Guests of the Ayatollah

PART ONE The “Set-in”

Before dawn…secret meeting, Hashemi. Hashemi was supposed…“the United States is next!” Hashemi, Ebtekar’s Takeover in Tehran (TT). Few of the hundred…siege to the place, Hashemi, Asgharzadeh, Ebtekar, The 444-Day Crisis in Tehran (T444DCT). A CIA analysis…“prerevolutionary situation,” Carter’s Keeping the Faith (KF), p. 438. When the embassy opened…no imperial designs. Taheri’s Nest of Spies (NS), p. 92. By the fall of 1979…like a fort, Howland, Golacinski, Laingen, Limbert, Metrinko.

A big demonstration…larger crowd, Laingen, Limbert, Golacinski, Hashemi. For a discussion of the tendency to inflate the numbers of “martyrs” at anti-shah demonstrations, see Kurzman, The Unthinkable Revolution (UR). Referring to the most notorious of the “massacres,” Black Friday, Kurzman writes: “Estimates of casualties on this day … range from fewer than one hundred to many thousands. The post-revolutionary Martyr Foundation could identify only seventy-nine dead, while the coroner’s office counted eighty-two and Tehran’s main cemetery, Behesht-e-Zahra, registered only forty” (p. 75). Shortly before…cars and on foot, Hashemi, Asgharzadeh, Ebtekar, TT and T444DCT. The plan had been hatched…would die, Asgharzadeh, Hashemi, Mirdamadi, Abdi, Naimipoor, Khoeniha, T444DCT. When Asgharzadeh…Islamic Republic, Rajaeefar, Asgharzadeh, Ebtekar, Khoeniha, T444DCT. The mullah’s ideas…source of all evil, Golpour, Kashani, Khoeniha, Tajzadeh, Rahnema’s An Islamic Utopia (IU). In sessions…blindfold that many, Hashemi, Asgharzadeh, Ebtekar, TT, T444DCT. The planners had…traitorous administration, Mirdamadi, Asgharzadeh, Ebtekar, TT. The students had also…a statement, Asgharzadeh, T444DCT. Days after the plan was hatched…knew nothing of takeover plan, Asgharzadeh, Khoeniha, Ebtekar TT; Khomeini quoted on p. 58. Now, as Hashemi moved…what would happen then? Hashemi, Asgharzedeh, Naimipoor, Ebtekar, TT.

Walking down the wide corridor…feel for the place, John and Parvaneh Limbert. The morning meeting…voting with their feet, Laingen. Khomeini had…“the nation,” The Iran Hostage Crisis, a Chronology of Daily Developments, p. 35. John Graves…his staffing, DOS/ICA cable, Tehran 11376, 10/28/79. Laingen had…case basis, Laingen’s Yellow Ribbon (YR), p. 9. The decision…catastrophic, Laingen cable ref: State 256811, 9/30/79. It was…had answered, Jordan’s Crisis (C), p. 32. The embassy…for decades, Laingen, Golacinski, Morefield, Scott, Schaefer. Kalp, a CIA officer…not everyone could rise above it, Kalp. Some of those…peacefully resolved, Golacinski. Limbert then…report of the trip, Laingen, Golacinski, Howland, Limbert, Tomseth. Michael Metrinko…across the front yard, Metrinko, Joan (Walsh) Howland, Limbert.

Kevin Hermening…closed and locked, Hermening. Inured to months…thin, vertical strips, Ahern, Laingen. A few of the Iranians who seized the embassy continue to argue, twenty-five years later, that they uncovered an American plot to overthrow the revolution, but nothing in the voluminous “Den of Spies” documents they seized, pieced together, and published in more than forty volumes makes their case. The documents do offer a fascinating look at clandestine American activity in Iran going back to the mid-twentieth century and dramatically illustrate the failure of the spy agency to accurately understand the forces leading up to the revolution. Just six months before the shah was forced to flee the country, CIA deputy station chief Jack Miklos wrote from Tehran, where he had been stationed since 1974, “Iran has now reached the position of a stable and moderate middle-level power well disposed to the United States, which has been a goal of our policy since the end of World War II.” In appendices to her book Takeover in Tehran, which she judged too hot for American publishers to handle, Massoumeh Ebtekar had all of the seized documents from which to choose her bombshell revelations and, out of the mass of material, chose two cables. The first is a portion of a letter by John Graves, attempting to analyze the revolution, in which he concludes that it was primarily a revolt against privilege. Graves’s assessment is dubious, and Ebtekar would disagree, but there isn’t the slightest hint of spying in it. The second document records a CIA meeting with Abolhassan Bani-Sadr in Tehran after the revolution, in which Bani-Sadr is revealed to be working long hours—“until after midnight on a regular basis”—and somewhat less than eager to meet with Americans (he stood up the officer at their first scheduled meeting, and kept him waiting for hours for the second). The Iranian official confessed he was concerned about making arrangements to bring his family back to Iran and offered his guest—there is no indication that Bani-Sadr knew he worked for the CIA—some broad and entirely innocuous insights into how the emerging government was taking shape. Hardly the stuff of a coup d’état. In his office…out of his office, Rosen’s The Destined Hour (DH). Inside the front door…take more time, Golacinski, Howland, Sickmann, Gallegos, Moeller, Joan (Walsh) Howland, Laingen, Tomseth.

