Hadrian and the Triumph of Rome - читать бесплатно онлайн полную версию книги автора Anthony Everitt (ч. 5)

Some contemporary scholars wonder whether Hadrian really did abandon the principle of

imperium sine fine

. Hadrian’s actions and those of his successor, together with what we know or can infer about the practicalities of administering a large empire, persuade me that Hadrian did indeed introduce a strategic change. For less firm opinions, see Opper, chapter 2, and the brilliant chapter 8 in CAH.

“From the time of Caesar Augustus”

Florus Ep 18.

in his post on or before August 25

POxy 3781.

Hadrian himself probably paid a quick visit

I follow Gray, pp. 25–28.

the

tributum soli

For more information see Brunt, p. 335.

known for his shrewdness and sharpness of wit

Marc Aur 8 25.

Hadrian presided over the trial

This account derives from fragmentary papyri, the so-called Acts of Paulus and Antoninus; these nationalistic texts are semifictional, but it is possible to interpret the bedrock of actuality on which they rest. The events described seem most likely to have taken place now and in Egypt, although it is possible that they occurred later and elsewhere. Delay in dealing with the aftermath of the Jewish revolt was not in Rome’s interest.

“he had fallen under suspicion”

HA Hadr 58.

“And after him shall rule”

Or Syb 5 65–69. The quotation comes from the Sibylline Oracles, a collection of Greek hexameters, much amended and added to over the centuries, probably composed between the second century

B.C

. and the sixth century

A.D

. The original Sibylline Oracles were in the possession of the Roman Republic and were destroyed by fire in 83

B.C

. These surviving texts reflect Jewish and Christian hostility to the Roman empire.

appoint the reliable Gaius Avidius Nigrinus

This is plausible speculation; we know that Nigrinus was governor of Dacia from an inscription found in Sarmizegetusa (Smallwood 192), but not exactly when. See Birley, p. 86, for a discussion.

the emperor’s favorite horse, Borysthenes

A speculation by Birley, p. 86. There are, of course, other possible donors among Rome’s client kingdoms that lined the Black Sea.

“energetic enough in mobilizing his friends”

Fronto Princ Hist 10. Also the following quotation “with amusing games.”

the supposed talents of a later emperor

Lucius Verus, co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius. See Galimberti, p. 99.

“a well-phrased statement”

Pliny Ep 5 13 6.

“in reality because they had great influence”

Dio 69 25.

while he was conducting a sacrifice

HA Hadr 71.

the occasion was a hunt

Dio 69 25.

Trajan had accessed the public courier or postal service

Aur Vic 13 5–6.

a German-born centurion, Marcus Calventius Viator

Speidel pp. 47—48. (“German-born” because the Dacian altar was dedicated to Celtic deities; bodyguards usually consisted of Germanic recruits.)

His name appears on two altars

Smallwood 192 and 332.

“This slavish passivity”

Tac Ann 16 16.

XV. THE ROAD TO ROME

Chief literary sources—Dio Cassius,

Historia Augusta

, and Juvenal on Rome

“They are made exclusively for war”

Tac Germ 29 2.

“I was once the most famous of men”

Smallwood 336 1–5 (my translation).

“No Roman or barbarian”

Ibid., 7, 11.

a certain Mastor

Dio 69 22 2.

declared on oath

Ibid., 69 26.

he would never put a senator to death

HA Hadr 74.

it showed Clemency

BMC III p. 271 no. 252.

Hadrian wanted to do away with his former guardian

HA Hadr 93.

“burned the records of old debts”

Suet Aug 32 2.

“who remitted 900 million sesterces”

Smallwood 64a.

A carved relief shows the scene

Chatsworth House, Derbyshire, inv. no. A 59.

lictor

setting fire to a pile of bonds

Smallwood 64b.

maintaining the government courier service

HA Hadr 75.

“crown gold”

Ibid., 65.

supplementary distribution

BMC III p. 402 nos. 1125, 1126, and 1127.

“bread and circuses”

Juv 10 78–81.

“the waxed tablets”

Smallwood II 6, February 26 p. 20.

permission to hang an ornamental shield

The date of this request is unknown. I refer to it here for convenience.

a high-value silver coin, a tetradrachm

BMC III p. 395 no. 1094.

“That he was surnamed Thurinus”

Suet Aug 71.

“On the day of a meeting of the Senate”

Ibid., 53 3.

“he frequently attended the official functions”

HA Hadr 97–8.

a dangerous faux pas

Dio 69 6 1–2.

He had not forgotten those lines from Virgil

See page 93 above.

“In a word, he induced a fierce people”

Florus Ep 12.

“in the fashion of the Greeks or Numa”

Aur Vic 14 2–3; “fine arts” is my paraphrase of

ingenuarum artium

the emperor’s interest in supporting culture

Green, p. 164.

denarius struck at Rome shows a bust of Matidia

BMC III p. 281 no. 332.

“most immense delights”

HA Hadr 19 5.

The Arvals recorded their generous

Smallwood II 74–9 (p. 23).

We have his own words

Ibid., 114 4 (p. 56).

“All hopes for the arts”

Juv 71–4, 17, 20–21.

“a charming coastal retreat”

Juv 34.

“at Tibur perched on its hillside”

Ibid., 3 191.

“But here we inhabit a city”

Ibid., 192–97.

“Insomnia causes most deaths here”

Ibid., 232, 236–38.

“however flown with wine”

Ibid., 282–88.

“as a special favor”

Ibid., 301.

“the whores pimped out”

Ibid., 64–65.

“When every building”

Ibid., 302–5.

commissioning masterworks of architecture

This section is indebted to Opper, pp. 110–25.

“the most blest of plains”

Strabo 543.

the celebrated occasion when his predecessor

Tac Ann 4 57 and 58.

His aim … was to “aid all the towns”

HA Hadr 96.

Inscriptions have been discovered at various towns

CIL X 4574, 6652, and ILS 843.

“a restful vacation”

Strabo 547.

demarch

HA Hadr 19 1.

According to Petronius … she lived in a cave

Petr 48.

XVI. THE TRAVELER

Chief literary sources—Dio Cassius and

Historia Augusta

dispensed “with imperial trappings”

Dio 69 10 1.

“went to the relief of all the communities”

HA Hadr 10 1.

restitutor

or “restorer,” of the province

BMC III p. 350f, 521f.

the generals of the Republic

HA Hadr 10 2 refers to Hadrian’s debt to Scipio Aemilianus and Metellus. The information must have come from Hadrian’s lost autobiography via Marius Maximus. Hadrian would have first heard about these generals in his youth.

“A glorious moment”

App Pun 132.

“There will come a day”

Homer

Iliad 6

448–449.

“[The soldiers’] food”

App Iberica 85.

“Stranger, you will do well to linger here”

Sen Ep 21 10.

“A painful inability to urinate”

Dio Laer Epicurus 10 22.

“You know very well, sir, [the interest I] have”

Oliver, pp. 174ff.; Smallwood 442.

“We have what we were so eager to obtain”

Smallwood 442.

“the best of all fellow-sectarians”

Ibid.

“inattention of previous supreme commanders”

HA Hadr 10 3.

a manual of military regulations

Veg 18.

