Culture and political thought in Russian empire from Cambridge history of Russia, volume 2

1

PSZ, 3rd series, no. 1735, pp. 680-1, no. 1736, pp. 681-2.

2

PSZ, 4th series, no. I74i,p. 1. On calendar and dress reform, see L. Hughes, Russiain the Age of Peter the Great (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1998) and 'From Caftans into Corsets: The Sartorial Transformation of Women during the Reign of Peter the Great', in P. Barta (ed.), Gender and Sexuality in Russian Civilization (London: Routledge, 2001), pp. 17-32.

3

R. Lucas, 'Dutch and Polish Influences in Russian Architecture 1660-1725', Study Group on Eighteenth-Century Russia Newsletter (hereafter, SGECRN) 8 (1980): 23-7; M. Okenfuss, The Rise and Fall of Latin Humanism in Early Modern Russia (Leiden and New York: Brill, 1995); N. Chrissides, 'Creating the New Educational Elite. Learning and Faith in Moscow's Slavo-Greco-Latin Academy, 1685-1694', unpublished PhD thesis, Yale University (2000).

4

See Hughes, Russia in the Age, pp. 12-20, and 'The Moscow Armoury and Innovations in 17th-century Muscovite Art', CASS 13 (1979): 204-23.

5

See details in Richard Wortman, Scenarios of Power. Myth and Ceremony inRussianMonarchy, 2 vols. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), vol. I, pp. 42-4.

6

On architects and architecture, seeJ. Cracraft, The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990); W Brumfield, AHistoryofRussian Architecture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Iu. V Artem'eva and S. A. Prokhvatikova (eds.), Zodchie Sankt-Peterburga. XVIII vek (St Petersburg: Lenizdat, 1997); L. Hughes, 'German Specialists in Petrine Russia: Architects, Painters and Thespians', in R. Bartlett andK. Schonwalder(eds.), The German Lands and Eastern Europe (Basingstoke: Macmillan,

1999) , pp. 72-90.

7

J. Cracraft, ThePetrineRevolutioninRussianImagery (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997); S. O. Androsov, 'Painting and Sculpture in the Petrine Era', in A. G. Cross (ed.), Russia in the Reign ofPeter the Great: Old and New Perspectives (hereafter, RRP) (Cambridge: SGECR, 1998), pp. 161-72; L. Hughes, 'Images of Greatness: Portraits of Peter I', in L. Hughes (ed.), Peter the Great and the West: New Perspectives (Basingstoke: Palgrave,

2000) , pp. 250-70.

8

See L. Hughes, 'Women and the Arts at the Russian Court from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century', in J. Pomeroy and R. Gray (eds.), An Imperial Collection. Women Artists from the State Hermitage (Washington DC: National Museum of Women in the Arts, 2003), pp. 19-49.

9

See, for example, A. Savinov IvanNikitin 1688-1741 (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1945).

10

T. A. Lebedeva, Ivan Nikitin (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1975), p. 88.

11

S. O. Androsov Zhivopisets IvanNikitin (St Petersburg: Dmitrii Bulanin, 1998), p. 24.

12

See, for example, Julia Gerasimova, 'Western Prints and the Panels of the Peter and Paul Cathedral Iconostasis in St Petersburg', in J. Klein and S. Dixon (eds.), Reflections on Russia in the Eighteenth Century (Cologne, Weimar and Vienna: Bohlau, 2001), pp. 204-17.

13

See M. A. Alekseeva, GraviuraPetrovskogo vremeni (Leningrad: Iskusstvo, 1990), and Aleksei Fedorovich Zubov. Katalogvystavki (Leningrad: Gos. Russkii muzei, 1988).

14

See L. Hughes, 'Peter the Great's Two Weddings: Changing Images of Women in a Transitional Age', in R. Marsh (ed.), WomeninRussiaandUkraine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 31-44.