Inside the consulate…on the roof, Lopez, Morefield, Queen’s Inside and Out (IO), Ode. In his second-floor…felt set up, Metrinko. Golacinski was…situation needed, Golacinski, Gallegos, Lopez, Sickmann, Limbert, Persinger, Joan (Walsh) Howland, Belk, Hermening.

Golacinski, Lee, Lopez, Morefield, Cooke, Queen, Lijek.

On the top floor…nobody else was, Kupke, Belk, Barnes. At the foot…“them away!” Gallegos, Moeller, Hermening. Looking down…“burn it down!” Hermening, Golacinski. After seeing…everyone else, Limbert.

On the other side…open the door, Laingen, Scott, Schaefer, Swift. The stash…locked it, Kupke. One of the marines…were there, Belk, Scott, Kupke. Golacinski was hustled… “Allahuakbar!” Golacinski, Roeder, Sharer, Kennedy, Belk, German, Sickmann, Hall, Limbert. President Jimmy Carter… “great day for football!” Beckwith’s Delta Force (DF), Burruss, Jordan, C, Brzezinski’s Power and Principle (P&P).

Farouz Rajaeefar…she hung up. Rajaeefar. Other excited occupiers…“the Imam’s Line,” Ebtekar, TT. A few miles…embassy returned, Laingen, Yazdi, Tomseth, Precht.

Inside the chancery…to the roof, Ahern, Barnes, Kupke, Hermening, Howland. The phone lines…he said, Howland, Koob, Royer, Englemann, Jones, Golacinski.

Kupke’s pockets…evident disbelief, Kupke. The description of Sheikh-ol-eslam is drawn from several of the hostages who came to know him well, among them Daugherty, Ahern, Kupke, Scott, Metrinko, and Limbert, as well as from photographs taken at that time. With men grabbing…walked away, Ahern memo to CIA director, from National Security Archive.

By midafternoon…swish of fabric, Joan (Walsh) Howland, Limbert, Rosen. Ibrahim Yazdi…out of their hands, Laingen, Yazdi, Khoeniha.

Before he was…than they themselves did, Limbert. Throughout the residence…and never returned, Cooke, Hall, Queen, Scott, Sickmann, Subic, Persinger, Sharer. After the moment…just a nightmare! Belk, Jones, Hermening, Kupke, Queen, Limbert, Hall.

There was to be little…smoking cigarettes, Daugherty—both my interviews with him and his In the Shadow of the Ayatollah (ISA).

Across a continent…Delta’s first mission, Beckwith, DF, Burruss, Fitch. Beckwith was northbound…Kennedy interview, Brzezinski, P&P, Carter, KF, Jordan, C, Precht, Powell, Kinzer, All the Shah’s Men (ASM), Cottam’s Nationalism in Iran (NI) and Iran and the United States (IUS), Turner, press accounts (New York Times, Washington Post), Valeriani.

Monday morning brought…heavy sleep, Limbert, Asgharzadeh, Rajaeefar, Hashemi, Hall, Parvaneh Limbert. Through that long…sixty-six hostages, Koob, Royer, Lijek.

Two days after…its response, Brzezinski, P&P, Jordan, C, Beckwith, DF, Burruss, Lenahan, Nightengale, Vaught. At a meeting of the National Security Council…“Islamic thugs?” Powell’s The Other Side of History (TOSH). Any hope of the higher powers…and so fast, Yazdi, Tabatabai, Khoeniha. Ibrahim Yazdi left his office…had the imam’s ear last, Yazdi. In his speech that day…willing to negotiate, news reports, Jordan, C, Brzezinski, P&P, Valeriani. As Hamilton Jordan…angry Americans, Jordan, C.