“with a view to beauty, speed, the inspiring of terror”

Arr Tact 32 3.

“such camp fare as bacon, cheese, and vinegar”

HA Hadr 10 2.

“He generally wore the commonest clothing”

Ibid., 10 5.

“He personally viewed and investigated”

Dio 69 92.

“demolished dining rooms in the camps”

HA Hadr 10 4.

older men “with full beards”

Ibid., 10 6.

the death penalty should be used

See Digest 49 16 6–7, and 48 3 12.

“put a more humane interpretation”

Smallwood 333.

“during this period [his first provincial tour]”

HA Hadr 12 6.

“An encamped army”

Ael Arist Rom 82.

XVII. EDGE OF EMPIRE

Chief literary sources—Dio Cassius and

Historia Augusta

. Also Birley and Bowman on Vindolanda.

a still-persisting trick of the weather

Birley Vind p. 50.

Britunculi

See Bowman p. 103, TVII 164.

“I shall expect you, sister”

Bowman, p. 135.

“furnish me with very many friends”

Ibid., p. 129.

a couple of tablets reveal the efforts

See Birley Vind p. 76.

“Many hellos”

Bowman, pp. 141–42.

Archaeologists have discovered and explored

See Birley Vind p. 76.

Certificates were issued

Smallwood 347.

His reply survives

Justin Apol App.

“I will not allow them simply to beg”

Ibid.

“And this, by Hercules”

Ibid.

A document of May 18

TVII 154 (see Bowman, pp. 101–2).

“corrected many abuses”

HA Hadr 11 2.

“To the discipline of the emperor”

Birley Vind p. 97.

“ripped up their cuirasses”

Fronto Ad L Ver 19.

“I implore Your Clemency”

TVII 344 (see Bowman, pp. 146–47, but NB variant translation). It is just possible that the letter was for the provincial governor, but the use of the term “Majesty” (not quoted here) suggests that Hadrian was the addressee.

there was an amusing sequel

For this anecdote, HA Hadr 11 6–7.

“replaced Septicius Clarus, Praetorian prefect”

HA Hadr 11 3. “Without his consent” translates

iniussu eius

, but some prefer a modern emendation

in usu eius

, or “in their association with her.” I prefer the former, the latter being somewhat repetitive of

apud

, “in the presence (or company) of.”

because of his monstrous personality

Epit de Caes 14 8. 222

“the first to construct a wall”

HA Hadr 11 2.

“necessity of keeping intact”

Sherk 141. Hadrian was consul in 118 and 119.

XVIII. LAST GOOD-BYES

Chief literary sources—

Historia Augusta

and Dio Cassius. Also Xenophon on reaching the sea.

“I couldn’t bear to be Caesar”

HA Hadr 16 3–4. This and the following quatrain is a free rendering

of ego nolo Caesar esse / ambulare per Britannos / [latitare per Germanos] / Scythicas pati pruinas

and

ego nolo Florus esse / ambulare per tabernas / latitare per popinas, / culices pati rotundos

. A line has dropped out of the first squib, but it can be reconstructed by reference to the emperor’s reply and his itinerary since accession.

“Every woman’s breast”

MLP Florus 3. The Latin runs:

Mulier intra pectus omnis celat virus pestilens; / dulce de labris loquuntur, corde vivunt noxio

“the woman through whom he had secured”

Dio 69 10 3.

“honored her exceedingly”

Ibid.

“Although she asked much of me”

Ibid., 3

he famously brought down a huge boar

Ibid.

he broke his collarbone

Ibid., 69 10 2.

“Borysthenes the barbarian”

MLP Hadr 4.

Borysthenes Alanus, / Caesareus veredus, / per aequor et paludes / et tumulos Etruscos / volare qui solebat / … die sua peremptus / hic situs est in agro

. The Alani were Iranian nomads who reared Borysthenes. Also the next quotation.

he loved his horses and dogs

HA Hadr 20 13.

“There you will slaughter”

Mart 1 49 23–30.

a certain Publius Rufius Flavus

Sherk 180, CIL II 4332.

“one of the slaves of the household”

HA Hadr 12 5.

he failed to revisit his hometown of Italica

Dio 69 10 1.

Suetonius’ successor as

ab epistulis

We know that Vestinus became Hadrian’s

ab epistulis

, but it is not certain that he followed immediately on Suetonius.

Hadrian scattered cultural largesse

Birley, p. 153. Malalas 278f.

“very elegant” temple

See Birley p. 153, Suda sv Jovianus.

“War with the Parthians”

HA Hadr 12 8.

expeditio Augusti

BMC III p. 425 no. 1259ff., pp. 434–35 no. 1312ff.

Janus began to appear on the coinage

Ibid., p. 254 no. 100, p. 437 no. 1335.

“doorkeeper of heaven and hell”

Macr 19 13.

“However, when the shouting got louder”

Xen Anab 4 7.

memorial cairns built by the Greek soldiers

Diod 14 29 4.

“although [it] has been erected”

Arrian Peri 1 3–4.

“long street of great beauty”

Pliny Ep 10 98 1.

“disgusting eyesore”

Ibid.

An earthquake had struck the province

Syncellus Chron p. 659 7–8.

XIX. THE BITHYNIAN BOY

Chief literary sources—Plato, Plutarch, and others on love. Polemon on a possible assassination attempt.

“building, or rather excavating”

Pliny Ep 39 5–6.

his birthday … November 27

Smallwood 165, line 5.

a cheerful, chubby-faced teenager

Bust, Munich Glyptothek, Inv. No. GL286; head, British Museum, Inv. No. 1900. Juvenile portraits may or may not have been posthumously carved or copies of earlier ones, but, even if posthumous, are an indication of contemporaries’ understanding of Antinous’ age when first noticed.

In about 130 we see Antinous in a carved relief

Tondo, Arch of Constantine, Rome.

a woman called Antinoe

Paus 8 8 4–5. Also, after Antinous’ death, a divine cult in his honor was established at Mantinea; so the connection was credited, even if mistakenly.

A late reference to Antinous as Hadrian’s “slave”

Jer de vir ill 22.

“no one keeps you from coming here”

Plaut Curc 33–38.

The Cretans engaged in a procedure

Strabo 10 4 21.

“Lovers of their own sex”

Plato Symp 181 D.

“the true genuine love”

Plut Mor 751a.

no one falls in love with an

ugly

youngster?

Cic Tusc 4 33 70.

“Lesbia of the Lesbians”

Mart 7 70.

Mousa Paidike

This is Book 12, Anth Pal.

“who used to fancy himself”

Juv 9 46–47.

a procurer of every luxury

Aur Vic 14 7.

agmen comitantium

Ep de Caes 14 4 5.

“cohorts … every kind of specialist”

Ibid.

the imperial Paedogogium in Rome

I accept here the traditional location on the Palatine Hill, although another address places the Paedogogium on the Caelian Hill. Perhaps there were two similar or related establishments. In this section, I am indebted to Clarence A. Forbes, “Supplementary Paper: The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity,”

American Philological Association

86 (1955), 321–60; also to Lambert, pp. 61–63.

the gravestone of one of its directors

ILS 1831. The widow of the “paedogogus of the slave boys of our Caesar” was called Ulpia Helpis, which suggests that she won her freedom from Trajan. So Ganymedes would have died not before Trajan’s reign and very possibly in Hadrian’s.

