomb. □ A second explosion came minutes later and we were enveloped in a dust cloud. □ Three people have been killed in a bomb explosion in northwest Spain.
2 N‑VAR Explosion is the act of deliberately causing a bomb or similar device to explode. □ Bomb disposal experts blew up the bag in a controlled explosion.
3 N‑COUNT An explosion is a large rapid increase in the number or amount of something. □ [+ in ] The study also forecast an explosion in the diet soft-drink market. □ The spread of the suburbs has triggered a population explosion among America's deer.
4 N‑COUNT An explosion is a sudden violent expression of someone's feelings, especially anger. □ Every time they met, Myra anticipated an explosion.
5 N‑COUNT An explosion is a sudden and serious political protest or violence. □ [+ of ] …the explosion of protest and violence sparked off by the killing of seven workers.
ex|plo|sive / I ksploʊ s I v/ (explosives )
1 N‑VAR An explosive is a substance or device that can cause an explosion. □ …one-hundred-and-fifty pounds of Semtex explosive.
2 ADJ Something that is explosive is capable of causing an explosion. □ The explosive device was timed to go off at the rush hour. ● ex|plo|sive|ly ADV [ADV adj, ADV after v] □ Hydrogen is explosively flammable when mixed with oxygen.
3 ADJ An explosive growth is a sudden, rapid increase in the size or quantity of something. □ The explosive growth in casinos is one of the most conspicuous signs of Westernisation. ● ex|plo|sive|ly ADV [ADV after v, ADV adj] □ These transactions grew explosively in the early 1980s.
4 ADJ [usu ADJ n] An explosive situation is likely to have difficult, serious, or dangerous effects. □ He appeared to be treating the potentially explosive situation with some sensitivity. □ Nobody knows what explosive arguments the future of Europe will bring. ● ex|plo|sive|ly ADV [ADV after v] □ A referendum next year would coincide explosively with the election campaign.
5 ADJ If you describe someone as explosive , you mean that they tend to express sudden violent anger. □ He's inherited his father's explosive temper. ● ex|plo|sive|ly ADV [ADV after v, ADV adj] □ 'Are you mad?' David asked explosively.
6 ADJ A sudden loud noise can be described as explosive . □ He made a loud, explosive noise of disgust. □ …an explosive drumbeat. ● ex|plo|sive|ly ADV [ADV adj, ADV after v] □ The sound of her own chewing and swallowing were explosively loud.
expo /e skpoʊ/ (expos ) also Expo N‑COUNT [oft in names] An expo is a large event where goods, especially industrial goods, are displayed. □ …the Queensland Computer Expo.
ex|po|nent / I kspoʊ nənt/ (exponents )
1 N‑COUNT An exponent of an idea, theory, or plan is a person who supports and explains it, and who tries to persuade other people that it is a good idea. [FORMAL ] □ [+ of ] …a leading exponent of test-tube baby techniques.
2 N‑COUNT An exponent of a particular skill or activity is a person who is good at it. □ [+ of ] …a great exponent of expressionist dance.
ex|po|nen|tial /e kspəne nʃ ə l/ ADJ [usu ADJ n] Exponential means growing or increasing very rapidly. [FORMAL ] □ The policy tried to check the exponential growth of public expenditure. ● ex|po|nen|tial|ly ADV [ADV after v] □ The quantity of chemical pollutants has increased exponentially.
ex|port ◆◆◇ (exports , exporting , exported ) The verb is pronounced / I kspɔː r t/. The noun is pronounced /e kspɔː r t/. 1 VERB To export products or raw materials means to sell them to another country. □ [V n] The nation also exports rice. □ [be V -ed + to ] They expect the antibiotic products to be exported to Southeast Asia and Africa. □ [V ] To earn foreign exchange we must export. [Also V n + to ] ● N‑UNCOUNT Export is also a noun. □ [+ of ] …the production and export of cheap casual wear. □ …illegal arms exports.
2 N‑COUNT Exports are goods which are sold to another country and sent there. □ He did this to promote American exports. □ Ghana's main export is cocoa.
3 VERB To export something means to introduce it into another country or make it happen there. □ [V n] It has exported inflation at times. □ [V n + to ] …hecklers who said the deal would export jobs to Mexico.
4 VERB In computing, if you export files or information from one type of software into another type, you change their format so that they can be used in the new software. □ [be V -ed] Its maps can be exported in the GPX file format. [Also V n]
ex|port|able / I kspɔː r təb ə l/ ADJ Exportable products are suitable for being exported. □ They are reliant on a very limited number of exportable products.
ex|port|er /e kspɔː r tə r , I kspɔː r tə r / (exporters ) N‑COUNT An exporter is a country, firm, or person that sells and sends goods to another country. □ [+ of ] France is the world's second-biggest exporter of agricultural products.
ex|po|sé /ekspoʊ ze I , [AM ] e kspoʊze I / (exposés ) N‑COUNT An exposé is a film or piece of writing which reveals the truth about a situation or person, especially something involving shocking facts. □ [+ of ] The movie is an exposé of prison conditions in the South.
ex|pose ◆◇◇ / I kspoʊ z/ (exposes , exposing , exposed )
1 VERB To expose something that is usually hidden means to uncover it so that it can be seen. □ [V n] Lowered sea levels exposed the shallow continental shelf beneath the Bering Sea. □ [V -ed] …the exposed brickwork.
2 VERB To expose a person or situation means to reveal that they are bad or immoral in some way. □ [V n] The Budget does expose the lies ministers were telling a year ago. □ [be V -ed + as ] He has simply been exposed as an adulterer and a fool. [Also V n + as ]
3 VERB If someone is exposed to something dangerous or unpleasant, they are put in a situation in which it might affect them. □ [be V -ed + to ] They had not been exposed to most diseases common to urban populations. □ [V n + to ] A wise mother never exposes her children to the slightest possibility of danger. □ [V -ed] …people exposed to high levels of radiation.
4 VERB If someone is exposed to an idea or feeling, usually a new one, they are given experience of it, or introduced to it. □ [be V -ed + to ] …local people who've not been exposed to glimpses of Western life before. □ [V n + to ] These units exposed children to many viewpoints of a given issue.
5 VERB A man who exposes himself shows people his genitals in a public place, usually because he is mentally or emotionally disturbed. □ [V pron-refl] Smith admitted indecently exposing himself on Wimbledon Common. SYNONYMS expose VERB
1
reveal: A grey carpet was removed to reveal the original pine floor.
uncover: Archaeologists have uncovered an 11,700-year-old hunting camp in Alaska.
show: He showed his teeth in a humourless grin.
bare: He bared his muscular, hairy chest for a women's magazine.
2
reveal: It was revealed that officials had never inspected the factory.
disclose: Neither side would disclose details of the transaction.
betray: She studied his face, but it betrayed nothing.
give away: They felt like they were giving away company secrets.
leak: He revealed who leaked a confidential police report.
ex|posed / I kspoʊ zd/ ADJ If a place is exposed , it has no natural protection against bad weather or enemies, for example because it has no trees or is on very high ground. □ …an exposed hillside in Connecticut.
ex|po|si|tion /e kspəz I ʃ ə n/ (expositions )
1 N‑COUNT An exposition of an idea or theory is a detailed explanation or account of it. [FORMAL ] □ [+ of ] A long exposition of the new republican ideas would be tiresome.
