INDEX
Abab, Adil al-, 460–461
Abbottabad compound. See under Bin Laden, Osama
Abdel-Aziz, Nayef bin, 278
Abdullah, Tariq (aka Talha al Sudani), 119, 127–128, 196
Abdulmutallab, Umar Farouk (“Underwear Bomber”), 317–321, 359, 363, 369, 379, 400–401, 506
Abdulsalam, Ali Abdullah (aka Mullah Zabara), 318, 465–467
Abizaid, John, 111, 138, 207–208
Able Danger (code name), 139
Abrams, Elliott, 7
Abu Ghraib prisoner-abuse scandal, 146, 148, 157, 160, 163, 191
“Abu Musab al-Zarqawi Slaughters an American” (Zarqawi video), 163
ACCMs. See Alternative Compartmentalized Control Measures
Ackerman, Spencer, 162, 330
ACLU. See American Civil Liberties Union
the Activity. See Intelligence Support Activity
Adam, Jean and Scott, 482–483
Adamson, Sierra, 510
Addington, David, 7, 24, 29, 88–89
Addou, Ibrahim Hassan, 300
Advance Force Operations (AFOs), 92
Afghan Ministry of Interior, 337–338, 339
Afghanistan, 3, 15, 270
al Qaeda in, 6, 328
and Awlaki, Anwar, 34, 42–43, 47
Black Jail, 331
Blackwater in, 177
and civilian casualties, protests against, 347
clandestine action in, 282, 283
Copper Green in, 146
cruise missile attacks in, 6, 126
drone strikes in, 17
insurgency, 349
and Iraq, and unified task force, 138
ISAF in, 459
and JSOC, detainee operations in, 331
and JSOC, HVT list in, 331, 333
and JSOC, night raids in, 331, 334 (see also Gardez raid/massacre)
and mujahedeen-Soviet war, 34, 62, 215
and Obama/Obama administration, 258, 282, 284
secret US prisons in, 25–26
SOF night raids in, 347–348
and Special Ops/CIA reassigned to Iraq, 139
suicide bombers/bombings in, 412
Taliban in, 328
US counterinsurgency and covert war in, escalation of, 330–331
US counterinsurgency in, 328–331
US dead in, 348
US Field Detention Sites in, 331
US global kill list doctrine/night raids/snatch operations in, 330, 332–334
US surge in, 328–329
See also Bagram Air Base
AFOs. See Advance Force Operations
African Security Research Project, 298
African Union forces, US-backed, and al Shabab in Somalia, 272–273, 277
African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM), 227, 272–273, 396–397, 477
and al Shabab, 475–476, 488, 490, 491
and al Shabab, and base bombing, 298–299
and Burundian-led force in Daynile, against al Shabab, 492
CIA support for, 475
and civilian casualties, 474
and private security companies, 485, 486
and Saracen International, 485
AFRICOM (United States Africa Command), 236, 298, 483
Afridi, Shakil, 436, 459
Aftergood, Steven, 99
Ahadi, Shahyesta Jan, 338–339
Ahdal, Muhammad Hamdi al-, 130
Ahlu Sunna Wal Jama (ASWJ), 478–480, 488
Ahmar, Ali Mohsin al-, 431
Ahmed, Shirwa, 271
AIAI. See Al Itihaad al Islamiya
Aidid, Mohamed Farrah, 55, 125
Akbar, Hasan, 240
Al-Aulaqi v. Obama, 391–392
Al Hazmi, Nawaf, 37, 40
Al Itihaad al Islamiya (AIAI), 121–122, 196, 199
Al Mohaya housing compound, Laban Valley, 130
Al Qaeda, 3, 13–14, 284, 471
in Afghanistan, 6, 328
in Africa, 139
and Al Mohaya housing compound, Laban Valley, bombing, 130
and al Shabab, 196–197, 199–200, 223
and al Shabab, alliance between, in Somalia, 393–394
and attacks in Marib Province, 230–231
and Awlaki, Anwar, 67, 361–363
and covert action, expansion of, 259–260
and covert action, oversight of, 16–17
in East Africa, 125, 295, 487, 491
and Ethiopian occupation of Somalia, 225–226
expansion of, 281
and Fazul, 198–200
and Houthi rebellion, 131–132
and ICU, 207, 209
and JSOC, 53
and lethal authority, 5, 18, 22–23
in Liberia, 139
and Majalah massacre rally, hijacking of, 311
in Mesopotamia, 113
and Nairobi bombings, 198, 199
and Obama, 248, 255–257, 320–321
in Pakistan, 114, 217–218, 255–256
and post-Iraq invasion presence, 141–142
and recruitment, and jihad in Somalia, 228–229
and recruitment, and US targeted killings/drone strikes, 494
and Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, bombing, 130
and Saleh, Ali Abdullah, alliance between, 62, 210–214
in Saudi Arabia, 130, 278–279
and Siad, Yusuf Mohammed, 192, 224
in Somalia, 122–123, 139, 223, 255–256
Somalia-based cell (see Al Shabab)
and US-backed Ethiopian invasion of Somalia, and ICU, 205, 209
in Yemen, 62, 64, 65, 66, 210–214, 235–237, 255–256, 257, 268, 269, 304–305
in Yemen, recruitment of, 358
in Yemen, resurgence of, 130–133
See also Iraq and 9/11–Saddam and al Qaeda connection; Militant organizations
Al Qaeda in Iraq (AQI), 113, 143–144
Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), 210
and Abdulmutallab, Umar Farouk, 318, 319–320
and Ansar al Sharia, 460–461, 462, 464
and bomb plot against US, 389–391
formal designation as “Foreign Terrorist Organization,” 324
and Inspire magazine, 377–381
and Khan, Samir, 375–381
and Obama administration, 321
retaliatory attacks, 356, 359
and Saleh and Kappes, meeting between, 259–260
Saudi and Yemeni members of, 254–255
support for, and drone strikes, 467–468
support for, and US strikes in Yemen, 464
threat posed by, 468
in Yemen, 214, 258–260, 262–263, 269, 281, 284, 298, 323–324, 386–389
and Yemeni Special Operations, 387–389
and Yemeni tribal system, 465–467
See also Militant organizations
Al Qaeda leaders, 298
hunt for, 139, 167 (see also Assassination operations)
location of, 114
See also individual leaders; Terrorist leaders
Al Qaeda Network Execute Order (AQN ExOrd), 170, 283
Al Shabab in Somalia (Harakat al Shabab al Mujahideen, or The Youth), 204–205, 298, 474
and African Union forces, US-backed, 272–273
and al Qaeda, 196–197, 199–200, 223
and al Qaeda, alliance between, 393–394
American Muslims as members of, 270–272
and AMISOM, 475–476, 488, 490, 491
and AMISOM base bombing, 298–299
assassinations by, 200
and ASWJ, 479–480, 488
and Burundian-led AMISOM force in Daynile, 492
cemetery desecrations by, 200
and Djibouti Agreement, 227
as dominant group in Somalia, 270
and Ethiopian occupation of Somalia, 224, 225, 226
and funding and fighters from US, 396
and Hammami, 270–271
and ICU, 196, 209
and JSOC, 276–277, 490
and Madobe, 394–395
and Mogadishu, 277
and Mogadishu, massive strike in, 491–492
and piracy, 482, 483
political efforts of, 492–493
and Ramadan offensive, 396–397
and Salahuddin Center, 200
and Shamo Hotel bombing, 300–301
and Siad, Yusuf Mohammed, 196–197, 224
and Somalia, control in, 227–229
and Somalia, insurgency in, 224–226, 227
and suicide bombers/bombings, 206, 223, 225, 271, 272, 277, 294, 299, 397, 474, 488
support for, and US strikes, 393, 493, 494
tactical retreat of, 491
and Uganda, World Cup fan bombings in, 395
underground operations of, 489–490
and US-backed Ethiopian invasion, 209, 298
and US citizens, recruitment of, 297
and US designation as terrorist organization, 226
and US strikes against, 475
weakened state of, 487–488, 490–491
See also Militant organizations
Al Shabab leaders, 298. See also individual leaders
Al Shifa factory bombing, in Sudan, 126
Albright, Madeleine, 126
Alec Station, 176
Ali, Abdirahman “Aynte,” 471, 472–473, 474
and al Shabab, 200, 229, 489
and Djibouti Agreement, 227
and Ethiopian occupation of Somalia, 225, 226
and ICU, and US-backed Ethiopian invasion of Somalia, 208
and ICU, in Somalia, 203, 204–205
and warlords, Somali, 194–195, 196
Ali, F. B., 417–418, 428
Ali, Qamar Aden, 300
Ali, Zine El Abidine Ben, 430
Alimi, Rashad al-, 312, 313, 323
Allawi, Ayad, 165
Allen, Charles, 18, 238
Allende, Salvador, 10
Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counterterrorism, 120, 193
Almasmari, Hakim, 324
Alternative Compartmentalized Control Measures (ACCMs), 251
Ambinder, Marc, 176, 275
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
and targeted assassinations against US citizen, and Awlaki lawsuit against Obama, 368–373, 392
and targeted killings/drone strikes, legality of, 517
American Enterprise Institute, 12, 261
American Muslims, 270–272. See also Awlaki, Anwar; Hasan, Nidal Malik; Khan, Samir
American suicide bombers, 271, 396
AMISOM. See African Union Mission in Somalia
Ammerman, Wade, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74
Amnesty International
and bin Laden, killing of, 451–452
and drone strike, in Yemen, 77
and Ethiopian occupation of Somalia, 224
and Majalah massacre, 312
See also Human rights groups
Anbari, Jamil al-, 356
Anderson, Jon Lee, 202
Ansar al Sharia, 460–465
Anzalone, Christopher, 492
AQAP. See Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
AQI. See Al Qaeda in Iraq
AQN ExOrd. See Al Qaeda Network Execute Order
Arab Spring, 430–432, 460
Arabian Peninsula, 114, 270
See also AQAP
Arkin, William, 105, 217, 351
Arms for hostages scandal, 49
Army Criminal Investigations Division (CID), 159
Arnett, Peter, 33
Asiri, Abdullah Hasan Tali al-, 278–279
Asiri, Ibrahim Hassan al-, 278, 279, 318
Assassination ban, 5–7, 20. See also Lethal authority
Assassination operations, 24-25, 29
by al Shabab, 200
and national sovereignty, 169
and Obama, 253
See also Cruise missile attacks; Drone strikes; High value targets; Kill/capture operations; Lethal authority; Targeted killings/drone strikes
Assassination policy, 352, 353–354
Association to Revive the Way of the Messenger. See JIMAS
Aswadi, Ahmed al-, 323
ASWJ. See Ahlu Sunna Wal Jama
Atta, Mohammed, 84
AUMF. See Authorization for Use of Military Force
Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF), 19–20, 24
“Avocado,” 282 See also Joint Unconventional Warfare Task Force
Aweys, Hassan Dahir, 196, 199, 206, 226, 227
Awfi, Abu Hareth Muhammad, as detainee at Guantánamo, 254
Awlaki, Abdulrahman al, 184, 517
and father, death of, 501
and father, search for, 495–497, 499
killing of, 507–511
Awlaki, Anwar al
and Abdulmutallab, Umar Farouk, 318–319
and Afghanistan, war in, 34, 42–43, 47
and Al-Aulaqi v. Obama, 391–392
and al Qaeda, 67, 361–363
and American Muslim and Arab communities, government harassment of, 43–44
and AQAP leaders, meeting with, 314, 315
and Arab Spring, 430–431
arrest of, by US-backed Yemeni forces, 185
and bin Fareed, 361–362
on bin Laden and Taliban, 43, 44
as chaplain at Dar Al Hijrah, in Virginia, 38, 39, 40–41
and detention at JFK Airport, 69–70
education of, 32–33, 35, 38, 68, 184
evidence against, 360
false death reports of, 314, 315
and FBI, 36, 37–38, 40–41, 44, 45–46, 46–47, 185
and FBI, as possible informant, 71–74
and FBI, as potential collaborator, 38, 46
and FBI arrest warrant for passport fraud, 68–69, 69–70
and FBI interrogation, 187
and FBI raids on Muslim organizations and private homes, 45–46
and Fort Hood shooting, 315–316
and Gulf War, 33, 43
and Hasan, Nidal Malik, 266–267, 285–287, 315–316, 319
hunt for, 364–366, 398, 400–402, 432–433
on HVT kill/capture list, 325–327
as imam at Denver Islamic Society, 35
as imam at Masjid al Ribat al Islami, in San Diego, 35–38
imprisonment of, 184–190, 185–190
and Inspire magazine, 379–381
and Iraq, war in, 47
and Islamic activities, 34
and Jihad against US, 268–269
and Khan, Samir, 289, 291, 380–381
and lectures, in Yemen, 184–185
life story, 31–47
and life underground, preparation for, 267–268
as media star, 41–44
and Muslim Brotherhood, 188
and 9/11 attacks, response to, 39–40, 41–42, 43
and 9/11 hijackers, connection between, 40, 67, 68
and 9/11 investigation, 37
and Obama, 237–238, 243, 354
and Operation Green Quest, 46
at Pentagon luncheon, 45
and presidential campaign 2000, 36
and prison release, 190, 231
and Qutb, Sayyid, 188–189
on scholarship program for foreign students, 34
and sermon at prayer service in US Capitol, 45
and Shaye, Abdulelah Haider, interviews with, 307, 315–316, 318–319, 360–363
as “Specially Designated Global Terrorist,” 369
and Storm, Morten, 291–293
and strikes against, failure of, 314–316, 453–457
and suicide bombers/bombings, 264, 267, 318
targeted killing of, 498–506, 511
as top terrorist, 269
in United Kingdom, and JIMAS conference speech, 67–68
in United Kingdom, and militant speeches, 134–137
and US, praising terrorist attacks on, 361
as US citizen, and targeted killings/drone strikes, 314–316, 325–327, 367–369
as US citizen, and targeted killings/drone strikes, and lawsuit against Obama, 369–374, 391–392
and US election campaign 2008, 237–238
and US government, criticism of, 42–43, 47
