Hero: The Life and Legend of Lawrence of Arabia

339 “ran like a rabbit”:Ibid., 481.

339 “in front of [him]”:Ibid., 483.

340 “gashing his tongue deeply”:Ibid., 485.

340 he searched for consolation:Knightley and Simpson, Secret Lives of Lawrence of Arabia, 263.

341 “an outlaw with a price”:Lawrence, SP, 493.

341 “a trimmed beard”:Ibid.

342 “a lame and draggled pair”:Ibid., 495.

343 “The garrison commander at Deraa”:Knightley and Simpson, Secret Lives of Lawrence of Arabia, 217.

344 “They kicked me to the landing”:Lawrence, SP, 498-502.

349 “About that night”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 739; T. E. Lawrence to Charlotte Shaw, March 26, 1924, British Library, London, Add. MS 45903.

351 “he seemed like a wraith”:Liddell Hart, Lawrence of Arabia, 293.

352 “the most memorable event of the war”: Lawrence, SP, 508.

352 “all institutions holy to Christians”:Adelson, Mark Sykes, 245.

353 “had stuck another medal”:Lawrence, Home Letters, 345.

354 “seated at the same table”:Thomas, With Lawrence in Arabia, 3-6.

chapter eight1918: Triumph and Tragedy

355 “Two names had come to dominate”:Storrs, Orientations,318.

356 “When he was in the middle of the stage”:Arnold Lawrence (ed.), T. E. Lawrence by His Friends, 245.

358 “twenty thousand pounds alive”:Lawrence, SP, 520.

358 “hard riders”:Ibid., 526.

358 “The British at Aqaba”:Liddell Hart, Lawrence of Arabia, 207-208.

358 He also used his bodyguard as shock troops:Ibid., 209.

359 “almost level with the south end”:Ibid., 210.

360 “simultaneously from the east”:Lawrence, SP, 513.

360 “an amnesty for the Arab Revolt”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 469.

361 “Jam Catholics on the Holy Places”:Ibid., 467, from Sir T. B. M. Sykes to Sir F. R. Wingate, for G. F. Clayton, telegram 75, 16.1.1918. FO 371/3383 fo. 14.

361 Lawrence spent the early days of January:Ibid., 475.

362 “neither my impulses nor my convictions”:Lawrence, SP, 529.

362 “let our man go free”:Ibid.

363 “I had not expected anything”:Ibid., 530.

364 The Turkish garrison:Liddell Hart, Lawrence of Arabia, 214.

365 “The defences of Tafila”:Ibid.

365 “three… battalions of infantry”:Ibid., 215.

366 “To make war upon rebellion”:Ibid., 135.

366 “There is nothing I desire”:Ibid., 133.

368 “rushed to save their goods”:Lawrence, SP, 538.

368 “I would rake up all the old maxims”:Ibid., 539.

370 Not many officers:Liddell Hart, Lawrence of Arabia, 217.

370 “the climb would warm me”: Army Quarterly,Vol. II, no. 1, April 1929, 26.

371 “The bullets slapped off it deafeningly”:Ibid., 28.

372 “a Damascene, a sardonic fellow”:Lawrence, SP, 149.

373 “in the purest classical tradition”:Liddell Hart, Lawrence of Arabia,382, 384.

373 “In the end”: Army Quarterly,Vol. II, no. 1, April 1929, 30.

373 Arab losses were about twenty-five killed:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 476.

374 As was so often the case with Lawrence:Liddell Hart, Lawrence of Arabia, 220.

374 “brilliant mind”: Lawrence, SP, 579.

375 “the complete ruin of my plans”:Ibid., 568.

376 “will was gone”:Ibid., 572.

376 “that pretence to lead the national uprising”:Ibid., 571.

376 “made a mess of things”:Ibid.

377 “a very sick man”:Liddell Hart, Lawrence of Arabia, 233.

377 “a cog himself”:Ibid.

377 “solitary in the ranks”:Title of a book by H. Montgomery Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks: Lawrence of Arabia as Airman and Private Soldier(London: Constable, 1977).

378 “letting[him] off”:Lawrence, SP, 752.

379 “to knock Turkey out of the war”:Liddell Hart, Lawrence of Arabia, 224.

379 In the end all he would get:Ibid.

379 “to take up again my mantle”:Lawrence, SP, 572.

379 “where the Arabs would easily defeat [them]”:Liddell Hart, Lawrence of Arabia, 227.

380 “between pincers”:Ibid.

380 “that skirt-wearers”:Lawrence, SP, 574.

381 “reeling backwards on Amiens”:Wavell, Palestine Campaigns, 183.

382 Lawrence’s “understudy”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 491.

382 “Lawrence really counted more”:Young, The Independent Arab, 143, quoted in Wilson, Lawrence, 491.

384 “the Grand Cross of the Order”:Thomas, With Lawrence in Arabia, 391.

384 “[sailed] fifteen hundred miles”:Ibid., 111.

384 “Hindus, Somalis, Berberines”:Ibid., 118.

384 “was kicked overboard”:Ibid., 120.

384 “Lawrence himself came down”:Ibid., 121.

385 “To accompany Lawrence and his body-guard”:Ibid., 183.

386 “was never in the Arab firing line”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia,494, from T. E. Lawrence to E. M. Forster, June 17, 1925, King’s College, Cambridge.

386 “My cameraman, Mr. Chase”:Thomas, With Lawrence in Arabia, 369.

387 “the rose-red city”:Mona Mackay, quoted ibid., 218.

388 “openness and honesty in their love”: Lawrence, SP, 581.

390 “these bonds between man and man”:Ibid., 582.

390 “privately… implored Jaafar”:Ibid., 584.

390 “Turk was man enough not to shoot me”:Ibid., 590.

391 “Mitfleh with honeyed words”:Ibid., 591.

393 “For this reason”:Ibid., 598.

394 “a grown man”:Knightley and Simpson, Secret Lives of Lawrence of Arabia, 163.

394 “in sight of Maan”:Liddell Hart, Lawrence of Arabia, 232.

394 “Greetings, Lurens”:Ibid., 234.

395 “like the hypnotic influence”:Ibid.

396 “Only once or twice”:Lawrence, SP, 630.

397 “To some degree Seven Pillars of Wisdom”:Holroyd, Bernard Shaw, 1918-1950: The Lure of Fantasy,Vol. III, 86.

397 “an uncommon face”: Saint Joan(New York: Random House, 1952), 62.

398 Lawrence seems to have been involved:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 511.

399 “without Feisal’s knowledge”:Ibid., 512.

399 “at Arab Headquarters”:Ibid., 513.

399 “almost feminine charm”:Pakenham, Peace by Ordeal, 49.

400 “under British colours”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 514.

400 “Mohammed Said, Abd el Kader’s brother”:Liddell Hart, Lawrence of Arabia, 254.

401 “Relations between Lawrence and ourselves”:Ibid., 251.

401 “Lawrence… could certainly not have done”:Young, The Independent Arab, 157.

402 “no later than September 16th”:Ibid., 205.

402 “three men and a boy”:Lawrence, SP, 462.

402 “on the condition that”:Liddell Hart, Lawrence of Arabia, 250.

403 “emphasizing the mystical enchantment”:Ibid., 257.

404 “a mixed sense of ease”:Ibid., 258.

405 “I could flatter”:Ibid., 262.

405 “the desert had become”:Ibid., 263.

406 “He had removed”:Ibid., 264.

406 “it was ever [his] habit”:Ibid., 266.

407 “creating dust columns”:Ibid., 274.

407 “12,000 sabres”:Wavell, Palestine Campaigns, 195.

407 “about twelve hundred strong”:Liddell Hart, Lawrence of Arabia, 268.

407 “solo effort”:Ibid., 269.

408 “crammed to the gunwale”:Ibid.

408 “the cover of the last ridge”:Ibid., 270.

408 “a fastidious artist”:Wavell, Palestine Campaigns, 203.

408 “first have to tear down”:Liddell Hart, Lawrence of Arabia, 270.

409 “rushed down to find Peake’s”:Ibid.

410 “the telegraph, thus severing”:Ibid., 271.

410 “a lurid blaze”:Ibid., 273.

411 “7,000 yards”:Wavell, Palestine Campaigns, 207.

411 “had broken in hopeless”:Ibid.

412 “clerks, orderlies etc.”:von Sanders, Five Years in Turkey, 282.

412 “Nothing is known of the climate”:Ibid., 282, fn 184.

412 “Early on September 21st”:Liddell Hart, Lawrence of Arabia, 275.

413 “lit up by the green shower”:Ibid., 278.

414 “found the great man at work”:Lawrence, SP, 753.

414 Allenby personally briefed Lawrence:Wavell, Palestine Campaigns, 216-217.

415 “noting the two charred German bodies”:Lawrence, SP, 758.

415 “packed into the green Vauxhall”:Ibid.

415 “ ‘Indeed and at last’”:Ibid., 759.

416 “still regarded him”:Young, The Independent Arab, 243.

417 “Ghazale by storm”:Lawrence, SP, 771.

418 “When we got within sight”:Ibid., 775-780.

426 “I asked Lawrence to remove”:Barrow, The Fire of Life, 211.

427 “At least my mind”:Lawrence, SP, 784.

427 “tappedThe Seven Pillars”: Barrow, The Fire of Life,215.

428 “I said, ‘This morning’ ”:Lawrence, SP, 785.

428 “Auda was waiting for them”:Ibid., 788.

430 “A movement like a breath”:Ibid., 793.

431 “jumped in to drive them apart”:Ibid., 794.

431 “to wash out the insult”:Ibid., 795.

432 “could not recognize”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 565.

433 “I had been born free”:Lawrence, SP, 802.

433 “burst open shops”:Ibid., 803.

434 “squalid with rags”:Ibid., 805.

434 “There might be thirty there”:Ibid.

435 “asked [him] shortly”:Ibid., 809.

435 “and stalked off”:Ibid.

436 “triumphal entry”:Young, The Independent Arab, 255.

436 “a French Liaison Officer”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 567-568.

437 “declined to have a French Liaison Officer”:Ibid., 567.

437 “turned to Lawrence”:Ibid.

437 “he would not work”:Chauvel, quoted in Knightley and Simpson, Secret Lives of Lawrence of Arabia, 96.

chapter nineIn the Great World

439 “that younger successor”:J. T. Shotwell, At the Paris Peace Conference(New York: 1937), 121. Note that Shotwell, a member of the American delegation, was off by two years—Lawrence was in fact thirty at this time, though he did look far younger.

440 “to arrange for an audience”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 572.

440 “a man dropping a heavy load”:Ibid.

440 profoundly sad:Mack, A Prince of Our Disorder, 256.

442 “a huge fellow”:Aldington, Lawrence of Arabia, 250-251.

443 “on or about October 24th”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 573.

444 “under the control” of Feisal:Ibid., 575.

445 “chafed at”:Graves and Liddell Hart (eds.), T. E. Lawrence to His Biographers, 108.

448 “He explained personally”:Ibid., 106.

448 “if a man has to serve”:Ibid., 107.

450 “rather taken aback”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 578.

450 “he had made certain promises”:Graves and Liddell Hart (eds.), T. E. Lawrence to His Biographers, 107.

451 “if it is behind a British”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 579.

452 “He wore his Arab robes”:Winston Churchill, Great Contemporaries, 157.

452 “conversations about the Arabs”:Ibid., 581. 455 “Without in the least wishing”:Ibid., 585.

455 “historic duty towards the peoples of Syria”:Ibid., 584.

456 “You do not want to divide the loot”:MacMillan, Paris 1919, 386.

456 “it was essential that Feisal”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 586.

458 “evilgenius”:MacMillan, Paris 1919, 389.

458 “You must be quite candid”:Aldington, Lawrence of Arabia, 256.

460 As the two leaders stood together:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 589;Rose, Chaim Weizmann, 199.

461 Curzon spoke scathingly:Ibid., 590.

461 “incessant friction”:Ibid., 591.

462 “but we must not put the knife”:Ibid.

462 “a member of Feisal’s staff”:Ibid., 592.

462 Thus Lawrence was placed:Ibid., 410.

462 “We lived many lives”:Lawrence, SP, 6

463 “like a choir boy”:General Йdouard Brйmond, Le Hedjaz dans la Guerre Mondiale, 317, quoted in Aldington, Lawrence of Arabia, 257.

463 “civic functions”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 593.

467 “If the Arabs are established”:Weizmann, Letters and Papers, Vol. IX, Series A, reproduced images between 86 and 87.

467 “ ‘He’ll say that he doesn’t’”:Quoted in Knightley and Simpson, Secret Lives of Lawrence of Arabia, 120.

468 “the Great Powers”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 597.

470 “red weals on his ribs”:Meinertzhagen, Middle East Diary, 52.

470 “a silent, masterful man”:Lawrence, SP, 429.

470 “his mind”:Meinertzhagen, Middle East Diary, 39.

471 “There is nothing funny about toilet paper”:Ibid., 40.

471 “the most picturesque”:Mack, A Prince of Our Disorder, 264.

471 “He has been described”:Shotwell, At the Paris Peace Conference, 231.

473 “in flowing robes of dazzling white”:Lloyd George, Memoirs of the Peace Conference, Vol. II, 673.

473 with a curved gold dagger:MacMillan, Paris 1919, 291.