2 N‑COUNT An exposition is an exhibition in which something such as goods or works of art are shown to the public. □ …an art exposition.
ex|pos|tu|late / I kspɒ stʃʊle I t/ (expostulates , expostulating , expostulated ) VERB If you expostulate , you express strong disagreement with someone. [FORMAL ] □ [V with quote] 'For heaven's sake!' Dot expostulated. 'They're cheap and they're useful.'. □ [V ] For a moment I thought she was going to expostulate. □ [V + with ] His family expostulated with him.
ex|po|sure ◆◇◇ / I kspoʊ ʒə r / (exposures )
1 N‑UNCOUNT Exposure to something dangerous means being in a situation where it might affect you. □ [+ to ] Exposure to lead is known to damage the brains of young children.
2 N‑UNCOUNT Exposure is the harmful effect on your body caused by very cold weather. □ He was suffering from exposure and shock but his condition was said to be stable.
3 N‑UNCOUNT [usu with poss] The exposure of a well-known person is the revealing of the fact that they are bad or immoral in some way. □ [+ of ] …the exposure of stars in so-called morally compromising situations.
4 N‑UNCOUNT Exposure is publicity that a person, company, or product receives. □ The candidates are getting an enormous amount of exposure in the media.
5 N‑COUNT In photography, an exposure is a single photograph. [TECHNICAL ] □ Larger drawings tend to require two or three exposures to cover them.
6 N‑VAR In photography, the exposure is the amount of light that is allowed to enter a camera when taking a photograph. [TECHNICAL ] □ Against a deep blue sky or dark storm-clouds, you may need to reduce the exposure. SYNONYMS exposure NOUN
2
hypothermia: He was unconscious and suffering hypothermia.
frostbite: The survivors suffered from frostbite.
4
publicity: The case has generated enormous publicity in Brazil.
hype: My products aren't based on advertising hype, they sell by word of mouth.
promotion: During 1984, Remington spent a lot of money on advertising and promotion.
attention: Volume Two, sub-titled 'The Lawyers', will also attract considerable attention.
ex|pound / I kspaʊ nd/ (expounds , expounding , expounded ) VERB If you expound an idea or opinion, you give a clear and detailed explanation of it. [FORMAL ] □ [V n] Schmidt continued to expound his views on economics and politics. ● PHRASAL VERB Expound on means the same as expound . □ [V P n] Lawrence expounded on the military aspects of guerrilla warfare.
ex|press ◆◆◇ / I kspre s/ (expresses , expressing , expressed )
1 VERB When you express an idea or feeling, or express yourself , you show what you think or feel. □ [V n] He expressed grave concern at American attitudes. □ [V pron-refl] He expresses himself easily in English.
2 VERB If an idea or feeling expresses itself in some way, it can be clearly seen in someone's actions or in its effects on a situation. □ [V pron-refl + as ] She is obviously unhappy, and misery often expresses itself as anger.
3 VERB In mathematics, if you express a quantity or mathematical problem in a particular way, you write it using particular symbols, figures, or equations. [TECHNICAL ] □ [be V -ed as ] It is expressed as a percentage.
4 ADJ [ADJ n] An express command or order is one that is clearly and deliberately stated. [FORMAL ] □ The ship was sunk on express orders from the Prime Minister. ● ex|press|ly ADV [ADV before v] □ He has expressly forbidden her to go out on her own.
5 ADJ [ADJ n] If you refer to an express intention or purpose, you are emphasizing that it is a deliberate and specific one that you have before you do something. [EMPHASIS ] □ I had obtained my first camera for the express purpose of taking railway photographs. ● ex|press|ly ADV [ADV before v] □ …projects expressly designed to support cattle farmers.
6 ADJ [ADJ n] Express is used to describe special services which are provided by companies or organizations such as the Post Office, in which things are sent or done faster than usual for a higher price. □ I paid extra for the express service. □ It was sent to us by express mail. ● ADV Express is also an adverb. □ Send it express.
7 N‑COUNT An express or an express train is a fast train which stops at very few stations. □ [+ to/for ] Punctually at 7.45, the express to Kuala Lumpur left Singapore station. COLLOCATIONS express VERB 1
express + noun : concern, disappointment, dismay, frustration, outrage, regret; confidence, optimism; desire, hope, wish; opinion, view; support, sympathy; doubts, reservations
express + adverb : freely, openly, privately, publicly; clearly, eloquently, forcefully; frequently, repeatedly SYNONYMS express VERB 1
communicate: They successfully communicate their knowledge to others.
convey: Please convey my congratulations to the bride and groom.
articulate: He was accused of failing to articulate an overall vision in foreign affairs.
state: 'Our relationship is totally platonic,' she stated.
verbalize: …his inability to verbalize his feelings.
ex|pres|sion ◆◇◇ / I kspre ʃ ə n/ (expressions )
1 N‑VAR The expression of ideas or feelings is the showing of them through words, actions, or artistic activities. □ [+ of ] Laughter is one of the most infectious expressions of emotion. □ …the rights of the individual to freedom of expression. □ Her concern has now found expression in the new environmental protection act.
2 N‑VAR [oft poss N ] Your expression is the way that your face looks at a particular moment. It shows what you are thinking or feeling. □ [+ of ] Levin sat there, an expression of sadness on his face.
3 N‑UNCOUNT Expression is the showing of feeling when you are acting, singing, or playing a musical instrument. □ I put more expression into my lyrics than a lot of other singers do.
4 N‑COUNT An expression is a word or phrase. □ She spoke in a quiet voice but used remarkably coarse expressions. SYNONYMS expression NOUN
2
look: Sally spun round, a feigned look of surprise on her face.
face: He was walking around with a sad face.
air: Jennifer regarded him with an air of amusement.
4
phrase: He used a phrase I hate: 'You have to be cruel to be kind.'
saying: We also realize the truth of that old saying: Charity begins at home.
term: Myocardial infarction is the medical term for a heart attack.
idiom: Proverbs and idioms may become worn with over-use.
proverb: An old proverb says, 'The enemy of my enemy is my friend'.
ex|pres|sion|ism / I kspre ʃən I zəm/ N‑UNCOUNT Expressionism is a style of art, literature, and music which uses symbols and exaggeration to represent emotions, rather than representing physical reality.
ex|pres|sion|ist / I kspre ʃən I st/ (expressionists )
1 N‑COUNT An expressionist is an artist, writer, or composer who uses the style of expressionism.
2 ADJ [usu ADJ n] Expressionist artists, writers, composers, or works use the style of expressionism. □ …an extraordinary collection of expressionist paintings.
ex|pres|sion|less / I kspre ʃ ə nləs/ ADJ If you describe someone's face as expressionless , you mean that they are not showing their feelings.
ex|pres|sive / I kspre s I v/ ADJ If you describe a person or their behaviour as expressive , you mean that their behaviour clearly indicates their feelings or intentions. □ You can train people to be more expressive. □ …her small, usually expressive face. ● ex|pres|sive|ly ADV [ADV with v] □ He moved his hands expressively. ● ex|pres|sive|ness N‑UNCOUNT □ Crying is part of our natural expressiveness.
ex|press|way / I kspre swe I / (expressways ) N‑COUNT An expressway is a wide road that is specially designed so that a lot of traffic can move along it very quickly. It is usually divided, so that traffic travelling in one direction is separated from the traffic travelling in the opposite direction.
ex|pro|pri|ate /eksproʊ prie I t/ (expropriates , expropriating , expropriated ) VERB If a government or other authority expropriates someone's property, they take it away from them for public use. [LEGAL ] □ [V n] The Bolsheviks expropriated the property of the landowners. ● ex|pro|pria|tion /eksproʊ prie I ʃ ə n/ (expropriations ) N‑VAR □ [+ of ] …the expropriation of property. □ Ownership is not clear because of expropriations in the Nazi era.
ex|pul|sion / I kspʌ lʃ ə n/ (expulsions )
1 N‑VAR Expulsion is when someone is forced to leave a school, university, or organization. □ [+ from ] Her hatred of authority led to her expulsion from high school. □ …the high number of school expulsions.