and US intelligence, 233, 234–235, 238, 239–241
and US military base massacre, connection between, 41
as vice president of Charitable Society for Social Welfare, 36
and web sermon on Saleh/US relationship, 359–360
and web sermons, 231–235, 237–243, 286–287
and web sermons against US, 264–266, 268–269
and website, US takedown of, 287, 361
Yemeni indictment against, 391
and Yemeni surveillance, 184–185, 187
on Yemeni government/US relationship, 360–361
Awlaki, Nasser al (father of Anwar Awlaki), 31–33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 45, 69, 74, 137, 184–185
and grandson, 495, 496–497
and grandson, killing of, 507–508, 509
and Obama, lawsuit against, 369, 392
and Obama, letter to, 326–327
and son, and relationship with al Qaeda, 363
and son, failed strike against, 456–457
and son, failure of strike against, 314, 315
and son, fear for life of, 265–266, 361
and son, imprisonment of, 185–188
and son, killing of, 505–506, 509
and son, targeted killing of, 500
and son, web sermons of, 235
and Storm, Morten, 292–293
Awlaki, Saleha al (mother of Anwar Awlaki), 496, 501, 507, 509
Awlaki family, 508–509, 510
Aynte. See Ali, Abdirahman “Aynte”
Ayro, Aden Hashi Farah, 127–128, 196, 199
assassination of, 226
Ayyiri, Yusuf al-, 233–234
Baath regime leaders, hunt for, 114–115
Badawi, Jamal al-, 210, 212, 213
Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan, 104, 160, 251
and HVT Task Force, 167–168
Tactical Operations Center, 162, 168
Bagram prison, secret prison within, 331
Baig, Liaquat Ali, 408
Baker, James, 8, 15
Balad Air Base, Iraq, interrogation and torture at, 161, 162, 165–166
Balawi, Humam Khalil Abu-Mulal al-, 412
Banks, Jonathan, 413
Banna, Ibrahim al-, 508, 509
Banna, Jabir al-, 213
Banshiri, Abu Ubaidah al-, 197
Barfi, Barak, 255
Barman, Abdulrahman, 382, 384, 385, 398, 399
Barre, Mohamed Siad, 118, 472
Barrett, Richard, 278–279
Basir, Abu. See Wuhayshi, Nasir al-
Bates, John, 391–392
Battlefield Interrogation Facility (BIF), at Camp NAMA, 147, 151–152
Bayoumi, Omar al-, 40
Beckwith, Charlie, 49, 103
Benadir University, 299–300
Bennett, John, 127
Berg, Nicholas, 163–164
Bergen, Peter, 435, 445, 446, 451
Biden, Joseph, 107
and Afghanistan, 282
and bin Laden at Abbottabad compound, 442, 445
and ICU, and US-backed Ethiopian invasion of Somalia, 207–208
and US counterinsurgency, in Afghanistan, 328
as vice president, 246
BIF. See Battlefield Interrogation Facility
Bin Fareed, Saleh, 34, 67
and Awlaki, Anwar, 266, 361–362
and Awlaki, Anwar, imprisonment of, 186–187, 190
and Awlaki, Anwar, web sermons of, 234, 235
and Majalah massacre, 304–306
and Majalah massacre rally, 309–311
and Saleh, Ali Abdullah, 304
Bin Laden, Osama, 3, 13–14, 379
at Abbottabad compound, discovery of, 420, 434–437
at Abbottabad compound, killing of, 441–450, 451–452, 487
and Abbottabad compound raid, 437–441, 458–459
and Abbottabad compound raid, protest over, 458–459
and al Shabab control, in Somalia, 229
and Awlaki, Anwar, 43, 44, 381
and declaration of war against US, 124–125
and Ethiopian occupation of Somalia, 225–226
and Fazul, 197
hunt for, 139, 176–177, 217
and Kenya and Tanzania embassy bombings, 125–126
and Nairobi bombings, 198
and 9/11 attacks (see also Iraq and 9/11–Saddam and al Qaeda connection)
and Somalia, 124–125
and Tora Bora, 81, 434, 435
and US-backed Ethiopian invasion of Somalia, 205
and US lethal authority, 5, 20–21, 22–23
US lethal force against, 126
and USS Cole bombing, 63
and warlords, Somali, 198
See also Iraq and 9/11–Saddam and al Qaeda connection
“Bin Ladin Determined to Strike in US” (presidential brief), 21
Bin Nayef, Mohammed, 278–279, 318, 389
Bin Sultan, Bandar, 186
Birk, Ane Skov, 132
Bissonnette, Matt, 437–441, 441–450, 452
Black, Cofer, 20-26, 483
and al Qaeda, 13–14
and bin Laden, 13–14
and covert action, and al Qaeda, 17
and covert action, preauthorized and legal, 25
and drone strikes, 17
firing of, 81
and rendition program, 27, 28
“Black” detainee program guidelines, JSOC, 148
Black Hawk Down incident, 54, 55–56, 122, 203
and Fazul, 197–198
Black List One, as code name for Saddam Hussein, 139–140
Black ops force, 57. See also Special Operations Forces
Black sites, 20, 294. See also Secret prisons
Blackwater, 163, 177–178, 180
and Blackwater-CIA-JSOC covert action, in Pakistan, 251–253
elite operatives of, 178
Forward Operating Bases, 177
and HVTs, 179
and McArthur antipiracy ship, 483
in Pakistan, 406–413
and privatized counterpiracy company in Somalia, 481, 483, 485
Blair, Dennis, 255–256, 282, 326, 353
Bledsoe, Carlos. See Muhammad, Abdulhakim Mujahid
Blinken, Tony, 439
Blood chit, 414, 419
Boland Amendment, 11
Bolton, John, 7
Book of Jihad (Nuhaas), 137
Boot, Max, 246
Boothby, Duncan, 341
Borderless war strategy, 4, 20, 61, 78, 169–170
Bouazizi, Mohamed, 430
Boykin, William G., 99, 125, 159, 171
Boyle, Michael, 516, 517, 519, 520
Bremer, L. Paul, 110–111, 140–141
Brennan, John, 277, 397
and al Qaeda, 257, 284
and al Shabab, 490
and AQAP, 463
and assassination policy, 352
and Awlaki, Anwar, drone strike against, failure of, 454
and bin Laden at Abbottabad compound, 440, 452
and bin Laden compound raid, protest over, 459
and bin Nayef, in Saudi Arabia, 279
as CIA director nominee, 513–514
and kill lists, 352
and MLEs as cover for JSOC, 170–171
and Pakistan, drone strikes in, 248
and Republican attack on Obama, 320–321
and Rumsfeld and Cheney, innovations risks, 175
and Saleh, Ali Abdullah, meeting with, 279–281
as senior counterterrorism and homeland security adviser, 246, 249–250, 256–257
and Shabwani incident, 357–358
and SOFs, increased presence of, 354
in Yemen, 388–389
British SAS (Special Air Service), 50
Brown, Bryan “Doug,” 114
Brzezinski, Mika, 245
Burundi, 272, 492
Bush, George H. W., 5, 11
Bush, George W., 237
and al Qaeda, in Yemen, 64
and Awlaki, Anwar, imprisonment of, 187
and Bin Sultan, Bandar, 186
and Camp NAMA, 157
and Cheney, defense plan of, 8
and CIA, and Somali warlord program, defeat of, 202
and counterterrorism policy, 4–5, 21–22, 23–24
and covert action, oversight of, 16
and drone strikes, in Yemen, 76, 77, 78
and Gray Fox, 95–96
and hit list, 14, 121
and Iraq and 9/11–Saddam and al Qaeda connection, 14, 15, 81
and Iraq insurgency, 163
and JSOC, admiration for, 276
and JSOC, and global manhunt, 169–170
and “Mission Accomplished” speech, 111
and National Security Presidential Directive-I, 16–17
“National Strategy for Combating Terrorism,” 117
as passive, 101
and prisoners, protection and treatment of, 29–30
and Rumsfeld, resignation of, 215
and Saleh, Ali Abdullah, 64, 65
and secret presidential directive, 20
and US embassy bombing, in Sana’a, Yemen, 236
Bush (George W.) administration
and AFRICOM, 298
and al Qaeda, lethal action against, 18
and Cheney, defense plan of, 8
and congressional oversight, 26
and counterterrorism policy, 4–5
and drone strikes, in Yemen, 76–77, 78
and ICU, and US-backed Ethiopian invasion of Somalia, 206, 207–208
and Iraq and 9/11–Saddam and al Qaeda connection, 113
and lethal authority, 18
and Pakistan, 216–217
and Pakistan, outsourcing war in, 177
and presidential power, and wars, 3–4
and Reid, Richard (“Shoe Bomber”), 320
and rendition program, 26
and Saleh, Ali Abdullah, deal between, 63–66, 211–212
and terrorism, focus on, 13
and Zarqawi, 113
Buubaa. See Hurre, Ismail Mahmoud “Buubaa”
Bybee, Jay, 89
CAG. See Combat Applications Group
Cambodia, 9
Cambone, Stephen, 7, 97–98, 98–99, 151, 297
and Camp NAMA, 154, 159
and Concept of Operations (CONOP) for HVT exploitation, 154
and Copper Green, 145–146
and covert vs. clandestine divide, 171
and JSOC, and global manhunt, 170
Camp Chapman attack, 412
Camp Cropper, 157
Camp Lemonnier (Djibouti), 66, 78–80, 122, 298
expansion of, 212
Camp NAMA (Baghdad, Iraq), 141, 146
disciplining of task force members at, 159
as “filtration site,” 151
and Geneva Convention violations, 154
HVT Task Force access to prisoners at, 155
and interrogation and torture/techniques, SERE, 151, 152, 153–154, 155
interrogation and torture/techniques at, 147–160
interrogation facility of, 147, 151–152
and JAG lawyers, 156
military investigation of abuse at, 158–160
military report on abuse at, 159
as model, 159–160
and Motel 6 and Hotel California, 147
and nondisclosure agreements, 156
and oversight, lack of, 148
and Pentagon warning, 157–158
and Red Cross report, 158
as secret facility, 148
and Special Access Program, 151
and unlawful combatants, 148
Cannistraro, Vincent, 58, 59, 100
Capitalism and Freedom (Friedman), 18
Capture and transfer of prisoners. See Extraordinary rendition; Kill/capture operations; Rendition
Carson, Johnnie, 298, 486
Carter, Jimmy, 5, 49
Cartwright, James “Hoss,” 249–250, 357, 358, 442
CCR. See Center for Constitutional Rights
Cemetery consecrations, by al Shabab, 200
CENTCOM, 53, 77, 111, 138, 149, 168, 169, 175, 202, 236, 258, 262
Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR), 368–373, 392
Central Intelligence Agency. See CIA
CFR. See Council on Foreign Relations
Chambliss, Saxby, 353, 503
Charitable Society for Social Welfare (CSSW), 36
Chelsea Heights Elementary School, 32
Cheney, Dick, 284
and American Enterprise Institute, 12
and Awlaki, Anwar, targeted killing of, 503
and Balad Air Base, 162
and Church Committee, 10
and CIA, conflict between, 58–59, 92, 95–96
and Clinton administration, criticism of, 4, 7
and congressional oversight, 9
and corporate shadow army, 12
and counterterrorism policy, 21, 23–24
and covert action, 9–10
and dark side/dark operations, 20, 24, 85 (see also Secret prisons)
defense plan of, 7–8
global war plans of, 15–16
and Halliburton, 12
and international criminal court, 8–9
and interrogation policy, 261
and interrogation program, 85
and Iran-Contra scandal, 11, 91
and Iraq, 3, 129
and Iraq and 9/11–Saddam and al Qaeda connection, 14–15, 28, 81, 82–84, 150
and Iraqi WMDs, 15, 82, 150
and Iraq/Saddam Hussein obsession, 13
and JSOC, 100–101
and JSOC, and military and intelligence law, gray areas of, 92–94
and JSOC, legality of operations, 182–183
and kill/capture operations, 29, 114
and McChrystal, 103–104
and military bureaucracy, privatization of, 12
as neoconservative leader, 9
and neoconservatives, and shadow government, 7
and 9/11 attacks, exploitation of, 19
and Obama, 247
and Obama, attack on, 320
and Petraeus, 164
and Powell, conflict between, 57
and presidential authority, 9
and presidential power, assumption of, 59
and prisoners, protection and treatment of, 29–30
and Rumsfeld, resignation of, 215
and Saleh, Ali Abdullah, 64
and secret task force, success of, 174–175
and secret wars, 9–10, 12
and SOCOM, 94
and SOFs, 100
and SOFs, and intelligence program, 95–96
and SOFs, plans for, 93–101
and SSB, 100–101
and torture, kidnapping, and assassination, legal justification for, 24
and War Powers Act, 10
Chesser, Zachary, 289
Church, Frank, 10
Church Committee, 10
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)
and al Qaeda, in Yemen, 237
and AMISOM, support for, 475
and Awlaki, Anwar, drone strike against, failure of, 454
and Awlaki, Anwar, hunt for, 364–366, 432–433
and Awlaki, Anwar, interrogation of, 187
and Awlaki, Anwar, killing of, 499, 500
and bin Laden compound, discovery of, 420, 434–437, 438–440
and bin Laden compound raid, and SEAL team 6, 437–441
and Blackwater, 177, 178
Brennan as director of, 513–514
and Camp NAMA, 148–149, 151
and Cheney, conflict between, 58–59, 92, 95–96
and CIA-Blackwater-JSOC covert action, in Pakistan, 251–253
and Clinton, and covert action, oversight of, 16
Counterterrorism Center, 13
and covert action, and al Qaeda, 16–17
and covert action, in Afghanistan, 16
and covert action, 1950s–1970s, 5
Covert Action Planning Group, 16
Covert Action Review Group, 16
and covert aid, in Uzbekistan, 17
and covert operators, number of, 58
and Davis incident, 406–407, 415, 416–417, 424–426, 427–428, 428–429
Directorate of Operations, 25
and drone strikes, 17–18, 177, 255, 352, 421–422
erosion of, 174, 176–177
and FBI, infighting between, 85
vs. HUMINT operations, 171
and HVT, 325