The hostages at the embassy…save his life, Belk, Hohman. As the students scrambled to organize themselves…if it came to that, Morefield, Hashemi. Bob Ode, the eldest of the hostages…“this is for you,” Ode, Sickmann. In the first week of confinement…they were being interrogated, Limbert. Bruce Laingen…making circles, Laingen, Tomseth, New York Times, Washington Post accounts, TV news tapes from the Carter Center.

Having accomplished…significant enough? Hashemi, Scott (interview and Pieces of the Game), Keough, Sharer, Ebtekar, TT, T444DCT. Overview on embassy operations was provided primarily by Laingen. The role played by Captain Neil Robinson emerged from many interviews. Now an air force general assigned to the NSA, Robinson declined to be interviewed. Vice consul Richard Queen…given a raise without being informed, Queen (interview and IO). Kathryn Koob walked…she told them, Koob (interview and Guest of the Revolution [GR]). Al Golacinski was questioned about his watch…torture and interrogation, Golacinski. John Limbert was questioned…“ten years old at the time,” Limbert. Those interrogated…of the takeover, Hall. Many of those sessions…suited him fine, Golacinski. Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Dave Roeder…led him back upstairs, Roeder, Ebtekar, Hashemi. If they had a hard time…where he would spend the next five months, Metrinko, Joan (Walsh) Howland.

Despite their clumsy and sometimes comical methods…he pleaded, Daugherty, National Security Archive. The students realized soon enough…he was told, Ahern.

PART TWO Den of Spies

Videotapes of TV news coverage from the Carter Center Library, news reports.

On a chilly Thanksgiving…a long time, Quarles, Maples, news reports. Quarles, Maples, and Gross…certain as a spy, Ebtekar (interview and TT), T444DCT. Joan Walsh…to freedom, Joan (Walsh) Howland. The release…“determined to avoid,” videotapes of news reports, including the 60 Minutes interview with Khomeini from the Carter Center Library, news reports, Powell.

As winter settled over…an irregular schedule, the Mushroom Inn description and changing of the guards is drawn from my interviews and the Wells interviews, Queen, IO, and Scott, PG. Golacinski’s group…moved to a new spot, Golacinski, Roeder. Richard Queen…claim of importance, Queen (interview and IO), Hall, Lijek. The two remaining female hostages…Swift was taken away, Koob.

Perhaps because…“Richard Owen,” Queen (interview and IO). Thirty-three hostages…five days after the takeover, news reports, Brzezinski, P&P, Carter, KF, Vance’s Hard Choices (HC). The first big session…photos in his pocket, Rita Ode, Dorothea Morefield, Penne Laingen, Barbara Rosen, DH, Shaplen (The New Yorker, June 2, 1980). For his part…pure capitulation, Brzezinski interview. At a foreign policy breakfast…the response would be swift and harsh, Brzezinski, KF, Jordan, C, TV news tapes from the Carter Center, Carter, KF, Moses’s Freeing the Hostages (FTH).

Burruss, Fitch, Schoomaker, Beckwith, DF, Ishimoto, Kyle’s The Guts to Try (GT), Nightengale, Holloway Commission.

Limbert, Kupke, Graves, TW, The Spy Den Documents.

It would be hard to tell…he would never recover, news reports. Carter was considering…said Brzezinski, Moses, FTH, National Security Archive, TV news tapes from the Carter Center and the Morefield family. Carter was furious with the network…dare to assert control, Powell, Lenahan, Nightengale. House Speaker…“horseshit,” news reports, Nightengale, Burruss. Given the bewildering variety…condemn Carter and the American government, AP. When the shah attempted to…political weight, The Iran Hostage Crisis, a Chronology of Daily Developments, Jordan, C. At the White House…underscore his impotence, Carter, KF, Jordan, C, Brzezinski, P&P, memo obtained from the Carter Center Library. In a series of speeches…toward military action, Tehran Times. The president was briefed daily…left dark, Carter, KF.