2 N‑VAR Expulsion is when someone is forced to leave a place. [FORMAL ] □ [+ of ] …the expulsion of Yemeni workers. □ …a new wave of mass expulsions.
3 N‑UNCOUNT Expulsion is when something is forced out from your body. [FORMAL ] □ [+ from ] …their expulsion from the digestive tract.
ex|punge / I kspʌ ndʒ/ (expunges , expunging , expunged ) VERB If you expunge something, you get rid of it completely, because it causes problems or bad feelings. [FORMAL ] □ [V n] The revolutionaries expunged domestic opposition. □ [V n + from ] The experience was something he had tried to expunge from his memory. □ [be V -ed + from ] His name was expunged from the record books.
ex|pur|gate /e kspə r ge I t/ (expurgates , expurgating , expurgated ) VERB If someone expurgates a piece of writing, they remove parts of it before it is published because they think those parts will offend or shock people. [FORMAL ] □ [V n] He heavily expurgated the work in its second edition. ● ex|pur|gat|ed ADJ □ It was first published in 1914 in a highly expurgated version.
ex|quis|ite / I kskw I z I t, e kskw I z I t/ ADJ Something that is exquisite is extremely beautiful or pleasant, especially in a delicate way. □ The Indians brought in exquisite beadwork to sell. □ Mr Zhang's photography is exquisite. ● ex|quis|ite|ly ADV [usu ADV adj/-ed] □ …exquisitely crafted dolls' houses.
e x-se rviceman (ex-servicemen ) N‑COUNT An ex-serviceman is a man who used to be in a country's army, navy, or air force. [BRIT ] in AM, use veteran
ext. N‑VAR Ext. is the written abbreviation for extension when it is used to refer to a particular phone number.
ex|tant /ekstæ nt, e kstənt/ ADJ If something is extant , it is still in existence, in spite of being very old. [FORMAL ] □ Two fourteenth-century manuscripts of this text are still extant. □ The oldest extant document is dated 1492.
ex|tem|po|rize / I kste mpəra I z/ (extemporizes , extemporizing , extemporized ) in BRIT, also use extemporise VERB If you extemporize , you speak, act, or perform something immediately, without rehearsing or preparing it beforehand. [FORMAL ] □ [V ] He completely departed from the text and extemporized in a very energetic fashion.
ex|tend ◆◆◇ / I kste nd/ (extends , extending , extended )
1 VERB If you say that something, usually something large, extends for a particular distance or extends from one place to another, you are indicating its size or position. □ [V + for ] The caves extend for some 18 kilometres. □ [V + to ] The main stem will extend to around 12ft, if left to develop naturally. □ [V amount] Our personal space extends about 12 to 18 inches around us. □ [V from n to n] Diyala extends from the suburbs of Baghdad to the Iranian border. □ [V + over ] The new territory would extend over one-fifth of Canada's land mass. [Also V + to ]
2 VERB If an object extends from a surface or place, it sticks out from it. □ [V + from ] A shelf of land extended from the escarpment.
3 VERB If an event or activity extends over a period of time, it continues for that time. □ [V from n to n] …a playing career in first-class cricket that extended from 1894 to 1920. □ [V + over ] The courses are based on a weekly two-hour class, extending over a period of 25 weeks. [Also V + to ]
4 VERB If something extends to a group of people, things, or activities, it includes or affects them. □ [V + to ] The service also extends to wrapping and delivering gifts. □ [V + beyond ] His influence extends beyond the TV viewing audience.
5 VERB If you extend something, you make it longer or bigger. □ [V n] This year they have introduced three new products to extend their range. □ [be V -ed] The building was extended in 1500. □ [V -ed] …an extended exhaust pipe.
6 VERB If a piece of equipment or furniture extends , its length can be increased. □ [V ] … a table which extends to accommodate extra guests. □ [V + to ] The table extends to 220cm.
7 VERB If you extend something, you make it last longer than before or end at a later date. □ [V n] They have extended the deadline by twenty-four hours. □ [V -ed] …an extended contract.
8 VERB If you extend something to other people or things, you make it include or affect more people or things. □ [V n + to ] It might be possible to extend the technique to other crop plants.
9 VERB If someone extends their hand, they stretch out their arm and hand to shake hands with someone. □ [V n] The man extended his hand: 'I'm Chuck'. SYNONYMS extend VERB 5
widen: The search for my brother widened.
increase: The population continues to increase.
develop: She won a grant to develop her own business.
enlarge: …the plan to enlarge Ewood Park into a 30,000 all-seater stadium.
broaden: We must broaden our appeal.
ex|tend|able / I kste ndəb ə l/ ADJ [usu ADJ n] Something that is extendable can be made longer. □ These were hung in place with extendable rods.
ex|tend|ed / I kste nd I d/
1 ADJ [ADJ n] If something happens for an extended period of time, it happens for a long period of time. □ Any child who receives dedicated teaching over an extended period is likely to improve.
2 → see also extend
ex|te nd|ed fa mi|ly (extended families ) N‑COUNT An extended family is a family group which includes relatives such as uncles, aunts, and grandparents, as well as parents, children, and brothers and sisters. □ Young mothers in such a community have the support of their extended family.
ex|ten|sion / I kste nʃ ə n/ (extensions )
1 N‑COUNT An extension is a new room or building which is added to an existing building or group of buildings.
2 N‑COUNT An extension is a new section of a road or rail line that is added to an existing road or line. □ …the Jubilee Line extension.
3 N‑COUNT An extension is an extra period of time for which something lasts or is valid, usually as a result of official permission. □ [+ of ] He first entered Britain on a six-month visa, and was given a further extension of six months.
4 N‑COUNT Something that is an extension of something else is a development of it that includes or affects more people, things, or activities. □ [+ of ] He saw his civil rights activity as an extension of his ministry.
5 N‑COUNT An extension is a phone line that is connected to the switchboard of a company or institution, and that has its own number. The written abbreviation ext. is also used. □ She can get me on extension 308.
6 N‑COUNT An extension is a part which is connected to a piece of equipment in order to make it reach something further away. □ …a 30-foot extension cord.
ex|ten|sive ◆◇◇ / I kste ns I v/
1 ADJ Something that is extensive covers or includes a large physical area. □ …an extensive tour of Latin America. □ When built, the palace and its grounds were more extensive than the city itself. ● ex|ten|sive|ly ADV [ADV after v] □ Mark, however, needs to travel extensively with his varied business interests.
2 ADJ Something that is extensive covers a wide range of details, ideas, or items. □ There was extensive coverage of World Book Day on the BBC. □ The facilities available are very extensive. ● ex|ten|sive|ly ADV [ADV after v, ADV adj/-ed] □ All these issues have been extensively researched in recent years.
3 ADJ If something is extensive , it is very great. □ The blast caused extensive damage, shattering the ground-floor windows. □ The security forces have extensive powers of search and arrest. ● ex|ten|sive|ly ADV [ADV after v, ADV -ed] □ Hydrogen is used extensively in industry for the production of ammonia.
ex|tent ◆◇◇ / I kste nt/
1 N‑SING If you are talking about how great, important, or serious a difficulty or situation is, you can refer to the extent of it. □ [+ of ] The government itself has little information on the extent of industrial pollution. □ [+ of ] The full extent of the losses was disclosed yesterday.
2 N‑SING The extent of something is its length, area, or size. □ [+ of ] Their commitment was only to maintain the extent of forests, not their biodiversity.