and interrogation and torture/techniques, 86–91, 155–156, 244–245
and Iraq reassignment, from Pakistan, 139
and ISI, 425–427
kill list, 23, 351
and lethal authority, 7, 20
oversight changes in, 23–24
and Pakistan, 139, 168–169
and Pakistan, drone strikes in, 352
and Pakistan, HVTs in, 175, 176–177
in Pakistan, 216, 406–413
and Pentagon, conflict between, 30, 81
and Pentagon, conflict between, and Iraq and 9/11–Saddam and al Qaeda connection, 81–84
and Pentagon, conflict between, and Pakistan, 217
Petraeus as director of, 498
Phoenix Program, in Vietnam, 114
Political Islam Strategic Analysis Program, 15
and Qanyare, Mohamed Afrah, alliance with, 118–121, 124, 127
and Rumsfeld, conflict between, 58–59, 92, 95–96, 97, 169, 171
and secret presidential directive, 20
and secret prisons, in Somalia, 296–297
and Signature Strikes, 249
and Somali warlord program, 191–195, 197
and Somali warlord program, and Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counterterrorism, 193
and Somali warlord program, and Ethiopia, 193
and Somali warlord program, and European Union, 194
and Somali warlord program, and Fazul, 199
and Somali warlord program, and ICU, 192, 200–201, 201–203
and Somali warlord program, and kill/capture operations, 118–121, 124, 127–129, 191–195
and Somali warlord program, and Nabhan, 199
and Somali warlord program, defeat of, 200–201, 201–203
in Somalia, 470–473, 475, 476
and Storm, Morten, 292, 293, 364
and terror attacks, investigation of, 27–28
in Yemen, 387–388
See also individual CIA officials; US intelligence
CIA-JSOC divide, 170–171, 297, 350, 353, 388
CID. See Army Criminal Investigations Division
Civil Cooperation Bureau of South Africa, 484
Civil liberties groups, 77–78. See also American Civil Liberties Union
Civilian casualties
in Afghanistan, 347
and AMISOM, 474
and drone strikes, 248–249, 250–251, 516
See also Collateral damage
CJTF–HOA. See Combined Joint Task Force–Horn of Africa
Clandestine action, 282–283
vs. covert action, 138, 171
definition of, 91, 92
Clapper, James, 356, 370
Clarke, Richard
on assassination ban, 5–7
and covert action, and Qaeda, 16–17
on covert action, 4–7
and drone strikes, 17
and Iraq and 9/11–Saddam and al Qaeda connection, 14
on lethal authority, 5–6, 6–7
and SOFs, 56
Clinton, Bill
and assassination ban, 5–6
and Black Hawk Down incident, 55–56
and covert action, oversight of, 16
and international criminal court, 8–9
and JSOC, 52, 54, 55
and Kenya and Tanzania embassy bombings, 126
and lethal force against bin Laden, 126
and rendition program, 26–27
and Schultz report, 57
and Somalia, 125–126
Clinton, Hillary, 246, 386
and Afghanistan, 282
and al Qaeda, 255, 272
and Arab Spring, 431
and Awlaki, Anwar, targeted killing of, 503
and bin Laden at Abbottabad compound, 442, 445
and bin Laden compound raid, protest over, 459
and Davis incident, 422, 428
and Fazul, death of, 489
and Sharif, Sheikh, 277
and Yemen, AQAP in, 323–324
and Yemen, US flyover rights in, 262
Clinton administration
and counterterrorism, 4
criticism of, 4, 7
and drone strikes, 17
and hit list, 6–7
and lethal authority, 5–7
and Rumsfeld, disdain for, 126
and SOFs, 126
Cloonan, Jack, 28
Coalition Provisional Authority, in Iraq, 110–111
COIN. See Counterinsurgency doctrine
Collateral damage, 501–502. See also Civilian casualties
Colorado State University, 33
Combat Applications Group (CAG). See Delta Force
Combined Joint Task Force (CJTF), 147
and al Qaeda, fight against, in Afghanistan, 104–105, 106
and interrogation and torture, 104–105
and prisoner abuse scandal, 104
Combined Joint Task Force–Horn of Africa (CJTF–HOA), 66
Combined Task Force 150, 230
Concept of Operations (CONOP), 154
Congress, US
congressional briefings, and McChrystal, 106–107
congressional briefings, and Rumsfeld, 107
and interrogation and torture/techniques, 89
and war, right to declare, 19–20
and War Powers Act, 9–10
Congressional oversight, 9, 20, 24, 26, 30
and covert action, 91
and JSOC, 252
and JSOC, and military and intelligence law, gray areas of, 92–93
See also Oversight
CONOP. See Concept of Operations
Continuous Clandestine Tagging Tracking and Locating (CTTL), 173
Convention on Cluster Munitions, 312
Conyers, John, 106–107
Copper Green (interrogation and torture program; aka Matchbox; Footprint), 91, 145–146, 171. See also Special Access Programs
Corallo, Mark, 485
Council on Foreign Relations (CFR)
Military Fellowship Selection Board, 103–104
Counterinsurgency doctrine (COIN), undermining of, by JSOC, 329–331
Counterterrorism Center (CTC), 13, 25
Counterterrorism National Security Presidental Directive (NSPD), 17, 18
Counterterrorism policy, US. See under Obama, Barack; Bush, George W.
Counterterrorism Security Group of the National Security Council, 4
Covert action, 4–7
vs. clandestine action, 138, 171
definition of, 91, 92
and neoconservative movement, 9–10
oversight of, 16–17, 91
and private contractors, 23
and SOFs, 96–97, 101
See also Special Operations Forces
Covert Action Planning Group, CIA, 16
Covert Action Review Group, CIA, 16
Covert wars, 248, 301–302
Craig, Iona, 384, 398, 399–400
Crocker, Ryan, 175
Crowley, P. J., 324, 422
Cruise missile attacks, 6, 56, 521
in Afghanistan, 126
and anti-US sentiment, 518
and Majalah massacre, 303–313
in Somalia, 226
in Yemen, 303–313, 358–359, 361, 376, 385, 500
See also Assassination operations
CSSW. See Charitable Society for Social Welfare
CTC. See Counterterrorism Center
CTTL. See Continuous Clandestine Tagging Tracking and Locating
Daley, William, 440
Danish Intelligence Service (PET), 292, 293
and Awlaki, Anwar, hunt for, 364–366
Dar Al Hijrah (Islamic center, Falls Church, Virginia), 38, 39, 40–41, 71
Dark operations, 160
and Cheney, 20, 24, 85
and Lang, 49–50
See also Secret prisons
Data mining technology, 139
Davis, Rebecca, 405
Davis (Raymond) incident, 403–407, 414–429, 437
and Davis’ acquittal and release, 428–429
Dayem, Mohamed Abdel, 382–383, 384
Daynile airstrip, 118
Daynile offensive, 492
Dayton, Keith, 157
DDTC. See Directorate of Defense Trade Controls
De-Baathification process, 111
De Mello, Sergio Vieira, 112
“Death Star,” 162, 168
Deck of cards, 114–115, 143. See also High value targets
Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), 28–29, 85, 99
and Camp NAMA, 148–149
and Camp NAMA investigation, 158–159
and interrogation and torture/techniques, 86–87, 88
Operating Base Alpha, 139
and Pakistan, HVTs in, 176
Defense Planning Guidance draft (Cheney), 7–8
DeHaven, Aaron, 426
DeLong, Michael, 75
Delta Force (aka Combat Applications Group), 21, 51, 98, 103, 108–109
formation of, 50
Democratic Party, xv, 4, 6, 13, 19, 26, 36, 89, 106, 109, 161, 169, 215, 245, 246, 249, 314, 353, 354, 469, 503, 504, 515, 516, 517, 520,
Democratic National Committee, 9, 244,
Derwish, Kamal. See Hijazi, Ahmed
Detainee operations, 147, 151, 160–161, 254, 331
“black” detainee program guidelines, JSOC, 148
High Value Detainee program, 25, 86
Detainee policy
legality of, 519
violation of, 453
Devereaux, Ryan, 510
DEVGRU. See Naval Warfare Development Group
Dheere, Mohamed, 127, 199
DIA. See Defense Intelligence Agency
Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC), 409
Directorate of Operations, CIA, 25, 96
Disposition Matrix, 514
Djibouti, 65, 66, 75, 89, 124, 277, 298, 465, 483, 499
secret US base in, 78–80, 236 (see also Camp Lemonnier)
Djibouti Agreement, 226
Domestic spying operations, and neoconservative movement, 9, 10
Donilon, Thomas, 440
Douri, Izzat Ibrahim al-, hunt for, 143–146
Downing, Wayne, 53–54, 94, 116–117
and bin Laden, 166
and Clinton administration, and SOFs, 126
death of, 166
and Somalia, 127
Dozier, James, 51
Drone program, 515–516
Drone strikes, 17–18, 105, 358
and anti-US sentiment, 518
and AQAP, support for, 467–468
against Awlaki, Anwar, failure of, 453–457
and CIA-JSOC-Blackwater, in Pakistan, 252
and civilian casualties, 516
and civilian casualties, in Pakistan, 248–249, 250–251
escalation of, 250, 251
future consequences of, 518–519
in Marib Province, 230–231
in Pakistan, 177, 352, 406, 411, 412, 413, 421–422, 459, 519
in Pakistan, escalation of, 248–250
as terrorism, 466
in Yemen, 75–80, 324, 465, 520–521
See also Assassination operations; Lethal authority; Surveillance drones; Targeted killings/drone strikes; Weaponized drones
Drumheller, Tyler, 25
Duncan, John, 257
East Africa, 119, 120, 122, 125, 126, 196–199, 207, 209, 219, 223, 226, 294–295, 487, 489, 491
El Salvador, 165
Election 2000 (US presidential election), 36
Election 2008 (US presidential election), 237–238
Elmi, Afyare Abdi, 475
Emmerson, Ben, 520
Enron, 164–165
Eritrea, 79, 193, 224, 396
Escobar, Pablo, 52
Ethiopia, 79, 477
AIAI attacks in, 122
and ASWJ, 479, 480
and CIA, and Somali warlord program, 193
and ICU leaders, hunt for, in Somalia, 223–226
secret prison in, 128
and targeted killings/drone strikes in Somalia, 219–223
terrorist threat in, 123
torture in, 128
Ethiopian occupation of Somalia, 224–226, 227–228
and Djibouti Agreement, 227
Ethiopian US-backed invasion of Somalia, 203–206, 206–209, 298
European Union, 194
Extraordinary renditions, 25–26, 26–30, 85
in Afghanistan, 332–334
See also Rendition; Secret prisons
Exum, Andrew, 107–108, 115
and Iraq insurgency, 142, 143, 146, 151
and JSOC Task Force, success of, 175
Ezeagwula, Quinton, 260
“F3” operations (Find, Fix, Finish operations), 50, 54, 171–172
Facial recognition program, long-range, 173
Faheem, Mohammad. See Shamshad, Faheem
Fallujah, 164
Farkas, Evelyn, 296
Farole, Abdirahman Mohamed, 484, 485
Farole, Mohamed, 484, 485
Fast, Barbara, 148
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)
and Awlaki, Anwar, 36, 37–38, 40–41, 44, 45–46, 46–47, 185
and Awlaki, Anwar, interrogation of, 187
and Bin Laden, on Ten Most Wanted List, 125
and Cheney, Dick, 10
and CIA, infighting between, 85
and Khan, Samir, 290, 376–377
and Muhammad, Abdulhakim Mujahid, interrogation of, 260
and piracy industry in Somalia, 483
and Somali Americans in Somalia, 273
Ten Most Wanted List, 125
and terror attacks, investigation of, 27–28
See also US intelligence
F3EA (Find, Fix, Finish, Exploit, and Analyze), 145
Federal Bureau of Investigation. See FBI
Federation of American Scientists, 99
Federation of Student Islamic Societies, 134
Feierstein, Gerald, 400
Feith, Douglas, 7, 13, 57, 59, 96, 114, 172
and de-Baathification process, 111
and interrogation and torture/techniques, 88
and Iraq and 9/11–Saddam and al Qaeda connection, 14, 82, 83–84
and Iraqi military, disbanding of, 111
and JSOC, and global manhunt, 171
and 9/11 attacks, exploitation of, 19
Field Detention Sites, US, in Afghanistan, 331
Field Operations Group (FOG), 51
Find, fix, and finish operations, 50, 54, 171–172
Find, Fix, Finish, Exploit, and Analyze (F3EA), 145
“The First and Exclusive Meeting with Sheikh Anwar al-Awlaki” (al Qaeda video), 362
Fishback, Ian, 160–161
Flanigan, Tim, 24
Flynn, Michael T., 104–105, 174, 435
as commander of 111th Military Intelligence Brigade, 105
and F3EA: Find, Fix, Finish, Exploit, and Analyze, 145
and insurgents, targeting of, 145–146
and Iraq insurgency, and AQI, 143
and surveillance drones, 162–163
FOG. See Field Operations Group
FOIA. See Freedom of Information Act
Footprint. See Copper Green
Ford, Gerald, 5, 10
Fort Bragg, 51
Fort Hood shooting, 285–287
and Awlaki, Anwar, 315–316
Forward Operating Base Chapman attack, 412
Foust, Joshua, 241, 362–363, 401, 432
Fox, Mark, 482, 483
Franks, Tommy, 77
Frazer, Jendayi, 207, 208, 222
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 73, 157, 346, 517, 518
Friedman, Milton, 18
Friedman, Thomas, 134
Fury, Dalton, 103, 108–109
Gandhi, 301–302
Gardez raid/massacre, 334–347
Afghan investigation of, 343–344
and Afghan Ministry of Interior, 337–338, 339
and Afghan police and US special forces, responsibility for, 335–336, 337, 340
and cover-up, 339–342, 344
International Security Assistance Force version of, 337–338, 339, 341
and JSOC, 344, 347
and McRaven, apology for, 344–346
and NATO, 338, 339, 340–341, 342, 343–344
and Sabir, Mohammed, interrogation of, 337