15

S. O. Androsov, Ital'ianskaia skul'ptura v sobranii Petra Velikogo (St Petersburg: Ermitazh, 1999).

16

See N. Zozulina, 'Vremia peterburgskoi tantsemaniif, Peterburgskii teatral'nyi zhurnal

(2003), no. 7:16-32.

17

I. V SaverkinaandIu. N. Semenov, 'OrkestrikhorA. D. Menshikova',Pamiatnikikul'tury. Novye Otkrytiia, 1989 (1990): 161-6.

18

See O. Dolskaya-Ackerly, 'Choral Music in the Petrine Era', RRP,pp. 173-86; O. Dolskaya- Ackerly, 'From Titov to Teplov: The Origins ofthe Russian Art Song', in L. Hughes and M. di Salvo (eds.), A Window on Russia. Papers from the Fifth International Conference of SGECR (hereafter, WOR) (Rome: La Fenice edizioni, 1996), pp. 197-213.

19

Pis'ma i bumagi Petra Velikogo, 13 vols. to date, vol. I (Moscow, 1887), p. 186.

20

See P. O. Morozov, 'Russkii teatr pri Petre Velikom', Ezhegodnik imperatorskikh teatrov. 1893-1894 (St Petersburg, 1894), book 1, pp. 52-80; S. Karlinsky, Russian Drama from its Beginnings to the Age of Pushkin (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985). Some texts are published in A. S. Eleonskaia (ed.), P'esy stolichnykh i provintsial'nykh teatrov pervoi poloviny XVIII v. (Moscow: Nauka, 1975).

21

'Slava Rossiiskaia', in P'esy shkol'nykh teatrov Moskvy (Moscow: Nauka, 1972); Morozov, 'Russkii teatr', p. 72.

22

'Rozhdestvenskaia drama': see Eleonskaia, P'esy, p. 9; O. A. Derzhavina (ed.), Russkaia dramaturgiia poslednei chetverti XVII-nachala XVIII v. (Moscow: Nauka, 1972), pp. 220-74.

23

Eleonskaia, P'esy, p. 12; L. Hughes, 'Between Two Worlds: Tsarevna Natal'ia Alekseevna and the "Emancipation" of Petrine Women', in WOR, pp. 29-36.

24

See Gary Marker, Publishing, Printing, and the Origins of Intellectual Life inRussia, 1700-1800 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985), and 'Publishing and Print Culture', RRP, pp. 119-32. S. P. Luppov, KnigavRossii vpervoi chetverti XVIII v. (Leningrad: Nauka, 1973). Generally on Russian literature, see H. B. Segal (ed.), The Literature of Eighteenth-Century Russia, 2 vols. (New York: E. P. Dixon, 1967); C. Drage, Russian Literature in the Eighteenth Century (London: published by author, 1978); W. E. Brown, A History of Eighteenth-Century RussianLiterature (Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1980); W GarethJones, 'Literature in the Eighteenth Century', inN. Cornwell(ed.), The Routledge Companion to Russian Literature (London and New York: Routledge, 2000), pp. 25-35. In Russian, some of the best literary scholarship has appeared in XVIII vek: sbornik (Leningrad/St Peterburg: Nauka), 22 vols. so far. See also SGECRN, 33 vols. so far.

25

Text in Segal, The Literature of Eighteenth-Century Russia, vol. I, pp. 141-8.

26

See M. A. Morris, The Literature of Roguery in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Russia (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2000).

27

Texts in G. Moiseeva (ed.), Russkiepovestipervoi treti XVIII veka (Moscow and Leningrad, 1965), pp. 191-210, 211-94.

28

PSZ, 4th series, no. 1751, pp. 6-8.

29

Figures in Marker, Publishing, pp. 30-1.

30

B. Mironov, 'Gramotnost' v Rossii 1797-1917 godov', Istoriia SSSR (1985), no. 4: 149. (Figures for urban males: 28%, urban females: 12%; all urban: 21%).