3 PHRASE You use expressions such as to a large extent , to some extent , or to a certain extent in order to indicate that something is partly true, but not entirely true. [VAGUENESS ] □ It was and, to a large extent, still is a good show. □ To some extent this was the truth.
4 PHRASE You use expressions such as to what extent , to that extent , or to the extent that when you are discussing how true a statement is, or in what ways it is true. [VAGUENESS ] □ It's still not clear to what extent this criticism is originating from within the ruling party. □ To that extent they helped bring about their own destruction.
5 PHRASE You use expressions such as to the extent of , to the extent that , or to such an extent that in order to emphasize that a situation has reached a difficult, dangerous, or surprising stage. [EMPHASIS ] □ He said he didn't like the president, but not to the extent of wanting to kill him. SYNONYMS extent NOUN 1
scale: However, he underestimates the scale of the problem.
magnitude: No one realized the magnitude of the problem.
degree: These barriers will ensure a very high degree of protection.
level: The exercises are marked according to their level of difficulty.
amount: I still do a certain amount of work for them
ex|tenu|at|ing / I kste njue I t I ŋ/ ADJ [usu ADJ n] If you say that there are extenuating circumstances for a bad situation or wrong action, you mean that there are reasons or factors which partly excuse it. [FORMAL ] □ The defendants admitting their guilt, but insisted that there were extenuating circumstances.
ex|te|ri|or / I kst I ə riə r / (exteriors )
1 N‑COUNT [usu sing] The exterior of something is its outside surface. □ In one ad the viewer scarcely sees the car's exterior. □ [+ of ] The exterior of the building was elegant and graceful.
2 N‑COUNT [usu sing, oft poss N ] You can refer to someone's usual appearance or behaviour as their exterior , especially when it is very different from their real character. □ According to Mandy, Pat's tough exterior hides a shy and sensitive soul.
3 ADJ [ADJ n] You use exterior to refer to the outside parts of something or things that are outside something. □ The exterior walls were made of pre-formed concrete.
ex|ter|mi|nate / I kstɜː r m I ne I t/ (exterminates , exterminating , exterminated ) VERB To exterminate a group of people or animals means to kill all of them. □ [V n] A huge effort was made to exterminate the rats. ● ex|ter|mi|na|tion / I kstɜː r m I ne I ʃ ə n/ N‑UNCOUNT □ [+ of ] …the extermination of hundreds of thousands of their countrymen.
ex|ter|mi|na|tor / I kstɜː r m I ne I tə r / (exterminators ) N‑COUNT An exterminator is a person whose job is to kill animals such as rats or mice, because they are annoying or dangerous.
ex|ter|nal / I kstɜː r n ə l/
1 ADJ [usu ADJ n] External is used to indicate that something is on the outside of a surface or body, or that it exists, happens, or comes from outside. □ …a much reduced heat loss through external walls. □ …internal and external allergic reactions. ● ex|ter|nal|ly ADV [usu ADV with v] □ Vitamins can be applied externally to the skin. □ …externally imposed conditions.
2 ADJ [ADJ n] External means involving or intended for foreign countries. □ …the commissioner for external affairs. □ …Jamaica's external debt. □ …the republic's external borders. ● ex|ter|nal|ly ADV [usu ADV after v] □ …protecting the value of the mark both internally and externally.
3 ADJ [ADJ n] External means happening or existing in the world in general and affecting you in some way. □ …a reaction to external events. □ Such events occur only when the external conditions are favorable.
4 ADJ [ADJ n] External experts, for example external examiners , come into an organization from outside in order to do a particular job fairly and impartially, or to check that a particular job was done properly. [mainly BRIT ] ● ex|ter|nal|ly ADV [ADV -ed] □ There must be externally moderated tests.
5 PHRASE If medicine is for external use , it is intended to be used only on the outside of your body, and not to be eaten or drunk.
ex|ter|nal|ize / I kstɜː r nəla I z/ (externalizes , externalizing , externalized ) in BRIT, also use externalise VERB If you externalize your ideas or feelings, you express them openly, in words or actions. [FORMAL ] □ [V n] These are people who tend to externalize blame when anything goes wrong at work.
ex|ter|nals / I kstɜː r nəlz/ N‑PLURAL When you talk about externals , you are referring to the features of a situation that are obvious but not important or central. □ [+ of ] All that the tourists see are the externals of our faith.
ex|tinct / I kst I ŋkt/
1 ADJ A species of animal or plant that is extinct no longer has any living members, either in the world or in a particular place. □ It is 250 years since the wolf became extinct in Britain.
2 ADJ If a particular kind of worker, way of life, or type of activity is extinct , it no longer exists, because of changes in society. □ Herbalism had become an all but extinct skill in the Western world.
3 ADJ An extinct volcano is one that does not erupt or is not expected to erupt any more. □ Its tallest volcano, long extinct, is Olympus Mons.
ex|tinc|tion / I kst I ŋkʃ ə n/
1 N‑UNCOUNT The extinction of a species of animal or plant is the death of all its remaining living members. □ An operation is beginning to try to save a species of crocodile from extinction.
2 N‑UNCOUNT If someone refers to the extinction of a way of life or type of activity, they mean that the way of life or activity stops existing. □ The loggers say their jobs are faced with extinction because of declining timber sales.
ex|tin|guish / I kst I ŋgw I ʃ/ (extinguishes , extinguishing , extinguished )
1 VERB If you extinguish a fire or a light, you stop it burning or shining. [FORMAL ] □ [V n] It took about 50 minutes to extinguish the fire.
2 VERB If something extinguishes a feeling or idea, it destroys it. □ [V n] The message extinguished her hopes of Richard's return.
ex|tin|guish|er / I kst I ŋgw I ʃə r / (extinguishers ) N‑COUNT An extinguisher is the same as a fire extinguisher .
ex|tol / I kstoʊ l/ (extols , extolling , extolled ) VERB If you extol something or someone, you praise them enthusiastically. □ [V n] Now experts are extolling the virtues of the humble potato.
ex|tort / I kstɔː r t/ (extorts , extorting , extorted ) VERB If someone extorts money from you, they get it from you using force, threats, or other unfair or illegal means. □ [V n + from ] Corrupt government officials were extorting money from him. □ [V n] Her kidnapper extorted a £175,000 ransom for her release.
ex|tor|tion / I kstɔː r ʃ ə n/ N‑UNCOUNT Extortion is the crime of obtaining something from someone, especially money, by using force or threats. □ He has been charged with extortion and abusing his powers.
ex|tor|tion|ate / I kstɔː r ʃ ə nət/ ADJ If you describe something such as a price as extortionate , you are emphasizing that it is much greater than it should be. [EMPHASIS ]
ex|tor|tion|ist / I kstɔː r ʃ ə n I st/ (extortionists ) N‑COUNT An extortionist is a person who commits the crime of obtaining something from someone by using force or threats.
ex|tra ◆◆◇ /e kstrə/ (extras )
1 ADJ [ADJ n] You use extra to describe an amount, person, or thing that is added to others of the same kind, or that can be added to others of the same kind. □ Police warned motorists to allow extra time to get to work. □ Extra staff have been taken on to cover busy periods. □ There's an extra blanket in the bottom drawer of the cupboard.
2 ADJ [v-link ADJ ] If something is extra , you have to pay more money for it in addition to what you are already paying for something. □ The price of your meal is extra. ● PRON Extra is also a pronoun. □ Many of the additional features now cost extra. ● ADV Extra is also an adverb. □ You may be charged 10% extra for this service.
3 N‑COUNT [usu pl] Extras are additional amounts of money that are added to the price that you have to pay for something. □ There are no hidden extras.