“colleges for the most contemptible vices”

Colum 1 praef. 5.

Juvenal grumpily complained

Juv 5 121–22.

some two hundred graffiti

The Paedogogium had a long life, and the dating of these graffiti ranges from the first to the third century.

tomb of the Greek warrior Ajax

Philo Her 1 2; the reference at Paus 1 35 3 must refer to Hadrian’s visit, unless it is to be supposed that the tomb needed restoration twice in the same period.

Hadrianutherae, or Hadrian’s Hunt

HA Hadr 20 13.

“select and genuinely Hellenic”

Philo v. Soph 1 25 3.

his Greek text

A book called Polemon’s

Physiognomica

“Once I accompanied the greatest king”

Pol Physio (ed. G. Hoffmann, in R. Forster,

Scriptores Physiognomici

I, pp. 138ff.); also the succeeding quotations. See Birley, pp. 164–66.

The prosperous city of Stratonicea

Oliver, pp. 201–4.

a woman stepped forward

Dio 69 6 3.

“the emperor Hadrian”

Galen,

The Diseases of the Mind

, 4.

“accomplish what kings could only attempt”

Pliny Ep 10 41 5. 249

“In general,” observed Dio

Dio 70 4 2.

“young men of the city”

Smallwood 72b.

a late and not altogether dependable source

Malalas, p. 279.

“Julianus himself”

Digest, Constitution “Tanta …” 18.

recast their constitution

Jer Chron 280–81.

XX. THE ISLES OF GREECE

Chief literary source—Pausanias on Greece. Also Burkert on Eleusis.

The piglet squealed

For my account of the Mysteries I am mainly indebted to Burkert, especially pp. 285–90. There are many theories of what took place during the rites, but I try to take a conservative line. The first section concerns what were called the Lesser Mysteries, where initiates were purified; these usually took place in March, but could be held at other times. Special arrangements were surely put in place for an emperor. It appears that Hadrian was not initiated during his previous visit to Athens.

for more than one thousand years

Legend has it that the Mysteries started in 1500 B.C. Their popularity was long sustained. Peter Levi writes: “As late as 1801 Demeter was still worshipped at Eleusis; when her last cult image, a two-ton kistophorus from the inner porch, was stolen by Professor E. D. Clarke of Cambridge, the visitors were terrified. An ox ran up, butted the statue repeatedly and fled bellowing. The people prophesied the shipwreck of Clarke’s ship: it occurred off Beachy Head, but the statue is now in Cambridge.” Paus vol. 1, book 1, note 231.

“We have learned from them the beginnings of life”

Cic Leg 2 14 36.

weapons were banned

HA Hadr 13 2.

“uncovered her shame”

Clem 2 176–77.

a new bridge over the river Kephisos

Jer Chron 280–81.

“ruler of the wide, unharvested earth”

Smallwood 71a.

“Hadrian, god and Panhellene”

IG 2

²²⁹⁵⁸

When he was at Eleusis

It is a reasonable assumption that the

princeps

noticed the distorted market in fish during his visit to Eleusis, but it

only an assumption.

“I want the vendors to have been stopped”

Oliver, pp. 193–95.

a tour of the Peloponnese

See Birley, pp. 177–182.

“a peacock in gold”

Paus 2 17 6.

“founder, lawgiver, benefactor”

IG VII 70–72, 3491.

“not even the emperor”

Paus 1363.

buried at the roadside

Ibid., 8 11 7–8.

an annual celebration

Xen Anab 5 3 9–10.

“He wore local dress”

Dio 69 16 1.

“Do not detract from anyone’s dignity”

Pliny Ep 8 24.

“Those who introduce the emperor’s opinion”

Plut Mor 814—15.

“hundred columns, walls and colonnades”

Paus 1 18 9.

a complicated dispute

CIG 1713.

“very magnificent and splendid”

Plut Mor 748—49.

“be gracious, kindly receive”

IG 7 1828.

“the soul from the world”

Plut Mor 764—65.

XXI. HOME AND ABROAD

Chief literary source—

Historia Augusta

. Also the guidebook, and MacDonald and Pinto, on Hadrian’s villa; and the speech at Lambaesis.

“many-colored, it is said, like a rainbow”

HA Hadr 13 3.

entire crest had been blown off

M. Coltelli, P. Del Carlo, and L. Vezzoli, “Discovery of a Plinian basaltic eruption of Roman age at Etna Volcano, Italy,”

Geology 26

(1998), 1095–98.

“the Aelian villa with the colorful walls”

CIL 14 3911.

rus in urbe

Mart 12 57 21.

“built his villa at Tibur”

HA Hadr 26 5.

his “house at Tibur”

Oliver, p. 74 bis.

Some scholars suggest … a cult theater

MacDonald, pp. 162ff.

“devoted to music and flute players”

Fronto de fer Als 4.

His most astonishing architectural innovation

It is possible that Hadrian was influenced by the palace of Dionysius the Elder of Syracuse, which was isolated by a canal, and the Herodion, Herod the Great’s circular palace-fortress.

He had been born in or about 113

Dio has Pedanius Fuscus about six years younger. An ancient horoscope places his birth in 113, and because of its broad contemporaneity (it would have been published not long after his death when he was still “news”) is more likely to be accurate.

an odd little congratulatory poem

ILS 5173. It survives in an inscription. See the inspired interpretation by Edward Champlin in

Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik

60 (1985) 159ff.

“his kindly disposition”

Marc Aur 1 1.

“the simple life”

Ibid., 13.

“solemn child from the very beginning”

HA Marc 2 1.

“in Hadrian’s lap”

Ibid., 4 1.

“erotic and fond of gladiators”

CCAG 8, 2 p. 85, 18 to p. 86, 12.

“the emperor’s health”

Smallwood 24 16.

the personification of health … feeding a snake

BMC III 476 etc.

Hope

Spes

holding up a flower

Ibid., 486.

“subcutaneous disease” … “burning”

Ep de Caes 14 9.

“it rained on his arrival”

HA Hadr 22 14.

“Caesar’s untiring concern”

Smallwood 464, col. II 4–5.

fossatum Africae

See Birley, pp. 209–10.

“Jupiter Best” … “Winds that have the power”

CIL 8 2609—10.

“Military exercises”

Sherk 148 (and the further quotations).

XXII. WHERE HAVE YOU GONE TO, MY LOVELY?

Chief literary sources—Dio Cassius and

Historia Augusta

. Also

Epitome de Caesaribus

and Aurelius Victor on Antinous. Lambert on Antinous. Betz on magic.

tetradrachm worth six sesterces

BMC III p. 395.

first citizen

Thuc 1 139.

“introduced a bill to the effect”

Plut Per 17.

He decided to launch a new Panhellenion

On Hadrian’s Panhellenion, see A. J. Spawforth and Susan Walker, “The World of the Panhellenion: I. Athens and Eleusis,”

The Journal of Roman Studies

75 (1985).

to recruit the past

Arafat, p. 30.

its shrine not far from the Roman Agora

There has been debate about its location. I follow Camp, p. 203.