31

M. Okenfuss, 'The Jesuit Origins ofPetrine Education', in J. Garrard (ed.), The Eighteenth Century in Russia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973), pp. 106-30; M. Okenfuss, The Discovery of Childhood in Russia:The Evidence of the Slavic Primer (Newtonville: Academic International Press, 1980).

32

A. G. Shitsgal (ed.), Grazhdanskii shrift pervoi chetverti XVlllveka 1708-1725 (Moscow: Kniga, 1981); Gary Marker, 'The Petrine "Civil Primer" reconsidered', Solanus, 1989:

25-39.

33

Figures in Marker, Publishing, passim.

34

V M. Zhivov, 'Azbuchnaia reformaPetra I kak semioticheskoe preobrazovanie', Uchenye zapiski Tartuskogo gos. universiteta 720 (1986): 56, 60-1.

35

See L. Hughes, '"The Crown of Maidenly Honour and Virtue": Redefining Femininity in Peter I's Russia', in W. Rosslyn (ed.), Women and Gender in Eighteenth-century Russia (London: Ashgate, 2002), pp. 35-49.

36

S. P. Luppov, Kniga v Rossii v pervoi chetvertoi XVIII v. (Leningrad: Nauka, 1973) p. 69.

37

See D. A. Rovinskii, Russkie narodnye kartinki, 5 vols. (St Petersburg, 1881), vol. IV pp. 322-9; vol. V pp. 159-61; E. A. Mishina, Russkaia graviura na dereve XVII-XVIII vekov (St Petersburg: Dmitrii Bulanin, 2000), pp. 106-7, 126.

38

See E. V. Anisimov, 'Anna Ivanovna', and V. P. Naumov, 'Elizaveta Petrovna', in Russian Studies in History 32, 4 (I994): 37-72 and 8-38; E. V. Anisimov, Empress Elizabeth: Her Reign and Her Russia, ed. and trans. John T. Alexander (Gulf Breeze: Academic International Press, I995).

39

See Maria di Salvo, 'What did Algarotti see in Moscow?' in R. Bartlett and L. Hughes (eds.), Russian Society and Culture in the Long Eighteenth Century: Essays in Honour ofAnthony G. Cross (Munster: Litverlag, 2004), pp. 72-81.

40

There is no major study of Rastrelli in English. See Iu. V. Artem'eva and S. A.

Prokhvatikova (eds.), Zodchie Sankt-Peterburga. XVIII vek (St Petersburg: Lenizdab, 1997),

pp. 2i7-90.

41

See G. Seaman, AHistory ofRussianMusic, Vol. I. From its Origins toDargomyzhsky (Oxford:

Blackwell, i967).

42

Quoted in Simon Dixon, Catherine the Great (London: Longman, 2001), p. 103. On Cather­ine as patron, see A. McConnell, 'Catherine the Great and the Fine Arts', in E. Mendel­sohn (ed.), lmperial Russia 1700-1917. Essays in Honour of Marc Raeff (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1988); I. Forbes (ed.), Catherine the Great. Treasures of lmperial Russia (Dallas and St Petersburg: State Hermitage, 1990).

43

On architecture and gardens, see A. G. Cross, 'Catherine the Great and the English Gar­den', in J. Norman (ed.), New Perspectives onRussianandSoviet Artistic Culture (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1994), pp. 17-24; on Catherine as writer, see Dixon, Catherine, pp. 94-8; as collector, R. P. Gray Russian Genre Painting in the Nineteenth Century (Oxford: Claren­don Press, 2000), pp. 14-19; G. Norman, The Hermitage: The Biography of a Great Museum (London: Jonathan Cape, 1997), pp. 21-46.

44

See Simon Sebag Montfiore, Prince of Princes: The Life ofPotemkin (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2000).

45

See D. O. Shvidkovskii, The Empress and the Architect: British Gardens and Follies in St. Petersburg, 1750-1830 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996).

46

See Priscilla Roosevelt, Life on the Russian Country Estate: A Social and Cultural History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995); Iu. M. Lotman, Besedy o russkoi kul'ture: byt i traditsii russkogo dvorianstva (XVIII-nachalo XIXveka) (St Petersburg: Iskusstvo-SPb, 1994).