On the embassy grounds…“out of here,” Queen (interview and IO), Hall. The Mushroom Inn…three times a day, description of Hamid from Koob, Queen (the list of library rules is from IO, p. 130), Scott, Roeder, Golacinski, Rosen, DH, Sharer, Persinger, Royer. They were beginning…across the room, Golacinski, Roeder, Scott (interview and PG).

Bill Belk had been moved…Christmas holidays, Belk (my interview and Wells interview). The approach of Christmas…on her “tree,” Koob.

On Christmas morning…entirely at ease, Hermening, Subic, Lauterbach, videotape from the Carter Center Library, Ebtekar, TT. In what the students…cut into her skin, news reports, videotape from the Carter Center Library, Kupke, Ebtekar, TT, Keough, Scott, PG, Koob. Several days…as its captives, Laingen, Tomseth. Vice consul Bob Ode…“not prayers,” Ode (interview and his diary), news reports. Despite its obvious…he was crushed, Limbert, Scott (interview and PG), Hall, Golacinski. Michael Metrinko…for two weeks, Metrinko, Ebtekar.

Charlie Beckwith decided…everyone around them understood, Burruss, Fitch, Beckwith, DF. Two other things happened…the president’s ear, news reports, Jordan, C, Associated Press chronology, Brzezinski, P&P, Salinger’s America Held Hostage (AHH). In the second week…dangerous business in Iran, news reports, Jordan, C.

PART THREE Waiting

After his questioners…eyes fell shut, Ahern. Some background information about Simon Farzami came from http://home.online.no/~hhakimi/album/abolhassan/abh.htm, National Security Archives, news reports. Ahern’s colleague Bill Daugherty…ended the interview, Daugherty, Schaefer, National Security Archive, TV news tapes from the Carter Center Library, Ahern, newspaper reports.

CIA officers…“That’s it,” Limbert, Precht. Lieutenant Colonel Dave Roeder…should he take it? Roeder.

After more than…several times, Kirtley, Lopez (Wells interview and my interview), Gallegos, Sickmann, Royer, Persinger, Cooke, Golacinski, Roeder, Sharer, Koob, Scott (interview and PG), Queen (interview and IO), Belk, Hall. Queen’s condition…whatever it was, Queen (interview and IO), Hall.

On January 25…might finally be breaking Carter’s way, Jordan, C, Sick’s All Fall Down (AFD), Associated Press chronology. There was now…he was in on it, Kupke, news reports, Lopez, Sickmann, Persinger, Graves.

Bill Belk’s combative…his next meal, Belk, Hohman, Ebtekar, TT. Next door, Limbert…“marvelous coup!” Limbert, Belk.

With a secret process…“lawless dictators,” news reports, videotapes from the Carter Center Library, Burruss, Fitch, Beckwith, DF, Kyle, GT, Schaefer. The students were feeling…even kind, Subic, Hermening, Lauterbach.

Inside Iran…future of Iran, Hashemi, Asgharzadeh. Their frustration…wanted to do, Limbert, Hall, Queen (interview and IO), Scott (interviews and PG), German, Ode, Kupke, Rosen (interview and DH), 444 Days to Freedom, Belk, Sharer, Englemann, Lopez, Keough, Cooke, Golacinski, Persinger, Roeder, Royer, Kennedy. After being assured repeatedly by Mohammad Hashemi and other former hostage takers that their captives had been treated gently and with respect at all times, I asked him about the mock execution. He said it never happened, that such stories were “lies.” “I have been interviewing former hostages all over the United States, dozens of them,” I told him. “And their memories about the incident are all in agreement, and agree with accounts they gave in interviews twenty years ago. They are all lying?” Hashemi said that he couldn’t vouch for every guard who took care of the hostages and every moment. “So now you are saying it might have happened?” I asked. He shrugged off the question. The mock execution…other guards, Kupke, Scott (interviews and PG). After the mock execution…and did, Hall, Scott, Keough.

On the same day…“for years,” news reports, Jaffe, Rupiper, Lewis, Gallegos. There was reason to be more optimistic…“polls are accurate,” Jordan, C, Carter, KF, memo from Carter Center Library, TV news tapes from the Carter Center Library, The Iran Hostage Crisis, a Chronology of Daily Developments, Associated Press chronology.

Laingen, Howland, Tomseth, news reports, 444 Days to Freedom.

On March 13…to poison him, Jordan, C, Carter, KF, letter from the Carter Center Library, The Iran Hostage Crisis, a Chronology of Daily Developments, Sick, AFD.