“This is Athens, the onetime city”

IG II

5185.

“with such severity that it was believed”

HA Hadr 13 10.

“after procuring peace from many kings”

Epit de Caes 14 10.

Pharasmenes was king of the Iberi

HA Hadr 13 9, 17 11–12 and 21 13.

Paul of Tarsus called it mutilation

Phil 3 2–3.

the new city’s celebratory coinage

Birley, p. 233.

A fourth-century church father, Epiphanius

Epiph 14.

No later than the end of August

Alexandrian coinage celebrating Hadrian’s

adventus

is dated in the fourteenth year of the reign, which ended on August 28, 130. See Birley, p. 237.

“Dead men don’t bite”

Plut Pomp 77 4.

“How pitiful a tomb”

App Civil War 2 86.

investing in restoration projects

Jer Chron 197.

“By Mouseion,” wrote Philostratus

Phil v. Soph 1 22 3.

“put forward many questions”

HA Hadr 20 2.

“Although he wrote verse and composed speeches”

HA Hadr 15 10–11.

“The emperor can give you money”

Dio 69 3 5.

“extremely obscure work”

HA Hadr 16 2.

“You are giving me bad advice”

Ibid., 15 13.

“Some writers go on to record the cures”

Strabo 17 1 17.

a village called Eleusis

Ibid., 17 16.

“First Hadrian with his brass-fitted spear”

MS Gr Class d 113 (P), Bodleian Library, Oxford.

the town of Oxyrhyncus

Birley, p. 246.

“with shaved head”

Lucian Philospeud 34f.

“performed the sacrifices”

Strabo 17 1 29.

instruction in the art of a spell

Betz, pp. 82ff.

Opposite Hermopolis the riverbank curved

See Lambert, p. 127, for this description.

“wept for the youth like a woman”

HA Hadr 14 5.

“the Greeks deified him”

Ibid.

“O my daughter”

Laszlo Kakosy, “The Nile, Euthenia, and the Nymphs,”

Journal of Egyptian Archaeology

68 (1982), 295.

“Antinous … had been a favorite”

Dio 69 11 2.

“when Hadrian wanted to prolong his life”

Aur Vic 14 9–10.

“Concerning this incident there are varying rumors”

HA Hadr 14 6.

“malicious rumors spread”

Aur Vic 14 8.

the superannuated gigolo

See page 243 above.

“if he could find another”

Eur Alc 13–18.

“I myself believe that Achilles”

Arrian Peri 23 4.

his little horror poem

Hor Epo 5.

A new coin type shows an equally youthful Hadrian

BMC III p. 318, no. 603. The reverse shows heads of Trajan and Plotina, and another interpretation concerns the legitimacy of his adoption.

“This town was a perpetual peristyle”

Lambert, p. 198.

a shrine to house his remains … at Tibur

The account I give of the Antinoeum at Tibur is drawn from Mari and Sgalambro passim. Brick date-stamps show that building started soon after 130. The site was excavated from 1998.

“Antinous rests in this tomb”

Ibid., p. 99.

“the honor paid to him falls little short”

Origen 336.

Antinous as Iakchos

Opper p. 190.

“I never saw him in the flesh”

Paus 897.

Hadrian “set up statues”

Dio 69 11 4.

his own active websites

Current at the time of writing: sites include

http://antinous.wai-lung.com/

http://www.antinopolis.org/

, and the homoerotic

http://www.sacredantinous.com/

XXIII. “MAY HIS BONES ROT!”

Chief literary sources—Dio Cassius and Bar Kokhba papyri on Judaea. Also Christian writers and Talmudic references.

“very like the twanging”

Paus 1 42 3.

“The emperor Hadrian”

Bernand,

Les inscriptions grecques et latines du Colosse de Memnon

“Know that I take every opportunity”

Smallwood 445.

“they wanted to leave”

Jos AJ 12 5 1.

“endeavored to abolish Jewish superstition”

Tac His 5 8.

Hadrian was still in Egypt

Dio 69 12 2.

They armed themselves

Ibid.

“they occupied the advantageous positions”

Ibid., 69 12 3.

“I look into the future”

Numbers 24 17.

“This is the Messiah”

Midrash Rabbah

Lamentations

2 2–4.

“At first the Romans took no account”

Dio 69 13 1–2.

Roman casualties

Fronto de bell Parth 2.

“If you and your children are in health”

Dio 69 14 3.

“sent against [the Jews] his best generals”

Ibid., 13 2.

Severus was not in overall command

Regarding the Roman response I follow Eck.

“the First Year of the Redemption of Israel”

For example, Sherk 151 E.

“Soumaios to Ionathes, son of Baianos”

Ibid., 151 C.

“Shim’on Bar Kosiba”

Yadin Bar-K, p. 128.

“And if you shall not send them”

Ibid., p. 126.

“In the present war it is only the Christians”

Justin First Apol 31 5–6.

“Barcocheba, leader of a party of the Jews”

Jer Chron p. 283.

prophecy that the Messiah breathed fire

4 Ezra 13 9–11.

“fanning a lighted blade of straw”

Jer Contra Ruf.

“When military aid had been sent him”

Euseb Ch Hist 461.

“I am honored”

See Birley, p. 273.

“he would catch missiles”

Midrash Rabbah

Lamentations

24.

“In comfort you sit, eat, and drink”

Yadin Bar-K, p. 133.

Well-to-do families

Jer In Esaiam 2 12 17.

A fragmentary letter evokes the despair

Yadin Bar-K, p. 139.

“the rebels were driven to final destruction”

Euseb Ch Hist 463.

Bar Kokhba’s head was taken to Hadrian

According to Midrash Rabbah

Lamentations

2 2–4.

forbidden to enter the district around Jerusalem

Euseb Ch Hist 464.

still in place more than a century later

Jer In Esaiam 129.

a marble sow was erected

Jer Chron p. 283.

“May his bones rot!”

For example, Midrash Rabbah

Genesis

78 1.

XXIV. NO MORE JOKES

Chief literary sources—

Historia Augusta

and Dio Cassius

the fullest record of the Roman army in the field

Arr Alan.

Other coins from this time

BMC III p. 325f, p. 329.

“allowed to dispense with attendance at schools”

Marc Aur 1 4.

“not to side with the Greens or the Blues”

Ibid., 1 5.

“set my heart on the pallet bed”

Ibid., 1 6.

“not to give credence to the claims of miracle-mongers”

Ibid.

a bust of him in his teens

MC279 Musei Capitolini, Rome.

“get back to your drawing exercises”

Dio 69 4 2. Literally, “get back to drawing your gourds.” These were plants like pumpkins or squash and resembled domes being built at the time.

“ought to have been built on high ground”

Ibid., 4 4–5.

the emperor’s huge mausoleum

For a fuller description see Opper, pp. 208f.

The text on the obelisk

See H. Meyer,

Der Obelisk des Antinoos: Eine kommentierte Edition

, Munich, 1994.

A portrait study from … Diktynna in Crete

The bust is in the Archaeological Museum of Chania, Crete. See illustration in photo section.

an innate cruelty

Dio 69 18 3.

He now held him “in the greatest abhorrence”

HA Hadr 23 4.