47

There are no major studies of later eighteenth-century Russian painting in English. For information on artists mentioned here, see Alan Bird, A History ofRussian Painting (Oxford: Phaidon, 1987).

48

A recent study is S. Kuznetsov Neizvestnyi Levitskii: portretnoe iskusstvo zhivopistsa v kontekste peterburgskogo mifa (St Petersburg: Logo SPb, i996).

49

For background, see Christopher Ely, This Meager Nature: Landscape and National ldentity in lmperial Russia (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2002).

50

See Faith Wigzell, 'Folklore and Russian Literature', in Cornwell, TheRoutledge Compan­ion, pp. 36-48.

51

See Victor Borovsky 'The Emergence of Russian Theatre, 1763-1800', in R. Leach and V Borovsky (eds.), A History of Russian Theatre (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

i999).

52

See Lurana O'Malley, Two Comedies by Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia: Oh, These Times! andThe Siberian Shaman (Amsterdam: Harwood Academic, 1998) and 'How Great Was Catherine?: Checkpoints at the Border ofRussian Theater', Slavonic and East European Journal 43 (1999): 33-48.

53

E. K. Wirtschafter, The Play of Ideas in Russian Enlightenment Theater (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2003), p. 13.

54

D. Gasperetti, The Rise of the Russian Novel: Carnival, Stylization and the Mockery of the West (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1998).

55

M. Levitt, et al. (eds.), Eros and Pornography in Russian Culture, Eros i pornografiiav russkoi kul'ture (Moscow: Ladomir, i999).

56

See W Gareth Jones, Nikolay Novikov: Enlightener of Russia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, i984).

57

S. Shaw, '"Parnassian sisters" ofDerzhavin's acquaintance', in WOR,pp. 249-56; Catriona Kelly (ed. and trans.), An Anthology of Russian Women's Writing, 1777-1992 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994). W Rosslyn, Feats of Agreeable Usefulness: Translations by Russian Women 1763-1825 (Fichtenwalde: Verlag F. K. Gopfert, 2000); W Rosslyn, Women and Gender, pp. 1-14, for an excellent bibliography

58

A. G. Cross, N. M. Karamzin: A Study of his Literary Career, 1783-1803 (Carbondale: South­ern Illinois University Press, 1971); A. Kahn, (ed.), Nikolai Karamzin: Letters of a Russian Traveller A translation, with an Essay on Karamzin's Discourses ofEnlightenment (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2003).

59

See Andrew Kahn, 'Sense and Sensibility in Radishchev's Puteshestvie iz Peterburga v Moskvu:Dialogism and the moral spectator', Oxford Slavonic Papers, ns , 30 (1997): 40-66.

60

M.M. Shcherbatov, On the Corruption of Morals in Russia, ed. and trans. Antony Lentin (London: Cambridge University Press, 1969).

61

R. Pipes (ed.), Karamzin's Memoir on Ancient and Modern Russia (New York: Atheneum, 1966), pp. 123-4.

62

For late Soviet examples, see B. I. Krasnobaev (ed.), Ocherki istorii russkoi kul'tury vosem- nadtsatogoveka (Moscow: Izd. MGU, i972)and Ocherki russkoikul'tury XVIII veka (Moscow: Izd. MGU, 1985).

63

See Gianluigi Goggi, 'The Philosophes and the Debate over Russian Civilization', in WOR, pp. 299-305.

64

For a seminal work, see Iu. M. Lotman and B. A. Uspenskii, 'Binary Models in the Dynamic of Russian Culture to the End of the Eighteenth Century', in A. D. Nakhi- movsky and A. S. Nakhimovsky (eds.), The Semiotics of Russian Cultural History (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985), pp. 30-66.

65

This argument provides the thread of Orlando Figes, Natasha's Dance: A Cultural History of Russia (London: Allen Lane, 2002).