4 N‑COUNT [usu pl] Extras are things which are not necessary in a situation, activity, or object, but which make it more comfortable, useful, or enjoyable. □ Optional extras include cooking tuition at a top restaurant.
5 N‑COUNT The extras in a film are the people who play unimportant parts, for example as members of a crowd.
6 ADV [ADV adj/adv] You can use extra in front of adjectives and adverbs to emphasize the quality that they are describing. [INFORMAL , EMPHASIS ] □ I'd have to be extra careful. □ What makes a magnificent garden extra special?
7 to go the extra mile → see mile
PREFIX extra-
1 forms adjectives that refer to something being outside or beyond something else. For example, something that is extraordinary is more than ordinary, that is, very special.
2 also forms adjectives that refer to something having a large amount of a particular quality. For example, if something is extra-strong , it is very strong.
ex|tract (extracts , extracting , extracted ) The verb is pronounced / I kstræ kt/. The noun is pronounced /e kstrækt/. 1 VERB To extract a substance means to obtain it from something else, for example by using industrial or chemical processes. □ [V n] …the traditional method of pick and shovel to extract coal. □ [be V -ed + from ] Citric acid can be extracted from the juice of oranges, lemons, limes or grapefruit. □ [V -ed] …looking at the differences in the extracted DNA. [Also V n + from ] ● ex|trac|tion N‑UNCOUNT □ [+ of ] Petroleum engineers plan and manage the extraction of oil.
2 VERB If you extract something from a place, you take it out or pull it out. □ [V n + from ] He extracted a small notebook from his hip pocket. □ [V n] Patterson went straight to the liquor cabinet and extracted a bottle of Scotch.
3 VERB When a dentist extracts a tooth, they remove it from the patient's mouth. □ [V n] A dentist may decide to extract the tooth to prevent recurrent trouble. □ [have n V -ed] She is to go and have a tooth extracted at 3 o'clock today. ● ex|trac|tion (extractions ) N‑VAR □ In those days, dentistry was basic. Extractions were carried out without anaesthetic.
4 VERB If you say that someone extracts something, you disapprove of them because they take it for themselves to gain an advantage. [DISAPPROVAL ] □ [V n + from ] He sought to extract the maximum political advantage from the cut in interest rates.
5 VERB If you extract information or a response from someone, you get it from them with difficulty, because they are unwilling to say or do what you want. □ [V n + from ] He made the mistake of trying to extract further information from our director.
6 VERB If you extract a particular piece of information, you obtain it from a larger amount or source of information. □ [V n] I've simply extracted a few figures. □ [be V -ed + from ] Trade figures can be extracted from export-and-import documentation at ports. [Also V n + from ]
7 V-PASSIVE If part of a book or text is extracted from a particular book, it is printed or published. [JOURNALISM ] □ [be V -ed + from ] This material has been extracted from 'Collins Good Wood Handbook'. [Also be V -ed]
8 N‑COUNT An extract from a book or piece of writing is a small part of it that is printed or published separately. □ [+ from ] Read this extract from an information booklet about the work of an airline cabin crew.
9 N‑VAR [oft n N ] An extract is a substance that has been obtained from something else, for example by means of a chemical or industrial process. □ Blend in the lemon extract, lemon peel and walnuts.
10 → see also yeast extract
ex|trac|tion / I kstræ kʃ ə n/ N‑UNCOUNT If you say, for example, that someone is of French extraction , you mean that they or their family originally came from France. [FORMAL ] □ Her real father was of Italian extraction.
ex|trac|tor / I kstræ ktə r / (extractors )
1 N‑COUNT An extractor or extractor fan is a device that is fixed to a window or wall to draw smells, steam, or hot air out of a room. [mainly BRIT ] in AM, use ventilator 2 N‑COUNT An extractor is a device that squeezes liquid out of something. □ …a juice extractor.
extra|cur|ricu|lar /e kstrəkər I kjʊlə r / in BRIT, also use extra-curricular 1 ADJ [ADJ n] Extracurricular activities are activities for students that are not part of their course. [FORMAL ] □ Each child had participated in extracurricular activities at school. □ …extra-curricular sport.
2 ADJ [ADJ n] Extracurricular activities are activities that someone does that are not part of their normal work. [INFORMAL ] □ The money he made from these extra-curricular activities enabled him to pursue other ventures.
extra|dite /e kstrəda I t/ (extradites , extraditing , extradited ) VERB If someone is extradited , they are officially sent back to their own or another country to be tried for a crime that they have been accused of. [FORMAL ] □ [be V -ed + to/from ] He was extradited to Britain from the Irish Republic to face explosives charges. □ [V n] The authorities refused to extradite him. ● extra|di|tion /e kstrəd I ʃ ə n/ (extraditions ) N‑VAR □ A New York court turned down the British government's request for his extradition. □ There were no plans to reopen extradition proceedings against him.
e xtra-ma rital also extramarital ADJ [usu ADJ n] An extra-marital affair is a sexual relationship between a married person and another person who is not their husband or wife. □ Her husband has admitted having an extra-marital affair.
e xtra-mu ral also extramural ADJ [usu ADJ n] Extra-mural courses are courses at a college or university which are taken mainly by part-time students.
extra|neous / I kstre I niəs/ ADJ [usu ADJ n] Extraneous things are not relevant or essential to the situation you are involved in or the subject you are talking about. [FORMAL ] □ We ought not to bring in extraneous matters in trying to find a basis for a settlement.
extraor|di|naire /ekstrɔː r d I neə r / ADJ [n ADJ ] If you describe someone as being, for example, a musician extraordinaire , you are saying in a slightly humorous way that you think they are an extremely good musician. □ …his rise to seafood chef extraordinaire.
extraor|di|nary ◆◇◇ / I kstrɔː r dənri, [AM ] -neri/
1 ADJ [usu ADJ n] If you describe something or someone as extraordinary , you mean that they have some extremely good or special quality. [APPROVAL ] □ We've made extraordinary progress as a society in that regard. □ The task requires extraordinary patience and endurance. □ Rozhdestvensky is an extraordinary musician. ● extraor|di|nari|ly / I kstrɔː r dənr I li, [AM ] -ner I li/ ADV [ADV adj] □ She's extraordinarily disciplined.
2 ADJ If you describe something as extraordinary , you mean that it is very unusual or surprising. [EMPHASIS ] □ What an extraordinary thing to happen! □ His decision to hold talks is extraordinary because it could mean the real end of the war. ● extraor|di|nari|ly ADV [ADV adj/adv] □ Apart from the hair, he looked extraordinarily unchanged. □ Extraordinarily, the favourites for the title lie at the bottom of the table.
3 ADJ [ADJ n] An extraordinary meeting is arranged specially to deal with a particular situation or problem, rather than happening regularly. [FORMAL ] □ …at an extraordinary meeting of the sport's ruling body.
ex|trapo|late / I kstræ p ə le I t/ (extrapolates , extrapolating , extrapolated ) VERB If you extrapolate from known facts, you use them as a basis for general statements about a situation or about what is likely to happen in the future. [FORMAL ] □ [V + from ] Extrapolating from his American findings, he reckons about 80% of these deaths might be attributed to smoking. □ [V n + from ] It is unhelpful to extrapolate general trends from one case. ● ex|trapo|la|tion / I kstræ pəle I ʃ ə n/ (extrapolations ) N‑VAR □ [+ of ] His estimate of half a million HIV positive cases was based on an extrapolation of the known incidence of the virus.
e xtra-sensory perce ption also extrasensory perception N‑UNCOUNT Extra-sensory perception means knowing without using your ordinary senses such as sight and hearing. Some people believe this is possible. The abbreviation ESP is also used.
extra|ter|res|trial /e kstrət I re striəl/ (extraterrestrials ) also extra-terrestrial
1 ADJ [usu ADJ n] Extraterrestrial means happening, existing, or coming from somewhere beyond the planet Earth. [FORMAL ] □ NASA has started a 10-year search for extraterrestrial intelligence. □ …extraterrestrial rocks.
