Fast Food Nation

index

Acheson, David, 221

Acree, Terry, 126

Acuff, Dan S., 45

Adams, Richard, 100

Advertising: awards for, 87; for children, 40–49, 231, 243, 262, 267; of cigarettes, 262; McDonald’s spending on, 4; in public schools, 51–57; and television, 45–46

Advertising Age, 241

African-Americans, 156, 251, 268

AIDS, 196

Air Defense Command, U.S., 62

Air Force, U.S., 243

Air Force Academy, 62

Air Force Space Command, 1, 62

Alabama, 16

Alger, Horatio, 13

Alice in Wonderland, 40

Alka-Seltzer, 41

“Alliance for Workplace Safety,” 85

Amalgamated Butcher Workmen, 151

Ament, Don, 42

American Academy of Pediatrics, 46, 262

American Cancer Society, 242–43

American Coal Foundation, 55

American Food Service Corporation, 209

American Franchise Association, 99

Americanization of the world, 239–40, 244

American Meat Institute, 206, 207

American Medical Association, 217

American School Food Service Association, 56

Amputations, 185

Anaheim, Calif., 13–14, 26, 28

Anderson, A. D., 153, 154, 164

Andreas, Michael, 143

Antibiotics, 200, 221

Applebee’s, 92

Arab oil embargo, 24

Archer Daniels Midland, 143

Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, 141

Arkansas Department of Health, 214, 318n

Armour, 137, 159, 306n

Armour, J. Ogden, 205

Armstrong Bakery, 15, 18

Army, U.S., 155, 217, 276n

Arndt, Diane, 180–81

ARPANET, 260

Artificial flavors, 120, 124–27

Assembly lines, 20, 69. See also Disassembly lines

Association of National Advertisers, 46

Astro World, 42

Athens, 244

Athlete’s Foot, 78

Augie’s, 98

Aunt Jemima, 36

Australia, 230, 231, 276n

Autoimmune disorders, 195

Automated Meat Recovery Systems, 218

Automobile industry, 13, 15–16, 17, 36

Autry, Gene, 25

Awards for employees, 88

Ayala, Joacquin, 234

BabyGap, 97

Bac-O-Bits, 124

Banana Republic, 5

Barber, Benjamin R., 229

Barney, 45

Barone, Ben, 178

Baskin Robbins, 86

Bass brothers, 138

Bates, Timothy, 98

Bauer, Frank, 219

Bauer Meat Company, 219

Bean, Morey, 259

Beard, James, 120

Beef Industry Food Safety Council, 217

Beefmaster (breed of cattle), 256

Beef Trust, 137, 152–53, 205, 255

Beijing, 230, 231, 243

Beijing University, 243

Belgium, 243, 244

Bell, Glen W., Jr., 22

Bellenger, Cass, 185

Bennett, William, 105

Bennigan’s, 88

Berlin, 225

Bernard, Dr. Neal D., 202

Beverage Industry, 54

Biela, Tim, 209

Biff-Burgers, 24

Bigari, Steve, 66

Birdseye, Clarence, 113

Bjerklie, Steven P., 202, 218, 310n

Black Hawks, 93

BMI. See Body Mass Index (BMI)

Body Mass Index (BMI), 240

Boeing, 19

Book It! Program, 55–56

Boone, Pat, 25

Bove, Jose, 244

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), 202

Boyle, J. Patrick, 207

Bozos Circus, 41

Brands, 4, 43, 229

Brandweek, 4, 229

Brazil, 230,244

Brewer, Dave, 71

Brinker, Norman, 88

Britain. See United Kingdom

Broken Heartland (Davidson), 147

Brothers, Joyce, 105

Bruce, Douglas, 64

BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy), 202

Buck’s Pizza, 98

Buddy’s Bar-B-Q, 98

Budweiser, 43

Bugsy Malone, 68

Bureau of Labor Statistics, 172, 180

Burger Fries, 130

Burger King: advertising to children, 51, 231; and Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station, 2; and crime, 85, 86; deliberate food contamination at, 222; and flavor additives, 125–26, 128; franchises for, 98; and french fries, 117; history of, 24; and Hudson Foods, 194; and impulsive buying, 66; at industry top, 27; as international, 229; Kids Club, 45; labor practices, 69–72, 82; and Nickelodeon, 48; and obedience, 75; and overtime wages, 74; playgrounds at, 47; portion sizes at, 241; profit margins of soda, 286n; and restaurant technology, 71; and Teletubbies, 48; and throughput, 69; training manual of, 70; and Uniform Commercial Code, 101. See also Insta-Burger King

Burns, Matthew, 22

Bush, Barbara, 104, 106

Bush, George, 105, 206

Bush Boake Allen, 121

Bushey, John, 57

Business Insurance, 160

Butchers, 154

Cabbage Patch Kids, 47

Cadbury-Schweppes, 53

Caffeine, 54

California: citrus production in, 13–14; drive-in restaurants in, 17; fast food industry development in, 19–21; Hell’s Angels in, 21; migrant workers in, 161–62; population growth in, 15–16; resident migration from, to Colorado Springs, 61–65; and World War II, 18. See also specific cities

Callicrate, Mike, 143–44

Cameron, Mike, 55

Campbell, William J., 17

Camp Carson, 61

Campylobacter jejuni, 196, 202–3

Canada, 77, 117, 230

Cappelli, Mike, 77

Cappelli, Tom, 77

Captain D’s, 86

Cargill, 8, 230

Carhops, 17, 18, 24

Carlin, George, 234

Carlini, Trent, 234

Carl Karcher Enterprises, Inc. (CKE), 25–28

Carl’s Drive-in Barbeque, 18–19

Carl’s Jr. restaurants: competition of, 24; creation of, 21–22; franchises for, 25, 98; and growth, 267; interstate expansion of, 25, 78; portion sizes at, 241

Carnation Milk Company, 35

Carpal tunnel syndrome, 187

Carriba’s, 78

Carter, Jimmy, 208

Cartoon Network, 46

Cassidy, David, 234

Catfish industry, 159

Cattle industry: and beef consumption, 142, 277n; and Beef Trust, 137; breeds of cattle, 255–56; and captive supplies, 138, 142–43; chicken manure as cattle feed, 202–3; and disease, 201–4, 257; economic problems in, 136–38, 142–43, 144–47; and environmentalism, 133–35; and European exports, 142; and fast food industry, 8–9; and hormones, 263; intimidation by meatpacking industry, 143–44; and land trusts, 145; “mad cow disease,” 202; secret pricing in, 143; suicide rates in, 146. See also Meatpacking industry