66

See Faith Wigzell, Reading Russian Fortunes: Print Culture, Magic and Divination in Russia from 1765 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).

67

W. Coxe, Travels in Poland, Russia, Sweden, and Denmark, 2 vols. (London: J. Nichols, 1784), vol. II, p. 84.

68

G. Florovsky, 'The Problem of Old Russian Culture', SR 21 (1962): 3.

69

See L. Hughes, 'Restoring Religion to Russian Art', in G. Hosking and R. Service (eds.), Reinterpreting Russia (London: Arnold, 1999), pp. 40-53; V Zhivov, 'Religious Reform and the Emergence of the Individual in Russian Seventeenth-Century Literature', in S. Baron and N. S. Kollmann (eds.), Religion and Culture in Early Modern Russia and Ukraine (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1997), pp. 184-98, and 'Kul'turnye reformy v sisteme preobrazovaniia Petra I', in A. Koshelev (ed.), Iz istorii russkoi kul'tury. Tom III (XVII-nahalo XVIII veka) (Moscow: Iazyki russkoi kul'tury, 1996), pp. 528-83.

70

See, for example, O. Ageeva, Velichaishiiislavneishiiboleesvekhgradovvsvete:gradSviatogo Petra (St Petersburg: Blits, 1999); E. Pogosian, Petr I - arkhitektor rossiiskoi istorii (St Petersburg: Iskusstvo-SPb, 2001) (on court ceremonial).

71

P. Chaadaev, 'Letters on the Philosophy of History', quoted in W J. Leatherbarrow and D. C. Offord (trans. and eds.), A Documentary History of Russian Thought From the Enlight­enment to Marxism (Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1987), pp. 68, 72-3.

72

L. Gewaesi, 'V mire iskusstva', Zolotoe runo, 2/3 (1909): 119-20, quoted in Camilla Gray, The Russian Experiment in Art, 1863-1922, revised and enlarged edition by Marian Burleigh- Motley (London: Thames and Hudson, 1986), p. 119.

73

See Virginia Woolf, 'The Russian Point ofView',in The Common Reader (London: Hogarth Press, 1925), p. 180.

74

A. Walicki, A History of Russian Thought from the Enlightenment to Marxism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1979), p. 88.

75

Leatherbarrow and Offord, A Documentary History of Russian Thought, p. 87.

76

See Maureen Perrie, 'Narodnost': Notions of National Identity', in C. Kelly and D. Shep­herd (eds.), ConstructingRussian Culture in the Age of Revolution: 1881 -1940 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 28-36.

77

L. Kelly Lermontov: Tragedy in the Caucasus (London: Robin Clark, 1883), pp. 59-65.

78

Leatherbarrow and Offord, A Documentary History of Russian Thought, pp. 131-2.

79

Their original plots in fact came from the pen ofthe American writer Washington Irving, whose 1832 collection of tales TheAlhambra was inspired by a sojourn in a Moorish palace in Spain.

80

See Roman Jakobson's commentary 'On Russian Folk Tales', Russian Fairy Tales Collected byAleksandrAfanasiev, trans. Norbert Guterman (New York: Pantheon, 1945), pp. 631-56.

81

V Stasov, SelectedEssays onMusic, trans. Florence Jonas, intro. Gerald Abraham (London: Barrie and Rockliff, 1968), p. 83.

82

Walicki, History of Russian Thought, p. 200.

83

D. Fanger, 'The Russianness of the Nineteenth-Century Novel', inT. G. Stavrou(ed.), Art and Culture in Nineteenth-Century Russia (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983), p. 45.

84

See E. K. Valkenier, Russian Realist Art, the State, and Society: The Peredvizhniki and Their Tradition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989).

85

See Christopher Ely, This Meager Nature: Landscape and National Identity in ImperialRussia (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2002).

86

See Marcus Levitt, Russian Literary Politics and the Pushkin Celebration of 1880 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, I989).

87

Gray, The Russian Experiment in Art, 1863-1922, p. 9.

