Forbidden Archeology: The Hidden History of the Human Race

Table of Contents

Foreword

Introduction and Acknowledgments

1 THE SONG OF THE RED LION

1.1 Darwin Hesitates

1.2 The Neanderthals

1.3 Haeckel and Darwinism

1.4 The search Begins

1.5 Darwin speaks

1.6 The Incompleteness of the Fossil Record

1.7 The Geological Timetable

1.8 The Appearance of the Hominids

1.9 Some Principles of Epistemology

1.10 Theories and Anomalous Evidence

1.11 The Phenomenon of Suppression

2 INCISED AND BROKEN BONES: THE DAWN OF DECEPTION

2.1 St. Prest, France (early Pleistocene or Late Pliocene)

2.2 A Modern example: Old Crow River, Canada (Late Pleistocene)

2.3 The Anza-Borrego Desert, California (Middle Pleistocene)

2.4 Val D’arno, Italy (early Pleistocene or late Pliocene)

2.5 San Giovanni, Italy (late Pliocene)

2.6 Rhinoceros of Billy, France (Middle Miocene)

2.7 Colline de Sansan, France ( Middle Miocene)

2.8 Pikermi, Greece (late Miocene)

2.9 Pierced Shark Teeth from the Red Crag, England (Late Pliocene)

2.10 Carved Bone from the Dardanelles, Turkey (Miocene)

2.11 Balaenotus of Monte Aperto, Italy (Pliocene)

2.12 Halitherium of Pouance, France (Middle Miocene)

2.13 San Valentino, Italy (Late Pliocene)

2.14 Clermont-Ferrand, France (Middle Miocene)

2.15 Carved Shell from the Red Crag, England (Late Pliocene)

2.16 Bone implements From Below the Red Crag, England (Pliocene to Eocene)

2.17 Dewlish Elephant Trench, England (Early Pleistocene to Late Pliocene)

2.18 More on implements From Below the Red Crag (Pliocene to Eocene)

2.19 Implements from Cromer Forest Bed, England (Middle to Early Pleistocene)

2.20 Sawn Wood from Cromer Forest Bed, England (Middle to Early Pleistocene)

2.21 Concluding Words about Intentionally Modified Bone

3 EOLITHS

3.1 Anomalously Old Stone Tools

3.2 B. Harrison and the Eoliths of the Kent Plateau, England (Pliocene)

3.2.1 Young Harrison

3.2.2 Neoliths and Paleoliths

3.2.3 Eoliths

3.2.4 More on the Geology of the Kent Plateau

3.2.5 The Relative Antiquity of Eoliths and Paleoliths

3.2.6 A.R. Wallace Visits Harrison

3.2.7 More Objections

3.2.8 The British Association Sponsors Excavations

3.2.9 The Royal Society Exhibition

3.2.10 The Problem of Forgery

3.2.11 “The Greater Antiquity of Man”