Cattle King Packing Company, 218–19

CDC. See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Census Bureau, 306n

Center for Public Integrity, 210

Center for Science in the Public Interest, 54

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 195, 222, 240

Chain, Steve, 276n

Chain Operators Exchange (COEX), 236–39, 290n

Chamber of Commerce, U.S., 185

Chandler, Alfred D., 68–69

Chemical Market Reporter, 124

Cheskin, Louis, 97–98

Chevy’s, 73

Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station, 1–2, 7, 275n

Chicago, 16, 152–53, 155–57

Chicago Historical Society, 306n

Chicago Tribune, 179

Chicken industry. See Poultry industry

Chicken manure, 202–3

Chicken McNuggets, 139–40, 301n

Chicken Shack, 98

Child labor and child labor laws, 73, 80, 82, 261, 262

Children: and Disney and Kroc, 33; and E. coli 0157:H7, 198–99; and hamburgers, 198; and heart attacks, 242; and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), 199–200; impact of fast food industry on, 9; Internet as data source on, 45; and mass marketing techniques, 8; and meat contamination, 218–21; obesity of, 242; and soft drink consumption, 54–55; as target customers, 40–49, 231, 262, 267; and television advertising, 45–46

Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act, 45

Child Welfare League, 46

Chili’s, 88

China, 230, 231, 242

Christian Coalition, 63

Chuck E. Cheese, 87

Cigarette advertising, 262

Citric acid, 143

CKE. See Carl Karcher Enterprises, Inc. (CKE)

Clean Air Act, 165–66

Cleaning crews, 176–78, 310–11n

Clinton administration, 185, 207, 210, 214, 215

Clostridium perfringens, 197

CME KidCom Ad Traction Study II, 43

Coan, Mike, 160

Coble, Howard, 101

Coca-Cola: and brand recognition, 4, 229; in China, 231; marketing of, in public schools, 51, 53–55, 56; and McDonald’s, 54; and nutrition, 54; and profit margins, 286n

COEX. See Chain Operators Exchange (COEX)

Coffey, Allen, Jr., 101

Colombia, 244

Colorado, 1–2, 7, 59–66

Colorado Cattlemen’s Association, 144–45

Colorado Restaurant Association, 73

Colorado Springs, 1–2, 7, 59–66

Colorado Springs Gazette-Telegraph, 63

Colorado Springs Independent, 57

Colorado Springs Sun, 63

Columbia Film Studio, 19

Columbia/HCA, 5

Columbus, Christopher, 124

Comfort foods, 123

“Committee for Employment Opportunities,” 72

Communism, Hypnotism, and the Beatles (Noebel), 65

ConAgra: and contaminated meat, 219; and fast food conventions, 236; fraudulent actions of, 159–60; as french fry producer, 158; and illegal immigrants, 162; and industry uniformity, 305n; as international, 230–31; and intimidation of cattle ranchers, 143; and Lamb Weston, 130, 158; and meatpacking industry consolidation, 8; Monfort takeover by, 158–59; and nation’s largest meatpacking plant, 149–50; poultry division of, 140; and price fixing, 159; profit margins, 174; tax breaks from Nebraska, 163–64; and workers’ compensation, 184

ConAgra Who?, 159

Connelly, John, 227

Conservation. See Environmentalism

Consortium Members, Inc., 100

Consumers Union, 46, 56

Conway family, 257–58

Conway’s Red Top Restaurant, 257–59

Coolidge, Calvin, 38

Copenhagen, 244

Corn, 143

Cornell University, 126

Corporate logos, 20

Country Pride, 159

Cox News Service, 212

Cracker Barrel Old Country Store, 162

Cramer, Keith G., 22

Crawford, Cindy, 237

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 202

Crime: in fast food industry, 83–87, 292n, 293n; and meatpacking industry, 154–55, 164–66, 179–81, 206, 305n; and migrant workforce, 162; organized crime in meatpacking industry, 154–55, 305n; sexual harassment, 176. See also Injuries

CrissCut Fries, 130

Cross, Russell, 207

Cryptosporidium parvum, 196

Cudahy, 137

Cumulative trauma injuries, 163, 185, 310n

Cuomo, Mario, 105

Cyclospora cayetanensis, 196

Cywinski, John, 48

Dachau concentration camp, 39, 233–34

Dairy Queen, 162

Dare to Discipline, 63

Davidson, Osha Gray, 147

Dawn of Better Living, 38

DCS Sanitation Management, Inc, 177, 178

DD Marketing, 51–52, 56

Dear, Joseph, 85

Deaths: and food poisoning, 197; and obesity, 241–42; and OSHA penalties, 311n; of workers, 178, 179, 311n

DeBolt, Don, 101

Decision Earth, 55

DeGette, Cara, 57

DeLuca, Frederick, 100

Democratic Party, 64

Denmark, 244

Denny’s, 48

Denver Post, 56–57

DeRose, Dan, 51–53

Dickey, Jay, 85

Disassembly lines, 153–54, 169–71, 173–75. See also Assembly lines

Disfiguring injuries, 185

Disney, Walt: as anti-socialist, 36–37, 38; and brand loyalty, 43; development of Disneyland, 18–19; and fast food industry, 6; as FBI informant, 37; former Nazis as employees of, 38–39; and House Un-American Activities Committee, 36–37; and Kroc, 33–37, 49; and licensing agreements, 40; and “synergy,” 40. See also Disneyland; Walt Disney Company

Disney Channel, 46

Disneyland, 6, 18–19, 33, 39. See also Walt Disney Company

Disneyland (TV series), 40

Disneyland University, 33

Disney World, 40

Dobbins, Kenny, 187

Dobson, James, 63

Doerfler, Ernst, 229

Doherty, James C., 87–88

Dole, Elizabeth, 239

Domino’s, 2, 23, 56, 69

Donley, Nancy, 200

Dora-Nordhausen concentration camp, 39, 282n

Dresden, 227, 229

Drive-in banks, 17

Drive-in churches, 19

Drive-in restaurants, 17

Dropouts, 79–80

Dr Pepper, 53, 54

Drug abuse, 174, 310n

Dunkin’ Donuts, 22, 92, 95

Dunlap, Ray, 114

Dupree, Clarence, 182

E. coli (Escherichia coli) 0157:H7: and antibiotics, 200; cattle infection statistics, 203; and children, 198–99; and contagion, 201–4; definition of, 193, 199; and grass-fed cattle, 257; history of, 196; and Jack in the Box, 198–99, 207, 214, 221, 263; and McDonald’s, 199; and meat recalls, 211–14, 220; and meatpacking industry, 9, 194–96, 202–4, 263; and National School Lunch Program, 219; and Shiga toxins, 199–200, 221–22; and SIS-C system, 207; strength of, 200–201; testing for, 209–10, 215, 263; and USDA, 203–4, 207, 263; and Wendy’s, 212