2 N‑COUNT Extraterrestrials are living creatures that some people think exist or may exist in another part of the universe.
e x|tra ti me N‑UNCOUNT If a game of football, hockey, or basketball goes into extra time , the game continues for a set period after it would usually have ended because both teams have the same score. [BRIT ] □ Cambridge won 2–0 after extra time. in AM, use overtime
ex|trava|gance / I kstræ vəgəns/ (extravagances )
1 N‑UNCOUNT Extravagance is the spending of more money than is reasonable or than you can afford. □ …gross mismanagement and financial extravagance. □ When the company went under, tales of his extravagance surged through the industry.
2 N‑COUNT An extravagance is something that you spend money on but cannot really afford. □ Her only extravagance was horses.
ex|trava|gant / I kstræ vəgənt/
1 ADJ Someone who is extravagant spends more money than they can afford or uses more of something than is reasonable. □ We are not extravagant; restaurant meals are a luxury and designer clothes are out. ● ex|trava|gant|ly ADV [ADV with v] □ Jeff had shopped extravagantly for presents for the whole family.
2 ADJ Something that is extravagant costs more money than you can afford or uses more of something than is reasonable. □ Her Aunt Sallie gave her an uncharacteristically extravagant gift. □ …her extravagant lifestyle. ● ex|trava|gant|ly ADV [ADV adj/-ed] □ For such a beautifully engineered machine, it is not extravagantly priced .
3 ADJ Extravagant behaviour is extreme behaviour that is often done for a particular effect. □ He was extravagant in his admiration of Hellas. □ They may make extravagant shows of generosity. ● ex|trava|gant|ly ADV [ADV with v, ADV adj] □ …extravagantly bizarre clothes.
4 ADJ [usu ADJ n] Extravagant claims or ideas are unrealistic or impractical. [DISAPPROVAL ] □ They have to compete by adorning their products with ever more extravagant claims. □ Don't be afraid to consider apparently extravagant ideas.
ex|trava|gan|za / I kstræ vəgæ nzə/ (extravaganzas ) N‑COUNT [usu sing] An extravaganza is a very elaborate and expensive show or performance. □ …a magnificent firework extravaganza. □ …an all-night musical extravaganza.
ex|treme ◆◇◇ / I kstriː m/ (extremes )
1 ADJ [usu ADJ n] Extreme means very great in degree or intensity. □ The girls were afraid of snakes and picked their way along with extreme caution. □ …people living in extreme poverty. □ …the author's extreme reluctance to generalise.
2 ADJ You use extreme to describe situations and behaviour which are much more severe or unusual than you would expect, especially when you disapprove of them because of this. [DISAPPROVAL ] □ The extreme case was Poland, where 29 parties won seats. □ It is hard to imagine Lineker capable of anything so extreme.
3 ADJ [usu ADJ n] You use extreme to describe opinions, beliefs, or political movements which you disapprove of because they are very different from those that most people would accept as reasonable or normal. [DISAPPROVAL ] □ This extreme view hasn't captured popular opinion. □ …the racist politics of the extreme right.
4 N‑COUNT [usu pl] You can use extremes to refer to situations or types of behaviour that have opposite qualities to each other, especially when each situation or type of behaviour has such a quality to the greatest degree possible. □ [+ of ] …a 'middle way' between the extremes of success and failure. □ [+ of ] They can withstand extremes of temperature and weather without fading or cracking.
5 ADJ [ADJ n] The extreme end or edge of something is its furthest end or edge. □ …the room at the extreme end of the corridor. □ …winds from the extreme north.
6 PHRASE If a person goes to extremes or takes something to extremes , they do or say something in a way that people consider to be unacceptable, unreasonable, or foolish. □ [+ of ] He went to the extremes of installing the most advanced safety devices in his house. □ The doctor told me not to mention dieting to her in case she took it to the extreme.
7 PHRASE You use in the extreme after an adjective in order to emphasize what you are saying, especially when you want to indicate that it is something which is undesirable or very surprising. [FORMAL , EMPHASIS ] □ It is proving controversial in the extreme. SYNONYMS extreme ADJ 1
great: Benjamin Britten did not live to a great age.
high: High winds have knocked down trees and power lines.
considerable: Doing it properly makes considerable demands on our time.
severe: I suffered from severe bouts of depression.
intense: He was sweating from the intense heat.
acute: The report has caused acute embarrassment to the government.
ex|treme|ly ◆◆◇ / I kstriː mli/ ADV [ADV adj/adv] You use extremely in front of adjectives and adverbs to emphasize that the specified quality is present to a very great degree. [EMPHASIS ] □ These headaches are extremely common. □ Three of them are working extremely well. SYNONYMS extremely ADV
highly: Mr Singh was a highly successful salesman.
particularly: Progress has been particularly disappointing.
severely: …the severely depressed construction industry.
exceptionally: He's an exceptionally talented dancer.
intensely: The fast-food business is intensely competitive.
ex|tre me spo rt N‑COUNT Extreme sports are exciting, physically dangerous sports such as bungee jumping or snowboarding.
ex|tre|mis / I kstriː m I s/ → see in extremis
ex|trem|ism / I kstriː m I zəm/ N‑UNCOUNT Extremism is the behaviour or beliefs of extremists. □ Greater demands were being placed on the police by growing right-wing extremism.
ex|trem|ist / I kstriː m I st/ (extremists )
1 N‑COUNT If you describe someone as an extremist , you disapprove of them because they try to bring about political change by using violent or extreme methods. [DISAPPROVAL ] □ The country needs a strong intelligence service to counter espionage and foreign extremists. □ A previously unknown extremist group has said it carried out Friday's bomb attack. □ …a marked rise in extremist violence.
2 ADJ [usu ADJ n] If you say that someone has extremist views, you disapprove of them because they believe in bringing about change by using violent or extreme methods. [DISAPPROVAL ]
ex|trem|ity / I kstre m I ti/ (extremities )
1 N‑COUNT The extremity of something is its furthest end or edge. [FORMAL ] □ [+ of ] …a small port on the north-western extremity of the Iberian peninsula. □ [+ of ] …the extremities of the aeroplane.
2 N‑PLURAL [oft with poss] Your extremities are the end parts of your body, especially your hands and feet. □ He found that his extremities grew cold.
3 N‑UNCOUNT The extremity of a situation or of someone's behaviour is the degree to which it is severe, unusual, or unacceptable. □ [+ of ] In spite of the extremity of her seclusion she was sane. □ [+ of ] The region is protected by the extremities of its climate.
ex|tri|cate /e kstr I ke I t/ (extricates , extricating , extricated )
1 VERB If you extricate yourself or another person from a difficult or serious situation, you free yourself or the other person from it. □ [V pron-refl + from ] It represents a last ditch attempt by the country to extricate itself from its economic crisis. □ [V n + from ] He wanted to extricate her from the immediate influence of Catherine de Medici.