and Starkey, investigation of, 339–342, 342–343
and Taliban, 334
and UN, investigation of, 337, 339, 340
US military documents regarding, 346–349
US military version of, 338
Garrison, William, 125
Gartenstein-Ross, Daveed, 202, 203, 208, 209, 225
Gates, Robert
and Afghanistan, 282
and Arab Spring, 431
and Awlaki lawsuit, 369, 370
and bin Laden at Abbottabad compound, 441
and CIA-JSOC divide, 297
as defense secretary, 246
and Maersk Alabama, hijacking of, 274
and McChrystal, resignation of, 349
and Pakistan, 215–216, 411
and Somalia, 298
Gedi, Ali Mohammed, 193, 225
assassination attempt against, 225
as HVT, 206
and ICU, and US-backed Ethiopian invasion of Somalia, 208
Gelle, Dahir Mohamud, 299
Geneva Convention, 29–30, 96–97
and SOFs, 100–101
violations at Camp NAMA, 154
George Washington University, 38
Georgetown Day School, 71
Gettleman, Jeffrey, 473
Ghafar, Abdul, 336, 342
Gharbieh, Nabil, 72, 73
Gibbs, Robert, 510
Gillani, Yousaf Raza, 217, 458
Gingrich, Newt, 82, 302
Giraldi, Philip, 22, 96, 354, 422, 498, 505, 511
Global War on Terror (GWOT), 24, 194, 468
Godane, Ahmed Abdi, 196, 227, 493
Goldfarb, Michael, 246
Goldsmith, Jack, 296, 354
Gonzales, Alberto, 24, 244
Gorka, Sebastian, 313
Gosselin, Beth, 399
Graduate School of Islamic and Social Sciences at Cordoba University, Virginia, 46
Grady, D. B., 176
Graham, Lindsey, 161
Graham, Robert, 77
Gray Fox. See Intelligence Support Activity
Great Britain, mass arrests of Muslims in, 136
Green Berets, 168
role of, 50
Greenwald, Glenn, 302, 325–326, 425, 504
Greystone (GST) program, 24–25, 26
GST program. See Greystone program
Guantánamo prison
prison break at, 254
prisoner-abuse scandal at, 148, 160, 191
and Yemeni prisoners, repatriation of, 323
and Yemeni prisoners, transfer of, 256, 257–258, 259, 261
Guevara, Che, 49
Gulf of Aden, 66, 79
Gulf War 1991, 33, 102
and Awlaki, Anwar, 33, 43
and JSOC, 53
GWOT. See Global War on Terror
Hadi, Abd Rabbuh Mansur, 188
Hadley, Stephen, 17, 18
Haider, Faizan, 415, 418–419, 420, 428
Haider, Imran, 421
Halliburton, 12
Hammami, Omar (pseud. Abu Mansoor al Amriki), 270–271
Hanjour, Hani, 40
Haqqani, Husain, 425
Haqqani network, 334
Harad brothers, 455–456
Harakat al Shabab al Mujahideen. See Al Shabab
Harithi, Abu Ali al-, 75–77, 230–231, 236
Harman, Jane, 326
Harvard, 103
Harward, Robert, 330
Hasan, Nidal Malik, 240, 266–267, 285–287, 506
and Awlaki, Anwar, 315–316, 319
Hasan, Usama, 134, 137
Hassan, Ahmed Abdullah (aka Anas)
capture of, 294
imprisonment and interrogation of, in secret prison, in Somalia, 294–295, 296–297
Hastings, Michael, 106, 333, 349, 435
Hayden, Michael, 236, 248, 249, 354, 504
Hayes, Stephen, 84
Haynes, William, 24
Herridge, Catherine, 71, 73
Herrington, Stuart, 148
Hersh, Seymour, 10, 94, 145
Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin (HIG), 167
HIG. See Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin
Higgie, Lincoln, III, 35–36
High Value Detainee program, 25, 86
High Value Target (HVT) Task Force, 115
and access to prisoners at Camp NAMA, 155
and Bagram Air Base, 167–168
four subunits of, 144–145
High value targets (HVTs)
in Afghanistan, 331, 333
and Concept of Operations (CONOP), 154
and deck of cards, 114–115, 143
and Fazul, 197
and JSOC, and Blackwater, 179
kill/capture list, and Awlaki, Anwar, 325–327
in Pakistan, 175–177
in Somalia, 119, 120–121, 219–223
See also Assassination operations; individual targets; Kill/capture operations
Hijazi, Ahmed (aka Kamal Derwish), 76–77
Hit lists, 121
and CIA, 23
in Inspire magazine, 379
and Iraq insurgency, 141–146, 150–151, 167
See also Assassination operations; High value targets; Kill lists
Hoekstra, Pete, 320
Hoh, Matthew, 332–334, 347
Holbrooke, Richard, 246, 332–333, 412
Holder, Eric, 396, 400–401
Holland, Charles, 59, 93–94, 114
Holy Land Foundation, 36
Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, 281
Horn of Africa, 66, 79, 80, 270
al Qaeda in, 114, 123–124
US military presence in, 122–123
Horton, Scott, 329
and Camp NAMA, 151
and JSOC, and global manhunt, 171
and torture program, investigation of, 149–150
Hotel California (interrogation facility), 147
House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, 3, 100, 326
Houthi, Abdul-Malik al-, 131
Houthi, Hussein Badreddin al-, 131
Houthi rebellion, 62, 131–132, 213, 260, 280
Hull, Edmund, 75
Human intelligence operations. See HUMINT operations
Human rights groups, 77–78. See also Amnesty International; Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Watch, 398
and Camp NAMA, 148, 159
and Ethiopian occupation of Somalia, 224
See also Human rights groups
Human thermal fingerprint, 173
HUMINT (human intelligence) operations, 95, 96, 145
vs. CIA, 171
in Pakistan, 250
and SOFs, 171
“Hunter” (secret informant), 180–184, 350
Hurre, Ismail Mahmoud “Buubaa,” 121, 126, 129, 203, 209
Hussain, Altaf, 458
HVT Task Force. See High Value Target Task Force
HVTs. See High value targets
ICRC. See International Committee of the Red Cross
ICU. See Islamic Courts Union
Iman University, 68, 184, 292
In the Shade of the Quran (Qutb), 188
Indha Adde. See Siad, Yusuf Mohammed
Inshallahshaheed (blog), 289
Inspire (AQAP magazine), 377–381
hit list, 379
Intelligence Support Activity (aka the Activity; Gray Fox), 51, 95–96, 120–121
Intelligence technology, and kill/capture operations, 105
Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI; Pakistan intelligence service), 168–169, 216
and CIA, 425–427
and Davis incident, 406, 415, 416, 417, 418, 425–427
and US, relationship between, 412–413
Interagency reviews, 16, 20, 24
Interagency Working Group for Covert Action, 16
International Committee of the Red Cross. See Red Cross
International criminal court, 8–9
International Crisis Group, 195, 228
International Institute of Islamic Thought, 46
International Monetary Fund, 64
International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), 329, 337–338, 339–340, 341
in Pakistan, 459
Interrogation and torture/techniques, 24–25, 26–30, 85, 261
at Camp NAMA, 147–160
and CIA, 86–91, 155–156, 244–245
and CJTF, 104–105
definition of, 88–89
investigation, 149–150
of Iraqi prisoners, by TF-121, 140
of Islamic Jihad members, 125
in secret prison, in Ethiopia, 128
and “Torture Memos,” 25
and “torture taxis,” 27
and use of dogs, 148
See also Secret prisons
IONA. See Islamic Organization of North America
Iqbal, Javed, 427
Iran, 230
Iran-Contra scandal, 11, 53, 91, 165, 215
Iran hostage crisis, 49
Iraq, 13, 282
civil war in, 164
suicide bombers/bombings in, 112, 165
See also Al Qaeda in Iraq (AQI)
Iraq and 9/11–Saddam and al Qaeda connection, 14–15, 28, 150
and CIA and Pentagon, conflict between, 81–84
and Zarqawi, 113
Iraq insurgency, 110, 111–115, 162–163, 165–166
and casualties, 174
causes of, 164, 166
and Copper Green, 145–146
and Fallujah, US siege of, 164
and hit list, 141–146, 150–151, 167
and insurgents, targeting of, 141–146
and Iraqi Special Operations forces, 165
and private security contractors, execution of, 163
and US invasion and occupation, 166
and US treatment of prisoners, 164, 166
Iraq Survey Group, 157
Iraq War/invasion/occupation, 8, 105
and Afghanistan, and unified task force, 138
and al Qaeda, post-invasion presence of, 141–142
and Awlaki, Anwar, 47
and Baath regime leaders, hunt for, 114–115
Blackwater in, 177
and Bremer as administrator of Coalition Provisional Authority, 110–111
and Bush, “Mission Accomplished” speech of, 111
and Cheney, 129
and contracting boom, post-invasion, 163
Copper Green in, 145–146
and de-Baathification process, 111
destruction of, 179
and Iraqi military, disbanding of, 111
and JSOC, 129
and JSOC, and kill/capture operations, 113–114
and Rumsfeld, 129
Salvadorization of, 165
shift of resources to, 138–139
Special Operations Forces in, 107
Special Ops/CIA reassigned to, 139
and Task Force 121 interrogation and torture of Iraqi prisoners, 140
and UN Baghdad headquarters bombings, 112–113
and WMDs, 15, 28–29, 82, 139, 150
See also Balad Air Base; Gulf War
Iraqi military, disbanding of, 111
Iraqi Special Operations forces, 165
Iryani, Abdul Ghani al-, 462, 463, 464
ISAF. See International Security Assistance Force
ISI. See Inter-Services Intelligence
Islam, Sheikh Ahmed “Madobe” Mohammed, 195, 200, 225, 394–395, 488
Islamic Courts Union (ICU), 192–195, 195–196, 225
and al Qaeda, 207, 209
and al Shabab, 196, 209
and CIA, and Somali warlord program, defeat of, 200–201, 201–203
and Ethiopian US-backed invasion of Somalia, 203–206, 206–209
and Siad, Yusuf Mohammed, 224
and targeted killings/drone strikes, in Somalia, 219–223
See also Militant organizations
Islamic Courts Union leaders
hunt for, 206, 223–226
and targeted killings/drone strikes, in Somalia, 219–223
Islamic Jihad, 62
rendition and torture of members of, 124
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, 252
Islamic Network, 289
Islamic Organization of North America (IONA), 288
Islamic Thinkers Society, 288
Isse, Mohamed Ali, 128
Jacoby, Lowell, 97, 158–159
Jaffer, Jameel, 514–515
JAG (Judge Advocate General’s Corps) lawyers, 156
Jama, Abdulkareem, 485
Jama’at al Tawhid wa’al Jihad, 112
Jamadi, Manadel al-, 157
Jamal, Abdul Rezzaq al-, 363, 463–464
Jawbreaker (CIA team), 22
Jessen, Bruce, 88, 154
Jihad Recollections (Kahn; online PDF magazine), 290
JIMAS (Association to Revive the Way of the Messenger), 37
conference, United Kingdom, 67–68
Johnsen, Gregory, 358, 380, 398, 399
and Arab Spring, 432
and Yemen, 130–131
Johnson, Jeh, 303, 312–313, 519
Joint Personnel Recovery Agency (JPRA), 86–88
and interrogation and torture/techniques, 87–88
Personnel Recovery Academy, 87
Joint Prioritized Effects List (JPEL), 167, 331
Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC), 48–57, 96, 100–101
and abuse of power, 142–143
and Afghanistan, night raids in
in Afghanistan, 138, 331, 332, 333
and al Qaeda, 53, 237
and al Shabab, 276–277, 490
and Awlaki, Abdulrahman, 509
and Awlaki, Anwar, drone strike against, failure of, 454
and Awlaki, Anwar, killing of, 498–500
and bin Laden at Abbottabad compound, 437–438, 439, 443, 452
“black” detainee program guidelines, 148
and Black Hawk Down incident, 55–56
and Blackwater, 177, 178
and Blackwater-CIA-JSOC covert action, in Pakistan, 251–253
and clandestine action, 282
and congressional oversight, 252
and conventional military in Iraq, relationship with, 142
counterinsurgency doctrine (COIN), undermining of, 329–331
and Davis incident, 416–418
and detainee operations, 151, 331
and drone strikes, 251, 284, 358
expansion of authority of, 297
and functioning command structure, 103
and Gardez raid/massacre, 344, 347
and global manhunt, 169–172
High Value Target Task Force, 115
and hit list/HVTs, 179, 325, 331, 333, 351, 352
and ICU leaders, hunt for, 223–226
increased presence of, 355
intelligence division (see the Activity)
and interrogation and torture/techniques, 86–87, 91
and Iran, 138
and Iraq, 105–107, 113–115, 124, 129, 142, 174
and Joint Prioritized Effects List, 331
and JSOC-CIA divide, 170–171, 297, 350, 353, 388
and JSOC-ization of US counterterrorism policy, 350–351
and “Kill TV,” 303
and kill/capture center at Balad Air Base, 162, 166
and kill/capture operations, 113–114, 167
legality of operations, 182–183
and Maersk Alabama, hijacking of, 275–276
and Majalah massacre, 307–309
and McChrystal, reorganization of, 108, 110
and military and intelligence law, gray areas of, 92–94
missions of, 51–54
MLE as cover for, 170–171
and night raids, in Afghanistan, 331, 332 (see also Gardez raid/massacre)
and Obama, 329
and Obama, prized ninjas of, 276
and Obama, transformation of, 259
and operations, expansion of, 297
and operations, intensification of, 350
and Pakistan, 168–169, 216, 217–218, 251, 406–413, 417–418
and Pakistan, HVTs in, 176, 177
as principal counterterrorism force, 114
rendition program of, 182
rise to prominence of, 181–182
role of, 50
and Rumsfeld, reorganization of, 98
and Rumsfeld, transformation of, 54–55, 57
and Schultz report, 55–57
and Screen Hunter, 176
secrecy of, 329
and secret informant “Hunter,” 180–184