474 “President Wilson then made a suggestion”:Toynbee, quoted in Mack, A Prince of Our Disorder, 267.

474 “When he came to the end”:Toynbee, Acquaintances, 182-183.

475 “What did you get that fellow”:MacMillan, Paris 1919, 391.

475 “Poor Lawrence”:Alexander Mihailovitj, Nar Jag Var Storfuste Av Ryssland,314-315, trans. Gunilla Jainchill, quoted in Mack, A Prince of Our Disorder,268.

475 “the lines of resentment”:Nicolson, Peace Making, 142.

476 Wilson also turned down all suggestions:Mack, A Prince of Our Disorder, 269.

477 “control of personal feelings”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 610.

477 fifty big Handley-Page bombers:Ibid., 611.

478 “a second Gordon”:Ibid., 608.

479 proclaimed him “Lawrence of Arabia”:Ibid., 622.

480 The show included not only the film:Mack, A Prince of Our Disorder, 274-275.

481 “summoned Mr. and Mrs. Thomas”: London Times, November 20, 1919.

483 “Wouldn’t it be fun”:Mack, A Prince of Our Disorder, 271.

485 “the antiquities and ethnology”:Ibid., 277.

485 “our troubles with the French”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 617.

485 “that Lawrence will never be employed”:Ibid.

485 “Colonel Lawrence has no Military status”:NA General Staff WO M.I.2. B, July 21, 1919.

485 “I have tried again and again”:NA LA 1107, December 5, 1919.

487 “use his influence with Feisal”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 621.

chapter ten“Backing into the Limelight”: 1920-1922

490 “it might trouble him”:Mack, A Prince of Our Disorder, 481.

491 a terrible “row”:Ibid.

491 “bear a brave face”:Lawrence, Home Letters, 304.

491 At times he broke out of his depression:Mack, A Prince of Our Disorder, 287.

493 “Bow Street was jammed”:Lowell Thomas to “Ronnie,” March 29, 1956, Lowell Thomas Papers, Marist College.

493 “he would blush crimson”:Mack, A Prince of Our Disorder, 276.

493 “Thomas Lawrence, the archaeologist”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 624.

494 “In the history of the world”:Mack, A Prince of Our Disorder, 287.

495 “Colonel C. E. Florence”:Aldington, Lawrence of Arabia, 352.

496 The truth is quite simple:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 627.

496 an “official” one:Ibid.

497 “95% of the book in thirty days”:Ibid., 628.

497 At one point he wrote 30,000 words:Mack, A Prince of Our Disorder, 84.

499 “flying suit”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 629.

500 “the book had now assumed”:Ibid., 630.

501 “boy-scout”:Ibid., 635.

501 Among the dozen or so alternative ideas:Mack, A Prince of Our Disorder, 284.

502 His scholarship from All Souls:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 637.

502 Thomas Lawrence had left:Ibid., 637-638.

503 Perhaps because he had overestimated:Ibid., 637.

503 Neither Will nor Frank had lived:Ibid., 637-638.

504 make him look “silly”:Mack, A Prince of Our Disorder, 65.

504 This did not prevent him from buying rare:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 641.

505 “too sparsely peopled”:Mack, A Prince of Our Disorder, 291.

505 “learning opportunities”:Ibid., 634.

506 “one never knows how many”:Storrs, Orientations, 505.

506 Far from being extreme:Mack, A Prince of Our Disorder, 293.

507 Some idea of the aura of celebrity:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 633.

509 “to relieve Curzon”:Graves and Liddell Hart (eds.), T. E. Lawrence to His Biographers, 354.

510 he had “a virgin mind”:Young, The Independent Arab, 324.

511 Churchill’s omnipresent private secretary:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 643.

511 Though it was not appreciated at the time:Ibid., 644.

513 “little Lawrence”:Meinertzhagen, Middle East Diary, 55-56.

513 Lawrence became a civil servant:Graves and Liddell Hart (eds.), T. E. Lawrence to His Biographers, 143.

513 “Talk of leaving things”:Ibid.

514 “You must take risks”:Ibid.

515 “Lawrence can bear comparison”:Liddell Hart, Lawrence of Arabia, 384.

515 “Our most trusted”:Graves and Liddell Hart (eds.), T. E. Lawrence to His Biographers, 131.

517 The western border with Syria:Fromkin, A Peace to End All Peace, 503.

518 “with 30 officers and 200 Bedouins”:Ibid., 504.

518 “living with Abdulla”:Lawrence, Letters, Brown (ed.), 197.

518 “suspicious of his influence”:Abdullah, Memoirs, 170.

518 “He was certainly a strange character”:Ibid., 170-171.

518 “Lawrence was the man”:Thompson, Assignment Churchill, 30.

519 “I know Abdullah”:Fromkin, A Peace to End All Peace, 510.

519 “shrewd and indolent”:Ibid.

520 “The atmosphere in the Colonial Office”:Meinertzhagen, Middle East Diary, 99-100.

520 “consternation, despondency”:Ingrams, Palestine Papers, 105.

521 “a typewritten receipt”:Storrs, Orientations, 391.

521 “E.&O. E.”:Samuel, Memoirs, 154.

522 “Their cries became a roar”:Mack A Prince of Our Disorder, 304.

523 “the Greek epitaph of despair”:Storrs, Orientations, 527.

523 With a typically British manifestation:Fromkin, A Peace to End All Peace, 508.

523 “against his own people”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 650.

524 “I take most of the credit”:Ibid., 651.

525 “quit of the war-time Eastern adventure”:Mack, A Prince of Our Disorder, 314, attributed to Lawrence’s notes in SP, 276.

525 “to negotiate and conclude”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 655.

527 Reading Lawrence’s report:Ibid., 660.

528 Lawrence took a steamer:Ibid.

529 “for in Trans-Jordan”:Mack, A Prince of Our Disorder, 308.

529 “I leave all business to Lawrence”:Ibid., 309, quoting from Philby’s Forty Years in the Wilderness, 108.

530 This refers to the fact that his father’s younger sister:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 944.

chapter eleven“Solitary in the Ranks”

539 He would laboriously correct the copies:Jeremy Wilson, “Seven Pillars of Wisdom: Triumph and Tragedy,” T. E. Lawrence studies Web site, telawrencestudies.org.

540 “to leave the payroll of the Colonial Office”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 674.

541 “God this is awful”:Lawrence, The Mint, 19.

542 “With regard to your personal point”:Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks, 46.

542 “considerably embarrassed”:Ibid., 48.

542 “secrecy and subterfuge”:Swann, quoted ibid.

542 “disliked the whole business”:Ibid.

542 “One would think from [his] letters”:Lawrence, Letters, Garnett (ed.), 363.

546 Johns resourcefully found a civilian doctor:Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks, 52.

547 “with the memory of a cold”:Ibid., 53.

547 “As they swiftly stripped for sleep”:Lawrence, The Mint, 25.

550 “a strict disciplinarian”:Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks, 57.

551 “I must hit him, I must”:Ibid., 58.

551 “Let the old cunt rot”:Ibid., 76-77.

551 “and see him privately”:Ibid., 65.

552 Lawrence had been writing:Ibid.

552 “consistently dirty”:Breese, quoted ibid., 66.

552 “that he had always felt”:Ibid.

552 “I think I had a mental breakdown”:Ibid., 62.

553 “There are twenty-thousand airmen”:Lawrence, The Mint, 98-99.

554 “mummified thing”:Ibid., 184-185.

555 “I’d like you to read”:Lawrence, Letters,Garnett (ed.), 362.

556 “It seems to me that an attempted work”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia,686. See 1126, n 21, as V. W. Richards to T. E. Lawrence, September 24, 1922, Bodleian Library transcript.

557 “Of the present Ministry”:Quoted ibid., 688.

560 “was appointed to the Adjutant’s office”:Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks, 67-68.

560 “why A/c2 Ross”:Ibid., 69.

560 “was not at all sympathetic”:Ibid.

560 “frankly perplexed”:Ibid.

560 “His blue eyes were set”:Ibid.

561 “‘Yes, Lawrence of Arabia!’”:Ibid.

562 “I am afraid you are rather making a labour of it”:Lawrence, Letters, Brown (ed.), 226.

562 “road tubthumping round”:Holroyd, Bernard Shaw, Vol. III, 85.

562 “she began ecstatically reading”:Ibid.

564 “This letter has got to be”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 690.

564 “Your offer is a generous and kind one”:Ibid., 691.

567 “a brace of thoroughgoing modern ruffians”:Ibid., 695.

567 “Nelson, slightly cracked”:Ibid.

567 “You are evidently a very dangerous man”:Holroyd, Bernard Shaw, Vol. III, 85.

568 a “virtuoso” essay:Ibid.

569 “unreasonably”:Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks, 74.

569 “previous service”:Ibid.

569 “ ‘I am convinced that some quality’“:Findlay, “The Amazing AC 2.”

570 “an accomplished poseur”:Holroyd, Bernard Shaw, Vol. III, 88.

570 ”‘There is no end to your Protean tricks’“:Ibid., 86.

572 “The cat being now let out of the bag”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 697.

573 “How is it conceivable, imaginable”:Ibid., 699-700.

573 “get used to the limelight”:Ibid., 700.

574 “that his position in the RAF”:Ibid., 701.

575 “the position, which had been extremely”:Ibid., 706.

575 “well-known for its large pond and bird life”:Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks, 76.

575 “played up at Farnborough”:Ibid., 77.

576 “how his men were to distinguish”:Lawrence, SP, 574.

577 “sounded out”:Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks, 80.

577 “sees no very great difficulty about it”:Ibid.

577 “A good idea!”:Ibid., 80-81.

578 “To Pte. Shaw from Public Shaw”:Holroyd, Bernard Shaw, Vol. III, 88.

578 “and was posted to A Company”:Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks, 81.

579 “queerly homesick”:Ibid., 86.

579 “prevailing animality of spirit”:Ibid., 85.

580 “speak and act with complete assurance”:Ibid., 82.

580 “It’s a horrible life”:Ibid., 83.

580 “this cat-calling carnality seething”:Ibid., 84.

582 “inarticulate, excessively uncomfortable”:Shaw letter, July 19, 1924; or Knightley and Simpson, Secret Lives of Lawrence of Arabia, 190.

582 “Lawrence did nothing without a purpose”:Knightley and Simpson, Secret Lives of Lawrence of Arabia, 168.

583 “His disloyalty reminded”:Jerusalem Post, 1961, quoted in Graves, Lawrence and the Arabs, 230.

586 “called him a bastard”:Knightley and Simpson, Secret Lives of Lawrence of Arabia, 174.

586 “turned his back on God”:Ibid.

587 “an unsigned, typed letter”:Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks, 88-89.

588 “to report in writing”:Ibid., 89.

588 “Circassian riding whip”:Lawrence, SP, 498.

589 “it was rather his pied-а-terre”: Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks, 93.

590 “Hardy is so pale”:Lawrence, Letters, Garnett (ed.), 429-431.

590 “craving for real risk”:Mack, Prince, 343.

590 “swerved at 60 M.P.H.”:Lawrence, Letters,Garnett (ed.), 419-420.

591 “Lawrence is not normal in many ways”:Lawrence, Correspondence with Bernard and Charlotte Shaw, 1922-1926, Vol. I, 45.

591 “Damn you, how long do you”:Arnold Lawrence (ed.), Letters to T.E. Lawrence, 154.

591 “I can’t cheer you up”:Ibid., 64.

594 “A black core”:Lawrence, Letters, Brown (ed.), 233.

594 He persisted with it, however:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 719-720.

595 “he looked very much like Colonel Lawrence”:Arnold Lawrence (ed.), T. E. Lawrence by His Friends, 244.

595 “I have written another magnificent play”:Lawrence, Correspondence with Bernard and Charlotte Shaw, 1922-1926, Vol. I, 51.

596 “upon the throne of a nation-state”:Holroyd, Bernard Shaw, Vol. III, 86.

596 “With their missionary zeal”:Ibid., 88.

596 “There isn’t as much strength in Joan”:Lawrence, Correspondence with Bernard and Charlotte Shaw, 1922-1926, Vol. I, 86.

597 “I’d like to very much”:Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks, 97.

598 “all sorts of minor ailments”:Ibid., 102.

598 “I’d rather the few copies”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 727.

599 “The business will be done”:Ibid., 731.

599 “Confound you”:Lawrence, Correspondence with Bernard and Charlotte Shaw, 1922-1926, Vol. I, 103-105.

601 “I’m always afraid of being hurt”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 739.

602 “I don’t know by what right”:Lawrence, Letters, Garnett (ed.), 214.

602 “fits of extreme depression”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 754.

chapter twelveApotheosis

605 “A Flight-Sergeant came along”:Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks, 109.

606 “dragged in to the Headquarters Adjutant”:Lawrence, Letters, Garnett (ed.), 481.

608 “He was hero-worshipped”:Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks, 117.

608 “to dive into the elastic water”:Ibid., 113.

610 “found Feisal lively”:Ibid., 116.

610 “So long as there is breath”:Lawrence, Correspondence with Bernard and Charlotte Shaw, 1922-1926, Vol. I, 150.

611 “This bundle of proofs”:Ibid., 137.

611 “Something extraordinary always happens”:Ibid., 35.

612 The gift basket from Gunter’s:Ibid., 150-6.

613 “No thanks: no money”:Lawrence, Home Letters, 360.