3.2.12 On the Treatment of Anomalous Evidence

3.2.13 More Honors for Harrison

3.2.14 More Opposition

3.3 Discoveries by J. Reid Moir in East Anglia

3.3.1 Moir and Harrison

3.3.2 The Age of the Crag Formations

3.3.3 Tools from Below the Red Crag (Pliocene to Eocene)

3.3.4 The Foxhall Finds (Late Pliocene)

3.3.5 Cromer Forest Bed (Middle or Early Pleistocene)

3.3.6 Moir Versus Haward

3.3.7 Warren’s Attack on Moir

3.3.8 An International Commission of Scientists Decides in Favor of Moir

3.3.9 Continued Opposition

3.3.10 Silence Ends the Debate

3.3.11 Recent Negative Evaluations of Moir’s Discoveries

3.3.12 A Slightly Favorable Modern Review of Moir’s Finds

3.4 Breuil and Barnes: Two Famous Debunkers of Eoliths

3.4.1 Breuil’s Attempt to End the Eolith Controversy

3.5 Cement Mill Eoliths?

3.6 Impact of the English Eolithic Industries on Modern Ideas of Human Evolution

3.6.1 Eoliths of the Kent Plateau

3.6.2 East Anglian Tools and the African Origins Hypothesis

3.6.3 Recent Pakistan Finds (Plio-Pleistocene Boundary)

3.7 Acceptable Eoliths: The Stone Tools of Zhoukoudian and Olduvai Gorge

3.7.1 Accepted Implements from Zhoukoudian (Middle Pleistocene)

3.7.2 The Oldowan Industry (Early Pleistocene)

3.7.3 Who Made the Eolithic and Oldowan Implements?

3.8 Recent Examples of Eolithic Implements from the Americas

3.8.1 Standard Views on the Entry of Humans Into North America

3.8.2 Texas Street, San Diego (Early Late Pleistocene to Late Middle Pleistocene)

3.8.3 Louis Leakey and the Calico Site in California (Middle Pleistocene)

3.8.4 Toca da Esperança, Brazil (Middle Pleistocene)

3.8.5 Alabama Pebble Tools

3.8.6 Monte Verde, Chile (Late Pleistocene)

3.8.7 Early Humans in America and the Eolith Question

3.9 A Recent Eolithic Discovery from India (Miocene)

4 CRUDE PALEOLITHIC STONE TOOLS

4.1 The Finds of Carlos Ribeiro in Portugal ( Miocene)

4.1.1 A Summary History of Ribeiro’s Discoveries

4.2 The Finds of The Abbé Bourgeois at Thenay, France (Miocene)

4.2.1 Debates About the Discoveries at Thenay

4.3 Implements From the Late Miocene of Aurillac, France

4.3.1 A Find by Tardy

4.3.2 Further Discoveries by Rames

4.3.3 Verworn’s Expedition to Aurillac

4.4 Discoveries By A. Rutot In Belgium (Oligocene)

4.5 Discoveries By Freudenberg Near Antwerp ( Early Pliocene to Late Miocene)

4.5.1 Flint Implements

4.5.2 Cut Shells

4.5.3 Incised Bones

4.5.4 Possible Human Footprints

4.5.5 The Identity of Freudenberg’s Palaeanthropus

4.6 Central Italy (Late Pliocene)

4.7 Stone Tools From Burma (Miocene)

4.8 Tools From Black’s Fork River, Wyoming (Middle Pleistocene)

5 ADVANCED PALEOLITHS AND NEOLITHS

5.1 Discoveries Of Florentino Ameghino In Argentina

5.1.1 Monte Hermoso (Middle and Early Pliocene)

5.1.2 Hrdlicka Attempts to Discredit Ameghino

5.1.3 Willis Stacks the Geological Deck

5.1.4 A Demolition Job by W. H. Holmes

5.1.5 Other Finds by F. Ameghino

5.1.6 Evidence for the Intentional Use of Fire

5.1.7 Primitive Kilns and Foundries?

5.1.8 Ameghino on the South American Origins of Hominids

5.2 Tools Found by Carlos Ameghino at Miramar (Pliocene)

A 5.2.1 Age of Site Commission of Geologists Confirms

5.2.2 A Stone Point Embedded in a Toxodon Femur (Pliocene)

5.2.3 Romero’s Critique of the Miramar Site

5.2.4 Boule on the Toxodon Femur with Arrowhead

5.2.5 Boman, the Excellent Ethnographer

5.3 Other Bolas and Bolalike Implements