East Germany, 227, 228, 229, 249–52. See also Germany

Eat Your Heart Out (Hightower), 5

Eggs, 264

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 22

Elders Company, 230

Electro-Hop, 24

Employment. See Labor practices; Workforce

Encroachment, 99–101

England. See United Kingdom

Engler, Paul, 138

Environmentalism, 133–35, 146, 261–62, 268

Erikson, Erik, 44

Escherichia coli 0157:H7. See E. coli (Escherichia coli) 0157:H7

European Court of Human Rights, 249

European Union (EU), 142, 243, 264

“Everything of Zig’s” (Ziglar), 105

Excel, 137, 143, 158, 174, 178

Exxon, 55, 56

Exxon Education Foundation, 55

Fair Labor Standards Act, 73, 82

Falwell, Jerry, 63

Farm industry, 8–9, 118

Fast food industry: and American diet, 3–4; and Americanization of the world, 239–40, 243–44; and assembly lines, 20, 69; and awards for employees, 88; boycotts of, 269–70; and Chain Operators Exchange, 236–39; clustering of, 60; competition in, 24, 71, 78, 229, 258; and conformity, 5–6; consumer spending on, 275n; and corporate-sponsored teaching materials, 55–56; and crime, 83–87, 292n, 293n; and deliberate food contamination, 222; and drive-in restaurants, 17; and E. coli, 198–99, 207, 214, 221, 263; and emotional connections, 49–51; employee turnover in, 72–73, 83, 276n; exportation of, 9–10; and federal subsidies, 72; and fixed costs, 78; and flavor additives, 120–29; and foodtechnology, 6–7; founders of, 5–6, 13–28; and french fries, 115–17; government regulation of, 264; and government-backed loans, 101–2; growth of, 3, 8; and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP), 208, 215; and homogenizing of America, 5; and impulsive buying, 66; injury rates in, 83; as international, 88, 228–34, 239–40, 243–49, 267; and interstate high-way system, 8, 22; investment in, 24–25; largest hamburger chains, 27; and lawsuits, 75, 245–49, 266–67; lobbying efforts of, 8, 37, 88, 267; management salaries in, 73, 74; McDonald’s as standard for, 22, 65, 97; and “McWorld,” 229; and obesity, 9, 40–43, 261, 324n; and Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA), 84–85; and oil embargo, 24; and popular culture, 9; and poultry industry, 139–42; profit margins in, 54, 286n; public school marketing programs of, 51–57; real costs in, 261–62; and restaurant technology, 24, 66–67, 71–72; rural life affected by, 8; and saturated fats, 298n; and school dropouts, 79–80; site selection for, 66; and Small Business Administration (SBA), 102; social status of employment in, 78–79; tax breaks for, 72; teenagers in, 67–71, 78–87; and throughput, 67–71; and toys, 4, 47–48; training in, 69–71, 262; and unions, 71, 75–77, 88, 233, 262; wages in, 8, 37, 71, 73–74, 85, 277n, 328n; and worker safety, 84–85. See also Advertising; Cattle industry; Labor Practices; Meatpacking industry; Workforce; and specific companies

Favorite, Philly, 145

FBI, 37, 86, 293n

FDA, 128

Feamster, Dave, 92–94, 102–4

Federal subsidies, 7–8, 72

Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 45–46, 99, 137

Federation of Labour of Quebec, 77

Few Quick Facts About Venereal Disease, 38

Filet-O-Fish, 95, 124

Film industry, 18

Financial Post, 100

Firestone, 16

Fish, Joe, 220

Fisher, Donald, 97

Fisher, Doris, 97

Fixed costs, 78

Flash-freezing, 111, 113

Flavor industry, 122–28

Focus on the Family, 63, 259

Foley, William P. II, 27, 267

Fone-A-Chef, 24

Food Chemical News, 124

Food Engineering, 6, 124

Foodmaker, Inc., 208

Food Product Design, 124

Food Technologist, 6

Food Will Win the War, 38

Foot Locker, 5

Forbes, 155, 306n

Ford, Henry, 36

Ford Aerospace, 62

Foreign policy, U.S., 229–30

Foreman, Carol Tucker, 328–29n

Foster Farms, 208

Fox Kids Network, 48

Fragrance industry, 122

France, 244

Franchises: and American foreign policy, 229–30; benefits of, 97, 98; for Burger King, 98; for Carl’s Jr. restaurants, 25, 98; costs of, 98; and economic trends, 9; and encroachment, 99–101; failure rate of, 98, 295n; franchise agreements, 99–100, 102–4; history of, 94–95; and homogenizing of America, 5; international franchises, 233; for Jack in the Box, 99; for KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken), 95; legal protection of franchisees, 99–100; for McDonald’s, 95–96, 98, 100; Small Business Administration (SBA) loans for, 102; for Taco Bell, 85; and Uniform Commercial Code, 101; and wages, 75, 78

Frank, Susan, 48

Freedom Newspaper chain, 63

Freedom of Information Act, 215

French fries: additives to, 120–21; and China, 231; competitive business in, 116–17; consumption statistics for, 277n; development in U.S., 114; and Kroc, 114–15; and processor oligopsony, 117–20; producers of, 158; production costs of, 298n; production process for, 111–31; sugar added to, 131

Fresno Bee, 53

Frey, William H., 64

FTC. See Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

FUBU, 82

Fujita, Den, 231, 323n

FutureCall, 81

Gallegos, Sandra, 193–94

Gap Inc., 5, 59, 78, 97

GapKids, 97

Gas chromatography, 124, 301n

General Accounting Office, 102

General Dynamics, 39

General Electric, 39

General Motors, 16, 94

Gepetto Group, 231

Gerba, Charles, 221

German Democratic Republic. See East Germany

Germany, 227, 231–32, 249–52, 276n, 322n

GFI America, Inc., 162, 163

Giardia lamblia, 203

Gingrich, Newt, 210

GIPSA (Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration), 137

Givaudan, 121

Glenn & Anderson, 156

Glickman, Dan, 213, 214

GNC Packing, 259

Godbout, Clement, 77

Godfather’s Pizza, 92

Goebbels, Joseph, 226

Golden arches: and Christian cross, 4, 276–77n; design of, 20; Freudian importance of, 98. See also McDonald’s Corporation

Goldstein, Oscar, 41

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 27, 228, 234, 236–39

Göring, Hermann, 226

Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration (GIPSA), 137

Gramm, Phil, 210

Gramm, Wendy Lee, 210

GRAS (Generally Regarded As Safe), 125

Great Britain. See United Kingdom

Greece, 244

Greeley, Horace, 150

Greeley, Colo., 150–51, 266

Green Burrito, 26, 27

Greenberg, Jack, 229

Greenberg, Jerald, 84

Greenpeace, 245–49. See also London Greenpeace

Gregory, Michael, 212

Grinding It Out (Kroc), 36

Groppel, Jack, 107

Gumby Pizza, 98

Haarman & Reimer, 121

Haber, Heinz, 39, 283n

HACCP. See Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP)

Hallmark Entertainment, 48

Hamburger: consumption of, 6, 277n; demographics of hamburger eaters, 315n; development of, 197–98; as national dish, 198; and obesity, 242–3. See also Cattle industry; E. coli; Meatpacking industry; and specific fast food companies