“he spent the entire day”

Dio 18 1–2.

Turbo was removed

It is conceivable that he was somehow caught up in the Pedanius Fuscus plot—see below.

The

Historia Augusta

asserts

The

Life of Aelius

is largely fiction, but the details quoted in this paragraph are plausible: see HA Ael 5 3 and 9.

“his sole recommendation was his beauty”

HA Hadr 23 10.

“not discreditable but somewhat unfocused”

HA Ael 5 3.

their love for each other

Fronto,

On Love

, 5; Marc Aur to Fronto 1, Epist Graecae 7.

he staged a coup

It is possible that Pedanius acted before the public announcement of the adoption: that is the order of events in the

Historia Augusta

“the degrees of the Horoscopos”

CCAG No. L 76, 90–91.

“of an illustrious family”

Sherk 159.

instructed to commit suicide

HA Hadr 23 8. 313

“he gave a feast for slaves”

Ibid., 8–9.

“That I have done nothing wrong”

Dio 69 17 2.

“many others”

HA Hadr 23.

“many from the Senate”

Epit de Caes 14 9.

A late source reports that “his wife, Sabina”

Ibid., 14 8.

Her apotheosis

Smallwood 145 b.

a rumor that he poisoned her

HA Hadr 23 9.

“His enthusiasm for philosophy”

HA Marc 4 9–10.

he had by no means been a failure

HA Ael 3 6.

“universal opposition”

HA Hadr 23 11.

“My friends, I have not been permitted”

Dio 69 20 2.

“with the dignity of a bygone age”

Pliny Ep 431.

bad dreams

HA Hadr 26 10.

affairs of state

Ibid., 24 11.

“charms and magic rituals”

Dio 69 22 1.

congestive … heart disease

The suggestion that diagonal creases in earlobes, as seen in some portrait busts of Hadrian, are an indicator of heart disease (e.g., see Opper pp. 57–59) is now discounted by cardiac specialists, according to Philip Hayward (see Acknowledgments).

“partly by threatening him”

Dio 69 22 2.

He now drew up a will

HA Hadr 24 12–13.

a suicide watch

Ep de Caes 14 12.

“I want you to know”

Smallwood 123.

owing more to Hadrian’s favorite, Ennius

Lines 3–4 in Hadrian’s poem recalls Ennius’ evocation of the underworld as

“pallida leto, nubila

tenebris loca.”

animula vagula blandula

HA Hadr 25 9.

“Many doctors killed a king”

Dio 69 22 4.

XXV. PEACE AND WAR

“mixed justice with kindheartedness”

Smallwood 454b 7–8.

“Hadrian was hated by the people”

Dio 69 23 2.

“The following words, it seems to me”

Arr Tact 44 3.

T. Bergk Terpander,

Poetae Lyrici Graeci

, 4th ed., Leipzig, iii 12 frag 6.

The army … the arts … and holy justice

I owe this elegant observation to Alexander, p. 175.

“in the gardens of Domitia”

HA Ant 5 1. HA is confusing, for elsewhere it claims that Antoninus “built a temple for [Hadrian] at Puteoli instead of a tomb” (HA Hadr 27 3). Why would he have commissioned a new building, with the mausoleum at Rome nearing completion? Perhaps the allusion is to a temple in Hadrian’s honor.

The consecration ceremony

See Opper, pp. 209–10; Suet Aug 100 for Augustus’ apotheosis; Dio 75 4–5 and Herodian 4 2 for two later emperors, Pertinax and Septimius Severus.

omnium curiositatum explorator

Tert Apol 5.

“diverse, manifold, and multiform”

Ep de Caes 14 6.

“Do not be upset”

Marc Aur 8 5.

“I wished to appease and propitiate”

Fronto ad M Caes 2 1.

“saw Hadrian to his grave”

Marc Aur 8 25.

Chabrias and Diotimus

Ibid., 8 37.

“Even today the methods”

Dio 69 9 4.

“The sea is not a hindrance”

Ael Arist Rom 59–60.

“immeasurable majesty of the Roman peace”

Pliny NH 27 3.

“Wars, if they once occurred”

Ael Arist Rom 70.

“He can stay quietly where he is”

Ibid., 33.

SOURCES

ANCIENT HISTORY

The prime challenge facing the biographer of Hadrian is the inadequacy of the leading literary sources.

The first of these is the Historia Augusta, an abbreviation of its traditional title, “The Lives of Various Emperors and Tyrants from the Deified Hadrian to Numerianus, Composed by Various Hands.” The names of six authors are listed, and a number of references suggest that the book was written in the early fourth century after the abdication of Diocletian and before the death of Constantius. However, other allusions and anachronisms do not fit with this dating.

The mystery was solved by a German scholar in the nineteenth century who convincingly argued that in fact the book was the product of one writer only, and had been written nearly a century later than previously thought, toward the end of the fourth century.

The strangeness of the Historia Augusta does not cease with its authorship. The text itself is mendacious, mixing historical fact with fantasy and citing bogus sources. Fortunately, the life of Hadrian, the first in the series, is more or less free of base matter, although the same cannot be said of the brief account of his adopted son, Aelius Caesar—and indeed of many of the later lives.

We will never know who wrote the Historia Augusta, and what he was thinking of when he did. Maybe he was a hoaxer, sharing some kind of private joke with a coterie of friends.

Although the life of Hadrian does not include much fantasy, it is poor-quality history. Written in the manner of Suetonius’ Lives of the Caesars, it is clumsily put together and dully written. It is sometimes difficult to disentangle the order or dating of events, and incidents are described with obscure brevity.

All of that allowed, the Historia Augusta contains much useful information, often confirming and usually being consistent with evidence from other sources.

By contrast, the Roman History of Dio Cassius is a serious, if uninspired, work. A leading imperial politician who flourished around the turn of the third century, a onetime consul and provincial governor, Dio wrote a history of Rome in eighty volumes, beginning with the Trojan prince Aeneas’ landfall in Latium after the fall of Troy and ending with the year A.D. 229. The difficulty in his case is that much of the narrative, including everything concerning the events of Hadrian’s lifetime, survives only in fragments and an inadequate summary by an eleventh-century monk, John Xiphilinus.

Two fourth-century texts, one attributed to Aurelius Victor and the other by an unknown hand, offer minibiographies of emperors, each the length of a substantial paragraph—helpful if handled with care. Bits and pieces can be gleaned from Christian writers such as Jerome and Eusebius, especially on Christian and Jewish matters.

Invisible in the shadows stand two lost books that underpin much of what has survived. These are Hadrian’s own autobiography, written in the last months of his life, and The Caesars (Caesares), a continuation of Suetonius by Marius Maximus; like Dio a leading senator of the Severan dynasty, he wrote in the early years of the third century. His quality as a historian is debated, but he was a substantial author and, it is supposed, influenced both Dio and the Historia Augusta.

Of Hadrian’s contemporaries, few writers have anything to say explicitly about him; however, they fill in much of the background to his life and times. He lived out his childhood and teen years under the Flavian dynasty, covered by Suetonius’ lives of Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. The invaluable correspondence of Pliny the Younger, a senator of moderate views connected to the Stoic opposition, shows how Nerva and Trajan arrived at a concordat with Rome’s estranged ruling class—a concordat that Hadrian as emperor endorsed, but placed under severe strain.