2 VERB If you extricate someone or something from a place where they are trapped or caught, you succeed in freeing them. [FORMAL ] □ [V n] He endeavoured to extricate the car, digging with his hands in the blazing sunshine.
ex|trin|sic / I kstr I nz I k, [AM ] -s I k/ ADJ [ADJ n] Extrinsic reasons, forces, or factors exist outside the person or situation they affect. [FORMAL ] □ Nowadays there are fewer extrinsic pressures to get married.
extro|vert /e kstrəvɜː r t/ (extroverts ) ADJ Someone who is extrovert is very active, lively, and friendly. [mainly BRIT ] □ …his extrovert personality. in AM, usually use extroverted ● N‑COUNT An extrovert is someone who is extrovert. □ He was a showman, an extrovert who revelled in controversy.
extro|vert|ed /e kstrəvɜː r t I d/ ADJ Someone who is extroverted is very active, lively, and friendly. [mainly AM ] □ Some young people who were easy-going and extroverted as children become self-conscious in early adolescence. in BRIT, usually use extrovert
ex|trude / I kstruː d/ (extrudes , extruding , extruded ) VERB [usu passive] If a substance is extruded , it is forced or squeezed out through a small opening. [TECHNICAL ] □ [be V -ed] These crystals are then embedded in a plastic, and the plastic is extruded as a wire. □ [V -ed] I work in the extruded tube business.
ex|tru|sion / I kstruː ʒ ə n/ (extrusions ) N‑VAR Extrusion is the act or process of extruding something. [TECHNICAL ]
exu|ber|ance / I gzjuː bərəns, [AM ] -zuː b-/ N‑UNCOUNT Exuberance is behaviour which is energetic, excited, and cheerful. □ Her burst of exuberance and her brightness overwhelmed me.
exu|ber|ant / I gzjuː bərənt, [AM ] -zuː b-/ ADJ If you are exuberant , you are full of energy, excitement, and cheerfulness. □ …an exuberant young girl who decided to become a screen actress. ● exu|ber|ant|ly ADV □ They both laughed exuberantly.
ex|ude / I gzjuː d, [AM ] -zuː d/ (exudes , exuding , exuded )
1 VERB If someone exudes a quality or feeling, or if it exudes , they show that they have it to a great extent. [FORMAL ] □ [V n] The guerrillas exude confidence. Every town, they say, is under their control. □ [V ] A dogged air of confidence exuded.
2 VERB If something exudes a liquid or smell or if a liquid or smell exudes from it, the liquid or smell comes out of it slowly and steadily. [FORMAL ] □ [V n] Nearby was a factory which exuded a pungent smell. □ [V + from ] …the fluid that exudes from the cane toad's back.
ex|ult / I gzʌ lt/ (exults , exulting , exulted ) VERB If you exult in a triumph or success that you have had, you feel and show great happiness and pleasure because of it. [WRITTEN ] □ [V + in ] He was exulting in a win at the show earlier that day. □ [V + at ] Some individual investors exulted at the record. □ [V ] I exulted and wept for joy. □ [V with quote] 'This is what I've longed for during my entire career,' Kendall exulted. ● ex|ul|ta|tion /e gzʌlte I ʃ ə n/ N‑UNCOUNT □ I felt a tremendous sense of relief and exultation.
ex|ult|ant / I gzʌ lt ə nt/ ADJ If you are exultant , you feel very happy and proud about something you have done. [FORMAL ] □ An exultant party leader said: 'He will be an excellent MP.' ● ex|ult|ant|ly ADV [ADV with v] □ 'We cannot lose the war!' he shouted exultantly.
eye ◆◆◆ /a I / (eyes , eyeing or eying , eyed )
1 N‑COUNT [oft poss N in pl] Your eyes are the parts of your body with which you see. □ I opened my eyes and looked. □ Maria's eyes filled with tears. □ …a tall, thin white-haired lady with piercing dark brown eyes. □ He is now blind in one eye.
2 VERB If you eye someone or something in a particular way, you look at them carefully in that way. □ [V n prep/adv] Sally eyed Claire with interest. □ [V n] Martin eyed the bottle at Marianne's elbow.
3 N‑COUNT [usu sing] You use eye when you are talking about a person's ability to judge things or about the way in which they are considering or dealing with things. □ [+for ] William was a man of discernment, with an eye for quality. □ Their chief negotiator turned his critical eye on the United States. □ He first learnt to fish under the watchful eye of his grandmother.
4 N‑COUNT An eye on a potato is one of the dark spots from which new stems grow.
5 N‑COUNT An eye is a small metal loop which a hook fits into, as a fastening on a piece of clothing.
6 N‑COUNT The eye of a needle is the small hole at one end which the thread passes through.
7 N‑SING The eye of a storm, tornado, or hurricane is the centre of it. □ [+ of ] The eye of the hurricane hit Florida just south of Miami.
8 → see also black eye , private eye , shut-eye
9 PHRASE If you say that something happens before your eyes , in front of your eyes , or under your eyes , you are emphasizing that it happens where you can see it clearly and often implying that it is surprising or unpleasant. [EMPHASIS ] □ A lot of them died in front of our eyes.
10 PHRASE If you cast your eye or run your eye over something, you look at it or read it quickly. □ I would be grateful if he could cast an expert eye over it and tell me what he thought of it.
11 PHRASE If something catches your eye , you suddenly notice it. □ As she turned back, a movement across the lawn caught her eye.
12 → see also eye-catching
13 PHRASE If you catch someone's eye , you do something to attract their attention, so that you can speak to them. □ I tried to catch Chrissie's eye to find out what she was playing at.
14 PHRASE To clap eyes on someone or something, or set or lay eyes on them, means to see them. [INFORMAL ] □ That's probably the bleakest island I've ever had the misfortune to clap eyes on. □ What was he doing when you last set eyes on him?
15 PHRASE If you make eye contact with someone, you look at them at the same time as they look at you, so that you are both aware that you are looking at each other. If you avoid eye contact with someone, you deliberately do not look straight at them because you feel awkward or embarrassed. □ She was looking at me across the room, and we made eye contact several times. □ I walked down the high street, avoiding eye contact with passers-by.
16 PHRASE If you close your eyes to something bad or if you shut your eyes to it, you ignore it. □ Most governments must simply be shutting their eyes to the problem.
17 PHRASE If you cry your eyes out , you cry very hard. [INFORMAL ]
18 PHRASE If there is something as far as the eye can see , there is a lot of it and you cannot see anything else beyond it. □ There are pine trees as far as the eye can see.
19 PHRASE If you say that someone has an eye for something, you mean that they are good at noticing it or making judgments about it. □ Susan has a keen eye for detail, so each dress is beautifully finished off.
20 PHRASE You use expressions such as in his eyes or to her eyes to indicate that you are reporting someone's opinion and that other people might think differently. □ The other serious problem in the eyes of the new government is communalism. □ Richard Dorrington was, in their eyes, a very sensible and reliable man.
21 PHRASE If you keep your eyes open or keep an eye out for someone or something, you watch for them carefully. [INFORMAL ] □ I ask the mounted patrol to keep their eyes open. □ You and your friends keep an eye out–if there's any trouble we'll make a break for it. [Also + for ]
22 PHRASE If you keep an eye on something or someone, you watch them carefully, for example to make sure that they are satisfactory or safe, or not causing trouble. □ I'm sure you will appreciate that we must keep a careful eye on all our running costs. □ I went for a run there, keeping an eye on the children the whole time.
23 PHRASE You say ' there's more to this than meets the eye ' when you think a situation is not as simple as it seems to be. □ This whole business is very puzzling. There is a lot more to it than meets the eye.
24 PHRASE If something, especially something surprising or impressive, meets your eyes , you see it. □ The first sight that met my eyes on reaching the front door was the church enveloped in flames.
25 PHRASE If you say that all eyes are on something or that the eyes of the world are on something, you mean that everyone is paying careful attention to it and what will happen. [JOURNALISM ] □ All eyes will be on tomorrow's vote. □ The eyes of the world were now on the police.