Hamburger Helper, 124

Hamburger University, 31, 230

Handicapped people, 70

Happy Joe’s Pizza & Ice Cream Parlor, 98

Happy Meals, and marketing, 47–48, 242, 262

Hardee’s, 27, 241

Harding, Lee, 193–94, 200, 211

Harper, Charles “Mike,” 159, 163

Harvard University Medical School, 140, 301n

Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP), 208, 215, 216, 222

Healthy Choice, 159

Health insurance, 160, 161, 162, 257

Heart disease, 195, 242

Heavenly Flavors, 121

Hebrew National, 159

Hefferman, William, 120

Hefley, Joel, 186

Heinz, Margaret, 14–15

Hell’s Angels, 21

Helms, Jesse, 210

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), 199–200

Heritage Foundation, 102

Hernandez-Gonzalez, Salvador, 178

Heston, Charlton, 105

Hewlett Packard, 62

Hi-Fries, 130

High-Level Precision Bombing, 38

Hightower, Jim, 5

Hill, James O., 240

Hiring practices, 70–72

Hispanics. See Latinos

Hitler, Adolph, 226

Hitler Youth, 226

HIV, 196

Hobbytown USA, 5

Hogan, David Gerard, 197

Hoiles, R. C., 63

Holland. See Netherlands

Hollywood Reporter, 48

Holman, Currier J., 153, 154, 155, 164

Holmgren, Paul, 93

Home Depot, 92

Homeless shelters, 163

Hoover, Herbert, 63

Hoover Dam, 235

Hormones, 263

Hot Dog on a Stick, 98

House Un-American Activities Committee, 36–37

Houston Chronicle, 52, 72

Hudson Foods, 194–95, 200, 211, 213, 215, 314n

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 196

Hunt’s, 159

HUS (hemolytic uremic syndrome), 199–200

Hygiene, 201–2, 203, 329n

IBP. See Iowa Beef Packers (IBP)

Idaho, 8, 117–18

IFA (International Franchise Association), 98, 101

IFF(International Flavors & Fragrances), 121–29

Ilitch, Mike, 94

Illegal immigrants. See Immigrants

Illinois, 31

Immigrants, 70–71, 160–63, 174, 176

Immigration and Naturalization Service, 162

I’m OK — You’re OK, 74

In-N-Out Burger, 259–60, 327–28n

Independent contractors, 176, 310–11n

India, 230, 231, 244, 276n

Indonesia, 230

Inflammatory bowel disease, 195

Injuries: amputations, 185; carpal tunnel syndrome, 187; cumulative trauma injuries, 173, 185, 310n; and fast food industry, 83; lawsuits concerning, 181; and meatpacking industry, 172–90, 264–65, 309–10n; and poultry industry, 186, 310n; and public assistance, 185; tendinitis, 173; underreporting of, 175, 179–81, 310n; and unions, 184; and working conditions, 264–65. See also Crime

Inland Empire, 25

Insta-Burger King, 22, 24. See also Burger King

Insurance, health, 160, 161, 162, 257

International Flavors & Fragrances (IFF), 121–29, 299n

International Foodservice Manufacturers Association, 236

International Franchise Association (IFA), 98, 101

International Greenpeace, 245. See also London Greenpeace

Internet, 45, 146, 260

Interstate highway system, 8, 22, 64, 154

Iowa, 16, 101

Iowa Beef Packers (IBP): and bribing union officials, 155; and Canadian beef industry, 230; and cleaning crews, 177, 310–11; deceptive practices of, 166, 179–81, 206; emissions violations of, 164–65; and employee turnover, 161; and food safety, 319n; and “IBP revolution,” 151, 173; and illegal immigrants, 162; and industry standards, 174–75; and injury reporting, 175, 264; and knife-sharpening, 173; lawsuits against, 182–83; and meat contamination, 203, 213–14; and meatpacking industry consolidation, 8, 137–38; and Midland, 143; and migrant labor, 162; and organized crime, 154–55, 306n; and OSHA, 183, 311n; and outrail policy, 216–17, 319n; and profit margins, 174; and safety, 182–83, 206; and sexual harassment, 176; and Small Business Administration (SBA), 164; steam pasteurization system, 216; tax breaks from Nebraska, 164; and unions, 158, 162, 174; and wages, 306n; worker deaths at, 178, 311n; worker profiles at, 165; and workers’ compensation, 184

Ireland, 243

Ireland, Andy, 101

Irradiation, 217–18

Italy, 242

Jack in the Box: competition of, 24; and critics of fast food industry, 237–38; and E. coli, 198–99, 207, 214, 221, 263; and food safety, 208–10; franchisee treatment by, 99; and minimum wage, 73

Japan, 242, 276n

Jaspin, Elliot, 212

Jefferson, Thomas, 8, 114

Jenny Craig International, 97

Jiffy-Lube, 5

Jim Henson Company, 48

Joe Camel, 43

John Morrell, 180, 206

Jones, Regina, 75

Journal of Dentistry for Children, 54

Journal of the American Medical Association, 43

J. R. Simplot Company, 111, 113, 116, 129–30, 209, 231, 236, 269

Jungle (Sinclair), 152–53, 204–5

“Just in time” production, 67

Justice Department. See U.S. Department of Justice

Kabong, Matthew, 91–92

Kaman Services, 62

Karcher, Ben, 13–14

Karcher, Carl Leo, 26

Karcher, Carl N.: biography of, 13–15; drive-in restaurants of, 18–19; financial problems of, 25–28, 281n; hot dog carts of, 15, 18–19; ousted from board of CKE, 26; and self-service restaurants, 21–22

Karcher, Don, 25–26

Karcher, Margaret Heinz, 14–15, 27–28

K-Bob’s Steakhouses, 98

KCBS-TV, 222

Keith’s Drive-In Restaurant, 22

Kennedy, Ted, 88

Kentucky Fried Chicken. See KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken)

Keystone Foods, 139

Kezios, Susan, 99

KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken): and anti-U.S. imperialism, 243–44; and crime, 86; franchises for, 95; history of, 23; as international, 88, 229, 230; as largest poultry purchaser, 140; and NCAA promotions, 48; and restaurant technology, 71

Kidney illnesses, 195, 200

KidPower conference, 231

Kids as Customers (McNeal), 44

Kinko’s, 59

Kinney, Joseph A., 85

Kirby, Jesse G., 17

Kissinger, Henry, 104, 105

Klasky-Csupo, 48

K-Mart, 3

Knight, Jacque, 212

Knott’s Berry Farm, 159

Kool-Aid, 124

Kraft, John, 318n

Kristallnacht, 226

Kroc, Ray A.: and brand loyalty, 43; and Disney, 33–37, 49; as founder of McDonald’s Corporation, 5, 35, 198; and franchises, 95–96; on french fries, 114–15; marketing tools of, 40–41; McDonald brothers’ relationship with, 34–35, 96–97; and Morris, 249; museum of, 31–32; on nonconformists, 5; philosophy of, 37; and Simplot, 115; and site selection for McDonald’s, 66; and Speedee Service System, 34–35. See also McDonald’s Corporation