615 “It is not the right blue”:Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks, 127.

616 “with his right arm dangling”:Ibid., 121.

617 “It is good of you”:Trenchard Papers, November 20, 1926, quoted ibid., 124.

618 This was an infringement of the U.K. Copyright Act:Ibid., 126.

618 “I have been surprised”:Ibid., 132.

620 “the breath away by its sheer brutality”:Ibid., 133.

620 “Hullo here’s the Orderly”:Lawrence, Letters,Garnett (ed.), 502-503.

620 “Wave upon wave”:Ibid., 502-503.

622 “I do wish, hourly”:Ibid., 506.

623 Not only Bernard Shaw believed:Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks, 135.

624 At Cranwell, the telegraph boy:Ibid., 128.

624 “When I opened your letter”:Ibid., 138.

625 “The fellow you need to influence”:Lawrence, Letters, Garnett (ed.), 599.

626 “Gertrude was not a good judge”:Ibid., 543.

628 “was sentfor”:Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks, 143.

629 “his head was everything”:Ibid., 149.

629 “suddenly and quietly”:Ibid., 150.

630 “William Blake, Thomas Malory”:Ibid., 152.

630 “which he kept in a small tin box”:Ibid.

630 “I think probably there will be”:Ibid.

630 “instead of visiting Karachi”:Ibid., 154.

631 “A conversation between”:Ibid., 163.

631 “We are only 26”:Ibid.

633 “I think that the spectacle”:Ibid., 169.

633 “Very bookish, this house-bred”:Lawrence, Odyssey of Homer, end of “Note.”

634 A genuine holy man:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 845.

634 On January 3,1929:Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks, 178.

634 “ineradicable suspicion”:Ibid.

636 ”great mystery”:Ibid., 209.

638 “No, my name is Mr. Smith”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 846.

639 No sooner had Trenchard:Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks, 183.

640 “the marriage tangles”:Ibid., 184.

640 “Why must you be”:Ibid., 185.

640 “I am being hunted”:Lawrence, Letters,Garnett (ed.), 641.

641 “Cattewaterproves to be”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 850.

641 “A man who can run away”:Lawrence, Letters,Garnett (ed.), 648.

642 “I’m very weary of being stared at”:Lawrence, Selected Letters, Garnett (ed.), 307.

643 Lawrence heard Bernard Shaw read:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 854.

644 “A pea-hen voice”:Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks, 190.

644 “invited herself”:Ibid.

644 “I do not know when”:Lawrence, Letters,Garnett (ed.), 665.

645 “Thus he was able to have a deep”:Clare Sydney Smith, The Golden Reign, 37.

647 Lawrence entered the picture:Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks, 194.

647 Unfortunately, Shaw was too busy:Ibid., 195.

648 “As regards including Lawrence”:Ibid., 268.

648 “telling me off as usual”:Ibid., 197.

650 “to stop leading from the ranks”:Ibid., 199.

651 “elevenses”:Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks, 205.

652 “You are a simple aircraftman”:Arnold Lawrence (ed.), Letters to T. E. Lawrence, 180.

653 “a marine expert”:Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks, 209.

653 “every sentence in it”:Ibid., 210.

654 “read it at Umtaiye”:Knightley and Simpson, Secret Lives of Lawrence of Arabia, 260.

655 “As I see it”:Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks, 212.

655 “and he was a wash-out”:Lawrence, Selected Letters, Garnett (ed.), 324.

656 “Dear 338171”:Ibid., 473.

658 Lawrence “is wearing a uniform”:Emma Smith, The Great Western Beach, 244.

659 “the best motorcycle out”:West, David Reese among Others, 193.

659 “Ah, yes—that”:Ibid., 202.

660 “The discharge of this airman”:Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks, 218.

660 looking after the interests of the Air Ministry:Ibid., 220.

660 “Lawrence of Arabia has decided to stay”:Ibid.

661 “agreed with Lawrence’s view”:Mack, A Prince of Our Disorder, 519-520.

661 “surely I am not in clear-shining Ithaca”:Lawrence, Odyssey of Homer, 190-191.

662 Jeremy Wilson notes that he took:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 892.

666 “It’ll end in tragedy”:Graves and Liddell Hart, T. E. Lawrence to His Biographers, 140.

666 “the rhetoric of freedom”:Ibid., 186-187.

667 The British Fascists:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 916-917.

667 “In March 1935 the RAF”:Lawrence, Letters, Brown (ed.), 528.

668 “I lunched with Alexander Korda”:Ibid., 549.

669 “Korda is like an oil-company”:Ibid., 534.

669 Lawrence enjoyed Bridlington:Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks, 228.

670 “ ‘Oh, I am so sorry’”:Ibid., 230-231.

670 “When I want the advice”:Ibid., 232.

671 “armament school”:Ibid., 238.

671 “The conquest of the last element”:Lawrence, Letters, Garnett (ed.), 368.

672 “Aircraftman Shaw”:Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks, 241.

672 “How I wish he hadn’t”:Ibid., 234.

673 Horrified—he needed:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 927.

674 “All here is very quiet”:Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks, 245.

674 “I believe when the Government”:Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 934.

674 “Wild mares would not take me”:Ibid.

675 “At present I am sitting”:Lawrence, Letters, Brown (ed.), 541.

676 Having completed his errands:Knightley and Simpson, Secret Lives of Lawrence of Arabia, 270.

678 Lawrence lay unconscious:Ibid., 272-273.

680 “Istood beside him lying”:Storrs, Orientations, 530-531.

epilogueLife after Death

684 “an Austrian-born religious artist”:Brown, Lawrence of Arabia, 196-197.

Bibliography

MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS

B. H. Liddell Hart Papers, The Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King’s College, London.

Papers of T. E. Lawrence and A. W. Lawrence, University of Oxford, Bodleian Library, Oxford, England.

National Archives, Kew, Surrey, England.

Lowell Thomas Collection, James A. Cannavino Library, Marist College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Thomas Edward Lawrence Papers, Huntington Library, San Marino, Calif.

BOOKS AND ARTICLES

Abdullah, King of Jordan. Memoirs of King Abdullah of Transjordan. London: Cape, 1950.

Adelson, Roger. Mark Sykes: Portrait of an Amateur. London: Cape, 1975.

Aldington, Richard. Lawrence of Arabia: A Biographical Enquiry.London: Collins, 1955.

Antonius, George. The Arab Awakening: The Story of the Arab National Movement.Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott, 1939.

Asher, Michael. Lawrence: The Uncrowned King of Arabia.London: Viking, 1998.

Barr, James. Setting the Desert on Fire: T. E. Lawrence and Britain’s Secret War in Arabia, 1916-1918.London: Bloomsbury, 2007.

Barrow, General Sir George deS. The Fire of Life.London: Hutchinson, 1942.

Brown, Malcolm. Lawrence of Arabia: The Life, the Legend.London: Thames and Hudson, 2005.

Brown, Malcolm, and Julia Cave. Touch of Genius: The Life of T. E. Lawrence.London: Dent, 1988.

Callwell, C. E. Small Wars: Their Principles and Practice.London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1903.

Campbell, Joseph. The Hero with a Thousand Faces.Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004.

Churchill, Randolph Spencer, and Martin Gilbert. Winston Churchill, 1914-916: Challenge of War,Vol. 3. Boston, Mass.: Houghton-Mifflin, 1966.

Churchill, Winston. Great Contemporaries.Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1973.

—. Story of the Malakind Field Force: An Episode of Frontier War.London: Longmans Green, 1901.

—. The World Crisis,Vol. I. New York: Scribner, 1931.

Findlay, C. “The Amazing AC 2.” The Listener,June 5, 1958.

Fromkin, David. A Peace to End All Peace.New York: Henry Holt, 1989.

Gilbert, Martin. Winston Churchill,Vol. 3. London: Heinemann, 1971.

Graves, Robert. Lawrence and the Arabs.London: Cape, 1927.

Graves, Robert, and B. H. Liddell Hart. T. E. Lawrence to His Biographers.Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, 1963.

Greaves, Adrian. Lawrence of Arabia: Mirage of a Desert War.London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2007.

Holroyd, Michael. Bernard Shaw: The Lure of Fantasy,Vol. III. New York: Random House, 1991.

—. Bernard Shaw: Search for Love,Vol. I. London: Chatto and Windus, 1977.

Hyde, H. Montgomery. Solitary in the Ranks: Lawrence of Arabia as Airman and Private Soldier.London: Constable, 1977.

Ingrams, Doreen. Palestine Papers, 1917-1922: Seeds of Conflict.London: J. Murray, 1972.

Knightley, Phillip, and Colin Simpson. Secret Lives of Lawrence of Arabia.New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969.

Lawrence, Arnold E. (ed.) Letters to T. E. Lawrence.London: Cape, 1962.

— (ed.). T. E. Lawrence by His Friends.London: Cape, 1954.

Lawrence, T. E. Correspondence with Bernard and Charlotte Shaw, 1922-926,Vol. I, Jeremy Wilson and Nicole Wilson (eds.). Fordingbridge, England: Castle, 2000.

—. The Home Letters of T. E. Lawrence and His Brothers.New York: Macmillan, 1954.

—. Letters from T. E. Lawrence to E. T. Leeds,J. M. Wilson (ed.). Andovers-ford, England: Whittington, 1988.

—. Letters of T. E. Lawrence,M. Brown (ed.). New York: Norton, 1989.

—. Letters of T. E. Lawrence,David Garnett (ed.). New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1939.

—. The Mint.London: Cape, 1955.

—. (trans.). Odyssey of Homer,New York: Oxford University Press, 1932.

—. Selected Letters of T. E. Lawrence,David Garnett (ed.). London: Cape, 1952.

—. Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph(complete 1922 text). Fordingbridge, England: Castle, 2003.

Liddell Hart, Basil. Colonel Lawrence: The Man behind the Legend.New York: Halcyon, 1937.

Lloyd George, David. Memoirs of the Peace Conference,Vol. II. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1939.

Mack, John. A Prince of Our Disorder: The Life of T. E. Lawrence.Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1976.

MacMillan, Margaret. Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World.New York: Random House, 2002.

Meinertzhagen, Richard. Middle East Diary.London: Cresset, 1959.

Miller, Geoffrey. “Turkey Enters the War and British Actions.” December 1999, http://www.gwpda.org/naval/turkmill.htm.

Nicolson, Harold. Peace Making: Being Reminiscences of the Paris Peace Conference.Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1933.

O’Brien, Philip M. T. E. Lawrence: A Bibliography.New Castle, Del.: Oak Knoll, 2000.

Pakenham, Frank, Earl of Longford. Peace by Ordeal: The Negotiation of the Anglo-Irish Treaty,1921. London: Pimlico, 1992.

Rose, Norman. Chaim Weizmann: A Biography.New York: Penguin, 1989.

Samuel, Herbert (Viscount Samuel). Memoirs.London: Cresset, 1945.

Seeley, Sir John Robert. Expansion of England.[N.p.] 1883.

Shaw, George Bernard. Man of Destiny.New York: Brentano, 1913.

Sherwood, John. No Golden Journey: A Biography of James Elroy Flecker.London: Heinemann, 1973.

Shotwell, James Thomson. At the Paris Peace Conference.New York: Macmillan, 1937.

Smith, Clare Sydney. The Golden Reign.London: Cassell, 1940.

Smith, Emma. The Great Western Beach: A Memoir of a Cornish Childhood between the Wars.London: Bloomsbury, 2008.

Storrs, Ronald. Orientations.London: Ivor Nicholson and Watson, 1937.

Thomas, Lowell. With Lawrence in Arabia.New York: Doubleday, 1967.

Thompson, W. H. Assignment Churchill.Farrar, Straus and Young, 1955.

Toynbee, Arnold. Acquaintances.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967.

von Sanders, Liman. Five Years in Turkey.Nashville, Tenn.: Battery, 2000.

Wallach, Janet. Desert Queen: The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell—Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia.New York: Anchor, 2005.

Wavell, Archibald Percival. Palestine Campaigns.London: Constable, 1928.

Weizmann, Chaim. Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann,Mark W. Weisgal (gen. ed.), Vol. IX, Series A. Transaction Books, Rutgers University. Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press, 1977.

West, Anthony. David Reese among Others.New York: Random House, 1970.

Wilson, Jeremy. Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorized Biography of T. E. Lawrence.New York: Atheneum, 1990.

Young, Sir Hubert. The Independent Arab.London: Murray, 1933.

Index

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Note: Page numbers in italicsrefer to illustrations.