88

See Stephen Walsh, Stravinsky: A Creative Spring, Russia and France 1882-1934 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1999), p. 65.

89

See Taruskin, 'Entoiling the Falconet', in DefiningRussiaMusically, pp. 152-85.

90

V Kamensky (ed.), The World of Art Movement in Early Twentieth-Century Russia, (Leningrad: Avrora, 1991), p. 20.

91

See Richard Taruskin, Stravinsky and the Russian Traditions (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), vol. I, pp. 497-502 for a discussion of the process of denationalisation in Russian music.

92

Russian Art of the Avant-Garde: Theory and Criticism, ed. J. E. Bowlt, rev. edn (London: Thames and Hudson, 1988), pp. 45-6.

93

La vie de I'archipretre Avvakum ecrite par lui-meme, trans. Pierre Pascal (Paris: Gallimard, 1938) p. 137.

94

Quoted in P. Bushkovitch, Peter the Great: The Struggle for Power, 1671-1725 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 194.

95

Zapiski Andreia Artamonovicha Grafa Matveeva, in Zapiski russkikh liudei sobytiia vremen Petra Velikogo (St Peterburg: Tip. Moskovskogo Universiteta, 1841) p. 2.

96

'A Discourse Concerning the Just Reasons Which his Czarist Majesty, Peter I, Had for Beginning the War against the King of Sweden, Charles XII', in P. P. Shafirov, A Discourse Concerning the Just Causes of the War between Sweden and Russia: 1700-1721, ed. W Butler, (Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications, 1973) p. 321.

97

F. Prokopovich, Sochineniia (Moscow: Izd. AN SSSR, 1961) pp. 77-8.

98

F. W. Reddaway (ed.), The Instructions to the Commissioners for Composing a New Code of Laws, Documents of Catherine the Great (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1931) p. 215.

99

Reddaway Instructions, p. 272.

100

Reddaway, Instructions, p. 216.

101

D. I. Fonvizin, Sobranie sochinenii v dvukh tomakh (Moscow and Leningrad: Gos. izd. khudozhestvennoi literatury, 1959), vol. II, p. 256.

102

Satiricheskie zhurnaly N. I. Novikova (Moscow and Leningrad: Izd. AN SSSR, 1951), p. 296.

103

R. Pipes (ed.), Karamzin's Memoir on Ancient and Modern Russia: A Translation and Analysis (New York: Atheneum, 1969) p. 110.

104

Pipes, Karamzin's Memoir, p. 113.

105

Izbrannye sotsial'no-politicheskie i filosofskie proizvedeniia dekabristov v trekh tomakh (Moscow: Gos. izd. politicheskoi literatury, 1951), vol. I, p. 295.

106

M. Raeff, The Decembrist Movement (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1966), pp. 145-6.

107

A. S. Khomiakov, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii (Moscow: Tip. Moskovskogo Universiteta, 1900), vol. III, pp. 28-9.

108

Polnoe sobranie sochinenii I. V. Kireevskago v dvukh tomakh (Moscow: Tip. T. Sakharova, 1911), vol. I, p. 176.

109

V G. Belinskii, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii (Moscow: Izd. AN SSSR, 1954), vol. V p. 93.

110

A. I. Gertsen, 'Pis'ma iz Italii i Frantsii', in Sochineniia (Moscow: Gos. izd. khudozh- estvennoi literatury, I956), vol. III, p. 22I.

111

A. I. Gertsen, O razvitii revoliutsionnykh idei vRossii, in Sochineniia (Moscow: Gos. izd. khudozhestvennoi literatury, i956), vol. III, p. 49i.

112

The Confession of Mikhail Bakunin, trans. Robert C. Howes (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1977) p. 57.

113

K. P. Pobedonostsev, Reflections ofaRussian Statesman (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1965), p. 32.

114

Ibid., pp. 65-6.

115

Quoted in K. Durman, The Time of the Thunderer: Mikhail Katkov, Russian Nationalist Extremism and the Failure of the Bismarckian System, 1871-1887 (Boulder: Columbia Uni­versity Press, 1988), p. 56.