Küttler, Thomas, 228, 250

Kuwait, 230

Kwitny, Jonathan, 16–17, 306n

Labor practices: and assembly line system, 68–69; awards for employees, 88; child labor and child labor laws, 73, 80, 82, 261, 262; and employee turnover, 72–73, 83, 88, 160–61, 163; and health insurance, 160, 161, 162, 257, 259; hiring practices, 70–72; and injuries, 176–78, 181, 186–90, 264–65; and kitchen technology, 71–72; and opposition to safety laws, 8; and overtime wages, 73–75, 82, 262; and polygraph testing, 76; and regimentation, 69–70; and “stroking,” 74; and unions, 71, 75–77, 88, 257; vacations, 160, 161; and wages, 8, 37, 73–75, 88, 259, 262; and worker safety, 84–85, 172–90; and workers’ compensation, 184–85. See also Fast food industry; Meatpacking industry; Workforce; and specific companies

Labor unions. See Unions

La Choy, 159

Lamb, F. Gilbert, 130

Lamb Water Gun Knife, 130

Lamb Weston, 116–17, 129, 158, 230–31, 269

Land trusts, 145

Landauer, Fritz, 226

Language spoken in workplace, 70–72, 160

Lansing, Mich., 77

Lantos, Tom, 180

Lasater, Dale, 255–57

Lasater, Tom, 255–56

Lasater Ranch, 255–57

Las Vegas, 234–39, 323n

Latinos, 160–63, 175, 308n, 310n

Lawsuits: for libel, 245–49, 266–67; and overtime wages, 75; for sexual harassment, 176, 310n; and worker safety, 181, 182

Leidner, Robin, 70

Lenin, V. I., 249

Levenstein, Harvey, 113–14

Levis, 234

Libel, 245–49,266–67

Licensing, 40

Life As I Have Known It Has Been “Finger-lickin’ Good” (Sanders), 23

Lifetime Learning Systems, 56

Limited, 78

Linkletter, Art, 25

Listeria monocytogenes, 196, 197

Literacy, 161, 178, 203

Little Caesars, 91–92, 94, 102–4, 241

Litton Data Systems, 62

Livestock Market Digest, 138

Lockheed Martin, 261

Logos of corporations, 20

London Evening Standard, 233

London Greenpeace, 245–49

Los Angeles, 15, 16, 18, 61–62, 64–65, 293n

Los Angeles Times, 85

Louisiana Tech University, 141

Love, John F., 20

Lowe, Peter, 105, 106, 239

Lowe, Tamara, 105

Luftwaffe Institute for Aviation Medicine, 39, 283n

Luxenberg, Stan, 94

Lysine, 143

Macdonald, Cameron Lynne, 4

Mack Truck, 16

“Mad cow disease,” 202

Maerker, Christa, 232

Maggart, Lindsay, 112

Magic Kingdom (Watts), 36

Mail Boxes Etc., 229

Maine, potato production in, 117

Makepeace, Mary Lou, 259

Managers: crimes committed by, 84; and drug abuse, 174; influence on workplace, 74–75, 82–83; salaries of, 73, 74, 259–60

Mandeville, Bud, 130

Manure, 150, 202–3, 305n, 317n

Marin, Lorenzo, Sr., 178

Marketing. See Advertising

Marketing to Kids Report, 43

Marriott Hotels, 92

Martino, June, 96

Mary Poppins, 42

Mascots, 41, 45

Mass production, 20, 36

Mayor McCheese, 42

McCain, 117

McConnell, Mitch, 210

McDonald, Maurice, 19–21, 34–35, 69, 96, 115

McDonald, Richard, 19–21, 34–35, 69, 96, 97, 115

McDonald Brothers Burger Bar Drive-In, 19–21

McDonaldlands, 42

McDonald’s Corporation: and anti-U.S. imperialism, 243–44; and assembly line, 20,69; and “brand essence,” 49–51; brand recognizability of, 229; in Brazil, 230; and Chicken McNuggets, 139–40, 301n; children as target market for, 40–42, 243; and children’s videos, 48; and Coca-Cola, 54; Colorado Springs as test site for, 66; and “comfort foods,” 123; competition of, 24, 49; and Consortium Members, Inc., 100; corporate logo of, 20; and corporate-sponsored teaching materials, 56; and crime, 86–87; customer demographics for, 315n; and Dachau concentration camp, 233–34; and dairy cattle, 204; and disease dissemination, 196; and E. coli, 199; and emotional connection, 49–51; and employee turnover, 276n; employees as babysitters, 83; as family restaurant, 198; and film studio promotions, 48; and flavor additives, 120–21, 128; food quality at, 222, 260, 268; and Fox Kids Network, 48; and franchises, 95–96, 98, 100; and french fries, 115, 116–17, 120–21, 128, 129–31, 231; and Fujita, 323n; golden arches, 4, 20, 98, 276–77n; Hamburger University, 31, 230; and Happy Meals, 47–48, 242, 262; history of, 19–21, 34–35; imitation of, 22, 65, 97; and impulsive buying, 66; at industry top, 27; as international, 228–29, 230–34, 267; and “just in time” production, 67; labor practices of, 69–70, 71, 75–77, 82; as largest beef purchaser, 136; libel suit brought by, 245–49; marketing tools of, 40–41; mascots of, 41; and Mayor McCheese, 42; “McDonald’s Bill,” 37; McStore, 31–32; “My McDonald’s” campaign, 50–51; and NBA, 50; and obesity, 242; and oil embargo, 24; operations manual of, 69–70, 75; and overtime wages, 74; overview of, 4; playgrounds of, 47; and polygraph testing, 76; and pork, 4, 276n; portion sizes, 241; and poultry industry, 139–40; profit margins, 54, 286n; and public criticism, 268–69; Quintillion software, 66; real estate holdings of, 4, 96, 276n; and restaurant technology, 66–67, 71; and robotics, 66–67; and Ronald McDonald, 30, 41–42, 45, 48, 95, 231, 232–33, 250, 276n; saturated fat in foods of, 298n; and school cafeterias, 56; and service economy, 4; site selection for, 66; and Speedee Service System, 20–21; sports promotions of, 48; spying activities of, 247–48; and standardization of America’s retail environment, 5, 97–98; store closures to avoid unionization, 77; store-opening procedure of, 67–68; and “stroking,” 74, 76; teenage employees of, 67–68, 80–81; and Teenie Beanie Baby promotion, 47–48, 86; and throughput, 67–71; as toy distributor, 4, 47–58, 276n; and Uniform Commercial Code, 101; and unions, 233; and wage rates, 75, 291n; and Walt Disney Company, 6, 33–34, 49, 50; and Western World, 42