in Somalia, 124, 201, 219–223, 223–226, 294–297, 470, 476
and surveillance drones, 173–174
and targeted killings/drone strikes, and Nabhan, Saleh Ali, 295–296, 297
and targeted killings/drone strikes, in Somalia, 219–223, 294–297
and targeted killings/drone strikes, in Yemen, 303–304, 307–309 (see also Majalah massacre; Gardez raid/massacre)
training, 51
and unified task force in Afghanistan and Iraq, 138
in Uzbekistan, 252
and Vibrant Fury, 179
and Warsame, capture of, 453
and Yemen, 284, 303–304, 307–309, 321, 322, 387–389
and Yemen, expansion of SOFs in, 261–262
and Zarqawi, targeted death of, 179
Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) Task Force
at Camp NAMA, 147, 148–150, 151, 152
at Camp NAMA, code names for, 147
success of, 174–175
Joint Test Directorate, 49
Joint Unconventional Warfare Task Force (JUWTF) Execute Order, 282–283
Jones, James, 328
Jost, Aaron W., 386
JPEL. See Joint Prioritized Effects List
JPRA. See Joint Personnel Recovery Agency
JSOC. See Joint Special Operations Command
JSOC-CIA divide, 170–171, 297, 350, 353, 388
Judge Advocate General’s Corps (JAG) lawyers, 156
JUWTF Execute Order. See Joint Unconventional Warfare Task Force Execute Order
K2 (secret US base, Uzbekistan), 17
Kane, David, 70
Kansteiner, Walter, 122
Kanwal, Shumaila, 421, 428
Kappes, Stephen, 259–260
Karadzic, Radovan, 52
Karzai, Hamid, 387
Kasi, Mir Aimal, 27
Katz, Ian, 425
Kayani, Ashfaq Parvez, 216, 411, 427
Kazemi, Saleh Mohammed Ali al-, 303, 307, 311–312
Kebriaei, Pardiss, 368, 372–373, 401
Kelley, Jeremy, 345
Kenya, 79, 123, 477
al Qaeda in, 122
US embassy in, bombing of, 6, 119, 125–126, 196–197, 198
Kenyan Anti-Terrorism Police Unit, 295
Kerry, John, 423–424, 425
Khaleel, Ziyad, 36
“the Khalifa.” See Noor, Abdulkadir Moalin
Khan, Chauhdry Nisar Ali, 458
Khan, Gul, 449
Khan, Samir, 287–291
and AQAP, 375–381
and Awlaki, Anwar, 289, 291, 380–381
blogs of, 289, 290
death of, as collateral damage, 500, 501–502
and FBI, 290
and Inspire magazine, 377–381
in Yemen, 290–291
Khan, Sarah, 287–288, 291, 376, 501–502
Khan, Zafar, 501–502
Khosroof, Muhsin, 211
Kibbe, Jennifer, 99
Kidnapping operations. See Kill/capture operations
Kill list doctrine, 332–334
Kill lists, 14, 117, 325–326, 351–352. See also Assassination operations; High value targets; Hit lists
“Kill TV,” 303
Kill/capture operations, 24–25, 27, 95, 98, 107, 113–114
and CIA, and Somali warlord program, 118–121, 124, 127–129, 191–195
and Disposition Matrix, 514
and intelligence technology, 105
and JSOC, in Iraq, 113–114
and Obama, 245–246
in Pakistan, 406–408, 410, 411
See also Assassination operations; High value targets
Kilwi, Muhammad al-, 311
Kimball, Sam, 211
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 301–302
King, Peter, 502–503, 510
Kirby, John, 410
Klaidman, Daniel, 312–313, 371–372, 454
Kleinman, Steven, 87, 153–154
Koh, Harold, 303, 353, 371–372
Kohlmann, Evan, 240–241
Koran, 34, 38, 68, 132, 135, 136, 188, 197, 232, 290, 291, 479
Krongard, A. B. “Buzzy,” 18, 27
Kucinich, Dennis, 367–368, 503–504
Kuwaiti, Abu Ahmed al-, 435
Kuwaiti, Mariam al-, 446
Lackawanna Six, 76
Lang, Walter Patrick, 54, 97, 101, 258, 282
and AQAP, in Yemen, 259
and AQAP, threat posed by, 468
and Awlaki, Anwar, 325
and dark operations, 49–50
and Davis incident, 416
and Global War on Terror, 468
and Petraeus, 498
and Rumsfeld and Cheney, innovation risks of, 175
and Saleh, Ali Abdullah, 61, 65, 280–281, 387
Laos, 9
“Lawfulness of a Lethal Operation Directed Against a U.S. Citizen” (US Department of Justice), 514–515
Leaders. See Neoconservative leaders; Terrorist leaders
Lee, Barbara, 19–20
Leiter, Michael, 281, 401–402
Lethal authority, 5–7, 20
and Al Qaeda, 5, 18, 22–23
and bin Laden, 20–21, 22–23
See also Assassination ban; Assassination operations; Drone strikes
Lethal Findings, 21
Lethal force
against bin Laden, 126
and Maersk Alabama, hijacking of, 274–276
Levey, Stuart, 369
Levin, Carl, 83, 459
Libby, Lewis “Scooter”
and Bremer, 110
and Cheney, defense plan of, 7–8
and Iraq and 9/11–Saddam and al Qaeda connection, 81, 82
and Iraqi WMDs, 15
Liberia, 139, 198
Libi, Abu Layth al-, 289, 290
Libi, Ibn al-Shaykh al-, 28–29
Lieberman, Joseph, 286, 321
Lindh, John Walker, 28
Little, George, 425, 426
Lobe, Jim, 8
Lone, Salim, 194
Long, William, 260
Long-range facial recognition program, 173
The Looming Tower (Wright), 63
Luitingh, Lafras, 484, 485
Lumumba, Patrice, 5
Lute, Douglas, 216
Luther, Philip, 312
Luti, William, 82–83
Maass, Peter, 165
Macay, Phyllis, 482–483
Macgregor, Douglas, 100–101, 109–110
MacMahon, Edward, 71, 72, 73, 74
Madobe. See Islam, Sheikh Ahmed “Madobe” Mohammed
Maersk Alabama, hijacking of, 273–276
and Phillips as hostage, 274–276
Mahmud, Shaykh (aka Rahman, Atiya Abdul), 381
Majalah massacre, 303–313, 323, 358
and bin Fareed, 304–306
and bin Fareed, rally of, 309–311
and JSOC, 307–309
and Shaye, Abdulelah Haider, 307
US responsibility for, 311–313
Majalah massacre rally, 309–311
al Qaeda hijacking of, 311
Mal, Sayid Mohammed, 342
Maldonado, Daniel, 270–271, 289
Malik, Johari Abdul, 38, 46–47, 374
Mana’a, Faris, 212–213
Mangal, Abdul Rahman, 340
Mansur, Ahmad, 131
Marcinko, Richard, 50–51, 115–116
imprisonment of, 116
Marib Province
al Qaeda attacks in, 230–231
US drone strike in, 65–66, 75, 230–231
Martin, David, 207
Marxist Red Brigades, 51
Matchbox. See Copper Green
Mattis, James, 427, 464
Mayer, Jane, 146
Mazzetti, Mark, 282
McArthur (Blackwater antipiracy ship), 483
McCain, John, 107, 161, 237–238, 459, 469, 503, 515, 516
and Awlaki, Anwar, targeted killing of, 503
and McRaven, 469
and Obama, 245–246, 256
McCaul, Michael, 502
McChrystal, Herbert, 109
McChrystal, Stanley, 101–110, 237, 284
and Afghanistan, house raids in, 330
and Afghanistan, surge in, 328–329
and Balad Air Base, Iraq, interrogation and torture at, 161, 162
and bin Laden, hunt for, 166
and Camp NAMA, 148, 151, 156
and CFR fellowship paper, 104
and CFR military fellowship, 103–104
and CJTF, interrogation and torture, 104–105
and CJTF 180, and al Qaeda, fight against, in Afghanistan, 104–105, 106
as commander of International Security Assistance Force, 329
as commander of 3rd Battalion 75th Regiment and Rangers, 102–103, 108
as commander of US Special Operations Forces, in Afghanistan, 329, 342
and congressional briefings, 106–107
and conventional military in Iraq, relationship with, 142
and Counterinsurgency doctrine, and JSOC, undermining of, 329–331
and counterterrorism policy, expansion of, 261
and detainee operations, and JSOC, role in, 151
as director of the Joint Staff, 328
education and military career of, 102–107, 109–110
and F3EA: Find, Fix, Finish, Exploit, and Analyze, 145
and Gardez raid/massacre, 343
and Gulf War, 102
and insurgents, targeting of, 145–146
and Iraq insurgency, 113, 166
and Iraq insurgency, and AQI, 143–144
and JSOC, and kill/capture operations, 113–114
and JSOC, in Iraq, 105–107, 113–115
and JSOC, reorganization of, 108, 110
and JSOC, transformation of, 259
as JSOC commander, in Iraq, 113
and JSOC night raids, in Afghanistan, 331
and night raids, in Afghanistan, 347–348
and Obama administration, 258
and Pakistan, 168, 216
and Pakistan, HVTs in, 176
and Ranger training regime, revolutionizing and modernizing technology of, 102
resignation and retirement of, 348–349
and Saddam Hussein, capture of, 141
in Somalia, 201
and Special Operations Forces, in Iraq War, 107
and Taliban, support for, 331
and unified task force in Afghanistan and Iraq, 138
as vice director of operations for the Joint Staff, 106
and war against Islam, 110
and warrior scholar myth, 107–109
and Zarqawi, hunt for, 113, 166
and Zawahiri, hunt for, 175
McConnell, Mike, 250, 251, 256
McCormack, Sean, 193–194
McDonough, Dennis, 440
McGovern, Ray, 9
McKeeby, David, 409
McMahon, Colleen, 517–518
McRaven, Nan, 115
McRaven, William, 330
and Afghanistan, surge in, 328–329
and al Qaeda HVTs, strikes against, 236
and assassination policy, 352
and bin Laden, hunt for, 166
and bin Laden at Abbottabad compound, 420, 436–437, 439–441, 442, 443, 445–446, 449, 452
as commander of JSOC, 250, 344
as commander of SOCOM, 513
and counterterrorism policy, expansion of, 261
education and military career of, 115–117
and Gardez raid/massacre, apology for, 344–346
as head of SOCOM, 469
and Maersk Alabama, hijacking of, 276
and Obama, 276, 297
and Pakistan, 217
and Petraeus, 498
and Saddam Hussein, capture of, 140–141
and Saddam Hussein, hunt for, 140
and Saleh, Ali Abdullah, meeting between, 284
and targeted killings/drone strikes, 303, 307–308 (see also Majalah massacre)
and unified task force in Afghanistan and Iraq, 138
Meet the Press, 20
Mehsud, Baitullah, assassination of, 251
Meleagrou-Hitchens, Alexander, 134, 137
Menkhaus, Ken, 123, 476
Mercenary companies, 177–178. See also Blackwater; Private military contractors
Mesopotamia, al Qaeda in, 113
Meyers, Seth, 441
Mihdhar, Khalid al-, 37, 40
Militant organizations. See Al Qaeda; Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula; Al Shabab; Islamic Courts Union
Military, US, reorganization of, 12–13
Military and intelligence law, and gray areas, 91–94
Military bureaucracy
circumvention of, 93
privatization of, 12
Military commanders, circumvention of, 93
Military dominance, 8
Military Liaison Elements (MLE), as cover for JSOC, 170–171
Miller, Geoffrey, 148, 155
“Mission Accomplished” speech (Bush, George W.), 111
Mladic, Ratko, 52
MLE. See Military Liaison Elements
Mobility 6, 50
Mogadishu, Battle of, 125
Mogadishu, Somalia, 55–56, 120, 194, 225
Al Shabab in, 277
al Shabab strike in, 491–492
and CIA, and warlord program, defeat of, 201–203
private security companies in, 485–486
Mohamed, Abdinasir, 300
Mohammad, Fashad, 157
Mohammad, Maulana Noor, 177
Mohammed, Abdullah Fazul, 223, 272, 294, 297, 487–488
and al Qaeda, 198–200
and al Shabab, 199–200, 298
and Black Hawk Down incident, 197–198
and CIA, and Somali warlord program, 199
death of, 489
and Dheere, 199
and Djibouti Agreement, 227
education of, 197
and Ethiopian occupation of Somalia, 226
and Hammami, 271
as HVT, 197
and Mombasa attacks, 119, 198–199
and Qanyare, 199
and US embassy, Kenya, bombing of, 119, 196–197, 198
and US embassy, Tanzania, bombing of, 119, 196–197, 198
Mohammed, Omar Bakri, 292
Mohsen, Ali, 462
Mombasa attacks, 119, 198–199
Moore, Joseph, 212
Morell, Mike, 436, 442
Morrell, Geoff, 410–411
Motel 6 (interrogation facility), 147
Moussaoui, Zacarias, 28
Mubarak, Hosni, 308, 430, 431
Mueller, Robert, 63, 72
and Awlaki, Anwar, interrogation of, 187
and Saleh, Ali Abdullah, 64
Mugisha, Nathan, 485
Muhajir, Abu Abdullah al-, 493
Muhammad, Abdulhakim Mujahid (aka Carlos Bledsoe), 260–263
and drive-by shooting at Arkansas recruitment center, 260–261
and FBI interrogation, 260
Mullen, Michael, 410, 427
and Afghanistan, 282
and al Qaeda, 256, 263
and Majalah massacre, 308–309
and McChrystal, resignation of, 349
and Yemen, 321
Muller, Scott, 156
Multi-National Security Transition Command–Iraq, 164
Multilateralism, 8
Mumbai bombings, 413
Muntasir, Abu, 37
Muse, Abduwali, 482
Muse, Kurt, 53
Musharraf, Pervez, 169, 216, 217, 245
Muslim and Arab communities, government harassment of, 43–44
Muslim Association of Britain, 134
Muslim Brotherhood, 134, 188
Muslimpad, 289
Mutallab, Alhaji Umaru, 317, 320
Myers, Richard, 908
Nabhan, Saleh Ali Saleh, 119, 198, 272, 396, 470
and CIA, and Somali warlord program, 199, 200
and Djibouti Agreement, 227
and Ethiopian occupation of Somalia, 226
and Hammami, 271
JSOC, targeted killing of, 295–296, 297, 299
JSOC hunt for, 294
Nadari, Shaykh Harith al-, 187, 235, 456
Nairobi, US embassy in, 120, 198, 199
Nakhleh, Emile, 15, 65, 211, 322, 326, 363, 467–468
and Awlaki, Anwar, web sermons of, 234
Nance, Malcolm, 58, 86, 163–164
and Camp NAMA, 155, 157
and ICU, and US-backed Ethiopian invasion of Somalia, 209
and JSOC, and targeted killings/drone strikes, in Somalia, 295–296
and Somalia, 205
National Command Authority, 92
National Counterterrorism Center, 255, 281
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, 162