26 PHRASE If someone has their eye on you, they are watching you carefully to see what you do. □ As the boat plodded into British waters and up the English Channel, Customs had their eye on her.
27 PHRASE If you have your eye on something, you want to have it. [INFORMAL ] □ …if you're saving up for a new outfit you've had your eye on.
28 PHRASE If you say that you did something with your eyes open or with your eyes wide open , you mean that you knew about the problems and difficulties that you were likely to have. □ We want all our members to undertake this trip responsibly, with their eyes open.
29 PHRASE If something opens your eyes , it makes you aware that something is different from the way that you thought it was. □ Watching your child explore the world about her can open your eyes to delights long forgotten.
30 PHRASE If you see eye to eye with someone, you agree with them and have the same opinions and views. □ [+ with ] Yuriko saw eye to eye with Yul on almost every aspect of the production.
31 PHRASE When you take your eyes off the thing you have been watching or looking at, you stop looking at it. □ She took her eyes off the road to glance at me.
32 PHRASE If someone sees or considers something through your eyes , they consider it in the way that you do, from your point of view. □ She tried to see things through his eyes.
33 PHRASE If you say that you are up to your eyes in something, you are emphasizing that you have a lot of it to deal with, and often that you are very busy. [INFORMAL , EMPHASIS ] □ I am up to my eyes in work.
34 the apple of your eye → see apple
35 to turn a blind eye → see blind
36 to feast your eyes → see feast
37 in your mind's eye → see mind ➊
38 the naked eye → see naked
39 to pull the wool over someone's eyes → see wool
▸ eye up PHRASAL VERB If someone eyes you up , they look at you in a way that shows they consider you attractive. [BRIT , INFORMAL ] □ [V P n] …a slob who eyes up the women and makes lewd comments. □ [V n P ] The women sit in the corner and men eye them up.
eye|ball /a I bɔːl/ (eyeballs , eyeballing , eyeballed )
1 N‑COUNT Your eyeballs are your whole eyes, rather than just the part which can be seen between your eyelids.
2 VERB If you eyeball someone or something, you stare at them. [INFORMAL ] □ [V n] The guard eyeballed him pretty hard despite his pass.
3 PHRASE If you are eyeball to eyeball with someone, you are in their presence and involved in a meeting, dispute, or contest with them. You can also talk about having an eyeball to eyeball meeting or confrontation. [INFORMAL ] □ …proposals that the two armies end their eyeball to eyeball confrontation and withdraw.
4 PHRASE You use up to the eyeballs to emphasize that someone is in an undesirable state to a very great degree. [INFORMAL , EMPHASIS ] □ He is out of a job and up to his eyeballs in debt.
eye|brow /a I braʊ/ (eyebrows )
1 N‑COUNT [usu pl, oft poss N ] Your eyebrows are the lines of hair which grow above your eyes.
2 PHRASE If something causes you to raise an eyebrow or to raise your eyebrows , it causes you to feel surprised or disapproving. □ An intriguing item on the news pages caused me to raise an eyebrow over my morning coffee.
eye ca n|dy also eye-candy N‑UNCOUNT Eye candy is used to refer to people or things that are attractive to look at but are not interesting in other ways. [INFORMAL ] □ Forget the acting, just look at the eye candy. □ Animation has stopped being eye-candy for kids and become mainstream entertainment.
ey e -catching ADJ Something that is eye-catching is very noticeable. □ …a series of eye-catching ads.
-eyed /-a I d/ COMB -eyed combines with adjectives to form adjectives which indicate the colour, shape, or size of a person's eyes, or indicate the kind of expression that they have. □ …a blonde-haired, blue-eyed little girl. □ She watched open-eyed as the plane took off.
e ye drops N‑PLURAL Eye drops are a kind of medicine that you put in your eyes one drop at a time.
eye|ful /a I fʊl/ (eyefuls ) N‑COUNT [usu sing] If you get an eyeful of something, especially of something that you would not normally see, you are able to get a good look at it. [INFORMAL ] □ [+ of ] Then she bent over and gave him an eyeful of her tattoos.
eye|glasses /a I glɑːs I z/ N‑PLURAL Eyeglasses are two lenses in a frame that some people wear in front of their eyes in order to help them see better. [AM ] in BRIT, usually use glasses
eye|lash /a I læʃ/ (eyelashes ) N‑COUNT [usu pl] Your eyelashes are the hairs which grow on the edges of your eyelids.
eye|let /a I l I t/ (eyelets ) N‑COUNT An eyelet is a small hole with a metal or leather ring round it which is made in cloth, for example a sail. You can put cord, rope, or string through it.
eye|lid /a I l I d/ (eyelids )
1 N‑COUNT [usu pl] Your eyelids are the two pieces of skin which cover your eyes when they are closed.
2 not bat an eyelid → see bat
eye|liner /a I la I nə r / (eyeliners ) in AM, use eye-liner N‑VAR Eyeliner is a special kind of pencil which some women use on the edges of their eyelids next to their eyelashes in order to look more attractive.
ey e -opener (eye-openers ) N‑COUNT [usu sing] If you describe something as an eye-opener , you mean that it surprises you and that you learn something new from it. [INFORMAL ] □ The experience has been an eye-opener for her and she is thrilled with her progress.
ey e patch (eye patches ) N‑COUNT An eye patch is a piece of material which you wear over your eye when you have damaged or injured it.
eye|piece /a I piːs/ (eyepieces ) N‑COUNT The eyepiece of a microscope or telescope is the piece of glass at one end, where you put your eye in order to look through the instrument.
ey e shad|ow (eye shadows ) also eye-shadow N‑VAR Eye shadow is a substance which you can paint on your eyelids in order to make them a different colour.
eye|sight /a I sa I t/ N‑UNCOUNT Your eyesight is your ability to see. □ He suffered from poor eyesight and could no longer read properly.
ey e sock|et (eye sockets ) N‑COUNT Your eye sockets are the two hollow parts on either side of your face, where your eyeballs are.
eye|sore /a I sɔː r / (eyesores ) N‑COUNT [usu sing] You describe a building or place as an eyesore when it is extremely ugly and you dislike it or disapprove of it. [DISAPPROVAL ] □ Poverty leads to slums, which are an eyesore and a health hazard.
ey e strain N‑UNCOUNT If you suffer from eye strain , you feel pain around your eyes or at the back of your eyes, because you are very tired or should be wearing glasses.
ey e tee th PHRASE If you say that you would give your eye teeth for something, you mean that you want it very much and you would do anything to get it. [INFORMAL ] □ She has the job most of us would give our eye teeth for.
eye|wear /a I weə r / N‑UNCOUNT Eyewear is sometimes used to talk about glasses and sunglasses.
eye|witness /a I w I tnəs/ (eyewitnesses ) N‑COUNT An eyewitness is a person who was present at an event and can therefore describe it, for example in a law court. □ Eyewitnesses say the police then opened fire on the crowd. □ …dramatic eye-witness accounts of the fighting.
ey|rie / I ə ri, [AM ] e ri/ (eyries ) in AM, use aerie 1 N‑COUNT If you refer to a place such as a house or a castle as an eyrie , you mean it is built high up and is difficult to reach. [LITERARY ] □ …marooned in my 48th floor eyrie in the sky.
2 N‑COUNT An eyrie is the nest of a bird of prey such as an eagle, and is usually built high up in the mountains.
e-zine /iː ziːn/ (e-zines ) N‑COUNT An e-zine is a website which contains the kind of articles, pictures, and advertisements that you would find in a magazine.
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