On March 19…avenue of approach, Queen (interview and IO), Hall. John Limbert was moved…no one disputed, Limbert. The interrogations…him in months, Metrinko, Sharsar.

As the month…Carney’s dirt bike, Carney (interviews and No Room for Error [NRE],…with some e-mail assistance from Bud McBroom). Over the same days…“I think we’re ready,” Burruss, Fitch, Schoomaker, Beckwith, DF.

PART FOUR One Hundred and Thirty-Two Men

Forcing grown men…he went home, Queen (interview and IO), Hall, Ode, Sickmann, Lopez, Gallegos, Golacinski, Laingen, Metrinko. Jimmy Carter’s patience…his choice of words, Jordan, C, Carter, KF, Associated Press chronology, Precht.

Easter in Tehran…for punishment, news reports, Rupiper, Strabala’s Prophets Without Honor (PWH), Koob, Golacinski, Hermening, Morefield, Gallegos, Queen, Hall. The successful, stealthy…seemed doable, Burruss, Fitch. President Carter’s crackdown…had traveled there on their own, Christopher’s Chances of a Lifetime (CL), Vance, HC, Jordan, C, Carter, KF, Brzezinski (interview and P&P), Powell interview, newspaper reports. ColonelBeckwith…April 24, Beckwith, DF, Carter, KF, Brzezinski, P&P, Jordan, C, Burruss, Fitch, Schoomaker. One morning, for no reason…spirits for days, Metrinko.

The punishment…His mom? Hermening, Golacinski. In an epic gesture…misled and manipulated, Timm. She was not…aggravated suspicion, Barbara Rosen, DH. Timm was appalled…canceling them, Timm, news reports. Then, in mid-April…“how to get them out,” Powell, McFadden’s No Hiding Place (NHP). The travel ban…“do not oppose it,” Barbara Rosen, DH, Penne Laingen, news reports. Opposition was…she refused, Timm, Ebtekar, TT. Hermening was blindfolded…day of his release, Hermening, Timm, Golacinski, Ebtekar. Bruce Laingen…sky faded into darkness, Laingen (interviews and YR), Carter, KF, Howland.

Burruss, Beckwith, Uttaro, Fitch, Carney, Holloway Commission Report, photos taken by mission members, Cheney, Smith, Savory, Schoomaker, Kyle, GT, Sanchez, Brenci, Bancroft, Byers, Rowe, Doyle, Long, Ishimoto, Carter, KF, Jordan, C, Brzezinski, P&P, Powell.

Already the eight…they turned back, Schaefer, Kyle, GT, Holloway Commission Report. At the desert…Carter said softy, Schaefer, Burruss, Beckwith, DF, Kyle, GT, Walton, Fitch, Smith, Schoomaker, Long, Brzezinski (interview and P&P), Jordan, C, Carter, KF, Christopher, CL, Vance, HC, Martin (Newsweek, “Inside the Failed Mission” [IFM]), 444 Days to Freedom.

At Desert One…no second chance, Haney’s Inside Delta Force (IDF), Martin, IFM, Fitch, Walton, Cheney, Schaefer, Beckwith, DF, Bancroft, Doyle, Rowe, Smith, Byers, Uttaro, Burruss. Word reached…rescue the hostages, Jordan, C, Vance, HC; the White House statement was reprinted in the Washington Post.

PART FIVE Haggling With the Barbarians

Hashemi, Asgharzadeh, Keough, Royer, Barnes, Jones, Ahern, Limbert, Metrinko, Daugherty, German, Koob, Ode.

Barbara Timm…was not friendly, Timm, news reports, videotapes of TV news from the Carter Center Library. Most Americans…steady months-long decline, Associated Press–NBC News poll. In the final meeting…“I don’t change it now,” Barbara Rosen, DH, Timm, Brzezinski (interview and P&P); the roundup of newspaper editorial reactions was compiled by AP in the week after the mission. It was a dejected…spirited ovation, news reports, Fitch, Burruss, Beckwith, DF, Martin, IFM.

After the rescue attempt…six months before, Laingen, news reports. John Limbert…alone for a long time, Limbert, Sharer, Kalp. Summerturned…a big apology, Metrinko, Roeder, news reports, videotape from the Carter Center Library, 444 Days to Freedom.