The Histories, by the great historian Tacitus, deals with the period from the fall of Nero and the Year of the Four Emperors up to the death of Domitian. Only the first four books and part of the fifth survive; this is fortunate, for they describe Rome’s most serious crisis since the civil wars of the first century B.C.; it haunted imperial politics for many years afterward, and avoiding a repetition was a preoccupation of the ruling class. Tacitus’ Agricola is useful for observations on Domitian; taken with the Germania, it also reveals much of Roman attitudes to the tribal peoples of northern Europe. The Annals, which covers the Julio-Claudian era after the death of Augustus, sometimes comments allusively on later events.

Specialist authors of various kinds cast light on aspects of the age. They include the great biographer and essayist Plutarch; Hadrian’s friend, the soldier and administrator Arrian, who wrote on hunting, military matters, and the philosophy of Epictetus, all of them topics dear to the emperor’s heart; the poets Martial and Statius, evocative flatterers of Domitian; Juvenal, excoriator of Roman decadence; the engineer and architect Apollodorus, who wrote a textbook on siegecraft; Aulus Gellius, who recorded instructive or curious information he came across in his reading or in conversation; Philostratus’ Lives of the Sophists; the homoerotic versifier Straton; three orators—Dio Chrysostom, the valetudinarian Aelius Aristides, and the egregious Polemon; Pausanias, author of the first guidebook to Greece; and the magical-realist storyteller Apuleius. Pliny the Younger’s letters illuminate the values of Rome’s upper class, from which Hadrian and his colleagues in government sprang. Marcus Aurelius’ Meditations reveals much about the boy whom Hadrian singled out to be his ultimate successor to the throne; and Marcus’ mentor Fronto offers an insight into contemporary judgments of Hadrian. Strabo’s Geography, although written in the days of Augustus, is a mine of topographical data.

If the main sources are gravely deficient, then, there is much useful material to offer a rounded view of the Roman world during the late first and early second centuries. And, thanks to the labors of scholars and archaeologists, the physical remains of the past have yielded an almost inexhaustible mine of inscriptions, papyri, and coins. These speak directly to the present-day reader, and mitigate a pervading anti-Hadrianic bias in many of the literary sources. Important letters, decisions, and speeches of emperors were transcribed onto stone reliefs for the public benefit, often recording their verbatim remarks. A vital medium for propaganda, coins reveal an emperor communicating with his subjects (and, of course, placing the best possible spin on events).

Perhaps the most exciting discoveries are documents found in Judaean caves, written by Jewish fighters in the Bar Kokhba revolt against the Romans; and a papyrus describing a magical spell conducted by an Egyptian priest, whom Hadrian consulted shortly before the drowning of Antinous.

Although important items are to be found elsewhere, three invaluable collections assemble much of this material—Harold Mattingly’s magisterial Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum, volume 3; J. H. Oliver’s Greek Constitutions of Early Roman Emperors from Inscriptions and Papyri; and (in Latin or Greek only) E. Mary Smallwood’s essential Documents Illustrating the Principates of Nerva, Trajan and Hadrian.

Most of the mainstream ancient authors appear, in both Greek or Latin and English translation, on the Loeb Classical Library’s list (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts). Hadrian’s poetry in Latin is included in Loeb’s Minor Latin Poets, volume 2; so far as I know, his attributed verses in Greek are not collected.

Penguin Classics publishes Ammianus Marcellinus, The Later Roman Empire AD 354–378, trans. Walter Hamilton; Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, trans. Martin Hammond; Cicero, Selected Letters, trans. D. R. Shackleton Bailey, and On Government, trans. Michael Grant; the first half of the Historia Augusta as Lives of the Later Caesars, trans. Anthony Birley; Horace, Satires of Horace and Persius, trans. Niall Rudd, and Complete Odes and Epodes, trans. W. G. Shepherd and Betty Radice; Josephus, The Jewish War, trans. G. A. Williamson, rev. E. Mary Smallwood; Juvenal, Sixteen Satires, trans. Peter Green; Martial, The Epigrams (a selection), trans. James Michie; Pausanias, Guide to Greece: Southern Greece and Central Greece (two volumes), trans. Peter Levi; Odes of Pindar, trans. Maurice Bowra; Plato, The Symposium, trans. Christopher Gill; Pliny the Elder, Natural History, trans. John F. Healey; Pliny the Younger’s Letters, trans. Betty Radice; Plutarch, Essays (a selection), trans. Robin H. Waterfield, also selected biographies under various titles from Parallel Lives; Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, trans. Robert Graves, rev. James Rives; Tacitus, Annals of Imperial Rome, trans. Michael Grant, Agricola and Germania, trans. H. Mattingly, rev. S. A. Handford, The Histories, trans. Kenneth Wellesley; Xenophon, The Persian Expedition, trans. Rex Warner.

With rare titles, I have directed readers to Web sites, accurate and active at the time of writing.

For works not published by Loeb, the reader may consult the following (where possible in translation).

Aelius Aristides, P.

Complete Works

, trans. Charles A. Behr (Leiden: Brill, 1981–86)

Apollodorus.

Poliorcetica

, see

Siegecraft

, trans. Dennis F. Sullivan (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000)

Apuleius.

The Apologia and Florida of Apuleius of Madaura

, trans. H. E. Butler (Dodo Press, 2008)

Arrian.

Circumnavigation of the Black Sea

, trans. Aidan Liddle (Bristol Classical Press, 2003)

_______

. Arrian’s Anabasis of Alexander and Indica

, ed. E. J. Chinnock (London: George Bell and Son, 1893)

______

. The Greek Historians. The Complete and Unabridged Historical Works of

Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon and Arrian

(New York: Random House, 1942)

______

. Indica

. See

http://www.und.ac.za/und/classics/india/arrian.htm

_______

. Ars Tactica

, trans. Ann Hyland, in

Training the Roman Cavalry from Arrian’s Ars Tactica

(Alan Sutton: Dover, N.H., 1993)

_______

. Order of Battle with Array

. See

http://members.tripod.com/∼S_van_Dorst/Ancient_Warfare/Rome/Sources/ektaxis.html

_______

. Parthica

Arrianus, Flavius: Scripta: Vol. II. Scripta minora et fragmenta

, A. G. Roos and Gerhard Wirth (eds.),

Biblioteca scriptorum graecorum et romanorum teubneriana

(Leipzig: Teubner, 2002)

Arrian and Xenophon.

Xenophon and Arrian on Hunting

, trans. A. A. Phillips and M. M. Willcock (Warminster, UK: Aris and Phillips, 1999)

Aurelius Victor.

De Caesaribus

, trans. H. W. Bird (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1994)

Charisius,

Ars Grammatica

, ed. K. Barwick. See

http://kaali.linguist.jussieu.fr/CGL/text.jsp

Epiphanius.

Weights and Measures

. See

http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/epiphanius_weights_03_text.htm

Epitome de Caesaribus

, trans. Thomas M. Banchich. See

http://www.romanemperors.org/epitome.htm

Eusebius.

Church History

. See

http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.vi.html

Eutropius.