Aaronsohn, Aaron, 328–29Aaronsohn, Sarah, 498Aba el Naam, railway station at, 77–78Aba’l Issan (Abu el Lissal), 95–96, 98, 101, 402, 404Abd el Aziz, 419Abd el Kader el Abdo (hero), 43, 307, 327–28Abd el Kader el Abdo, emir (grandson), 329–35Auda’s warning about, 332at Damascus, 430, 431–32, 433and Deraa incident, 342, 343, 400desertion at Yarmuk, 335, 400, 430at Ezraa, 417journey to Azrak, 327, 329–30, 331, 334Lawrence betrayed to Turks by, 335, 342, 343, 400, 430volatility of, 328, 329, 333, 431–32Abdul Hamid II, sultan, 259Abdul Kerim, 172Abdulla (Mesopotamian soldier), 370, 371Abdulla, emir (son of Hussein), 140assassination of, 14, 16, 518as first king of Jordan, 14, 16, 80, 277n, 405, 444, 511, 515, 518, 519, 520, 523, 524, 528–29in Jidda, 14–16leadership qualities of, 15–16, 80, 483, 532memoirs of, 16and military strategy, 27, 29, 35, 62–63, 70, 71, 76, 80, 266, 298and outbreak of Arab Revolt, 291–92and plans for Arab Revolt, 10, 40, 259–61Saudi defeat of, 483–84at Wadi Ais, 60, 71, 73, 74, 76Abdulla el Feir, sharif, 313, 374Abdulla el Nahabi, 367Abdullah (son of Obeid), 25Abdulla II, king of Jordan, 529Abu el Lissal, 95–96, 98, 101, 402, 404Abu Tayi tribe, 360Abyssinia, military strategy between wars, 29Aden, British port of, 527Aйro-Club de France, 642Afghanistan:Amanullah as king of, 632, 634, 639British wars fought in, 632Lawrence’s warning about, 254, 626modern-day wars in, 30newspaper rumors about, 634–35and RAF Fort Miranshah, Waziristan, 631–34Russian ambitions toward, 12tribal unrest in, 632, 635, 639 African Queen, The(film), 92Ageyl tribesmen, 71–72, 95Ahmed Jemal Pasha, 344as al-SaГah (the butcher), 34, 430amnesty sought by, 360–61, 398–99Feisal’s dealings with, 266, 360–61, 400and military strategy, 70, 266as Turkish ruler, 34–35, 285nAid, Harithi sharif, 312–13, 314Air Ministry, Marine Equipment Branch, 653, 659–60Aldington, Richard, Lawrence of Arabia, 118, 687–90, 694, 696Aleppo, 307Lawrence’s travels in, 172–73, 175as military goal, 263railway line to, 429Alexandretta, as military goal, 262–64Alexandria, Queen (widow of Edward VII), 554Algeria, as French colonial possession, 48, 327, 442Ali, emir (son of Hussein), 16journey to Rabegh, 17–18, 21–28and military strategy, 27, 29, 35, 62Ali el Alayan, 362–63Ali ibn Hussein, sharif of Harith:and Abd el Kader, 329, 330, 331, 333at Azrak, 340, 341and tribal rivalries, 332–33Ali Riza Pasha, 91, 333, 343, 429Ali Riza Rejabi, 431, 433Allenby, Sir Edmund, 210, 355, 696and Aqaba, 108, 110, 112and Beersheba, 111, 297–98, 323, 331, 333–34, 352, 406and Damascus, 112, 414, 425, 427, 429, 435–37as EEF commander, 105, 318and Feisal, 298, 300, 436–37and Gaza, 323, 325, 326, 331–34, 352honors and awards to, 384and Jerusalem, 105, 112, 297, 307, 351–53, 356, 361and Lawrence’s death, 679Lawrence’s first meeting with, 108, 108, 110–11Lawrence’s friendship with, 236, 382, 439, 654and Lawrence’s mental anguish, 376, 377, 379as mentor to Lawrence, 295–96, 341, 357, 378, 513and Middle East diplomacy, 524, 689military strategies of, 106, 111–12, 233n, 297–98, 307, 322–23, 325, 326, 357, 359, 374, 378–80, 391, 396, 401, 402, 406, 407, 411, 414personal traits of, 111and Salt, 391–92, 395, 413and Seven Pillars, 500, 593, 623and Thomas, 384, 481, 493west bank [Jordan] victory of, 411–13, 414, 415and World War I, 381–82Allenby, Lady, 439, 481All Souls College, Oxford University, 681Lawrence as outsider at, 492Lawrence’s dagger donated to, 587nLawrence’s fellowship at, 119, 185n, 484–85, 489–90, 491–92, 497, 503as refuge, 490, 491social network of, 143, 533, 557, 579Altounyan, Dr. (Oriental rug collector), 231, 239, 475Amanullah, king of Afghanistan, 632, 634, 639American Indians, destruction of, 476Amery, Leo, 576Amman:British raids on, 390, 403as military goal, 406, 407 see alsoJordanAnazeh tribe, 423Andrews, Wing Commander, 660Angell, Flight Lieutenant, 633Antoniou, Gregorios, 189, 192–93Antonius, George, 268, 276Aqaba:Arab attack on, 98–102Arab victory in, 102–6, 103, 110, 112, 238, 301, 518defense and administrative support of, 103–4, 106–12in history, 1Lawrence in (prewar), 5–6, 63, 83, 238Lawrence’s journey to, 82–92, 95–96, 97and mapping expedition, 237–38military base in, 298, 303, 306, 318, 380motor vehicles in, 357–58, 359strategic importance of, 1–2, 21, 67, 83, 89, 112strategic thinking about, 81, 82, 85, 92, 95, 96, 100Thomas in, 383–88Turkish control of, 1–2, 4, 89as turning point for Lawrence, 295Arab army:Bedouin tribesmen in, 14, 19–20, 31, 54, 65, 68, 299, 306, 310, 357, 360, 370, 374, 394British use of, for its own purposes, 39–40, 81, 83–84, 402, 414in conventional warfare, 366, 379, 401demolition lessons for, 35n, 51–52, 77, 322, 531diverse groups in, 19–21, 36, 68, 299, 306, 360, 370, 375, 402, 404–5films of, 480guerrilla warfare of, 57, 76–78, 93–94, 111, 297–98, 306, 310–11, 314–18, 322, 357, 359, 396, 696Lawrence’s understanding of, 35, 56–57, 64, 66, 94–95, 187, 214, 296, 311, 400, 401–2, 405, 514, 518and religion, 55–56slapdash condition of, 35, 55, 56–57, 65–66, 401, 425–27, 432thievery of, 36n, 426Turkish superiority to, 20, 35, 36, 53, 57“Twenty-Seven Articles” about, 56victories needed by, 41, 81, 91, 314victory at Aqaba, 102–6, 103, 110, 112, 301, 518victory at Tafileh, 365–73, 380victory at Wejh, 66–67, 68weapons and money needed by, 35–36, 37, 38, 45, 57, 67, 104, 111, 285 Arab Bulletin, 7, 283, 362, 500, 526Arab Bureau:in Cairo, 7, 109, 273, 284, 477creation of, 284, 285Hussein supported by, 88Lawrence’s work with, 7, 9, 48–49, 291, 376–77roles in Arab Revolt, 11, 284Arabia:blood feuds in, 23, 72, 221cruelty in, 34–35, 37diseases in, 214, 215–16foreign influence in, 197hospitality in, 5, 23, 64, 73–74, 169, 170, 626hostility toward Europeans in, 21, 403hygiene lacking in, 36n, 64ibn Saud’s ambitions for, 453Lawrence’s ambitions for, 61, 405, 413–14, 429–30, 435, 437, 443, 451–52, 468, 477, 494, 512, 686, 696map, 3nationalism in, 19, 24, 41, 256, 258–59, 266, 267–69, 286, 507, 697Rub al-Khali (Empty Quarter), 647rulers of, 88, 277–78sex in, 363–64sharia law in, 526slavery in, 20, 31thievery in, 169Arab Legion, 519, 528Arab nation:broken promises to, 506, 697independent, as goal, 41, 259, 260, 262, 266–67, 456, 467, 696and Jewish nation, 399–400, 465–68; see alsoPalestine; Zionismnebulous concept of, 260–61, 266, 268not ready for independence, 484, 517and Paris Peace Conference, 100, 474ruler planned for, 277–78and Sykes-Picot Agreement, 39, 81–82, 276, 277–78, 361, 413, 436, 465, 486, 505United Arab Republic, 697Arab Revolt:amnesty proposal for, 360–61, 398–99, 400British agencies involved in, 11–12, 45–46, 104, 284, 483British financial support for, 20, 32, 59, 62, 69–70, 87, 109, 110, 112, 259, 285, 292, 296, 302, 375, 376, 378, 500British policies inconsistent in, 12, 82, 88and British promises broken, 40–41, 304, 377, 378, 401, 436–37, 465, 486early days of, 18–21films of, 480, 691, 692flag of, 272Lawrence’s fame in, 80, 296–97, 301, 321, 361, 377, 382, 493, 499, 532, 570Lawrence’s strategies in, 81, 83, 297–303, 518, 530–31, 696laying groundwork for, 10, 40, 61–62, 256, 259–61, 268, 284leadership needed in, 13, 32–38motor vehicles used in, 357–58, 359–60, 377, 396, 408–9, 580outbreak of, 270, 291–93positive publicity about, 361, 387Arfaja, journey to, 86–87Aristophanes, 401nArmenia:Turkish genocide of, 37, 221, 223, 263, 304, 373, 398, 475–76U.S. lack of interest in, 476Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, 136, 141, 155, 165, 182, 222, 223, 225, 675Asquith, Herbert H., 1st earl of Oxford, 59, 399nAstor, Lady Nancy:background of, 644and Lawrence’s death, 679, 680Lawrence’s friendship with, 134, 607n, 644–45and Lawrence’s mother, 490political contacts via, 652, 674–75socializing with, 644, 648, 650, 656Astor, Waldorf, Viscount Astor, 644Auda Abu Tayi, 70, 85, 393, 608at Abu el Lissal, 99–100and Aqaba, 81, 89–90, 106, 238in Damascus, 431, 432as Howeitat tribal leader, 68–69, 81, 87, 99, 301, 330journey to Aqaba, 82, 84, 86, 87, 92, 95, 100, 239journey to Azrak, 330, 331–32journey to Damascus, 428military strategies of, 81, 311, 357, 394, 417negotiations with the Turks, 301–2, 304personal traits of, 68–69, 90and Seven Pillars, 69, 80–81, 499at Tafas, 419, 420, 421and Tafileh, 360, 365, 366, 367and tribal rivalries, 92, 100and Turkish retreat, 428–29Ault, W. O., 156Australian Mounted Division, 333–34, 414, 429, 433, 480Austro-Hungarian army, in World War I, 10, 232Austro-Hungarian Empire:collapse of, 468surrender of, 453war declared by, 242Aziz Ali Bey el Masri, 13, 17–18, 19Aziz el Masri, 259Azrak:headquarters in, 340–41, 402, 405journey to, 89, 327, 328–35