At home during…“into a catastrophe, Schell (The New Yorker, June 2, 1980). Some of the…in private, Barbara Rosen, DH. In light…“live with the hostages, news reports, videotapes from the Carter Center Library. Despite the dearth…“you thought of the hostages today?,” Carter, KF, Jordan, C, Washington Post, McFadden, NHP, Associated Press chronology, Sick, AFD, TV news tapes from the Morefields, 444 Days to Freedom, Dorothea Morefield, TV news tapes from the Carter Center Library, New York Times. The obstinacy…“if it doesn’t work,” The Iran Hostage Crisis, a Chronology of Daily Developments, news reports, Laingen (interviews and YR), Howland, Bani-Sadr.

Others responded…like torture, Limbert, Kalp, Belk, Subic. The logistics…a good sign, Lopez, Hall, Kirtley, Persinger, Koob. Kathryn Koob…was gone, Koob. Queen, Miele…Zurich, Switzerland, Queen (interview and IO), Ode (interview and diary), Hohman.

Limbert, Scott (interviews and PG), Holland.

Summer is long…fearless response, Howland. Laingen saw…for emergencies, Laingen, Holland, Limbert, Scott (interview and PG), Sharer, Daugherty, Metrinko, Roeder. Suddenly, Iran…“Stop shooting at it,” Laingen, YR. None of the hostages…war with Iraq, Limbert, Belk, Koob. The window to the cell…dried black, Golacinski, Morefield. Tom Ahern…back in solitary, Ahern, Sharer, Scott. The question of who told what to the Iranians continues to be a source of confusion and dissension among the hostages twenty-five years later. One sweltering night…started to laugh, Keough, Daugherty, Roeder, Rosen, DH, Schaefer. The guard Abbas…own divising, Cooke. Not long…pointless, and cruel, Metrinko, news reports (Metrinko gave me a copy of the letter).

Iraq’s invasion of Iran…have to wait out this war, Tabatabai, Christopher, CL, Associated Press chronology, Carter, KF, Jordan, C, AP, Sick, AFD, McFadden, NHP. As the American…exposure and pull, news reports, TV videotapes from the Carter Center Library. In Tehran…“Boom!” Roeder. All through October…January 21, 1981, Carter, KF, Associated Press chronology, Jordan, C, Christopher, CL, UPI, AP, TV news tapes from the Morefield family and the Carter Center Library, McFadden, NHP. After Reagan’s victory…other mullahs, Laingen (interviews and YR), Tomseth, Howland, news reports. Month by month…written a year earlier, McFadden, NHP, TV news tapes from the Carter Center Library, 444 Days to Freedom.

In the interregnum…for the first time in more than a year, Turner’s Terrorism and Democracy (TD), McFadden, NHP, Associated Press chronology, Carter, KF, Jordan, C, TV news tapes from the Carter Center Library, Sick, AFD. At the end…suite in groups, Daugherty, Scott, Ahern, Laingen, Tomseth, Howland, Koob. For the hostages’…flicker of hope, Hall, TV videotapes from the Carter Center Library, Metrinko, Roeder. Kathryn Koob and Ann Swift…terminates the conversation, Koob, Ebtekar, TV videotapes from the Carter Center Library, 444 Days to Freedom, Metrinko, Roeder, Morefield, Laingen, YR.

Before Laingen…were solid, Laingen. If the students believed…sense of completion and accomplishment, McFadden, NHP, Carter, KF, Christopher, CL, Associated Press chronology, Sick, AFD, TV news tapes from the Carter Center Library. Two days before…interrogator departed, Daugherty. Sheikh-ol-eslam…he said, Ahern. John Limbert…on their way, Limbert, Koob, Golacinski, Howland, Hermening, Laingen, Sickmann, Metrinko, Kupke. Carter had reluctantly abandoned his plan…waiting for news from Tehran, Carter, KF, Christopher, CL, McFadden, NHP, Sick, AFD, Brzezinski, P&P, TV news tapes from the Carter Center Library, Jordan, C, AP. Mehrabad Airport…he felt relaxed, videotapes from the Carter Center Library, Sickmann, Hermening, Royer, Tomseth, Koob, Limbert, Laingen, Hall, Belk, Scott (interviews and PG), Lopez, Roeder, Metrinko, Gallegos, Ahern, Kupke, Golacinski. President Reagan made the announcement…they started to dance, TV news tapes from the Carter Center Library and the Morefield family, 444 Days to Freedom.