Historiae romanae breviarium

. See

http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/eutropius.html

; Adamantius,

Physiognomica

, ed. J. G. Franzius (Altenburg: Scriptores Physiognomiae Veteres, 1780)

Galen.

The Diseases of the Mind

, 4; translation from T. Wiedemann,

Greek and

Roman Slavery

(London: Croom Helm, 1981)

Hephaestio of Thebes.

Hephaestionis Thebani Apotelesmaticorum libri tres

, ed. D. Pingree (Leipzig: Teubner, 1973)

Jerome.

Chronicle

. See

http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerome_chronicle_00_eintro.htm

_______

. Contra Rufinum

. See

http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf203.vi.xii.html

_______

. De viris illustribus

. See

http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/jerome-famous-men

Justin. See

http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/justin.html

Justinian.

Corpus Iuris Civilis

(including the

Digest)

. See

http://web.upmfgrenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/

Macrobius.

Saturnalia

, trans. Peter Vaughan Davies (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969)

The Chronicle of John Malalas: A Translation

, by Elizabeth Jeffreys, Michael Jeffreys, Roger Scott, et al.

Byzantina Australiensia

4 (Melbourne: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 1986)

Philostratus.

Heroicus

. See

http://zeus.chsdc.org/chs/heroes_test#phil_her_front_b3

Polemon.

De Physiognomia

, trans. (from Arabic into Latin) G. Hoffmann (Leipzig: 1893)

Sententiae Hadriani

. See N. Lewis,

Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies

32 (1991), 267–80

Sibylline Oracles/Books

. See

http://thedcl.org/heretics/misc/terrymil/thesibora/thesibora.html

Soranus’ Gynaecology

, trans. Owsei Temkin, et al. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1956)

Strato.

Puerilities: Erotic Epigrams of the Greek Anthology

(Princeton: Yale University Press, 2001)

Syncellus, Georgius.

Chronographia

. Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, ed. B. G. Niebuhr et al., vol. 1 (Bonn, 1829)

Talmud

. See text links at

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud

Vegetius.

Epitoma rei militaris (Military Institutions of the Romans)

, trans. John

Clark (Whitefish, Mont.: Kessinger Publishing, 2007)

MODERN COMMENTARY

Of modern studies the one on which I most depended was Anthony Birley’s Hadrian, the Restless Emperor. A quarry of scholarly information, it assembles all that is known or can be guessed about its subject; in particular, through scrutiny of the tiniest clues and clever speculation, it establishes a clear outline of Hadrian’s journeys.

For those with a general interest in the classical world I recommend from below Balsdon’s Life and Leisure in Ancient Rome, Bowman’s Life and Letters on the Roman Frontier—Vindolanda and Its People, Connolly’s wonderful visual reconstructions in The Ancient City: Life in Classical Athens and Rome, Goldsworthy’s In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire, Hopkins and Beard’s revisionist The Colosseum, Paul Johnson’s A History of the Jews, Royston Lambert’s (somewhat overcolored) Beloved and God, Thorsten Opper’s catalogue, Hadrian—Empire and Conflict, and, of course, Marguerite Yourcenar’s study in melancholy, Memoirs of Hadrian.

For a full bibliography, readers can consult the Cambridge Ancient History, volume 11, The High Empire. What follows is a selection of books and articles that I found useful.

Adembri, Benedetta.

Hadrian’s Villa

(Rome: Ministero per I Beni e le Attività Culturali, Soprintendenza Archeologica per il Lazio, Electa 2000)

Alexander, P. J. “Letters and Speeches of the Emperor Hadrian,”

Harvard Studies in Classical Philology

49, 1938

Alon, G.

The Jews in Their Land in the Talmudic Age II

(Harvard University Press, 1984)

Antinous: The Face of the Antique

, exhibition catalogue (Leeds, UK: Henry Moore Institute, 2006)

Arafat, K. W.

Pausanias’s Greece, Ancient Artists and Roman Rulers

(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996)

Balsdon, J.P.V.D.

Life and Leisure in Ancient Rome

(London: The Bodley Head, 1969)

Beard, Mary, John North, and Simon Price.

Religions of Rome

, vol. 1:

A History

(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998)

Benario, H. W.

A Commentary on the Vita Hadriani in the

Historia Augusta (The Scholars Press, 1980)

Bennett, Julian.

Trajan: Optimus Princeps

, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 2001)

Bernand, A., and E. Bernand.

Les Inscriptions grecques et latines du Colosse de Memnon

(Archeolog Caire, 1960)

Betz, H. D.

The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation

, 2nd ed. (University of Chicago Press, 1992)

Birley, Anthony.

Garrison Life at Vindolanda—A Band of Brothers

(Stroud, UK: Tempus, 2002)

———.

Hadrian, the Restless Emperor

(London and New York: Routledge, 1997)

.——–

Marcus Aurelius: A Biography

(London: Batsford, 1987)

Boatwright, Mary T.

Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire

(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000)

———

. Hadrian and the City of Rome

(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987)

Bowerstock, G. W.

Greek Sophists in the Roman Empire

(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969)

Bowman, Alan K.

Life and Letters on the Roman Frontier—Vindolanda and Its People

, 3rd ed. (London: British Museum Press, 2003)

Brunt, P. A.

Roman Imperial Themes

(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990)

Burkert, Walter.

Greek Religion

(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985)

Cambridge Ancient History

, vol. 11:

The High Empire

(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005)

Camp, J. M.

The Archaeology of Athens

(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004)

Cantarelli, L.

Gli scritti latini di Adriano imperatore, Studi e documenti di storia e diritto

19 (1898), 113–70

Castle, E. B.

Ancient Education and Today

(Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 1961)

Catalogus Codicum Astrologorum Graecorum

, 12 vols. (Bruxelles: Lamertin, 1898– 1953)

Claridge, A. “Hadrian’s Column

of Trajan,” Journal of Roman Archaeology

6, 1993

Clarke, John R.

Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 BC–AD 250

(University of California Press, 2001)

Coarelli, Filippo.

Rome and Environs

(Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 2008)

Collingwood, R. G., and R. P. Wright.

Roman Inscriptions of Britain I: Inscriptions on Stone

(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965)

Connolly, Peter, and Hazel Dodge.

The Ancient City: Life in Classical Athens and Rome

(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998)

Connor, W. R.

The Acts of the Pagan Martyrs/Acta Alexandrinorum (Greek Texts and Commentaries)

(Ayer Co. Publications, New Hampshire)

Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum

(Berlin: Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1893–2003)

Corpus Papyrorum Judaicorum I–III

. V. A. Techerikover and A. Fuks, eds. (London and Cambridge, Mass.: 1957–64)

Duncan-Jones, R. P.

Structure and Scale in the Roman Economy

(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press: 1990)

Dupont, Florence.

Daily Life in Ancient Rome

(Oxford: Blackwell, 1992)

Eck, Werner. “The Bar Kokhba Revolt: The Roman Point of

View.” Journal of Roman Studies

89 (1999)

Encyclopedia Judaica

. Cecil Roth, ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1972)

Epigrammata Graeca

. Georg Kaibel, ed. (Berlin: 1888)

Fontes iuris romani antejustiniani in usum scholarum [FIRA]

. S. Riccobono et al., eds. (Florence: S.A.G. Barbèra, 1941–64)

Fuks, Alexander. “Aspects of the Jewish Revolt in A.D. 115–117.”

