Escape from Camp 14 - читать бесплатно онлайн полную версию книги автора Blaine Harden (ч. notes)

FOOTNOTES

1

Amnesty International, ‘Images Reveal Scale of North Korean Political Prison Camps’, 3 May 2011, http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/images-reveal-scale-north-korean-political-prison-camps-2011-05-03.

2

Kang Chol-hwan and Pierre Rigoulot, The Aquariums of Pyongyang (New York: Basic Books, 2001), 79.

3

These eyewitnesses, including Shin, have been interviewed by David Hawk, a researcher for the US Committee on Human Rights in North Korea. Their stories and satellite photos of the camps can be found in Hawk’s periodically updated report, ‘The Hidden Gulag: Exposing North Korea’s Prison Camps’, first published in 2003.

4

Korean Bar Association, ‘White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2008’ (Seoul: Korea Institute for National Unification, 2008).

5

American television journalists Laura Ling and Euna Lee spent nearly five months in North Korean prisons after crossing illegally into the country in 2009. They were released after former President Bill Clinton flew to Pyongyang and had his picture taken with Kim Jong Il.

6

Hyun-sik Kim and Kwang-ju Son, Documentary Kim Jong Il (Seoul: Chonji Media, 1997), 202, as cited in Ralph Hassig and Kongdan Oh, The Hidden People of North Korea (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009), 27.

7

Author interview with Chun Jung-hee, head nurse at Hanawon resettlement centre in South Korea. The government-funded centre has measured and weighed North Korean defectors since 1999.

8

Author interviews with defectors between 2007 and 2010. The system is also well described by Andrei Lankov in North of the DMZ (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2007), 67–69; and by Hassig and Oh in The Hidden People of North Korea, 198–99.

9

Details on the lifestyle of Kim Jong Il are gathered in Hassig and Oh, 27–35. See also Google Earth photographs compiled by Curtis Melvin, on his blog, North Korean Economy Watch, http://www.nkeconwatch.com/2011/06/10/friday-fun-kim-jong-ils-train/.

10

Andrew Higgins, ‘Who Will Succeed Kim Jong Il’, Washington Post (16 July 2009), A1.

11

Kang and Rigoulot, The Aquariums of Pyongyang, 100.

12

Kim Yong, Long Road Home (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009), 85.

13

Andrea Matles Savada, ed., North Korea: A Country Study (Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1993).

14

Yuk-Sa Li, ed., Juche! The Speeches and Writings of Kim Il Sung (New York: Grossman Publishers, 1972), 157. Quoted in the Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs 1, no. 1 (Spring 2003), 105.

15

Stephan Haggard and Marcus Noland, Famine in North Korea (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 175.

16

Wonhyuk Lim, ‘North Korea’s Economic Futures’ (Washington, DC, Brookings Institution, 2005).

17

Elmer Luchterhand, ‘Prisoner Behavior and Social System in the Nazi Camp’, International Journal of Psychiatry 13 (1967), 245–64.

18

Eugene Weinstock, Beyond the Last Path (New York: Boni and Gaer, 1947), 74.

19

Ernest Schable, ‘A Tragedy Revealed: Heroines’ Last Days’, Life (18 August 1958), 78–144. Cited by Shamai Davidson in ‘Human Reciprocity Among the Jewish Prisoners in the Nazi Concentration Camps’, The Nazi Concentration Camps (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1984) 555–72.

20

A Skinner box, developed by American psychologist B. F. Skinner, is an isolation chamber used to study and teach behaviour using rewards of food and water as reinforcements. In one such box, a rat learned how to press a lever to get food.

21

Terrence Des Pres, The Survivor: An Anatomy of Life in the Death Camps (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), 142.

22

Yong, Long Road Home, 106.

23

Park was excessively hopeful. The United Nations, which created a Special Rapporteur for North Korean human rights in 2004, has gained no traction in influencing the government in Pyongyang. Nor has it had much success in raising international awareness about the camps. North Korea adamantly refused to allow the UN’s human rights representative into the country and condemned his annual reports as plots to overthrow the government.

24

Yoonok Chang, Stephan Haggard, Marcus Noland, ‘Migration Experiences of North Korean Refugees: Survey Evidence from China’ (Washington: Peterson Institute, 2008), 1.

25

Lankov, North of the DMZ, 180–183.

26

See Daily NK, 25 October 2010, for a detailed description of the servi-cha system and another attempt by the government to try to shut it down.

27

Andrew S. Natsios, The Great North Korean Famine (Washington: United States Institute for Peace Press, 2001), 218.

28

Charles Robert Jenkins, The Reluctant Communist (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), 129.

29

Barbara Demick, Nothing to Envy (New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2009), 159–72.

30

Human Rights Watch, ‘Harsher Policies Against Border-Crossers’ (March 2007).

31

Lankov, North of the DMZ, 183.

32

Author interview in Seoul with officials from Good Friends, a Buddhist non-profit organization with informants based inside North Korea.

33

Chang et al, ‘Migration Experiences of North Korean Refugees’, 9.

34

Demick, Nothing to Envy, 163.

35

Rimjin-gang: News from Inside North Korea, edited by Jiro Ishimaru (Osaka: AsiaPress International, 2010), 11–15.

36

United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 12 (2), http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm.

37

Lee Gwang Baek, ‘Impact of Radio Broadcasts in North Korea’, speech at International Conference on Human Rights, 1 November 2010, http://www.ned.org/events/north-koreas-shifting-political-landscape/gwang-baek-lee.

38

Peter M. Beck, ‘North Korea’s Radio Waves of Resistance,’ Wall Street Journal (April 16, 2010).

39

Choe Sang-hun, ‘Born and Raised in a North Korean Gulag’, International Herald Tribune (9 July 2007).

40

Blaine Harden, ‘North Korean Prison Camp Escapee Tells of Horrors’, Washington Post (11 December 2008), 1. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/10/AR2008121003855.html.