National Imagery and Mapping Agency, 95
National Missions Force, 98
National Reconnaissance Office, 95
National Security Act of 1947, 24
National Security Agency (NSA), 95, 99, 470, 471–472
and bin Laden at Abbottabad compound, 440
and Real Time Regional Gateway, 162
National Security Council, 29, 117, 325, 508
kill list, 351
National Security Decision Directive (NSDD), 51
National Security Presidential Directive, 17
National Security Presidential Directive-1 (NSPD-1), 16
National Security Presidential Directive-38 (NSPD-38), 171
National Security Service (NSS; Somalia), 472
National sovereignty, and assassination operations, 169
“National Strategy for Combating Terrorism” (Bush), 117
NATO, and Gardez raid/massacre, 338, 339, 340–341, 342, 343–344
Natural resources, dominance over, and neoconservatives, 8
Naval Postgraduate School, 116
Naval Special Warfare Development Group (DEVGRU), 51, 115, 438, 439
Navy SEALs. See US Navy SEALs
Naylor, Sean, 127, 199
Negroponte, John, 186, 207
Neoconservative leaders, 9. See also Cheney, Dick; Rumsfeld, Donald
Neoconservative movement
aims of, 9–10
beliefs of, 8
and Obama, cabinet selection of, 246
Neoconservatives
and Cheney, defense plan of, 8
and CIA, oversight changes in, 23–24
and McChrystal, 109
and natural resources, dominance over, 8
and shadow government, 7
New Mexico State University, 31
New York City Bar Association, Committee on International Human Rights, 149–150
Nicaragua, 11, 165
Night raids, 521
in Afghanistan, 332–334 (see also Gardez raid/massacre)
and anti-US sentiment, 518
escalation of, and Afghanistan insurgency, 349
and Taliban, support for, 348
Night Stalkers. See 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment
9/11 attacks
and Awlaki, Anwar, response of, 37, 39–40, 41–42, 43
exploitation of, 19
and hit list, 14
and war, right to declare, 19–20
Nixon, Richard, 9
Niyoyunguruza, Juvenal, 299
Nobel Peace Prize, and Obama, 301–302
Nodal analysis patterns of movement, 173
Noor, Abdulkadir Moalin (aka “the Khalifa”), 479–480
Noriega, Roger, 409–410
Norris, Molly, 379, 380
North, Oliver, 11, 165
Northern Virginia Paintball Jihad, 72
Northwest Flight 253 Christmas day bombing attempt, 317–321, 369, 378
NSA. See National Security Agency
NSDD. See National Security Decision Directive
NSPD-1. See National Security Presidential Directive-1
NSPD-38. See National Security Presidential Directive-38
NSS. See National Security Service
Nuhaas, Ibn, 137
Nur, Mohamed Ahmed, 494
Nur, Sheikh Aden Mohamed, 277
Obama, Barack, 169
and Afghanistan, 270, 284
and Afghanistan, surge in, 328–329
and Afghanistan strategy, 282
and African policy, 298
and al Qaeda, 248, 255–257, 294, 320–321
and al Shabab in Somalia, 271–272, 272–273
and AQAP bomb plot against US, 390
and assassination operations, 253
and assassination policy, 353–354
and Awlaki, Anwar, 237–238, 243, 354
and Awlaki, Anwar, hunt for, 401
and Awlaki, Anwar, killing of, 499–500, 501
and Awlaki, Anwar, strikes against, failure of, 314–316, 453–454
and Awlaki, Anwar as top terrorist, 269
and Awlaki, Nasser, letter from, 326–327
and bin Laden at Abbottabad compound, 435, 436, 437, 440, 441, 442–443, 444, 445, 446–447, 449, 450, 451–452
and bin Laden raid, protest over, 458
and Blackwater-CIA-JSOC covert action, in Pakistan, 252–253
and Bush, drone strike policies of, escalation and preservation of, 250, 251
and Bush-era counterterrorism policy, expansion of, 261, 516–517, 520
and Bush-era covert wars, expansion of, 248, 256, 259–260
and Bush-era detention policy, expansion of, 296
and Bush-era torture and detention programs, dismantling of, 248
cabinet selection of, 246
and Cheney, 247, 320
and CIA interrogation and torture/techniques, 245
and CIA-JSOC divide, 350–351
and clandestine action, 282–283
and counterinsurgency, in Afghanistan, 328–329
and counterterrorism policy, 246–247, 249–250, 295–297
and counterterrorism policy, expansion of, 261
and counterterrorism policy, reframing of, 297–298
and counterterrorism policy, SOFs role in, 355
and covert wars, US, 301–302
and Davis incident, 403, 404, 423, 424, 425
and drone program, 515–516
and first annual budget request, 298
foreign policy of, 244–247
and Global War on Terror, 468
and Guantánamo, and Yemeni prisoners, repatriation of, 323
and Guantánamo, and Yemeni prisoners, transfer of, 256, 257–258, 261
and Guantánamo prison break, 254
inauguration of (second term), 513
interrogation policy of, 261
and Israel, and right to defend against missile attacks, 519
and JSOC, 329
and JSOC, and clandestine action, 282
and JSOC, expansion of authority of, 297
and JSOC, in Somalia, 295–296
and JSOC, support for, 355
and JSOC, transformation of, 259
and JSOC-ization of US counterterrorism policy, 350–351
and JSOC operations, intensification of, 350
and JSOC/SOFs, admiration for, 276
and “just war” theory, 353
and kill/capture operations, 245–246
and Maersk Alabama, hijacking of, 274–276
and Majalah massacre, 308
and McCain, 245–246, 256
and McChrystal, resignation of, 349
and Musharraf, 245
Nobel Peace Prize speech of, 301–302
and piracy industry in Somalia, 482–483
Republicans’ attack on, 320–321
and Saleh, Ali Abdullah, 256, 257–258
and secret prisons/black sites, 294, 296, 473
and Shabwani incident, 357–358
and Shaye, 399
and Signature Strikes, 249, 352
and smart war, 515
and SOFs, increased presence of, 354–355
and Somalia, dual-track policy in, 474–475, 476, 477
and spy programs, in Pakistan, 250
and targeted killings/drone strikes, 295–296, 473
and targeted killings/drone strikes, and al Qaeda recruitment, 494
and targeted killings/drone strikes, expansion of, 513–514
and targeted killings/drone strikes, final authority over, 351–352
and targeted killings/drone strikes, in Pakistan, 248–250, 255, 352
and targeted killings/drone strikes, in Yemen, 78
and targeted killings/drone strikes, legality of, 517–518, 519–521
and US citizens, assassination strike against, 314–316, 325–326
and US citizens, assassination strike against, and Awlaki lawsuit against, 369–374, 392
and US embassy bombings, 236, 277
West Point speech of, 301
and Yemen, downplay of US role in, 321–322
and Yemen, expansion of SOFs in, 261–263
and Yemen, focus on, 269, 285–287
and Zinjibar siege, 464
Obama, Michelle, 513
Obama administration
and Afghanistan war, 258
and al Qaeda, in Yemen, 268
and AQAP, 321
and clandestine action, 282–283
and detainee policy, legality of, 519
and detainee policy, violation of, 453
and Saleh regime, weakening of, 465
and SOFs, expansion of, 283–284
and Yemen, assistance to, 386
O’Connell, Thomas, 141
Office of Combating Terrorism, 117
Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations/Low-Intensity Conflict, 170
Olson, Eric, 282, 442
Omar, Mullah Mohammed, 167, 174
160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (aka Night Stalkers), 51, 443
O’Neill, John, 63
O’Neill, Paul, 13
Operating Base Alpha, 139
Operation Black Hawk, 120–121
Operation Cannonball, 176
Operation Desert Shield, 102
Operation Desert Storm, 102
Operation Eagle Claw, 49, 50, 103
Operation Enduring Freedom, 23, 104
Operation Gothic Serpent, 125
Operation Green Quest, 46, 70
Operation Honey Badger, 49
Operation Infinite Reach, 126
Operation Just Cause, 53
Operation Neptune Spear, 440, 441
Operation Red Dawn, 141
Operation Troy, 499
Oversight, 16–17, 23–24. See also Congressional oversight, 59, 148
Pakistan, 328, 329
and Abbottabad compound (see under Bin Laden, Osama)
al Qaeda in, 114, 217–218, 255–256
Blackwater-CIA-JSOC covert action in, 251–253, 406–413
CIA in, 168–169, 255
and Davis incident, 403–407
drone strikes in, 177, 248–252, 255, 352, 406, 411, 412, 413, 421–422, 459, 519
earthquake (2005) in, 176
HVTs in, 175–177
insurgency in, 332
JSOC in, 168–169, 417–418
kill/capture operations in, 406–408, 410, 411
SOFs in, 215–218
and Special Ops/CIA reassigned to Iraq, 139
Taliban and al Qaeda targets in, 217–218
and US, relationship between, 427
and US “hot pursuit” arrangement, 216
US outsourcing of war in, 177
US spy programs in, 250
See also Inter-Services Intelligence
Panetta, Leon
and Afghanistan, 282
and al Qaeda, 256, 471
and Awlaki, Anwar, targeted killing of, 503
and Awlaki lawsuit, 369, 370
and bin Laden at Abbottabad compound, 435, 436, 441, 442, 446
and CIA, 352
and CIA-JSOC divide, 297
and Davis incident, 425–426
and Pakistan, drone strikes in, 249
and secret prisons/black sites, 294
Pasha, Ahmad Shuja, 413
Patterson, Anne, 217, 411
Paul, Ron, 503
Pavitt, James, 133
Pelosi, Nancy, 6, 89
Pentagon
and Camp NAMA, 156–157, 157–158
and CIA, conflict between, 30
and CIA, conflict between, and Iraq and 9/11–Saddam and al Qaeda connection, 81–84
and CIA, conflict between, and Pakistan, 217
luncheon, February 2002, 45
and Pakistan, HVTs in, 175
and SOFs, 98–99, 99–100
Perry, Jeff (pseud.), 152, 155–156, 156–157
Personnel Recovery Academy (JPRA), 87
PET. See Danish Intelligence Service
Petraeus, David, 427
and Afghanistan, 282
and al Qaeda HVTs, strikes against, 236
and AQAP, in Yemen, 258–259
and bin Laden at Abbottabad compound, 443
as CIA director, 498
as commander of CENTCOM, 236
and counterterrorism policy, expansion of, 261
and Iraq, destruction of, 179
and Iraq insurgency, 164
and JSOC operations, expansion of, 297
and Majalah massacre, 323
and McChrystal, replacement for, 349
and McChrystal, resignation of, 349
and Obama administration, 258
resignation of, 513
and Saleh, Ali Abdullah, meeting between, 322–323
and Salvadorization of Iraq, 165
and SOFs, authorization of direct actions by, 282–283
and Special Police Commando Unit, 165
and Yemen, aid to, 322
and Yemen, AQAP in, 262
Phillips, Richard, 274–276
Phoenix Program, in Vietnam, 114
Piracy industry, in Somalia
and al Shabab, 482, 483
and Maersk Alabama, hijacking of, 273–276, 482–483
and privatized counterpiracy company, 481–485
and Puntland region, 483–484, 485
and SV Quest, capture of, 482–483
Plausible deniability, 91
PNAC. See Project for the New American Century
Political Islam Strategic Analysis Program, CIA, 15
Political Security Organization (PSO), 185, 359
Pope Air Force Base, 51
Porter, Gareth, 114, 348
Posse Comitatus Act, 52
Powell, Colin
and Cheney, conflict between, 57
and Cheney, defense plan of, 8
diplomatic agenda of, 57–58
and Iraq and 9/11–Saddam and al Qaeda connection, 14–15
and Iraq war, case for, 29
and Rumsfeld, conflict between, 57
and SOFs, 99
and Somalia, 122
and Zarqawi, 113
Presidential authority, 9, 11, 24–25
Presidential power
and Cheney, assumption of, 59
and war, 3–4
and war, right to declare, 19–20
Priest, Dana, 105, 217, 351
Prince, Erik, 177, 408
and privatized counterpiracy company in Somalia, 481–485
and Saracen International, 484, 485
Prine, Carl, 109
Prisoners
abuse of, 104, 158–160
protection and treatment of, 29–30
See also Abu Ghraib prisoner-abuse scandal
Private military contractors, 23. See also Mercenary companies
Project for the New American Century (PNAC), 7, 8, 19
Project Icon, 95
Prosper, Pierre-Richard, 484
PSO. See Political Security Organization
Puntland region, 483–484, 485
Qaddafi, Muammar el-, 5, 431
Qamish, Galib al-, 187, 266
Qanyare, Mohamed Afrah, 191, 192, 193, 194
and CIA-backed alliance, 118–121, 124, 127
defeat of, 201
and Fazul, 199
and ICU, and US-backed Ethiopian invasion of Somalia, 208
and kill and capture campaign, 127–129
Qaradawi, Sheikh Yusuf al-, 39
Qasaylah, Ali Mahmud al-, assassination of, 230
Qirbi, Abu Bakr al-, 313, 363, 465
QRF. See Quick Reaction Force
Quick Reaction Force (QRF), 98
Qureshi, Shah Mahmood, 422, 458
Qusay Hussein, 111
Quso, Fahd al-, 305, 318, 467
Qutb, Sayyid, 188–189
Rage, Ali Mohamud, 299, 301, 395, 396, 487, 491
and Daynile offensive, 492
Rahman, Atiya Abdul. See Mahmud, Shaykh
Rahman, Omar Abdel, 36
Ramadan offensive (Al Shabab), 396–397
Rangers, 51, 102–103, 108, 115, 138, 143, 144, 145, 159, 175, 450
rules of engagement of, 169
Ras Kamboni, 195, 394
Reagan, Ronald
and assassination ban, 5
and JSOC, 51
and presidential authority, 11
Reagan administration, 11
Real Time Regional Gateway, NSA, 162