Baghdad:attempts to capture, 5, 290–91British occupation of, 40, 268, 398Baker, Sir Herbert, 497, 499, 638, 673Balbo, Italo, 648–49Baldwin, Stanley, 447, 590–91, 602, 603, 674–75Balfour, Arthur J., 39, 440, 461–62, 463, 467, 468, 475Balfour Declaration (1917):controversial nature of, 261, 329, 352, 519–20and Feisal, 306, 399, 697and McMahon-Hussein correspondence, 453and Palestine, 519–20planned adjustments to, 269nSykes’s input into, 272, 280, 306and Zionism, 306, 399, 453, 454, 519–20, 531Barr, James, Setting the Desert on Fire, 69Barrie, J. M., 205Barrow, Sir G. deS., 414, 423, 425–28, 432Basra:British occupation of, 5, 40, 257, 259, 268, 398military intelligence in, 273, 284, 286–87Beach, W. H., 289, 290Beauforte-Greenwood, W. E. G., 653Beaumont, Thomas, 394Beaverbrook, William M. Aitken, Lord, 564Becket, Thomas, 405Bedouin tribesmen:in Arab army, 14, 19–20, 31, 54, 65, 68, 299, 306, 310, 357, 360, 370, 374, 394; see alsoArab armyand Arab regulars, 375, 401–2, 424British army confusion about, 380camels of, 24, 331characteristics of, 57, 69, 87, 94, 95, 187, 212, 296, 301–2, 311, 316clothing of, 22desertions of, 60, 395food of, 26–27, 84and guerrilla warfare, 57, 58, 306, 358, 417guide services of, 24Hejaz dominated by, 260, 307, 625hostility toward Europeans, 403intimidated by modern war instruments, 14, 19Lawrence’s leadership of, 187, 296, 356, 367, 395, 518–19, 522and spoils of war, 63, 66, 94, 100–101, 102, 317, 318, 339–40, 364, 380, 395, 412, 417, 427support for Arab Revolt, 85, 91, 375and Thomas’s film, 387tribal animosities of, 313, 332–33, 367, 404–5, 415, 424, 425, 430–33, 518Beecham, Sir Thomas, 480Beerbohm, Sir Max, 153Beersheba:Allenby’s attack on, 331, 333–34, 352, 406as military goal, 111, 297–98, 323Beeson, C. F. C. “Scroggs,” 141, 142, 144, 148, 150, 156Beirut, Lawrence’s travels in, 169, 179Belgium, German invasion of, 242, 246, 249Bell, C. F., 165, 178Bell, Gertrude, 140, 516and Arab Bureau, 273, 284and British intelligence activities, 252, 283death of, 626fame of, 194Lawrence’s friendship with, 242, 513and Lawrence’s postwar activities, 477, 512–13, 558personal traits of, 194, 626and postwar diplomacy, 471, 506, 512, 517tribal information gathered by, 242, 283, 286visit to Carchemish, 192, 194–95Beni Ali, Turkish massacre of, 37Beni Sakhr tribe, 332–33, 360, 364, 391–92Beni Salem, as date growers, 30–31Benn, Tony, 118Betjeman, John, 155nBilli tribes, 65Bir el Sheikh, journey to, 22, 26–27Birkenhead, Lord (formerly F. E. Smith), 271, 650Biscayne “Baby” speedboats, 649 Biscuit(speedboat), 649–51, 652Blake, William, 630Blandford-Baker, Mark, 162nBlйriot, Louis, 171Bliss, Howard S., 472nBlumberg, Lillian, 691nBlumenfeld, R. D., 564, 568, 630Blunt, Wilfred Scawen, 506Boer War, 57Bolt, Robert, 692Bone, Reginald, 627–29, 631Bonham-Carter, Ian Malcolm, 550–51, 553Borton, A. E. “BiГy,” 606–7Bowra, C. M., 661Boyle, William “Ginger,” 43–44, 56, 59, 64, 65–66, 90, 301Brando, Marlon, 692, 693Bray, Sir Denis, 634Breese, drill adjutant, 551–53Brйmond, Йdouard, 48, 52, 60, 67, 70, 298, 458, 463Britain:ambitions for Middle East, 38–40, 42n, 60, 81–82, 83–84, 89, 92, 112, 253, 261, 270, 277–78, 284, 303, 504, 505, 533, 697and Arab Revolt, seeArab Revoltarmy of, seeBritish armyand Balfour Declaration, 261, 269n, 272, 280, 306, 329, 352, 399, 453class distinctions in, 443, 493, 535, 536, 540, 547, 584colonial system of, 48, 686, 697, 698the Establishment in, 182events leading to World War I, 13, 242Feisal’s visits to, 462–68, 464, 486–87, 511, 610French rivalry with, 48, 270, 275, 453, 456, 460–61, 474German rivalry in archaeology with, 184and gold standard, 619and the “great game,” 631–32honors and awards to Lawrence from, 112–13, 373, 383, 384, 447–50, 486, 516, 518Intelligence Department, Cairo, 252–55, 257, 258, 273, 284, 291libel law in, 592, 598, 600MI7 in, 444and negotiated peace, 303–6, 398–99and Palestine Exploration Fund, 63, 83, 232–41, 246and Paris Peace Conference, 439–40, 453, 456–59, 462, 469, 475–76, 510promises broken by, 14, 92, 378, 398, 401, 436–37, 444, 450, 452–53, 462, 506, 564, 697promises made by, 261, 266, 268–69, 377, 465, 486Schneider Trophy Cup won by, 649spies for, 183, 221and Suez Canal, 234, 256, 267, 282, 285, 510, 515and Sykes-Picot agreement, seeSykes-Picot agreementBritish army:allies in World War I, 10, 242, 252, 304, 305Arab army supported by, 70CIGS (chief of imperial general staГ), 45, 48–49, 112, 361Desert Mounted Corps, 429at Gallipoli, 4, 263–64, 269, 277, 282, 285, 290, 295Imperial Camel Brigade, 381, 395–96, 402, 403, 404, 408, 598RAF compared with, 579–80, 602Royal Tank Corps, 576–81, 589Sandhurst training of, 235–36Turkish army underestimated by, 4and World War I, 45, 245, 277, 304, 381XX Corps, 380British Army Service Corps, 70British Expeditionary Force (BEF), 105, 304, 381British Museum, 184, 185, 186, 191, 197, 199, 209, 210, 222, 223British Museum Library, 565, 618British Power Boats factory, 653Brooke, Rupert, 200, 265Brough, George, 609, 612, 613Brough motorcycles, 574, 581, 590, 595, 608, 609–10, 609, 612–13, 640, 643–44, 659, 678Bruce, John “Jock,” 581–83, 585–88, 602, 657, 686Brydon, William, 632Buchan, John: Greenmantle, 26, 623, 625Lawrence’s correspondence with, 602, 626, 656Lawrence’s friendship with, 589on Lawrence’s writing, 620, 623Bunsen, Sir Maurice de, 270Bunyan, John, 630Burma, in World War II, 29Burmester, Rudolf, 108Burns, Ken, 694Burroughs, William, 344Burton, Isabel, 327Burton, Percy, 479, 481Burton, Sir Richard, 94, 321, 327Buswari Agha, 229, 240Butler, Lady, 632Buxton, Robert “Robin,” 403, 404, 598, 602

Cairo:Arab Bureau in, 7, 109, 273, 284, 477British in World War I in, 252–62, 265–70, 282–86, 382Churchill’s meeting in, 513, 514, 516–17Intelligence Department in, 252–55, 257, 258, 273, 284, 291Survey Department in, 258Callwell, C. E., Small Wars, 57, 58Campbell, Joseph, 176, 178 ’e Hero with a Thousand Faces, 141Canterbury, archbishop of, 654Capa, Robert, 558Cape, Jonathan, seeJonathan Cape, publishing houseCarchemish [Iraq], 144, 184–201, 382British interest in, 184–86, 199, 201, 204–5, 215, 221, 222, 240Dahoum in, 196, 197, 212, 214, 224, 228, 646Hittite ruins in, 184–85, 193, 196, 199, 204, 210, 216, 224, 240Kurds in, 219–22, 226, 240Lawrence’s archaeological work in, 191–96, 206–10, 214, 223–31, 239–41Will’s visit to, 225, 228–30Carden, Admiral, 263Carnegie, Dale, 479nCarson (A.S.C. soldier), 362–63Carson, Sir Edward, 271Carter, Howard, 203nCarter, Maurice, 140nCarton de Wiart, Sir Adrian, 235–36Casement, Sir Roger, 654–55Castro, Fidel, 29–30Catchpole, Corporal, 678Catherine the Great, 270nCecil, Lord Robert, 440, 443, 445, 446, 450, 456, 461Cecil, William, 443Chaignon family, 131Chamberlain, Sir Austen, 650Chamberlain, Neville, 675nChapman, Benjamin, 119, 121, 122Chapman, Caroline, 530Chapman, Edith Sarah Hamilton, Lady:daughters of, 121, 122, 128and her husband, 126, 127religious zeal of, 122–23, 132Chapman, Francis Vansittart, 116Chapman, Sir Montagu, 116Chapman, Sir Thomas Robert Tighe, seeLawrence, ThomasChapman, William, 119, 122Chase, Harry, 353, 354, 356, 361, 383–88, 480, 492Chauvel, Sir Henry, 429, 432, 433, 434Chetwode, Sir Philip, 380, 576–78, 597Christie, Agatha, Murder in Mesopotamia, 202Churchill, Lord Randolph (Winston’s father), 451Churchill, Randolph (Winston’s son), 135Churchill, Winston, 135, 140n, 172, 509–21, 650, 687and Baldwin, 674–75books written by, 248, 621and films, 481, 690n, 691and Gallipoli, 4, 263–64and Lady Astor, 644Lawrence as Middle East adviser to, 510–13, 515–16, 520, 521, 524–30, 533, 539, 540, 625, 626, 671, 684, 689and Lawrence’s death, 679, 680Lawrence’s meetings with, 321, 451–52and Lawrence’s RAF enlistment, 540–41, 542, 608Lawrence’s requests for help from, 618, 673and Lloyd George, 509–11Marlborough biography by, 669and Middle East Department, 510–21, 526personal traits of, 271, 303speeches by, 653–54Turkish ships requisitioned by, 248and World War I, 244, 245, 246, 262, 263–64and World War II, 654Circassians, 93, 342Clausewitz, Carl von, 371Clayton, Gilbert, 274, 277as Arab Bureau chief, 12, 48–49, 273and Balfour Declaration, 399in Cairo, 252, 253, 257, 259, 284in Jerusalem, 356and Lawrence’s mental anguish, 378, 400Lawrence’s reports to, 15, 49, 56–57, 82, 90, 109, 281, 355, 361–62, 513as military adviser to Churchill, 512and military strategy, 297, 298and peace negotiations, 399and Sykes-Picot Agreement, 277, 280, 306, 361and Thomas’s film, 387Clemenceau, Georges, 210, 454, 459–62, 474–75, 476, 507Clouds Hill, Moreton, Lawrence’s cottage at, 581, 587, 594, 595, 666, 672, 673–74Clough, Arthur Hugh, “Say Not the Struggle Naught Availeth,” 340, 653–54Cobbold, Lady Evelyn, 238–39, 255Cockerell, Sydney, 540, 597Cody, BuГalo Bill, 480Collins, Michael, 576Colonial Office:ibn Saud supported by, 88Middle Eastern Department of, 510–21, 526Columbia Pictures, 691, 692–93, 694Conan Doyle, Sir Arthur, 654Congo Free State, atrocities in, 654Conrad, Joseph, 554, 612 Heart of Darkness, 654Constable, publishers, 566, 567, 573Constantinople:British archaeological interests in, 185, 215Lawrence’s travel in, 186–87Russian ambitions toward, 12, 270n, 280Cooper, Collin, 649Council of Ten, 473–74Coward, Noлl, 495n, 656Cox, Sir Percy Z., 259, 286, 288–89, 517, 523Crane, C. R., 484Cromwell, Oliver, 119Crusades, and French claims in Middle East, 256, 275, 474Curtis, Lionel:and All Souls, 533, 579, 587nLawrence’s correspondence with, 143, 579, 580, 590, 626, 656Lawrence’s friendship with, 472, 508, 589and Lawrence’s funeral, 679Lawrence’s Middle East views supported by, 506and Lawrence’s military service, 579, 580, 608Curtis Brown, literary agency, 565, 567Curzon, George Nathaniel, 1st Baron:and British entry into Jerusalem, 352and Eastern Committee meetings, 445–47, 456, 461and Feisal, 456, 487, 506and Lawrence’s Middle East travels, 167–68and postwar Middle East diplomacy, 506, 507, 509, 512, 524, 525, 526, 528, 533and Thomas’s biography of Lawrence, 525

Daher (guide), 348Dahoum (friend), 213at Carchemish, 196, 197, 212, 214, 224, 228, 646journey to Aqaba, 237, 238in later years, 393–94Lawrence’s friendship with, 210–14, 262and Lawrence’s illness, 198, 226Lawrence’s plans for improvement of, 197, 198, 216personal traits of, 196, 223 Seven Pillarsdedication to, 498–99travels with Lawrence, 210, 215, 226–27, 228in Turkish prison, 221, 349 Daily Express, The(London), 505, 507, 564, 566, 568–69, 571, 630, 672 Daily Mail, The(London), 505, 566, 571, 572 Daily News, The(London), 634, 640 Daily Telegraph(London), 493, 617Damascus:Allenby’s arrival in, 435–37Arabs in disarray in, 430–35, 440Arab takeover of, 427, 429–30, 452journey to, 428–30Lawrence’s departure from, 437Lawrence’s entry into, 429–30, 431as military goal, 89, 90, 112, 262, 281–82, 297, 309, 325, 366, 396, 407, 413, 414, 425opponents of Hussein in, 40as potential capital of “Greater Syria,” 41, 307, 413, 467race to, 41, 64, 67, 83, 357, 359, 400, 405–6, 407, 413, 414, 417, 428railway line to, 21, 24, 49, 293Danchev, Alex, 664Daud (servant), 85, 327, 330, 388–90, 393Dawnay, Alan:as Allenby’s chief of staГ, 322–23, 382, 383at Guweira, 374, 375and Hejaz Operations StaГ, 374, 375and Imperial Camel Brigade, 402, 404and Lawrence in Royal Tank Corps, 576, 577Lawrence’s correspondence with, 467Lawrence’s friendship with, 236, 323, 576and Lawrence’s funeral, 679and military strategy, 381, 394–95, 401, 402and Seven Pillars, 496, 598Dawnay, Guy, 323, 374Dawson, GeoГrey, 484, 486Day Lewis, Cecil, 656Deraa, 341–51, 418Arab army in, 425–27eГects on Lawrence of attack in, 348, 349–51, 358, 397, 538, 601–2Lawrence’s capture and assault at, 342–51, 355, 400, 470, 471, 497, 588, 612, 695as military goal, 325, 347, 381, 402, 406, 414 Derbyshire, 618, 619–21Desert Mounted Corps, 429Dexter, Flight Lieutenant, 544–46Diana, Princess of Wales, 568, 636–37, 677Dickens, Charles, 117Diocletian, Emperor, 334Disraeli, Benjamin, 234Dixon, Corporal, 581, 589, 602, 608Dodd, Francis, 196, 227Doran, George H., 592, 614, 615, 617nDoubleday, Frank N., 501, 504, 565, 592, 657Doughty, Charles M., 94, 190, 622 Arabia Deserta, 166–67, 208, 495, 506, 508, 557and Hogarth, 177, 182Lawrence’s regard for, 590Douglas-Home, Sir Alec, 118nDowson, Sir Ernest, 258, 302Driver, Corporal, 362–63Dulles, John Foster, 454nDuncan, David Douglas, 558

Edward VII, king of England, 451Edward VIII, king of England, 140n, 449–50, 603Egypt:“British Force” in, 282, 285British rule in, 259, 266Exodus from, 239impoverishment of, 698independence of, 515intelligence activities in, 273, 284political unrest in, 506and Suez Canal, 234and United Arab Republic, 697 see alsoCairoEgyptian Camel Corps, 407Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF):Allenby appointed commander of, 105, 318and Aqaba, 104at Basra, 5in Cairo, 11, 12, 45, 273, 291formation of, 285at Gaza, 4, 104–5Egyptian Government Printing Press, 258Egyptian Survey, 302Eisenstein, Sergey, 62Elgar, Sir Edward, 656Eliot, T. S., 613Elizabeth I, queen of England, 443El Jefer, 92, 95, 403Ellington, Sir Edward, 660Ellis, Sir Hugh, 577El Mezraa, 374 Empire News, The, 634 Encyclopaedia Brittanica, 664Enver Pasha, 54–55, 287, 289, 449