McDonald’s Deutschland, Inc., 232–33

“McDonald’s English,” 71

McDonald’s Self-Service Restaurant, 34

McLibel Support Campaign, 246

McNeal, James U., 43–45

McNuggets. See Chicken McNuggets

McStore, 31–32

McWilliams, Carey, 18

“McWorld,” 229

Meat & Poultry, 202, 218

Meat Inspection Act of 1906, 205

Meatpacking industry: and “captive supplies,” 138, 142–43; chicken manure as cattle feed, 202–3; cleaning crews in, 176–78; consolidation in, 136–38; and crime, 154–55, 164–65, 179–81, 206; dangerous working conditions in, 9, 169–90; and de-skilled workforce, 154; and disassembly lines, 153–54, 169–71, 173–75; and drug abuse, 174; and E. coli, 194–96, 202–4, 263; and employee turnover, 160–61, 184; and European Union (EU) exports, 264, 329n; facilities conformity in, 305n; government regulation of, 179–86, 196–97,205; and health insurance, 160; history of, 152–57; and hygiene, 203; immigrant workforce in, 149, 160–62, 265–66; and “independent contractors,” 176, 310–11n; industry standards, 174–75; and injuries, 172–90, 264–65, 309–10n; and interstate highway system, 154; intimidation of cattle ranchers, 143–44; and irradiation, 217–18; and land ownership, 138–39; and lawsuits, 176, 181, 182; liability avoidance of, 196–97; and literacy, 161, 178, 203; and manure, 150, 202–3, 305n, 317n; and meat recalls, 211–14, 314n; and microbial testing, 205–6; and organized crime, 154–55, 305n; and OSHA, 179–86, 262, 263, 265; and price fixing, 137, 143, 159, 266; and profit margins, 174, 310n; and Salmonella, 188, 197; and secret pricing of cattle, 143; and sexual harassment, 176; social effects of, 164–65; and steam pasteurization, 216–17; and steroids, 150; and Streamlined Inspection System for Cattle (SIS-C), 206–7, 317n; supervisor behavior in, 174–76; and tax breaks, 163–64; and training, 178; and unions, 153–58; wages in, 149, 153, 160, 162, 306n; worker deaths in, 178, 301n; and worker safety, 172–90; and workers’ compensation, 184–85; working conditions in, 152–53. See also Cattle industry; Labor practices; Workforce; and specific meatpacking companies

Meeker, Nathan, 150

Meersman, Pete, 73

Meineke Discount Mufflers, 97

Methamphetamine, 174, 310n

Mexico, 156

MGM, 48

Mickelson, Gary, 307, 319n

Mickey Mouse, 40, 41, 43

Mickey Mouse Club, 45

Microbial testing, 205–6, 208–10, 215

Micron Technology, 116

Migrant industrial workforce, 161–63, 265–66

Milk production, 204

Minimum wage: establishment of, 261; and fast food industry, 8, 37, 73, 88, 262; and hiring practices, 71. See also Wages

Minor League Football System, 52

Mirage Hotel, 234

Monaghan, Thomas S., 23

Monfort, Kenneth, 151, 153, 157–58

Monfort, Warren, 151

Monfort plant: business practices of, 153, 157–58; and National Labor Relations Board, 183; opening of, 151; and SIS-C, 207; and unions, 157–58, 183; and worker safety, 181–82, 186–90; and workers’ compensation, 184–85

Monsanto, 39, 269

Montgomery, Scott, 212

Moral Majority, 63

Mor-Fries, 130

Morris, Dave, 246–49

Morris, Willie, 182

Morris & Company, 137, 205

Motels, 17

Motormat, 24

Moulton, Bert, 118–19

Mountain Dew, 54

Mouthfeel, 127–28

“Mr. McDonald,” 140

Multi-Unit Foodserver Operators Conference, 87

Muppets, 48

Murder, 83, 84, 86, 292n

Murphy, Edward, 181–82

“My McDonald’s” campaign, 50–51

Myers, Leon L., 14

NASA, 217

National Academy of Sciences, 80, 205–6, 208, 328n

National Association of Broadcasters, 46

National Association of Convenience Stores, 85

National Association of Manufacturers, 185

National Basketball Association, 48

National Beef, 137, 178

National Congress of Parents and Teachers, 46

National Council of Chain Restaurants, 72

National Food Service Security Council, 84

National Hockey League, 48

National Labor Relations Board, 183

National Maritime Union, 157–58

National Meat Association, 220

National Restaurant Association (NRA), 73, 85, 238, 275n

National Safe Workplace Institute, 85

National School Lunch Program, 218–21, 263

Nation’s Restaurant News, 73, 87–88

Natural flavor, 120–21, 126, 127, 128

Nazis, 38–39, 226, 282n

NBA, 50

NBC News, 218

NCAA, 48

Nebraska’s Center for Rural Affairs, 138

Netherlands, 231, 243, 263

Nevada Gaming Control Board, 235–36

New York City, 16, 24–25

New York Times, 54

New York Tribune, 150

Nicholson, Sidney, 248

Nickelodeon, 46, 48, 231

Nike, 43, 267–68

Nixon, Pat, 32

Nixon, Richard, 8, 25, 32, 37, 151

Noebel, David, 65

North, Oliver, 105, 234

North American Aerospace Command, 1, 62

North American Aviation, 19

North Carolina, 101, 185

Northern States Beef, 219

Northrup, 19

Norton, Kay, 184

Norton, Tom, 184

Norwalk-like viruses, 196

Norway, 243

Novak, David, 88

NRA. See National Restaurant Association (NRA)

Nugent, Robert, 208, 237–38

Nutra Slim, 229

Oak Brook, Ill., 31

Obedience, of workers, 75

Obesity, 9, 240–43, 261, 324n

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): authority reductions for, 179; as “consultant” agency, 185–86; fines levied by, 178, 265; and National School Lunch Program, 263; and safety in workplace, 84–85, 183, 262, 265; and underreporting of injuries, 180, 182; and “voluntary compliance,” 179–80

Offut Air Force Base, 85

Oil industry, 18, 24

Oligopsony in agriculture, 117–20

Olive Garden, 92

Olympics, 48, 68

Omaha World-Herald, 162, 164

One Hour in Wonderland, 40

Onions, 113

Operations manuals, 69–70

Orange County Register, 63

Ore-Ida, 117

Organized crime, 154–55, 305n. See also Crime

Orr, Kay, 163

Orville Redenbacher, 159

OSHA. See Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA)

Outback Steakhouse, 78

Overtime wages, 73, 74, 262

Packard, Vance, 43

Packers and Stockyards Act, 144

Packers and Stockyards Administration (P&SA), 137

Packingtown, 155–57, 306n

P&SA (Packers and Stockyards Administration), 137

Papa John’s, 104

Pater, Siegfried, 233

Patterson, Paul, 117

Pentagon, 260

People Serving People, 163

Pepsi, 43, 53, 54

Pepsi GeneratioNext Resource Center, 53

Perestroika, 236

Pertschuk, Michael, 46

Peter Lowe International, 104–5

Peter Lowe’s Success Yearbook, 105, 106

Peterson, Robert L., 163, 180, 183

Peterson Air Force Base, 61–62

PGI (Potato Growers of Idaho), 118

Phil Donahue Show, 32

Philippines, 230

Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, 202

Piaget, Jean, 44

Pitts, Lee, 138

Pizza, 263–64

Pizza Hut: and anti-U.S. imperialism, 243; celebrity endorsement of, 237; corporate-sponsored teaching materials, 56; in fast food clusters, 60; in Germany, 233; and homogenizing of America, 5; as international, 88; labor practices, 69, 71; and Gorbachev, 237; and NCAA promotions, 48; and restaurant technology, 71; and school cafeterias, 56; and throughput, 69