The Journal of Roman Studies

51, parts 1 and 2 (1961), 98–104

Gibbon, Edward.

History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

(London: Folio Society, 1983)

Goldsworthy, Adrian.

In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire

(London: Orion, 2003)

Gray, William D. “New Light from Egypt on the Early Reign of Hadrian.”

The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures

40:1 (Oct. 1923)

Green, Peter.

From Alexander to Actium

(London: Thames and Hudson, 1990)

Hoff, Michael C., and Susan I. Rotroff.

The Romanization of Athens: Proceedings of an International Conference held at Lincoln, Nebraska (April 1996)

. Oxbow Monograph 94 (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 1997)

Hopkins, Keith, and Mary Beard.

The Colosseum

(London: Profile Books, 2005)

Inscriptiones Graecae

(Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1893ff)

Inscriptiones Graecae ad res Romanas pertinentes

(Paris, 1906–27)

Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae

. H. Dessau, ed. (Berlin, 1892–1916)

Johnson, Paul.

A History of the Jews

(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1987)

Jones, Brian W.

The Emperor Domitian

(London: Routledge, 1993)

Jones, C. P.

Plutarch and Rome

(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972).

________

The Roman World of Dio Chrysostom

(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978)

Jones, David.

The Bankers of Puteoli: Finance, Trade and Industry in the Roman

World

(Stroud, UK: Tempus, 2006)

Keppie, Lawrence.

The Making of the Roman Army from Republic to Empire

(London: Routledge, 1984)

Lambert, Royston.

Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous

(New York: Viking Books, 1984)

Lamberton, Robert.

Plutarch

(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001)

Lepper, F. A.

Trajan’s Parthian War and Arrian’s Parthica

(Chicago: Ares, 1985)

Levine, Lee

I. Jerusalem: Portrait of the City in the Second Temple Period

(Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 2002)

Lewis, N.

The Documents from the Bar Kokhba Period in the Cave Letters, Greek Papyri

(Jerusalem: 1989)

MacDonald, William L., and John A. Pinto.

Hadrian’s Villa and Its Legacy

(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995)

Mantel, H. “The Causes of the Bar Kochba Revolt.

” Jewish Quarterly Review

58 (1967)

Mari, Zaccaria, and Sergio Sgalambro. “The Antinoeion of Hadrian’s Villa: Interpretation and Architectural Reconstruction.”

American Journal of Archaeology

3:1 (Jan. 2007)

Mattingly, H.

Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum III: Nerva to Hadrian

(London: British Museum, 1936)

Mattingly, H., and E. A. Sydenham.

The Roman Imperial Coinage I–III London [1923–30] (London:

Spink and Son, 1968)

Mommsen, Theodor.

A History of Rome Under the Emperors

, German ed. trans. Demandt, Barbara and Alexxander, ed., Krojze, Clare (London: Routledge, 1976)

Naor, Mordecai.

City of Hope

(Chemed Books, 1996)

Oliver, J. H.

Greek Constitutions of Early Roman Emperors from Inscriptions and Papyri

(Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1989)

Opper, Thorsten.

Hadrian—Empire and Conflict

, exhibition catalogue (London: British Museum, 2008)

Panegyrici Latini

. R.A.B. Mynors, ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964)

Petrakis, N. L. “Diagonal Earlobe Creases, Type A Behavior and the Death of Emperor Hadrian.”

Western Journal of Medicine

132.1 (January 1980), 87–91

Platner, Samuel Ball (as completed and revised by Thomas Ashby).

A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome

(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1929)

Rawson, Beryl.

Children and Childhood in Roman Italy

(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003)

Richardson, L., Jr.

A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome

(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992)

Rossi, Lino.

Trajan’s Column and the Dacian Wars

(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1971)

Schäfer, P. “Hadrian’s Policy in Judaea and the Bar Kokhba Revolt: A Reassessment,” in P. R. Davies and R. T. White (eds.),

A Tribute to G. Vermes, Journal for the Study of the Old Testament

Supp. Ser. 100 (1990), 281–303

Schürer, E.

History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175BC–AD135)

, vol. I, rev. ed., G. Vermes and F. Millar (Edinburgh: T and T Clark, 1973)

Sherk, Robert K., ed.

The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian

(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988)

Smallwood, E. Mary.

Documents Illustrating the Principates of Nerva, Trajan and Hadrian

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966)

_______.

Jews Under Roman Rule

(Leiden: Brill, 1976)

Spawforth, A. J., and Susan Walker. “The World of the Panhellenion: II. Three Dorian Cities.”

The Journal of Roman Studies

76 (1986), 88–105

Speidel, M. P. “Swimming the Danube Under Hadrian’s eyes. A Feat of the Emperor’s Batavi Horse Guard.”

Ancient Society

22 (1991), 277–82

. Riding for Caesar: The Roman Emperors’ Horse Guard

(London: Routledge, 1994)

________. “Roman Army Pay Scales.”

The Journal of Roman Studies

82 (1992)

Stambaugh, John E.

The Ancient Roman City

(Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988)

Strack, P. L.

Untersuchungen zur römische Reichsprägung des zweiten Jahrhunderts II. Die Reichsprägung zur Zeit des Hadrian

(Stuttgart: 1933)

Swain, S.

Hellenism and Empire. Language, Classicism and Power in the Greek World AD

(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996)

Syme, Ronald. “The Career of Arrian.”

Harvard Studies in Classical Philology

86 (1982), 181–211

_______. “Fictional History Old and New: Hadrian.”

Roman Papers

VI (1991)

_______.

Tacitus

(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1958)

_______. “The Wrong Marcius Turbo.”

Journal of Roman Studies

52, parts 1 and 2 (1962)

Toynbee, J. M. C.

The Hadrianic School: A Chapter in the History of Greek Art

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1934)

Williams, Craig A.

Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity

(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999)

Winter, J. G. “In the Service of Rome: Letters from the Michigan Collection of Papyri.”

Classical Philology

22:3 (July 1927)

Yadin, Yigael.

Bar-Kokhba: The Re-discovery of the Legendary Hero of the Last Jewish Revolt Against Imperial Rome

(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971)

Yourcenar, Marguerite.

Memoirs of Hadrian

, trans. Grace Frick (London: Secker and Warburg, 1955)

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

NTHONY

VERITT

, visiting professor in the visual and performing arts at Nottingham Trent University, has written extensively on European culture and is the author of

Cicero

and

Augustus

. He has served as secretary general of the Arts Council for Great Britain. Everitt lives near Colchester, England’s first recorded town, founded by the Romans.

Published in the United States by Random House, an imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York.

RANDOM HOUSE and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc.

Everitt, Anthony.

Hadrian and the triumph of Rome / Anthony Everitt.

p. cm.

eISBN: 978-1-58836-896-6

1. Hadrian, Emperor of Rome, 76–138. 2. Emperors—Rome—

Biography. 3. Rome—History—Hadrian, 117–138. I. Title.

DG295.E84 2009

937′.07092—dc22 [B] 2009005683

www.atrandom.com

v3.0