Fakhri Pasha (Hamid Fakhri Bey):Arab strategies against, 41, 60, 63and Armenian genocide, 37Beni Ali village destroyed by, 37at Medina, 66–67, 70at Tafileh, 365, 367, 370Falkenhayn, Erich von, 311, 354Fareedeh el Akle, 187–88, 198, 498Farraj (servant), 85, 327, 330, 388–90, 392–94, 615Fascists, 667, 675Fattuh (servant), 194, 195Fawcett, Percy, 538Feisal, emir (son of Hussein):and Arab army, 15, 18, 20, 21, 30, 31, 35, 41, 49, 52–53, 55, 58, 63, 64, 111and Balfour Declaration, 306, 399, 697bond of Lawrence and, 33, 34, 80, 375, 382, 393, 398, 400, 405, 448, 472and broken British promises, 462, 465, 564in Damascus, 431, 432–33, 435–37discussions with Weizmann, 399–400, 463, 465–68, 476early years of, 34Europeans distrusted by, 34, 82, 436–37, 450exile in Egypt, 505–6film depiction of, 693vs. French in Syria, 463, 505, 511“Greater Syria” sought by, 41, 42n, 442, 451and groundwork for Arab Revolt, 266, 267in house arrest, 259and Imperial Camel Brigade, 396and Iraqi throne, 277n, 405, 449, 455, 515, 516–18, 519, 523–24Lawrence as liaison to, 49–50, 68, 299, 300, 395, 405, 476, 485, 513–14Lawrence’s eГorts on behalf of, 443, 444, 451, 455–58, 464, 472, 473, 475, 478, 484, 494, 506, 625, 640Lawrence’s first meeting with, 16, 32–38, 48leadership traits of, 37–38, 54, 55, 62, 68, 69, 76, 532and military strategy, 37, 66, 81, 100, 266, 282, 298–300, 306, 307, 309, 311, 374, 390, 394, 415move to Wejh, 60–61, 68, 69and outbreak of Arab Revolt, 292at Paris Peace Conference, 439–40, 452, 453, 455–59, 456, 459, 461, 468, 469, 472, 473–77physical appearance and personality of, 32, 33–35, 62, 81portraits of, 504a price on his head, 465and proposal of amnesty, 360–61, 398–99, 400slaves of, 313supporters of, 82, 91, 325, 340, 357, 391, 429, 483and Sykes-Picot agreement, 39, 40, 81, 82, 281, 306, 328, 360, 361, 436–37and Syrian uprising, 413–14and Thomas films, 386, 387and tribal rivalries, 404–5visits to Britain, 462–68, 464, 486–87, 511, 610visit to France, 455–59, 461at Wadi Yenbo, 52–59Weizmann-Feisal agreement, 465–68Fiennes, Ralph, 694Findlay, Charles, 560–61, 569–70, 571, 575Finney, Albert, 693Flecker, Hellй, 199, 216Flecker, James Elroy, 153, 181, 199–201, 201, 216, 583Foch, Marshal Ferdinand, 96, 98, 449Fontana, Winifred, 208Ford, Ford Maddox, 555Foreign Office:Hussein supported by, 483, 506involvement in Arab Revolt, 11, 49, 88Lawrence’s duties with, 7, 457, 485and Lawrence’s letters to the Times, 486and postwar territorial claims, 455, 457, 462Forster, E. M., 349, 589, 591, 601, 640 Four Feathers, The(film), 692Fourth Australian Light Horse Brigade, 333–34France:ambitions for Middle East, 38–40, 42n, 47, 48, 49, 60, 67, 70, 81–82, 90, 92, 112, 183, 253, 256, 259, 262, 266, 270, 272, 275–76, 278, 303, 306, 353, 356, 398, 436, 454, 455, 460, 486, 504–5, 697British Expeditionary Forces in, 105British rivalry with, 48, 270, 275, 453, 456, 460–61, 474colonial system of, 48, 272, 275, 442, 697, 698distrust of, 34, 48Feisal in, 455–59, 461honors and awards to Lawrence from, 67, 286, 353, 457–58Lawrence’s distaste for presence of, 47, 48, 67, 255, 400, 451and Paris Peace Conference, 439–40, 453, 456–59, 460, 469, 473–78rule of law (Code Napolйon) in, 48, 56and Suez Canal, 234, 279and Sykes-Picot agreement, 38–40, 67, 275–76, 278–79, 281, 413, 436–37, 451, 455, 458–59, 507, 512and World War I, 10, 45, 242, 275, 277, 304, 381, 460Frankfurter, Felix, 476Frederick the Great, 406French army:mutinies in, 460North African troops, 67Freud, Sigmund, 29, 115, 580Fromkin, David, A Peace to End All Peace, 277

Gallipoli:British defeat at (1915), 4, 263–64, 269, 277, 282, 285, 290, 295German warships at, 248–50Galsworthy, John, 555Garland, H. G., 51–52, 56, 59, 70, 77, 322Garnett, Edward:and authors, 554–55, 564and Cape, 555, 565, 567and Lawrence in RAF, 564, 603and Lawrence’s depression, 603and ’e Mint, 625and Revoltabridgement, 555, 558, 562, 565, 566–67, 575, 603, 614–15and Seven Pillars, 554–55, 565and ST 200 handbook, 653Gasein (goldsmith), 300Gasim (stranger from Maan), 86–87, 418Gaza:Allenby’s attack on, 323, 325, 326, 331–34, 352defense of, 285Egyptian Expeditionary Force at, 4, 104–5stalemate at, 104–6Turkish control of, 21, 41, 59, 89, 91, 284–85, 291Gee, Sergeant Major, 544, 545Genet, Jean, 344Geneva Conventions, 85nGeographical Section of General StaГ (GSGS), 250–51, 252Georges-Picot, Franзois:flight at war’s outbreak, 35n, 266and Jerusalem, 353, 356and Sykes-Picot agreement, 38, 275–81and Syria, 440, 442, 445George V, king of England:and Feisal, 465honors oГered to Lawrence by, 447–50, 486, 516and Lawrence’s accident and death, 679, 680Lawrence’s audiences with, 440, 447–50Lawrence’s gifts to, 55n, 449and Lawrence’s military status, 439–40, 486Lawrence’s relationship with, 46, 666and politicians, 447, 450as stamp collector, 522and supporters of the Arab Revolt, 44Thomas’s show attended by, 481and World War I, 663German army:discipline in, 227in World War I, 10, 232, 242, 246, 275, 378, 381German navy, and Turkish navy, 248–50Germany:aircraft supplied to Turkey by, 14and archaeological sites, 184, 216in Central Powers, 232, 233colonial possessions of, 453and Hindenburg, 646Nazi regime in, 531postwar demands on, 454, 468railways built by, 168, 199, 202, 208, 209, 214, 215, 240surrender of, 453Turkish army supported by, 20, 36, 104, 285, 287, 311, 391, 411, 416, 421, 423, 424zeppelins, 646–47Gettysburg, battle of, 367Geziret Faraun, island of, 238Gibson Girls, 644Gilbert, Martin, 248Godefroy de Bouillon, 275Goltz, Colmar Freiherr von der, 287–88 Gone with the Wind(film), 694Gordon, Charles George (Gordon of Khartoum), 12, 45, 321, 478Graves, Philip, 255Graves, Robert: Goodbye to All That, 265, 624n Lawrence and the Arabian Adventure, 321, 611, 624–25, 627, 662, 689, 696on Lawrence at Oxford, 161–62, 174, 491on Lawrence’s audience with George V, 448, 449, 450Lawrence’s correspondence with, 446, 447, 448, 524, 656, 669, 671on Lawrence’s early years, 159Lawrence’s friendship with, 508, 589Lawrence’s obituary updated by, 671on Lawrence’s personal traits, 140n, 666–67Lawrence’s version of his story to, 321, 442, 446, 447, 448, 577and RFC history, 598and Seven Pillars, 497, 592and Turkish army handbook, 258Great Depression, 619Greek-Turkish War (1897), 246Green, Thomas Hill, 136Greene, Graham, 449Grey, Sir Edward, 181, 242, 260, 270Guevara, Che, 686Guilfoyle, W. J. Y., 560–61, 566, 569, 574, 575Guinness, Alec, 693Gulf of Aqaba, 1–2Gurschner, Herbert, portrait of Lawrence by, 684, 685Guweira:Arab encampment at, 312, 358, 374–75motor road to, 359

Hacim (Hajim) Bey, 342–43, 346, 351, 421Haidar Pasha, 168Haifa, British capture of, 412Haig, Sir Douglas, 105, 323Haj Wahid (cook), 207Hall-Smith, Guthrie, 503Hall-Smith, Janet (Laurie), 131, 159–61, 227, 490–91, 503–4, 529, 658Hamed the Moor, 72–73, 74, 87Hamid Fakhri Bey (Fakhri Pasha):Arab strategies against, 41, 60, 63and Armenian genocide, 37Beni Ali village destroyed by, 37at Medina, 66–67, 70at Tafileh, 365, 367, 370Hamoudi, Sheikh, 193, 196, 197, 198, 211, 226–27, 228, 262Hamra:arrival in, 31–32departure from, 42Hardinge, Lord Charles, 272Hardy, Mrs. Thomas, 679Hardy, Thomas, 589, 590, 594, 597, 608, 617, 618, 626Harmsworth, Hon. Esmond, 673Hashemite family:contest for power, 506Lawrence’s ambitions for, 80, 524presence in Iraq and Jordan, 511, 517Hassan Chowish, 342Hassan Shah, 327Hedley, Walter Coote, 233, 251, 252Hejaz Operations StaГ, 374, 375Hejaz region:Christians murdered in, 16–17desert blindness in, 312–13desert of, 23–24holiest Islam cities in, 10hostility toward Europeans in, 21, 24Hussein’s position in, 88, 299as independent Arab state, 292journeys to interior of, 18–21, 49military strategy in, 83, 379–80motor vehicles used in, 357–58, 359–60, 377, 396, 626railway in, 21, 24, 308supply route across, 12wells in, 21, 25, 43, 60, 71, 86, 92, 95Hemingway, Ernest, 73, 672 A Farewell to Arms, 319, 353Henry II, king of England, 405Herbert, Aubrey:and Arab Bureau, 284and Intelligence Department, Cairo, 252, 253, 255at Kut Al-Amara, 5, 288–90peace negotiations with Turks, 398Herodotus, 594Hewlett, Maurice, 205, 206, 218Higham, David, 665 Hindenberg, 646Hippocleides, 594–95nHirtzel, Sir Arthur, 454–55, 485Hitler, Adolf, 675Hittites:ancient city at Carchemish, 184–85, 193, 196, 199, 204, 210, 214, 216, 224, 240facial features of, 196Tell Ahmar mound, 197HMS Agincourt, 248HMS Du¤erin, 109, 292, 299HMS Duke of Edinburgh, 223HMS Erin, 248HMS Euryalus, 44HMS Fox, 292HMS Gloucester, 457HMS Hampshire, 291HMS Hardinge, 301, 302HMS Humber, 311, 326HMS Orion, 463–64, 464HMS Suva, 43–44, 59Hoare, Sir Samuel, 572, 575, 602, 639, 640Ho Chi Minh, 29, 686Hodgson, W. G., 414Hogarth, David G., 181–83, 322, 506and Arab Bulletin, 283and Arab Bureau, 252, 273, 274, 284and Arab Revolt, 292and Ashmolean Museum, 141, 155, 182, 222in Beirut, 189–90and Carchemish site, 185–86, 191, 193, 195, 208, 209–10, 215, 222, 239, 240death of, 626, 662and Lawrence’s interest in archaeology, 141, 166, 183, 190, 201, 224and Lawrence’s mental anguish, 376–78, 400, 590, 591and Lawrence’s travels, 188–89, 335as mentor to Lawrence, 7, 155–56, 166, 177, 182, 183, 190, 195, 204, 210, 234, 250, 251, 355, 377–78, 484–85, 489, 513, 608and Palestine Exploration Fund, 234portrait of, 675and Seven Pillars, 496, 497, 593, 598and Thomas’s film, 387Holocaust, 400, 468, 531Holroyd, Sir Michael, 397, 570, 596House, Edward, 454n, 492Howard, G. Wren, 567Howard, Leslie, 668, 691Howeitat tribe:Auda Abu Tayi as leader of, 68–69, 81, 87, 99, 301, 330Bell’s information on, 242at Guweira, 312hostility toward Europeans by, 403military actions of, 99, 100, 311, 318on the move, 88–89, 90Hughes, Howard, 637Humphreys, Sir Francis, 634, 635Hurley, W. M. M., 629Hussein, Saddam, 532Hussein ibn Ali-el-Aun, sharif, 304and British funding, 285British negotiations with, 82, 525–27, 528and British promises, 14, 266, 399–400, 401, 452, 454, 455British support requested (and then refused) by, 27, 60claim relinquished to Palestine, 511and groundwork for Arab Revolt, 9, 10, 85, 259–61as king of the Hejaz, 299–300, 306, 366, 405, 432, 449, 452, 524, 525kingship sought by, 40, 41, 42n, 91, 277, 299, 430McMahon’s correspondence with, 267–70, 272, 281, 399, 452, 453, 525and military strategy, 284, 298, 299and outbreak of Arab Revolt, 291–92, 293and Paris Peace Conference, 452, 457rivalries of, 34, 40, 55, 88, 267, 269, 272, 299, 404–5, 453, 483–84, 505, 515, 524, 525, 526Saudi defeat of, 483–84as sharif of Mecca, 11, 19, 70, 88, 404sons of, 10, 15, 16, 18, 22, 32, 33, 40, 62, 70, 259, 298, 455, 483, 528supporters of, 85, 88, 483, 506and Syria, 40, 414wives of, 22Hutchinsons, publisher, 525Hyde, H. Montgomery, 590n