5.3.1 The Sling Stone from Bramford, England (Pliocene to Eocene)

5.3.2 Bolas from Olduvai Gorge (Early Pleistocene)

5.4 Relatively Advanced North American Paleolithic Finds

5.4.1 Sheguiandah: Archeology as a Vendetta

5.5 Neolithic Tools From The Tertiary Auriferous Gravels Of California

5.5.1 The Age of the Auriferous Gravels

5.5.2 Discoveries of Doubtful Age

5.5.3 Tuolumne Table Mountain

5.5.4 Dr. Snell’s Collection

5.5.5 The Walton Mortar

5.5.6 The Carvin Hatchet

5.5.7 The Stevens Stone Bead

5.5.8 The Pierce Mortar

5.5.9 The Neale Discoveries

6 ANOMALOUS HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS

6.1 Middle and early Pleistocene discoveries

6.1.1 The Trenton Human Bones (Middle Pleistocene)

6.1.2 Some Middle Pleistocene skeletal remains from Europe

6.1.2.1 Galley Hill

6.1.2.2 The Moulin Quignon Jaw: A Possible Case of Forgery

6.1.2.3 The Clichy Skeleton

6.1.2.4 La Denise, France

6.1.3 The Ipswich Skeleton (Middle Middle Pleistocene)

6.1.4 Possible Early Man Sites With No Skeletal Remains

6.1.5 A Human Skull from The Early Pleistocene at Buenos Aires

6.1.6 The Lagoa Santa Calotte

6.2 Fossil Human Remains from Tertiary Formations

6.2.1 The Foxhall Jaw (late Pliocene)

6.2.2 Human Skeletons from Castenedolo, Italy ( Middle Pliocene)

6.2.3 A Skeleton from Savona, Italy (Middle Pliocene)

6.2.4 A Human Vertebra from Monte Hermoso (Early Pliocene)

6.2.5 A Jaw Fragment from Miramar, argentina (late Pliocene)

6.2.6 Human skeletal remains from the California Gold country (Pliocene to Eocene)

6.2.6.1 The Calaveras Skull

6.2.6.2 Captain Akey’s Report

6.2.6.3 The Hubbs Skull Fragment

6.2.6.4 A Human Jaw from Below Table Mountain

6.2.6.5 Human Bones from the Missouri Tunnel

6.2.6.6 Dr. Boyce’s Discovery

6.2.7 More European discoveries (Miocene and eocene)

6.3 Pre-tertiary Discoveries

6.3.1 Macoupin, Illinois (Carboniferous)

6.3.2 Human Footprints from the carboniferous

6.3.3 A Central Asian Footprint (Jurassic)

6.4 Conclusion

7 JAVA MAN

7.1 Dubois and Pithecanthropus Erectus

7.1.1 Initial Discoveries

7.1.2 The Discoveries at Trinil

7.1.3 Reports Reach Europe

7.1.4 Dubois Journeys to Europe with Java Man

7.1.5 The Selenka Expedition

7.1.6 Dubois Withdraws from the Battle

7.1.7 More Femurs

7.1.8 Are the Trinil Femurs Human?

7.1.9 Dubois Backs Away from His Original Claims

7.2 The Heidelberg Jaw

7.3 Further Java Man Discoveries by Von Koenigswald

7.3.1 The Ngandong Fossils

7.3.2 First Find at Sangiran

7.4 Later Discoveries In Java

7.5 Chemical and Radiometric Datingof The Java Homo Erectus Finds

7.5.1 The Ages of the Kabuh and Putjangan Formations

7.5.2 Chemical Dating of the Trinil Femurs

7.5.3 Uranium Content Testing of the Sangiran Fossils

7.6 Misleading Presentations of The Java Man Evidence

8 THE PILTDOWN SHOWDOWN

8.1 Dawson Gets a Skull

8.2 Reactions to PiltDown Man

8.3 A Canine Tooth and Nose Bones

8.4 A Second Dawn Man Discovery

8.5 One Creature or Two?

8.6 The Effect of New Discoveries On Piltdown Man

8.7 Marston’s Crusade

8.8 Evidence of Forgery

8.9 Was The Piltdown Skull Genuine?

8.10 The Identity of The Forger

9 PEKING MAN AND OTHER FINDS IN CHINA

9.1 Discoveries at Choukoutien

9.1.1 The First Teeth

9.1.2 Davidson Black

9.1.3 The Rockefeller Foundation Sends Black to China

9.1.4 Black and the Birth of Sinanthropus

9.1.5 The Transformation of the Rockefeller Foundation