“Rebuilding America’s Defenses,” 19
Red Cross (International Committee of the Red Cross)
and Camp NAMA, 148
and Camp NAMA report, 158
and detainee policy, violation of, 453
and interrogation and torture/techniques, 89–90
Reed, Jack, 469
Rehman, Ibadur, 419
Reid, Harry, 509–510
Reid, Richard (aka “Shoe Bomber”), 28, 320
Rendition, 26–30, 182
of Islamic Jihad members, 125
and JSOC, 182
See also Secret prisons
Reno, Janet, 108
Republican Guard (Iraq), 165
Republican Guard (Yemen), 33, 211, 462
Republican Party, xv, 9, 18, 26, 36, 76, 89, 109, 110, 161, 169, 171, 215, 244, 246, 256, 301, 302, 314, 318, 319, 320, 353, 469, 503, 515, 516, 517, 520
Republicans, and Obama, attack on, 320–321
Rhodes, Ben, 446
Rice, Condoleezza, 94
and al Qaeda, lethal action against, 18
and al Qaeda/bin Laden, 14
and al Shabab, 226
and Awlaki, Anwar, imprisonment of, 186
and covert action, in Afghanistan, 16
and covert action, in Pakistan, 411
and drone strikes, in Yemen, 78
and interrogation and torture/techniques, 88
Rice, Susan, 324
Richer, Robert, 141
Riggle, Robert, 482–483
Rimi, Qasim al-, 210, 230–231, 324, 356
as detainee at Guantánamo, 254
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, al Qaeda attacks in, 130
Rizzo, John, 25
Robow, Mukhtar, 492
Rocca, Christina, 409–410
Rodriguez, Alberto, 421
Rodriguez, Jose, 25, 30, 81, 176
and interrogation and torture/techniques, 89
and Iraq and 9/11–Saddam and al Qaeda connection, 83
Rolling Stone magazine, 349
Rome Statute, 8–9
Rove, Karl, 246, 302
Rowley, Richard, 164
Rumsfeld, Donald, 218, 284, 518
and al Qaeda, 13–14
and al Qaeda resurgence, in Yemen, 131
and Balad Air Base, 162
and bin Laden, 13–14
and Black, firing of, 81
and Camp NAMA, 154, 156–157
and Church Committee, 10
and CIA, conflict between, 58–59, 92, 95–96, 97, 169, 171
and CIA, oversight changes in, 23–24
and CIA-JSOC divide, 170–171
and Clinton administration, criticism of, 4, 7, 126
and Concept of Operations for HVT exploitation, 154
and congressional briefings, 107
and congressional oversight, 9
and congressional testimony on torture of detainees in Iraq, 160–161
and Copper Green, 145–146
and covert action, 9–10
and covert vs. clandestine action, 138, 171
and de-Baathification process, 111
and Djibouti, secret base in, 78–79
and drone strikes, in Yemen, 76
global military campaign of, 59–60
global war plans of, 15–16
and hit list, 6–7
and insurgents, targeting of, 144
and international criminal court, 8–9
and interrogation and torture/techniques, 86, 87, 88, 91
and interrogation program, 85
and Iran-Contra scandal, 91
and Iraq, 3
and Iraq and 9/11–Saddam and al Qaeda connection, 14–15, 81–82, 84, 150
and Iraq insurgency, 162–163
and Iraq War, 129
and Iraqi insurgency, 111, 112
and Iraqi military, disbanding of, 111
and Iraqi WMDs, 82, 150
and Iraq/Saddam Hussein obsession, 13
and JPRA, 86
and JSOC, 48–49, 100–101
and JSOC, and global manhunt, 170, 171
and JSOC, and military and intelligence law, gray areas of, 92–94
and JSOC, legality of operations, 182–183
and JSOC, reorganization of, 98
and JSOC, transformation of, 54–55, 57
and kill/capture operations, 114
and military, reorganization of, 12–13
and military bureaucracy and commanders,
circumvention of, 93
as neoconservative leader, 9
and neoconservatives, and shadow government, 7
and 9/11 attacks, exploitation of, 19
and Pentagon, 98–99, 99–100
and Petraeus, 164
and Powell, conflict between, 57
and presidential authority, 9
and Reid, Richard (“Shoe Bomber”), 320
resignation of, 215
and Saddam Hussein, capture of, 141
secret program of, 30
and secret task force, success of, 174–175
and secret wars, 9–10
and Shelton, conflict between, 53, 57
and “snowflake” memos, 97
and SOCOM, 94
and SOFs, 56–57
and SOFs, and intelligence program, 95–96
and SOFs, plans for, 93–101
and SOFs, reorganization of, 98
and Somalia, 122
and Special Operations Command, reorganization of, 98
and SSB, 100–101
and unified task force in Afghanistan and Iraq, 138
and Yemen prison break, 210
Ruppersberger, Charles Albert “Dutch” III, 505
Rush, Bobby, 107
Rushdie, Salman, 379
Rustamyar, Ghulam Dastagir, 338
Sabir, Mohammed, 335–337, 339, 344, 346
US interrogation of, 337
Saddam Hussein, 5, 8
capture of, 140–141
Cheney/Rumsfeld obsession with, 13
and code name Black List One, 139–140
hunt for, 139–140
imprisonment of, 166
and WMDs, 15, 28–29, 150
See also Iraq and 9/11–Saddam and al Qaeda connection
Sadr, Moqtada al-, 112, 141
Salahuddin Center, 200
Saleh, Ahmed Ali Abdullah, 32–33, 462
Saleh, Ali Abdullah, 61–66, 384
and al Qaeda, 62, 65–66
and al Qaeda, collusion between, 210–214
and al Qaeda resurgence, 130–133
and Arab Spring, 430–432, 460
and Awlaki, Anwar, imprisonment of, 186–187, 187–188, 190
and bin Fareed, 304
and drone strikes, in Yemen, 76, 77, 79
and Guantánamo, and Yemeni prisoners, transfer of, 256, 257–258, 259
and Houthi rebellion, 131–132, 280
and Iran, propaganda campaign against, 230
and Kappes, meeting with, and AQAP, 259–260
and Majalah massacre, 308, 313, 323
and mujahedeen-Soviet Afghan war, 62
and Obama, 256, 257–258
and Petraeus, meeting between, 322–323
and Shabwani incident, 357–358
and Shaye, 398–399
and terrorist rehabilitation program, 132, 256, 257, 260
and Townsend, interview with, 212–213
and US (Bush administration), deal between, 63–66, 211–212
and US funds, request for, 280
and US (Obama administration), deal between, 236–237, 262, 279–281, 284, 322–323, 356, 359–360, 386, 388–389
and US spy drone Scan Eagle, 230
and USS Cole bombing, 61, 62–63, 65–66, 132–133
and weakening of regime, 465
and Yemen prison break, 210–214
and Zinjibar siege, 462
Saleh, Ammar Muhammad Abdullah, 262
Saleh, Yahya, 235
Salim, Suleiman Ahmed Hemed, 127
Salopek, Paul, 128
“Salt Pit” (secret prison), 26
Salvador Option. See Salvadorization of Iraq
Salvadorization of Iraq (aka Salvador Option), 165
Salve Regina University, 102
San Diego State University, 35
Sana’a, Yemen, US embassy in, bombing of, 235–236
Sana’a University, 184
Sanaullah, Rana, 428
Sanchez, Ricardo, 140–141, 142
SAP. See Special Access Program
Saracen International, 484–485
Sattler, John, 79
Saudi Arabia
al Qaeda in, 130, 278–279
and Guantánamo, and Yemeni prisoners, transfer of, 259
and Houthi rebellion, 131–132
most wanted list in, 278
terrorist rehabilitation program in, 254, 278
US secret air base in, 465
and Yemen, collusion between, 254–255
Savage, Charlie, 11
Saweri, Saleh al-, 387
Scan Eagle (US spy drone), 230
Scarborough, Rowan, 150
Scharping, Rudolf, 122
Scheuer, Michael, 133, 176, 236
Schloesser, Jeffrey, 59
Scholarship program for foreign students, 34
Schoomaker, Peter, 56
Schroen, Gary, 22
Schultz, Richard, 55–57
Schultz report, 55–57
Schwarzkopf, Norman, 53
Scowcroft, Brent, 8, 15, 95
Screen Hunter, 176
SEALs. See US Navy SEALs
Seche, Stephen, 262, 312
Secret bases
in Saudi Arabia, 465
in Uzbekistan, 17
See also individual bases
Secret prisons, 25–26
in Ethiopia, 128
and Obama, 294
in Somalia, 294–295, 296–297, 470, 471–473
See also Black sites; Extraordinary rendition; Interrogation and torture/techniques; Rendition
Secret wars, 12
and neoconservative movement, 9–10
Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, 3
SERE program. See Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape program
Shaalan, Hazim, 165
Shabwani, Ayad al-, 324
Shabwani, Ibrahim al-, 358
Shabwani, Jabir al-, 357–358
Shaffer, Anthony (alias Chris Stryker), 138–139
and Bagram Air Base, 167, 168
and Blackwater, 177
and Camp NAMA, 148
and Copper Green, 146
and Davis incident, 406, 415, 417
and Pakistan, 169, 216
and Pakistan, HVTs in, 175, 176
Shah, Wali Khan Amin, 27
Shamo Hotel bombing, 299–301
Shamshad, Faheem (aka Muhammad Faheem), 415, 418–419, 420, 421, 428
Shanklin, Michael, 484, 485
Sharabuddin, Hajji, 336, 341–342, 345–346 (see also Gardez raid/massacre)
Sharabuddin, Mohammed Daoud, and family, 334–342
Sharaf, Kamal, 306, 382, 383–384
Sharif, Sheikh (Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed), 193, 196, 202–203, 270, 476, 490
and al Shabab, 491
and Clinton, Hillary, 277
and ICU, and US-backed Ethiopian invasion of Somalia, 206
and return to power, 227
and Saracen International, 484–485
and Shamo Hotel bombing, 300
US support for, 226
Shaye, Abdulelah Haider, 306–307
and Awlaki, Anwar, interviews with, 307, 315–316, 318–319, 360–363
capture, torture, and imprisonment of, 382–385
conviction and imprisonment of, 398–400
and Majalah massacre, 307, 308
Shelby, Richard, 3
Shelton, Hugh, 443
and Gardez raid/massacre, 346–347
and Iraq and 9/11–Saddam and al Qaeda connection, 14–15
and JSOC, 52
and Maersk Alabama, hijacking of, 275
and Rumsfeld, and JSOC, transformation of, 54–55
and Rumsfeld, conflict between, 53, 57
and SOCOM, 52
Shiffrin, Richard, 88
Shihri, Said Ali al-, 256, 306, 314, 315, 356, 467
as detainee at Guantánamo, 254
Shinn, David, 123
Shirosaki, Tsutomu, 27
Shock and Awe campaign, 105
Siad, Mohammed Farah, 474
Siad, Yusuf Mohammed (pseud. Indha Adde or White Eyes), 191–193, 194, 488
and al Qaeda, 192, 224
and al Shabab, 196–197, 224
and Ethiopian occupation of Somalia, 226
and ICU, 224
and ICU, and US-backed Ethiopian invasion of Somalia, 208
militia of, 476–477
Signature Strikes, 249, 352, 516
Slocombe, Walter, 52
Smith, Greg, 340–341, 342
Smith, Jeffrey, 78
SMUs. See Special Mission Units
Snatch operations. See Extraordinary renditions
SOCOM. See Special Operations Command
SOFs. See Special Operations Forces
Soldier Readiness Processing Center, Fort Hood, 285
Somalia, 78, 79, 80, 118–129
and Ahlu Sunna Wal Jama, 478–480
AIAI attacks in, 121–122
al Qaeda in, 122–123, 139, 223, 255–256
and al Qaeda recruitment, and jihad, 228–229
and al Shabab (see Al Shabab in Somalia)
American Muslims in, as members of al Shabab, 270–272
and bin Laden, 124–125
and Black Hawk Down incident, 54, 55–56
CIA counterterrorism center in, 470
CIA counterterrorism program in, 470–473
CIA in, 475, 476
and Clinton, 125–126
cruise missile attacks in, 226
destruction of, 126–127
Ethiopian occupation of, 224–226, 227–228
Ethiopian US-backed invasion of, 203–206, 206–209
HVTs in, 119, 120–121
ICU leaders in, hunt for, 223–226
insurgency, 208
JSOC in, 476
JSOC targeted killings/drone strikes in, 294–297
militia in, and Siad, Yusuf Mohammed, 476–478
piracy industry in, 273–276, 481–485
and Prince, and privatized counterpiracy company in, 481–485
secret prison in, 294–295, 296–297, 470, 471–473
Somali Americans in, 273
suicide bombings/bombers in, 206, 223, 225, 271, 272, 277, 294, 299, 397, 474, 488
targeted killings/drone strikes in, 219–223
and US, counterterrorism partnership between, 470–471
US-backed government of, 224
US counterpiracy incursion in, 482
US dual-track policy in, 474–475, 476, 477
US military aid to, 476
See also Al Shabab in Somalia; AMISOM
Somalia warlord program, CIA
and bin Laden, 191–195, 198
US campaign to fund, 193–194
and warlords, brutality of, 193
and warlords, hatred for, 195
warlords (see Dheere, Mohamed; Qanyare, Mohamed Afrah; Siad, Yusuf Mohammed)
Soufan, Ali, 28–29, 62, 63
Southern Ace, 480, 485
Special Access Program (SAP), 145–146, 150, 151, 307. See also Copper Green
Special Mission Units (SMUs), 98, 108–109, 181. See also Delta Force; US Navy SEALs
Special Operations Command (SOCOM), 52–53, 53–54, 93, 114, 175, 411
and find, fix, and finish operations, 171–172
McRaven as commander of, 469, 513
reorganization of, 98
and surveillance drones, 173
and Yemen, 322
Special Operations Forces (SOFs)
authorization of direct actions by, 282–283
and Camp NAMA, 147
and checkpoint shootings, 347
and Cheney, plans for, 93–101
and CIA, 59
and clandestine action, 282–283
and Clinton administration, 126
and counterterrorism policy, role in, 355
and covert action, 96–97, 101
expansion of, 283–284
expansion of, in Yemen, 261–263
and Gardez raid/massacre, responsibility for, 335–336, 337, 340
and HUMINT operations, 171
increased presence of, 354–355
and intelligence program, 95–96
in Iraq War, 107, 139
McChrystal as commander of, 342
and night raids, in Afghanistan, 347–348