Plauen, Germany, 225–29, 249–52, 322n

Pokémon, 47

Polygraph testing, 76

Pop Tarts, 124

Popular culture, 9, 17, 48

Pork, 198, 276n

Potato Growers of Idaho (PGI), 118

Potato industry: development of, 112–14; and frozen french fries, 114–17; as oligopsony, 117–20; processing potatoes, 111–12. See also French fries

Poultry industry: and chicken manure, 202–3; and Chicken McNuggets, 139–40; and eggs, 264; and injuries, 186, 310n; mechanization of poultry plants, 172; structure of, 140–42

Powell, Colin, 105, 239

Powell, Jody, 208

Preston, Paul, 249

Preventive Medicine, 202

Price fixing, 137, 143, 159, 266

Primakov, Yevgeny, 238–39

Procter & Gamble, 55

Profit margins, 54, 174, 286n, 310n

Propaganda films, 38

Proposition 13 of California, 64

Protecting Youth at Work, 80

Psychology of Selling (Tracy), 105

Pueblo, Colo., Health Department, 193–94

Quebec, 77

Quintillion software, 66

Radio City Rockettes, 234

Railroads, 16

Ralston-Purina, 99–100

Ramirez, Javier, 183

Ramirez, Ruben, 155–57, 183, 306n

Ray A. Kroc Museum, 31–32

Re/Max Real Estate, 229

Reagan, Ronald: and advertising to children, 46; and business mergers, 137, 158; and Disneyland, 36; and Karcher, 25, 27; and Lowe, 105; and OSHA, 179; and public health spending cuts, 206

Reckert, John, 71

Red Arrow Products Company, 128

Reddi-Wip, 159

Red Lobster, 73

Reeve, Christopher, 106–7

Reiter, Ester, 75

Religious organizations, 63–65

Republican Party, 88, 210

Restaurant industry, 6, 65, 210. See also Fast food industry

Restaurants and Institutions, 260

Richfield Oil, 39

Ritzer, George, 9

Robbery, 83–85, 292n, 293n

Roberts, Burton, 155

Robertson, Pat, 63

Robotics, 66–67, 131

Roman Empire, 3, 239

Roman Republic, 3

Ronald McDonald: in commercials, 42; development of, 41, 95; in Germany, 232–33; influence of, 231; on Internet, 45; photograph of, 30; recognizability of, 4, 276n; statues in Germany, 250. See also McDonald’s Corporation

Roosevelt, Theodore, 152, 204–5

Rosenberg, William, 22

Rowlin, James R., 207

Rudolph, Beth, 198–99

Rugrats, 48

Rus-Ettes Special Dry Fry Shoestrings, 130

Russia, 244. See also Soviet Union

Safe Tables Our Priority (STOP), 200

Safety for workers, 8, 84–85, 172–90, 206. See also Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

Sager, Dean, 100

Salmonella: and beef, 188, 197, 328n; and illness, 201; and National School Lunch Program, 219–20; and poultry industry, 202–3, 208, 264

San Bernardino, 19–21

Sanders, Gary, 178

Sanders, Harland, 23. See also KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken)

Saturday Evening Post, 205

Saudia Arabia, 230

SBA (Small Business Administration), 102, 164

Schickel, Richard, 33

Schiller, Friedrich von, 228, 250

Schools: advertising of fast food companies in, 51–57; corporate-sponsored teaching materials, 55–56; dropout rates of fast food employees, 79–80; fast food sold in, 56–57

Schriever Air Force Base, 62

Schuller, Robert, 19, 32

Scotland Yard, 248

Scott, Willard, 41

Screen Cartoonists Guild, 36

Seale, Bryan, 76

“Secrets of Closing the Sale” (Ziglar), 105

Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC), 25

Selling ‘Em by the Sack (Hogan), 197–98

Selling to Kids, 43

Service Corporation International, 5

Service economy, 4

7-Eleven: and robbery, 83; in Turkey, 229

Sexual harassment, 176, 310n

Sherman, Richard, 42

Sherman, Robert, 42

Sherman Antitrust Act, 137

Shiga toxins, 199–200, 221–22

Shoney’s, 86

Signer, Bill, 72

Simplot, John Richard, 111–16, 118–19, 138

Simpsons, The, 48

Sinclair, Upton, 152–53, 204–5

Sirianni, Carmen, 4

SIS-C (Streamlined Inspection System for Cattle), 206–7, 317n

Skala, Richard, 178

Small Business Administration (SBA), 102, 164

Snake River Reclamation Project, 112

Snelgrove, Ken, 48

Snip N’ Clip, 5

Snow White, 40

Snyder, Esther, 259, 328n

Snyder, Harry, 259

Snyder, Tom, 321

Soft drinks, 54–55, 241, 286n

Sonneborn, Harry J., 96–97

South Africa, 244

South Dakota, 164

Soviet Union, 266. See also Gorbachev, Mikhail; Russia

Soybeans, 143

Space Command, U.S., 1, 275n

Spain, 242

Speedee Service System, 20–21, 34–35, 69, 153, 259

Spencer Beef, 158

Spudnik, 117

SSI, 209

Standard Oil, 16

Stanko, Rudy “Butch,” 218–19

Staphylococcus aureus, 197

Star Broadcasting, 56

Starbucks, 5, 59

Stasi, 228

Steak and Ale, 88

Steak House Fries, 130

Steam pasteurization, 216

Steel, Helen, 246–47

Steinman, Moe, 154–55, 305n

Stephan, Frieder, 252

Stern, Jane, 258

Stern, Michael, 258

Steroids, 150

STOP. See Safe Tables Our Priority (STOP)

Stouffer’s, 36

Streamlined Inspection System for Cattle (SIS-C), 206–7, 317n

Strikes, 36–37, 38, 157–58

Stull, Homer, 178

Subway (chain), 56, 59, 100–102, 241

Suicide, 146, 226

Sunglass Hut, 5

Supreme Beef Processors, 219–20

Supreme Court, U.S., 158

SureBeam irradiation technology, 217

Sus, Jerry, 71

Sweden, 243, 263

Swift, Harold, 153

Swift & Company, 137, 153, 156, 157, 187, 306n

Swiss Miss, 159

Tab, 124

Taco Bell: advertisements of, 43; competition of, 24; and employee coercion, 74–75; and food “assembly,” 69; and food safety, 222; and franchise owners, 85; history of, 22; and homogenizing of America, 5; as international, 88; labor practices of, 69,71,82; lawsuits against, 75; and NCAA promotions, 48; and overtime wages, 74–75; and restaurant technology, 71; and school cafeterias, 56; and throughput, 69