116

Durman, Time of the Thunderer, p. 62.

117

F. M. Dostoevskii, 'Eshche raz o tom, chto Konstantinopol', rano li, pozdno li, adolzhen byt' nash', Dnevnik pisatelia za 1877 god, in Polnoe sobranie sochinenii (Leningrad: Nauka, 1983), vol. XXVI, pp. 65-6.

118

F. M. Dostoevskii, 'Pushkin', Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, vol. XXVI, p. 147.

119

B. N. Chicherin, Sobstvennost' i gosudarstvo (Moscow, 1882), vol. I, pp. xix-xx.

120

P. Lavrov, Historical Letters, trans. James P. Scanlan (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1967), p. 111.

121

Lavrov, Historical Letters,p. 133.

122

N. K. Mikhailovskii, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii v desiati tomakh (St Petersburg: Tip. M. M. Stasiulevicha, 1908), vol. I, p. 150.

123

P. N. Tkachev, Sochineniia v dvukh tomakh (Moscow: Izd. sotsial'no-ekonomicheskoi literatury, 1975), vol. I, p. 508.

124

Quoted in D. Hardy, Petr Tkachev, the Critic as Jacobin (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1977) p. 275.

125

Quoted in A. Walicki, The Controversy over Capitalism: Studies in the Social Philosophy of the Russian Populists (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969), p. 19.

126

Quoted in E. H. Carr, Michael Bakunin (London: Macmillan, 1937), p. 341.

127

L. Tolstoy, The Kingdom of God Is Within You: Christianity Not as a Mystic Religion But as a New Theory of Life, trans. Constance Garnett (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1984) p. 247.

128

G. V Plekhanov, Sotsializm ipoliticheskaiabor'ba. Nashi raznoglasiia (Moscow: OGIZ-Gos. izd. politicheskoi literatury, 1939), p. 65.

129

V I. Lenin, WhatIs to Be Done? Burning Questions of Our Movement (New York: International Publishers, 1969), p. 31.

130

Trotsky's prophecy, from his pamphlet Our Political Tasks, is discussed in Leszek Kolakowski, Main Currents ofMarxism, Vol. II: The Golden Age (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), p. 408.

131

Quoted in Kolakowski, Main Currents, vol. II, p. 400.

132

thank Olavi Arens, Mariia Degtiareva, Janet Hartley, Deniel Klenbort, Dominic Lieven, Michael Melancon and Katya Vladimirov, for their helpful comments on an earlier version of this chapter.

133

R. H. Wiebe, The Search for Order, 1877-1920 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1967), pp. 37-8.

134

Days of a Russian Noblewoman: The Memories of Anna Labzina, 1758-1821, ed. and trans. Gary Marker and Rachel May (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2001), passim.

135

Iu. M. Lotman, Besedyo russkoi kul'ture. Byti traditsii russkogo dvorianstva (XVIII -nachalo XlXveka) (St Petersburg: Iskusstvo-SPb, 1994), p. 163.

136

'GriboedovskaiaMoskva vpis'makh M. A. Volkovoik V I. Lanskoi, 1812-1818 gg.', Vestnik Evropy 9, 8 (August 1874): 613.

137

'Griboedovskaia Moskva', 608, 613, 616.

138

See A. M. Martin, Romantics, Reformers, Reactionaries: Russian Conservative Thought and Politics in the Reign of Alexander I (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1997).

139

For examples, see A. M. Martin, 'The Response of the Population of Moscow to the Napoleonic Occupation of 1812', in E. Lohr and M. Poe (eds.), The Military and Society in Russia, 1450-1917 (Leiden, Boston and Cologne: Brill, 2002), p. 477.

140

Zorin, Kormia dvuglavogo orla, pp. 159-86.

141

OPI GIM, Fond 450, d. 835a.