number of operators in, 58
and Obama, admiration for, 276
in Pakistan, 139, 215–218
and the Pentagon, 98–99, 99–100
reassigned to Iraq, from Pakistan, 139
role of, 53
and Rumsfeld, plans for, 93–101
and Rumsfeld, reorganization of, 98
and Schultz report, 56–57
See also Covert action; individual units
Special Operations/Low Intensity Conflict program, 116
Special Police Commando Unit (aka Wolf Brigade), 165
Special Tactics Squadron, 51
SSB. See Strategic Support Branch
Starkey, Jerome
and Gardez raid/massacre, and McRaven, apology of, 344–346
and Gardez raid/massacre, investigation of, 339–342, 342–343
Starr, Barbara, 207
Status of Forces agreements, 25
Steele, James, 164–165
Stevens, John, 136
Stone, Kathryn, 101
Storm, Morten (aka Murad Storm), 291–293, 379
and Awlaki, Anwar, 291, 292–293, 364–366
and CIA, 292, 293
and PET, 292, 293
Strategic Support Branch (SSB), 95–96, 100–101
Stratus Ivy task force, 139
Stryker, Chris. See Shaffer, Anthony
Sudan, 6, 20, 21, 62, 79, 125, 126, 198, 262, 294, 332
Suicide bombers/bombings, 164
in Afghanistan, 412
by Americans, 271, 396
and Awlaki, Anwar, 264, 267, 318
in Iraq, 112, 165
and Somalia/al Shabab, 206, 223, 225, 271, 272, 277, 294, 299, 397, 474, 488
in Yemen, 230–231, 308
Suleman, Rao Qamar, 450
Sumali, Mohammed al-, 461–463, 464–465
Supreme Council of Islamic Courts of Somalia (aka the Courts), 193
Surveillance drones, 172–174
and CTTL, 173
and nodal analysis patterns of movement, 173
and “The Unblinking Eye,” 172–173
See also Drone strikes
Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE) program, 86–91
at Camp NAMA, 151, 152, 153–154, 155
and interrogation and torture/techniques, 86–91, 151, 152, 153–154, 155
SV Quest (personal yacht), 482–483
Tactical Operations Center, 168
TADS. See Terrorist Attack Disruption Strikes
Taguba, Antonio, 160
Tahir, Mohammed, 334–335, 336, 346
Takeover: The Return of the Imperial Presidency and the Subversion of American Democracy (Savage), 11
Taliban, 3
in Afghanistan, 328
and Gardez raid/massacre, 334
in Pakistan, 217–218
support for, and McChrystal, 331
support for, and US nights raids, 348
See also Assassination operations; individual leaders; Terrorist leaders
Taliban leaders, 167. See also individual leaders
Tanzania, US embassy in, bombing of, 6, 119, 125–126, 196–197, 198
Targeted killings/drone strikes
and al Qaeda recruitment, 494
legality of, 517–518, 519–521
of Nabhan, Saleh Ali, 295–296, 297
and Obama, final authority over, 351–352
and Shabwani incident, 357–358
in Somalia, 219–223, 294–297
against US citizens, 314–316, 325–327, 367–369, 369–374, 391–392, 505
against US citizens, legality of, 517–518, 519–521
in Yemen, 303–304, 307–309, 324, 356–357 (see also Majalah massacre; Gardez raid/massacre)
See also Assassination operations; Drone strikes
Task Force 5, 138
Task Force 20, 105–107, 113–115, 138, 147
Task Force 88, 206
Task Force 121, 138, 140, 147
Task Force 145, 147
Task Force 150, 122, 230
Task Force 6-26, 147, 159
Task Force Black, 144–145
Task Force Central, 144
Task Force North, 144
Task Force West, 144
Taylor, Charles, 198
TECS II. See Treasury Enforcement Communications System
Tenet, George J., 85
and al Qaeda, 13–14
and al Qaeda, lethal action against, 18
and Awlaki, Anwar, interrogation of, 187
and bin Laden, 13–14
and covert action, and al Qaeda, 17
and drone strikes, 17–18
and drone strikes, in Yemen, 76
and Iraq and 9/11–Saddam and al Qaeda connection, 83
and Saleh, Ali Abdullah, 64
Terrorist Action Team, 50
Terrorist Attack Disruption Strikes (TADS), 352
Terrorist leaders. See Al Qaeda leaders; Al Shabab leaders; Islamic Courts Union leaders; individual leaders; Taliban leaders
Terrorist rehabilitation program, 132, 254, 256, 257, 260, 278
TFG. See Transitional Federal Government
Theater Special Operations Commands, 98
Tillman, Pat, 349
Timimi, Ali al, 71–73
Top Secret America (Arkin and Priest), 105
Tora Bora, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, 81, 434–435
Torture. See Interrogation and torture/techniques
“Torture Memos,” 25
“Torture taxis,” 27
Townsend, Frances, 212–213, 456
Traditional Military Activities, 92
Transitional Federal Government (TFG), 226
Treadway, Brad, 322
Treasury Enforcement Communications System (TECS II), 69
Tremblay, Eric, 338
Trump, Donald, 441
Turki, Hassan, 393, 394
UAE. See United Arab Emirates
Uday Hussein, 111
Uganda, 272
World Cup fan bombings, 395
UN Baghdad headquarters bombings, 112–113
UN Monitoring Group, 485
“The Unblinking Eye” (drone stakeout), 172-173
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 481, 484, 485
United Kingdom, 67–68, 519
Awlaki, Anwar, in, 134–137
United Nations, 8
and Gardez raid/massacre, investigation of, 337, 339, 340
University College of London, 317
University of Minnesota, 32
University of Nebraska, 32
University of Texas, 115
Unlawful combatants, 148
Urban, Mark, 162, 166
US Agency for International Development (USAID), 33
US citizens
assassination strikes against, 314–316, 325–327, 367–369, 369–374, 391–392, 505, 517, 518 (see also Awlaki, Abdulrahman; Awlaki, Anwar; Khan, Samir)
”Lawfulness of a Lethal Operation Directed Against a U.S. Citizen” (US Department of Justice), 514–515
recruitment of, by al Shabab, 297
as suicide bombers, 271, 396
US Congress. See Congress, US
US Department of Defense, 85–86
US Department of Justice
and assassination ban, 6
and CIA interrogation and torture/techniques, 244–245
“Lawfulness of a Lethal Operation Directed Against a U.S. Citizen,” 514–515
and lethal authority, 6
US Department of Labor, 36
US Department of State, 29, 409, 508
US Department of the Treasury, 190, 369
US election 2000, 36
US election 2008, 237–238
US embassy, Kenya, bombing of, 6, 125–126
and Fazul, 119, 196–197, 198
US embassy, Nairobi, 120
bombing of, 198, 199
US embassy, Sana’a, Yemen, bombing of, 235–236
US embassy, Tanzania, bombing of, 6, 125–126
and Fazul, 119, 196–197, 198
US embassy bombings, 6, 277
US intelligence
and Awlaki, Anwar, web sermons of, 233, 234–235, 238, 239–241
See also FBI; CIA
US intelligence law, and gray areas, 91–93
US military
and Gardez raid/massacre, version of, 338
kill list, 351
reorganization of, 12–13
US military aid
to Somalia, 476
to Yemen, 64–65, 236, 322
US Naval War College, 102
US Navy SEAL Team 3, 116
US Navy SEAL Team 4, 116
US Navy SEAL Team 5, 157
US Navy SEAL Team 6, 50–51, 98, 103, 108–109, 115, 116
and bin Laden raid and killing, at Abbottabad compound, 437–441, 441–450, 451–452
and Maersk Alabama, hijacking of, 275–276
US Navy SEALs
in Pakistan, 217–218
and piracy industry in Somalia, 483
and prisoner deaths, 157
Special Naval Warfare Group I, 116
US-Yemen joint operations, 307
USAID. See US Agency for International Development
USS Ashland, 230
USS Bainbridge, 274–275
USS Boxer, 274, 453
USS Cole bombing in Yemen, 16, 61, 62–63, 65–66, 130–131, 466, 467
and Quso, Fahd al-, 305, 318
and Yemen and al Qaeda suspects, 132–133, 210, 213
USS Halyburton, 274
USS Mount Whitney, 79
USSOCOM, 114
Uzbekistan, 17, 252
Van Tonder, Edgar, 480
“Vanilla” Special Forces, 50
Vibrant Fury, 179
Vickers, Michael, 282, 356–357, 436, 441, 491
Vietnam, 114
Vietor, Thomas, 508
Vinnell Corporation, 130
Volman, Daniel, 298
War
and presidential power, 3–4
right to declare, 19–20
War against Islam, 110
War Council, 24, 29
War on terror, 27, 30, 47, 54, 113, 193–194, 320, 384
War Powers Act, 9–10
Wardak, Aziz Ahmad, 338
Warlords, Somali
and bin Laden, 198
brutality of, 193
and CIA alliance, 191–195
hatred for, 195
US campaign to fund, 193–194
See also Dheere, Mohamed; Qanyare, Mohamed Afrah; Siad, Yusuf Mohammed
Warsame, Ahmed Abdulkadir, 454
and Awlaki, Anwar, 498–499
capture of, 453
Waterboarding, 89. See also Interrogation and torture/techniques
Waugh, Billy, 21
Wazir, Payo Jan, 218
Weaponized drones, 172. See also Drone strikes
Weapons of mass destruction. See WMDs
Webb, Marshall B. “Brad,” 442
West, Tony, 370
West Point, 109
Whitman, Bryan, 295
Wild West Domains, 287
Wilkerson, Lawrence, 21, 58
and Camp NAMA, 148
and Cheney, and presidential power, assumption of, 59
and Iraqi WMDs, 82
and JSOC, and abuse of power, 142–143
and JSOC, secrecy of, 329
and SOFs, 93, 94, 95, 99–100
WMDs (weapons of mass destruction), 417
and Iraq, 15, 28–29, 82, 139, 150
Wolf, Frank, 72
Wolf Brigade. See Special Police Commando Unit
Wolfowitz, Paul and Bremer, 110
and Cheney, defense plan of, 7–8
and drone strikes, in Yemen, 77
and Iraq and 9/11–Saddam and al Qaeda connection, 14–15, 82, 84
and JSOC, and global manhunt, 170
and 9/11 attacks, exploitation of, 19
and Somalia, 123
and Steele, 164
Woodward, Bob, 13–14
World Bank, 64
World Cup fan bombings, in Uganda, 395
Wright, Lawrence, 63
Wuhayshi, Nasir al- (aka Abu Basir), 210, 230–231, 306, 314, 315, 379, 467
and AQAP, 255
and Awlaki, Anwar, 381
as detainee at Guantánamo, 254
and Saleh, Ali Abdullah, 213
Wyden, Ron, 505
Yarmad, Merza Mohammed, 344
Yazeed, Abu, 377
Yemen, 32–33
and al Qaeda, recruitment in, 358
and al Qaeda, resurgence of, 130–133
al Qaeda in, 62, 64, 65, 66, 122, 210–214, 235–237, 255–256, 257, 268, 269, 304–305
AQAP in, 258–260, 262–263, 269, 281, 284, 298, 323–324, 386–389
and Arab Spring, 430–432
and Awlaki, Anwar, and US pressure to arrest, 234–235
and Awlaki, Anwar, indictment against, 391
and Awlaki, Anwar, surveillance of, 184–185, 187
CIA in, 387–388
cruise missile attacks in, 303–313, 358–359, 361, 376, 385, 500
drone strikes in, 75–80, 324, 465, 520–521
and Houthi rebellion, al Qaeda and Saudi support for, 131–132
JSOC in, 284, 303–304, 307–309, 321, 322, 387–389
Khan, Samir, in, 290–291
and mujahedeen-Soviet Afghan war, 62
prison break, 210–212
and public responsibility for US strikes, 357
and Saudi Arabia, collusion between, 254–255
SOFs in, expansion of, 261–263
suicide bombers/bombings in, 230–231, 308
targeted killings/drone strikes in, 284, 303–304, 307–309, 324, 356–357 (see also Gardez raid/massacre)
and terrorist rehabilitation program, 132, 256, 257, 260
US aid/assistance to, 64–65, 236, 322, 386
as US counterterrorism focus, 285–287
and US drone strikes as terrorism, 466
US embassy in, bombing of, 235–236
US flyover rights in, 262
US military trainers in, 64–65, 66
US role in, downplay of, 321–324
and US spy drone Scan Eagle, 230
US unilateral campaign in, 280–281
USS Cole bombing in, 16, 61, 62–63, 65–66, 130–131, 210, 213
and Yemeni and al Qaeda suspects, treatment of, 132–133
and Yemeni tribal system, and AQAP, 465–467
and Zinjibar siege, 460–465
Yemen Air Force, Special Operations Forces Command training missions with, 323
Yemen Special Operations, and AQAP, 387–389
Yoo, John, 24
Yousef, Ramzi, 27
Yusuf, Mohammed, 206
Yusufzai, Rahimullah, 177
Zabara, Mullah. See Abdulsalam, Ali Abdullah
Zaeef, Mullah Abdul Salem, 348
Zahir, Mohammed Saranwal, 335
Zardari, Asif Ali, 216, 422–423, 458
Zarqawi, Abu Musab al-, 112, 143–144, 157, 289, 290
and Abu Ghraib prisoner-abuse scandal, 163
“Abu Musab al-Zarqawi Slaughters an American,” 163
and Berg, execution of, 163–164
hunt for, 166
and Iraq and 9/11–Saddam and al Qaeda connection, 113
and Iraqi Shiite and Sunni Muslims, targeting of, 178–179
as JSOC number one target, 113
and JSOC targeted assassination/strike, 179
and network funding, 164
Zawahiri, Ayman al-, 23, 62, 223, 362, 379, 412, 434
and Fazul, 487
hunt for, 175
and Zarqawi, warning to, 178–179
Zelin, Aaron, 377, 378, 381
Zenawi, Meles, 207, 225
Zero Dark Thirty, 452
Zindani, Abdul Majeed al-, 36, 68, 306
Zinjibar, Yemen, siege, 460–465
ТЕЛЕГРАМКанал с обзорами, анонсами новинок и книжными подборками
Книжный Вестник
Бот для удобного поиска книг (если не нашлось на сайте)
Поиск книг
Свежие любовные романы в удобных форматах
Любовные романы
Детективы и триллеры, все новинки
Детективы
Фантастика и фэнтези, все новинки
Фантастика
Отборные классические книги
Классика
ВКОНТАКТЕБиблиотека с любовными романами, которая наверняка придётся по вкусу женской части аудитории
Любовные романы
Библиотека с фантастикой и фэнтези, а также смежных жанров
Фантастика
Самые популярные книги в формате фб2
Топ фб2
книги