ibn Saud:as emir of Rashids, 88full name of, 34nkingship of, 277n, 279and oil, 531rivalry between Hussein’s family and, 34, 40, 55, 88, 267, 269, 272, 299, 453, 483–84, 505, 515, 524, 525, 526, 625supporters of, 88, 267, 272, 405n, 453, 483, 484, 506Imperial Camel Brigade, 381, 395–96, 402, 403, 404, 408, 598Imperial Ottoman Museum, Constantinople, 185Imperial War Museum, 449India:ambitions in Middle East, 256–57, 261, 286Arab Revolt opposed in, 272as British colonial possession, 13, 48, 256, 259, 277n, 278, 630, 686dirigible test flight to, 647the “great game” in, 631–32ibn Saud supported by, 88, 267, 272, 453, 483, 506involvement in Arab Revolt, 11, 88Lawrence’s RAF period in, 618, 620–22, 623–24, 630, 634–35Muslim populations in, 11, 256Russian threats toward, 13safe air route to, 510“Indiana Jones,” 203nIndian army, Lawrence’s dislike of, 426–27, 428, 455Indian Army Expeditionary Force, 257Inman, H. T., 144Iraq:borders of, 517British ambitions in, 267, 507British troops in, 506, 507, 514creation of, 697, 698diverse populations in, 517Feisal as first king of, 277n, 405, 449, 455, 515, 516–18, 519, 523–24flag of, 272, 517Hashemite presence in, 511Lawrence’s recommendations for, 451, 455, 537, 625–26, 697local unrest in, 509, 517modern-day wars in, 30oil in, 510, 531RAF base in, 514–15successors to, 532Ireland:Chapman family in, 119–24, 502Easter Rising in, 654nationalists in, 654–55Protestant Ascendancy in, 119Irish Academy of Letters, 119Irish Free State, 576Ismail Pasha, Khedive, 234, 343Israel:creation of, 39, 276, 399–400, 511, 686and Holocaust, 400and Jewish national home, 39, 520 see alsoZionism

Jaafar Pasha:and Arab army, 68, 70, 299, 306, 357, 366, 404–5British decoration awarded to, 404as Feisal’s chief of staГ, 299, 366and Maan, 390, 394at Tafileh, 368Jackson, Stonewall (Thomas), 60Jacobsen, J. P., 552Jane, L. Cecil, 151, 155, 162, 163, 177Jaussen, Pиre, 255Jefer, 92, 95, 403Jemadar Shah, 331Jemal Pasha, seeAhmed Jemal PashaJerablus:archaeological sites of, 184, 191, 206, 215licorice company in, 191Jericho:Allenby’s attack on, 375, 376as military goal, 357, 359, 374Jerusalem:Allenby’s conquest of, 351–53, 356, 361British control of, 460, 461and Crusades, 275holy city of, 10, 40, 270n, 307, 352as military goal, 83, 89, 105, 112, 297, 307, 351Thomas in, 354Jesus College, Oxford University:Lawrence’s entrance into, 151–52, 153Lawrence’s work at, 28, 162–65, 176–77, 178, 186, 202, 217Lawrence’s years at, 155–56, 173–74, 182, 185–86 Jewish Chronicle, 463Jidda:British consulate in, 10journey to, 8, 9–13, 293Lawrence and Storrs in, 14–17, 615Wilson in, 11, 14, 49, 51, 60, 300John, Augustus, 397, 504, 508, 540, 671, 675, 679 John Bull, 643Johns, W. E., 544–47Jonathan Cape, publishing house:and Doughty’s book, 557and Garnett, 555, 565, 567handsome books produced by, 567Lawrence’s translation work for, 594and Revolt in the Desert, 614, 622n, 602–3and Seven Pillars, 555, 565, 567, 571, 572–73, 574, 575, 602–3, 614Jones, R. V., 630Jordan:Abdulla as first king of, 14, 16, 80, 277n, 405, 444, 511, 515, 518, 519, 520, 523, 524, 528–29British control of, 477, 529, 697creation of, 520–21, 537, 697, 698flag of, 272Hashemite Kingdom of, 511, 519impoverishment of, 698Joyce, James, Ulysses, 630Joyce, Pierce Charles:at Aqaba, 298, 357–58and Hejaz Operations StaГ, 374, 375Lawrence’s plans supported by, 299, 357–58, 408and military strategy, 381, 382, 390and Weizmann-Feisal meeting, 399Juheina tribe, 58Junner, Elizabeth, 124, 125–26Jurf el Derawish, railway line at, 364

Kafr Ammar, archaeological site at, 202–3Karachi, RAF in, 621–22, 623–24Karam Shah, 634Kennington, Eric:Lawrence’s friendship with, 508, 589, 590, 671and Lawrence’s funeral, 679Leicester Gallery display organized by, 621memorial to Lawrence by, 683–84and Seven Pillars, 511, 513, 522, 555, 598, 621Kenyon, Sir Frederic, 234Kerak, as military goal, 359Kerensky, Aleksandr Fyodorovich, 305Keynes, John Maynard, 200Khalid (at Tafas), 423–24Khalil Pasha, 5, 287, 288–90Khartoum, Sudan, 11–12King, H. C., 484Kipling, Rudyard, 494 Barrack Room Ballads, 535Kirkbride, British officer, 375Kissinger, Henry A., 515Kitchener, Herbert Horatio, 1st Earl Kitchener, 2and Carchemish site, 240death of, 291military career of, 7, 12and Palestine map survey, 63, 83, 232and plans for Arab Revolt, 10, 40, 256, 260–61protйgйs of, 251, 252, 271, 273, 285, 286strategic plans of, 83, 210, 240, 270and Turkish army at Kut, 5, 288and World War I, 244–46, 245, 262, 264, 265–66, 274Knightley, Phillip, 582nKorda, Sir Alexander, 590n, 668–69, 690n, 691–92Korda, Vincent, 668n, 669Korda, Zoltan, 668, 692Kress von Kressenstein, Friedrich Freiherr, 285, 333Kurdistan, 517Kut al-Amara:siege of, 5, 277, 287–90, 455Townshend’s surrender at, 288, 289–90, 295