9.1.6 An Historic Find and a Cold-Blooded Campaign

9.1.7 Evidence for Fire and Stone Tools at Choukoutien

9.1.8 Recent Views

9.1.9 The Fossil Bones of Sinanthropus and Signs of Cannibalism

9.1.10 Discoveries in the Upper Cave

9.1.11 Our Knowledge of Peking Man

9.1.12 The Fossils Disappear

9.1.13 An Example of Intellectual Dishonesty

9.2 OTHER DISCOVERIES IN CHINA

9.2.1 Dating by Morphology

9.2.2 Tongzi, Guizhou Province

9.2.3 Lantian Man

9.2.3.2 Morphological Dating of Lantian Man

9.2.3.3 Comparison of Faunal Evidence from Gongwangling and Chenjiawo

9.2.3.4 Paleomagnetic Dates

9.2.3.5 Comparison of Faunal Evidence from Gongwangling and Zhoukoudian

9.2.3.6 Analysis of Conflicting Opinions

9.2.3.7 Summary

9.2.4 Maba

9.2.5 Changyang County

9.2.6 Liujiang

9.2.7 Gigantopithecus

9.2.8 Dali

9.2.9 Summary of Overlapping Date Ranges

9.2.10 Stone Tools and Hominid Teeth at Yuanmou (Early Early Pleistocene)

9.2.11 Stone Tools at Xihoudu (Early Early Pleistocene)

9.2.12 Concluding Words on China

10 LIVING APE-MEN?

10.1 Hard Evidence Is Hard To Find

10.2 Cryptozoology

10.3 European Wildmen

10.4 Northwestern North America

10.5 More Footprints

10.6 Central And South America

10.7 Yeti: Wildmen of The Himalayas

10.8 The Almas of Central Asia

10.9 Wildmen of China

10.10 Wildmen of Malaysia And Indonesia

10.11 Africa

10.12 Mainstream Science and Wildman Reports

11 ALWAYS SOMETHING NEW OUT OF AFRICA

11.1 Reck’s skeleton

11.1.1 The Discovery

11.1.2 Leakey’s conversion

11.1.3 Cooper and Watson launch their Attack

11.1.4 Reck and Leakey change their Minds

11.1.5 The Radiocarbon Dating of Reck’s skeleton

11.1.6 Probable Date Range of Reck’s skeleton

11.2 The Kanjera Skulls and Kanam Jaw

11.2.1 Discovery of the kanjera skulls

11.2.2 Discovery of the kanam jaw

11.2.3 A commission of scientists Decides on kanam and kanjera

11.2.4 Boswell strikes Again

11.2.5 Leakey Responds

11.2.6 Kanam and Kanjera after Boswell

11.2.7 Morphology of the kanam jaw

11.2.8 Chemical Testing Of the Kanam And Kanjera Fossils

11.3 The Birth of Australopithecus

11.3.1 The Taung Child

11.3.2 Dart Retreats

11.3.3 Broom and Australopithecus

11.4 Leakey and His Luck

11.4.1 Zinjanthropus

11.4.2 Homo Habilis

11.4.3 Leakey’s Views on human evolution

11.4.4 Evidence for Bone smashing in the Middle Miocene

11.5 A Tale of Two Humeri

11.5.1 The Kanapoi Humerus

11.5.2 The Gombore Humerus

11.6 Richard, Son of Leakey

11.6.1 Skull Er 1470

11.6.2 Evolutionary Significance of the ER 1470 Skull

11.6.3 Humanlike Femurs From Koobi Fora

11.6.4 The ER 813 Talus

11.6.5 The Age of The KBS Tuff

11.6.5.2 The Potassium-Argon Dating of the KBS Tuff

11.7 Oh 62: Will The Real Homo Habilis Please Stand Up?

11.7.1 Implications for the eR 1481 and eR 1472 Femurs

11.7.2 The Leap From Oh 62 to Knm-Wt 15000

11.7.3 Conflicting Assessments of Other Homo Habilis Fossils

11.7.3.1 The OH 8 Foot

11.7.3.2 The OH 7 Hand

11.7.4 Cultural Level of Homo Habilis

11.7.5 Does Homo Habilis Deserve To Exist?

11.8 Oxnard’s Critique of Australopithecus

11.8.1 A Different Picture of Australopithecus

11.9 Lucy in the Sand with Diatribes

11.9.1 The Hadar Knee (Al 129)

11.9.2 Alemayehu’s jaws

11.9.3 Lucy

11.9.4 The First Family

11.9.5 Two Hominids at Hadar?

11.9.6 Johanson and White Decide On a Single Hadar Species

11.9.7 A. Afarensis: Overly Humanized?

11.10 The Laetoli Footprints

11.11 Black Skull, Black Thoughts