142

Douglas Smith, WorkingtheRoughStone:FreemasonryandSocietyinEighteenth-CenturyRus- sia(DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1999), pp. 164-73; Zorin, Kormiadvuglavogo orla, pp. 204-5.

143

Zorin, Kormia dvuglavogo orla, pp. 206-7.

144

'Griboedovskaia Moskva', 625.

145

J. M. Hartley, 'Russia in 1812, Part II: The Russian Administration of Kaluga Gubernija', JfGO 38, 3 (1990): 416, and 'Russia and Napoleon: State, Society and the Nation', in M. Rowe (ed.), Collaboration and Resistance in Napoleonic Europe: State-Formation in an Age of Upheaval, c. 1800-1815 (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), pp. 187-8.

146

See J. M. Hartley, 'Russia in 1812, Part I: The French Presence in the Gubernii ofSmolensk and Mogilev', JfGO 38, 2 (1990): 182.

147

T. Shanin, Russia, 1905 -07: Revolution as a Moment of Truth, vol. II: The Roots of Otherness: Russia's Turn of Century (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1986), p. xv.

148

K. Pavlova, 'Moi vospominaniia', Russkii Arkhiv, 4, 10 (1875): 224.

149

Tsentral'nyi istoricheskii arkhiv Moskvy, Fond 20, op. 2, d. 2215, l. 12.

150

E. G. Boldina, 'O deiatel'nosti Komissii dlia rassmotreniia proshenii obyvatelei Moskovskoi stolitsy i gubernii, poterpevshikh razorenie ot nashestviia nepriiatel'skogo', in E. G. Boldina, A. S. Kiselev and L. N. Seliverstova (eds.), Moskva v 1812 godu. Materialy nauchnoi konferentsii, posviashchennoi 180-letiiu Otechestvennoi voiny 1812 goda (Moscow: Izd. ob'edineniia 'Mosgorarkhiv', 1997), p. 47.

151

M. Broers, Europe Under Napoleon, 1799-1815 (London and New York: Arnold, 1996), pp. 266-7.

152

Pavlova, 'Moi vospominaniia', 228; M. A. Dodelev, 'Rossiiai voina ispanskogo narodaza nezavisimost' (1808-1814 gg.)', VI (1972), no. 11: 33-44.

153

Gorky, My Childhood, pp. 86-7; 'Razkaz nabilkinskoi bogodelenki, Anny Andreevny Sozonovoi, byvshei krepostnoi Vasil'ia Titovicha Lepekhina', in 'Razkazy ochevidtsev o dvenadtsatom gode', Russkii vestnik 102 (November 1872): 291.

154

N. K. Shil'der, Imperator Aleksandr Pervyi. Ego zhizn' i tsarstvovanie, 4 vols. (St Petersburg: A. S. Suvorin, 1904-5), vol. III, p. 378.

155

A. Nikitenko, Up From Serfdom: My Childhood and Youth in Russia, 1804-1824, trans. Helen Saltz Jacobson (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2001), pp. 180-1; D. I. Rostislavov, Provincial Russia in the Age of Enlightenment: The Memoir of a Priest's Son, trans. and ed. A. M. Martin (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2002),

pp. i34, i75-6.

156

OR RGB, Fond 54 (Vishniakov), ch. 8, 'Zapiski Nikolaia Fedorovicha Kotova o tsarst. Ekat. II i Pavla 11785 po 1800 gg.,' l. 40-40 ob.

157

Nikitenko, Up From Serfdom, p. 135; Rostislavov Provincial Russia, p. 180.

158

See, for example: D. I. Rostislavov, 'Peterburgskaia dukhovnaia akademiia pri grafe Protasove, 1836-1855 gg.', Vestnik Evropy 18 (July 1883): 158-62.

159

Isabel de Madariaga discusses this issue in 'Spain and the Decembrists', European Studies Review 3, 2 (1973): 141-56.

160

Nikitenko, Up From Serfdom, p. 135.

161

See the (by now classic) 'Dekabrist v povsednevnoi zhizni', in Lotman, Besedy, pp. 331-84.