Tahiti Tourism Promotion Board, 230

Takasoga, 121

Tamogotchis, 47

T and G Service Company, 178

Tang, 124

Targeted Jobs Tax Credit, 72

Taste O’Sea, 159

Taterbabies, 130

Taterboy Curley QQQ Fries, 130

Tauxe, Robert V., 195

Tax breaks, 72, 163–64

Taxpayers Bill of Rights of Colorado, 64

Taylor, Michael R., 207

Taylor, Rod, 47

Teamsters Union, 77

Teenagers, 67–71, 78–87

Teenie Beanie Babies, 47–48, 86

“Teleservice representatives” (TSRs), 81

Teletray, 24

Teletubbies, 45, 48

Television advertising, 45–46

Tendinitis, 173

Texaco, 78

Texas, 16, 17, 25, 52

Texas A&M University, 43–44

Texas-American, 209

Texture Technologies Corporation, 128

T.G.I. Friday’s, 78, 233

Thailand, 230

Thatcher, Margaret, 239

Theft, 83–85

Theno, David M., 208–10

Thomas, Dave, 22–23. See also Wendy’s

Thompson, Hunter, 21

Throughput, 67–71

Tiger Harry’s restaurant, 214, 318n

Tiller, Fran, 248

Tippy’s Taco House, 98

Titan Corporation, 217

Titan II, 261

Today, 41

Tomart’s Price Guide to McDonald’s Happy Meal Collectibles, 47

Tommy Hilfiger, 81–82,234

To Russia with Fries, 237

Toy Manufacturers of America, 46

Toys, 4, 47–48, 276n

Tracy, Brian, 105

Training, 69–71, 178, 236, 262, 276n

Tricon Global Restaurants, 71, 88

Trogdon, Jane, 79

Trolley industry, 16–17

Trump, Ivana, 237

Trusts, 137. See also Beef Trust

TRW, 62

TSRs (“teleservice representatives”), 81

Tufts University Medical School, 221

Turkey, 229, 231

Turner, Fred, 69, 139

Tyson Foods, 140–42, 172, 230

UFCW. See United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW)

Uniform Commercial Code, 101

Unions: Amalgamated Butcher Work-men, 151; employee turnover affecting, 184; and fast food industry, 71, 75–77, 88, 262; in Germany, 233; influence of, 265–66; and meatpacking industry, 153–58; and strikes, 157–58; United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW), 76, 155–57, 183–84; and working conditions, 174, 184

Union Stockyards, 157

United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW), 76, 155–57, 183–84

United Kingdom, 242, 245–49,276n

United Nations, 152

United Students Against Sweatshops, 267–68

Universal TA-XT2 Texture Analyzer, 128

University of Arizona, 221

University of Colorado, 240

University of Michigan, 64

University of Minnesota, 198

University of Ohio, 84

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA): and cattle industry studies, 142; and deregulation, 206; and E. coli, 194, 203–4, 207, 263; and intimidation of cattle ranchers, 143; and irradiation, 217–18; and meat recalls, 211–14; and National School Lunch Program, 218–21; on packer concentration and farm prices, 302n; and single food safety agency, 264; and slaughterhouse shutdowns, 183; and Streamlined Inspection System for Cattle (SIS-C), 206–7, 317n; and testing of meat, 197, 263; as understaffed, 215

U.S. Department of Justice, 137, 143, 158, 160, 164

U.S. Department of Labor, 72, 180

Ute Indians, 150

V. Mane Fils, 121

Vacations, 160, 161

Variety, 36

Vasquez, Rachel, 104–5

Vegetarian Journal, 128

“Veggie libel,” 266–67

Vidal, John, 248–49

Vincente, Carlos, 178

Voigt, Brigitte, 251

Voigt, Manfred, 251

“Voluntary compliance,” 179–80

Von Braun, Wernher, 38–39, 282n

Vons Companies, Inc., 198

Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald, 48

Wages: and crime, 85; in fast food industry, 8, 37, 71, 73–74, 85, 277n, 328n; franchisee control of, 75, 78; and In-N-Out Burger, 259; and meatpacking industry, 153, 160, 162, 306n; in Mexico, 162; minimum wage, 8, 37, 71, 73, 88, 261, 262, 291n; overtime wages, 73, 74, 262; and product costs, 291n; restaurant industry pay scale, 277n

Walker, Arden, 161

Wall Street, 24–25

Wall Street Journal, 155, 251, 306n

Wal-Mart, 3, 81, 86, 233

Walt Disney Company: children as target market for, 42; decline of, 41; and Disneyland University, 33; and McDonald’s Corporation, 6, 33–34,49, 50; Mickey Mouse Club, 45; and propaganda films, 38. See also Disney, Walt; Disneyland

Walt Disney Story of Our Friend the Atom, 40

Walters, Barbara, 105

Warner Brothers, 48

Washington Post, 55

Watershed protection, 135

Watts, Steven, 36

Wayne State University, 98

Welch’s, 36

Welk, Lawrence, 25

Wendy’s: and contaminated meat, 212, 218; and crime, 86; and E. coli, 212; in fast food clusters, 60; and flavor additives, 128; history of, 23; and impulsive buying, 66; at top of industry, 27; and opposition to minimum wage law, 73; and National Hockey League, 48; portion sizes, 241

Weseley, Don, 164

West Germany. See Germany

Western Printing and Lithography, 40

Western Union, 22, 34

Western World, 42

Westinghouse Electric, 38

White, Barry, 179

White Castle, 197–98

“White flight,” 64

Wilson, Kevin, 180–81

Wilson, Thomas, 205

Wilson, Woodrow, 137

Wilson meatpacking company, 137

Winfrey, Oprah, 266

Witzel, Michael, 17

Wolf, Henry, 178

Wolke, Brent, 212

Women in workforce, 4

Workers’ compensation, 184–85

Workforce: awards for employees, 88; and crime, 83–87, 154–55, 162, 164–66, 176, 179–81, 206, 292n, 293n, 305n; de-skilled workforce, 154; employee turnover, 72–73, 83, 160–61, 163, 184; and federal subsidies, 72; and food safety, 222; handicapped in, 70; and health insurance, 160, 162, 257; immigrant workforce, 70–71, 160–63; interchangeability of, 70; and knife-sharpening, 173; language spoken by, 70–72, 160; managers’ effect on, 82–83; migrant industrial workforce, 161–63; and public assistance, 185; restaurant industry as largest employer, 6, 65; and safety, 8, 84–85, 172–90, 206; and social status, 78–79; statistics on, 72; teenagers in, 67–71, 78–87; unskilled, 6,9; women in, 4. See also Fast food industry; Injuries; Labor practices; Meatpacking industry; Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA); and specific companies

Work Opportunity Tax Credit, 72

World Health Organization, 217

World Is Not for Sale — Nor Am I (Bove), 244

World War II, 18

Yan, Yunxiang, 230, 231

Youth Market Alert, 43

Youth Market System Consulting, 45

Zamot, Carlos, 80

Zamot, Cynthia, 80

Zamot, Elisa, 67–68, 80–81

Ziebart Tidy Car, 229

Ziglar, Zig, 105

Zum Beispiel McDonald’s (Pater), 233