La Coupe d’Aviation Maritime Jacques Schneider(Schneider Trophy), 642–43, 647, 648–50Lake, Sir Percy, 289Langner, Lawrence, 596Laughton, Charles, 668, 694, 695Laurie, Janet, 131, 159–61, 227, 490–91, 503–4, 529, 658Law, Bonar, 447Lawrence, Arnold W. (brother), 542, 553n, 693archaeology career of, 666birth and childhood of, 128, 133, 134at Clouds Hill, 613and parents ‘relationship, 117, 666and religion, 133and Seven Pillars, 618and T.E.’s accident and death, 678, 680, 683T.E.’s letters to, 217as T.E.’s literary executor, 583, 683, 684and T.E.’s sexual preferences, 159, 583, 584Lawrence, D. H., 495, 555, 688Lawrence, Frank (brother), 190, 226childhood of, 127, 128, 133, 134in Gloucester Regiment, 243killed in war, 117, 264–65, 491, 503and religion, 133T.E.’s cycling trip with, 177Lawrence, Montagu Robert (brother), 137, 160birth and childhood of, 116–17, 126, 128, 131, 134in medical profession, 228, 243as missionary in China, 133, 612, 613, 618, 630, 666at Oxford, 151, 219and parents ‘relationship, 116–17, 666T.E.’s letters to, 150, 217Lawrence, Sarah (mother):background of, 124–26, 144as governess, 122–23as missionary in China, 133, 612, 613, 618, 630, 666and money matters, 503personality of, 124, 129, 131, 142, 160, 303, 563–64religious views of, 132–33, 138, 143, 228, 281, 389, 491, 538, 681sons of, 123, 124, 127, 128, 132, 133–36, 143, 188, 689and T.E.’s father, 116–17, 123–24, 126, 130, 133, 143, 389, 666and T.E.’s letters, 148–51, 163–64, 169, 170–71, 177–78, 188–89, 190–91, 209, 239, 264–65, 322, 491and T.E.’s notoriety, 640, 666T.E.’s relationship with, 124, 129, 130, 134, 142, 143, 145, 146–47, 151, 171, 183, 201, 226, 228, 477, 490–91, 584–85, 587Lawrence, T. E., 665aging of, 655–57, 658in Arab garb, 21–22, 54, 95, 107, 108, 109–10, 215–16, 222, 300–301, 323, 341, 356, 382, 426, 452, 463, 465, 481, 596, 610, 623, 671archaeology as interest of, 136, 141–42, 144, 163, 182, 183, 185–86, 191–95, 201, 204, 210, 214, 221, 224, 225, 240–41architecture as interest of, 149, 167, 177as author, seeLawrence, T. E., writings ofbiographers of, 118, 140n, 142, 145, 151, 159, 170, 174–75, 188, 302, 321, 385, 442, 500, 564, 582n, 611, 624–25, 662, 664–65, 683, 687–90, 694–96birth of, 118, 120, 127, 152castles as interest of, 27–28, 29, 137, 149, 152, 167, 186, 198, 202celebrity of, 443, 492, 540, 556, 635–40, 643, 648, 649, 651–52, 658, 659, 667, 673–74, 679, 683, 684, 686–87, 688childhood of (as “Ned”), 117, 127–31, 133–35, 137civilian dress of, 516, 523Clouds Hill cottage of, 581, 587, 594, 595, 666, 672, 673–74and corporal punishment, 583–89, 657danger as addictive to, 175–76death and funeral of, 8, 637, 676–81diet of, 415ndiplomacy skills of, 404–5, 515–20, 524–30, 695, 696diverse interests of, 137, 144, 147–48emotions controlled by, 477, 522, 571, 610escape sought by, 478, 569, 571, 577, 626–27, 637, 659, 697, 698friendships of, 210–12, 508, 589–90, 597, 608–10, 644–46, 656, 670–71, 695, 696health problems of, 71, 72–74, 83–84, 170, 173, 198, 201, 202, 216, 217, 229, 289, 529height of, 140, 665hero status as goal of, 7, 61, 118–19, 139, 142, 144, 158, 163, 297, 377, 571, 573, 593, 610, 623, 686illegitimacy of, 118, 135, 138–39, 144, 170, 471, 535, 570, 666, 689injuries to, 139–40, 173–75, 218, 342–51, 601–2, 616Irishness claimed by, 666–67language facility of, 137, 147–48, 167, 178, 186, 187, 196, 197, 198–99, 234, 258and “Lawrence of Arabia” legend, 87, 95, 109, 113, 296, 297, 355–56, 388, 443, 479–82, 493–94, 496, 570, 623, 662, 684, 686, 695–97marriage proposed by, 159–61, 658memorials to, 683–84, 685mental anguish and depression of, 375–78, 379, 396, 400, 491–92, 528, 538, 565, 569, 574, 579–80, 590–91, 602military career of, seeLawrence, T. E., in British militarymiracle cures produced by, 196, 216, 219and money matters, 501–4, 513, 529–30, 538, 592, 602, 613–14, 628, 667and motorcycles, 559, 574, 581, 590, 595, 608, 609–10, 609, 612–13, 618, 640, 643–44, 659, 666, 676–77, 678names adopted by, 125, 126, 542, 577–78, 627nobituary of, 671as outsider, 6, 26, 95, 138, 147, 156, 251, 297, 389, 403, 404, 433, 492, 522–23, 536, 662, 673at Oxford, seeOxford Universityparents of, seeLawrence, Sarah; Lawrence, Thomasat Paris Peace Conference, 96, 137, 210, 439–40, 452–53, 457, 459, 462, 471–74, 476, 485, 698personal traits of, 6–7, 11, 25–26, 44, 69, 73, 79, 87, 93–94, 96, 107, 111, 131, 138, 145, 158, 182, 188, 201, 219–20, 227, 295, 302–3, 321, 409, 470–71, 480–81, 516, 560, 570, 571, 589–90, 608, 610, 645, 656, 659, 666–67, 695, 696as photographer, 61–62, 103, 144, 558–59portraits of, 397, 440, 441, 504, 671, 684, 685portrayals on stage or screen, 385, 495n, 690–94as prankster, 161–62, 208, 392, 471, 491a price on his head, 82, 91, 93, 96, 295, 332, 351, 358, 465, 481racial intolerance of, 223reading lists of, 28, 45, 205–6, 217–18, 401, 552, 630recognition and praise sought by, 505, 555, 614riding camels, 22–23, 27running away from home and joining the army (as teenager), 145–48scholarly research on life of, 694–96schooling of, 135–42sexual repression of, 158–59, 161, 210–12, 350, 362, 389, 571varying stories told by, 143, 174–75, 442–43, 445, 593, 687Lawrence, T. E., in British military:and Aqaba, 90–92, 95–103, 518Arabs shown respect by, 35, 56–57, 66, 94–95, 401, 403, 405Arabs taught by, 35n, 322, 531Blue Mist Rolls-Royce of, 360, 404, 431, 437bodyguard of, 358–59, 360, 367, 370, 385, 417, 425, 427in Cairo, 7, 252–55, 257–58, 261–63, 282–84, 291, 292, 297career of, 48–50, 112–13, 255, 383, 440, 485–86courage of, 96, 97, 99, 111, 295, 315, 390–91, 397, 402, 410, 695gold dagger of, 300–301, 310, 587in GSGS, 250–51, 252and guerrilla warfare, 29–30, 35n, 57, 61, 75–80, 93–94, 111, 219, 309–11, 314–18, 322, 325–27, 329, 330–40, 338, 352, 355, 359, 364, 396, 406–11, 412–13, 530, 686guilt felt by, 40–41, 91, 101, 119, 281, 400, 403, 435, 538, 610, 698high-level communication of, 7, 44–46, 53, 111, 210, 382, 443–45, 447–51, 472, 618–19, 626, 628, 633, 642honors and awards oГered to, 40, 67, 112–13, 119, 286, 353, 373, 383, 384, 447–50, 457–58, 486, 516, 518, 688influence of, 29–30, 49, 405, 514, 686–87initial commission of, 251–52, 254intelligence activities of, 7, 12, 49, 252–53, 255, 282–84, 297leadership abilities of, 57, 227, 295, 311, 315, 401, 403, 405, 646as mapmaker, 29, 83, 106, 232–39, 251, 254, 257, 258, 286, 291, 306–7, 533marksmanship of, 191, 226, 231men killed by, 55, 72–73, 74, 87, 393–94, 396–97, 421–22, 538, 610military texts read by, 28notes taken by, 36–38personal vs. official army strategy, 81–82, 83–84, 89, 90, 91, 282, 356, 400, 414in RAF, seeRoyal Air Forcereports by, 12, 43–44, 46, 220–21, 262–63, 283, 291, 320–22, 361–62, 369, 500, 527reputation of, 227, 228, 286, 295, 355, 382, 404, 443, 452, 473return to England, 443–51, 489–92, 533, 537–38in Royal Tank Corps, 576–81, 589, 591, 594, 597, 602strategic skills of, 7, 15, 27, 29, 36, 37, 41–42, 46, 60–61, 74–76, 81–82, 96, 102n, 307, 309–15, 370–73, 390–92, 396, 401–7, 518, 530–31, 580, 662, 696unappreciated by officers, 9, 29, 44, 49, 64, 251, 258, 302, 427–28, 432 see also specific sitesLawrence, T. E., writings of:film rights to, 634, 668–69, 691–94introduction to Doughty’s Arabia Deserta, 508Lawrence’s embellishments in, 442–43, 593, 687letters, 508–9, 619, 625–26, 627–28, 642, 656–57, 674, 687, 694–95; see also specific recipientsMinorities(poetry compilation), 653–54 ’e Mint, 537, 541, 544, 547–54, 620, 625, 633, 656, 687 Odysseytranslation, 102n, 151, 489, 605, 625, 633, 643, 655, 661–62 Revolt in the Desert, see Revolt in the DesertSeven Pillars, see Seven Pillars of Wisdomtalent demonstrated in, 73, 78, 139, 319, 320–22, 344, 464, 495, 557, 615, 620, 653, 661, 662, 687, 696translations from the French, 594“Twenty-Seven Articles,” 56“User’s Guide to RAF Seaplane Tender,” 409, 653Lawrence, Thomas [Chapman] (father), 115–18background of, 120–24baronetcy of, 118death of, 477, 502and Edith [Chapman], 126, 127estate of, 119–20and financial matters, 128, 130–31, 138, 167, 502–3, 530and his sons, 128–29, 131name of, 126and Richards, 157, 186, 189, 214and Sarah, 116–17, 123–24, 126, 130, 133, 143, 389, 666T.E.’s letters to, 113; see alsoLawrence, SarahT.E.’s relationship with, 142–45, 146–47, 151, 537–38, 586trips to Ireland by, 230, 502Lawrence, Thomas (Sarah’s father), 124–25Lawrence, William George (brother):birth and childhood of, 127, 128, 131, 133and Janet, 160, 490–91, 503missing, declared dead, 117, 282, 490–91, 503and religion, 133T.E.’s correspondence with, 150visit to Cairo by, 258, 263visit to Carchemish by, 225, 228–30and World War I, 243, 254, 282 Lawrence of Arabia(film), 385, 495n, 690–94Lean, David, 385, 495n, 690–91, 693, 694, 696Lebanon:British control of, 459French administration of, 507, 697French ambitions for, 38, 40, 81, 183, 256, 262, 275, 436, 442, 454, 458, 461–62, 486, 505impoverishment of, 698Maronite Christians of, 256, 269and military strategy, 100, 263Le Carrй, John, 183Leeds, E. T., 182, 185, 209, 215, 218, 225, 282, 320Legge, Lady, 238Leigh, Vivien, 690nLenin, V. I., 280Leopold, king of Belgium, 654Leopold, Prince, 136Lewis, British gun instructor, 311, 313, 317Lewis, C. S., 155nLibrary of Congress, U.S., 501, 683Libyan Desert, 358Liddell Hart, Basil Henry, 509, 665on British victories, 412 Colonel Lawrence, 74, 321, 442, 515, 657, 662, 665–66, 689, 696early years of, 663Lawrence’s correspondence with, 152, 656–57, 664on Lawrence’s expeditions, 82, 96, 174–75, 365, 373, 406on Lawrence’s military abilities, 28, 60, 61, 102n, 104, 359, 377on Lawrence’s outsider status, 404personal traits of, 664Lincoln, Abraham, 327Lippmann, Walter, 454nLloyd, George, 506at Aqaba, 327, 328, 329, 331and Arab Bureau, 284in Cairo, 252, 253, 255, 284Lloyd George, David, 271, 467, 477and Balfour Declaration, 399nand Churchill, 509–11and Clemenceau, 460–62, 507and Doughty, 557and French territorial claims, 486and Lawrence’s assignments, 527–28n, 689and military strategy, 70–71, 105, 297, 378and negotiated peace, 304, 305and Paris Peace Conference, 210, 460–61, 473as prime minister, 13, 59–60, 210, 443, 450, 509and Sykes-Picot agreement, 461, 507and Thomas’s film, 481–82and World War I, 381 London Gazette, 113Long Range Desert Group (LRDG), 309, 358, 686Lucas, Joseph, 613Lyttleton, Major, 107

M 31(Royal Navy), 59Maan:Arab victory at, 99–101as military goal, 379, 390, 394telegraph line cut to, 98Turks bottled up in, 359Mac Andrew, H. J. M., 414MacDonald, Ramsay, 674Macdonogh, Sir George, 444, 445Machiavelli, Niccolт, 457Mack, John E., 188, 582n A Prince of Our Disorder, 513, 695Mackenzie, Compton, 617Madeba, as military goal, 359Mahdi (Muhammad Ahmad), Dervish army of, 47Malleson, Miles, 691Malory, Sir Thomas, Le Morte d’Arthur, 179, 243, 401, 402, 630Mandela, Nelson, 449Manning, A. J., 671, 672Manning, Frederic, 265, 672Mao Tse-tung, 29, 309, 686maps:Aqaba-Maan Zone, 97Arabia, 3Battle of Tafileh, 369Hejaz railway, 308Northern Theater, 324Ottoman Empire (by Lawrence), 532–33Turkey’s lifeline, 75Mardrus, J. C., Mille et Une Nuits (’e Arabian Nights), 594Marlborough, Duke of, 60, 669Marsh, Edward, 452, 508, 511, 618, 625, 641, 656Marson, T. B., 575, 627, 674Mason, A. E. W., ’e Four Feathers, 319Maxton, James, 639Maxwell, Sir John Grenfell, 110, 254, 255, 257, 273, 282, 284–85, 322McBey, James, 440McCarthy era (Hollywood), 692McMahon, Sir Henry, 45, 47and Cox, 286as Egypt high commissioner, 7, 12, 246, 257, 266, 273Hussein’s correspondence with, 267–70, 272, 281, 399, 452, 453, 525and Sykes-Picot agreement, 280Mecca:closed to infidels, 10defense of, 37, 41, 47, 53“great Hajj road” to, 190holy city of, 10, 524Hussein as sharif of, 11, 19, 70, 88, 404isolation of, 260pilgrims to, 24, 190, 292sharia law in, 56Turkish surrender of, 292Turkish threats to, 59Medina:failure of attack on, 18, 19, 21, 35, 36, 53, 293holy city of, 10, 524“Pilgrim Road” from, 24railway to, 21, 24, 49, 51, 70, 75–76, 75, 79, 260, 293, 298, 307, 359, 379, 390, 395strategic thinking about, 37, 62, 70–71, 74–76, 81, 111Turkish control of, 59, 293Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, 282, 285Mehmed Jemal Kuchuk Pasha “Jemal the Lesser,” 339Mehmet Talat Pasha, 398Meinertzhagen, Richard, 323, 325, 469–71, 512–13, 520, 583–84Merneptah stele, 204Mesopotamia:British control in, 40, 257, 444, 454, 458, 460, 474, 477, 505independent, as goal, 259Indian ambitions in, 256–57, 261intelligence gathering in, 286–87local uprisings in, 505, 506oil reserves in, 253, 257, 268, 279, 454Middle East:ancient hatreds within, 274and Balfour Declaration, seeBalfour DeclarationBritish history of failure in, 290–91British interests in, 506, 510brutality in, 34–35, 96, 290, 349Churchill as head of Colonial Office on, 510–21deteriorating events in, 504–7, 698European ambitions for, 38–40, 67, 81–82, 83, 112, 253, 266, 270, 275, 454, 468, 504–5, 697Lawrence as adviser to Churchill in, 510–13, 515–16, 520, 521, 524–30, 533, 539, 540, 625, 626, 671, 684, 689Lawrence’s achievements in, 530–33, 684, 686, 696–99Lawrence’s developing interest in, 163, 164, 166Lawrence’s first travel to, 166–76Lawrence’s incisive views on, 443–44, 451–52, 474, 505–7, 509, 527, 532–33, 625–26, 629–30oil in, 40, 253, 257, 268, 276, 279, 454, 461, 483, 484, 510, 517, 531, 698and Paris Peace Conference, 100, 460–61, 470, 473, 474, 476, 510San Remo conference on, 504and Sykes-Picot Agreement, 276–80, 361, 458, 486voices of women in, 389–90Weizmann-Feisal agreement on, 465–68 see alsoOttoman Empire; specific nations and tribesMijbil (guide), 341–42, 347, 348Mills, John, 694Mirren, Helen, 694Mitchell, Reginald J., 642–43Mitford, Nancy, 416n, 482Mitla Pass, 106Mohammed (Auda’s son), 80Mohammed Said el Kader, emir, 333, 400, 430, 433Moliиre, Le Bourgeois gentilhomme, 663Montgomery, Bernard Law, 28, 483Morgenthau, Henry J., 475nMorocco, as French colonial possession, 48, 442Morris, William, 156–57, 159, 205–6, 212, 598Moses, 2, 63, 233, 237, 245Mosley, Lady Cynthia, 446Mosley, Sir Oswald, 667, 676Mosul:British control of, 398, 460, 461, 517French ambitions for, 454Motalga tribe, 367, 368, 370–72Mountbatten, Lady Louis, 670Mount Edgcumbe, Lord and Lady, 651Mudawara, raids on, 311–14, 319–20, 322, 344, 357, 375, 395, 403Muhammad (Prophet):descendents of, 259successors to, 256Muhammad Sharif al-Faruqi, 268, 283Murray, Sir Archibald:and Egyptian Expeditionary Force, 4, 45, 285at Gaza, 4, 70–71, 91, 104–5and Lawrence’s reports, 291and Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, 282and military strategy, 5, 29, 285replacement by Allenby, 105, 108, 110, 297, 322Murray, Thomas, 140nMuslims, spiritual leadership of, 261

Nablus, British conquest of, 412Nakhl Mubarak, Arab army at, 54, 56, 57Napoleon Bonaparte, 235, 275Lawrence compared to, 28, 60, 61, 149, 515Lawrence’s studies of, 28, 29military strategies of, 366, 370, 411Naqib of Baghdad, 523Nasir, sharif of Medina, 399and attack on Aqaba, 99, 238journey to Aqaba, 82, 83, 89, 90, 95journey to Damascus, 428, 429journey to Wejh, 65at Sheikh Saad, 417, 424and tribal rivalries, 92on Turkish threat to Aqaba, 301Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 234Nazareth, British conquest of, 411–12Nefudh dunes, 86Nehru, Jawaharlal, 483Nelson, Flight Lieutenant, 546Nelson, Horatio Viscount Nelson, 112, 567, 686, 690Nesib el Bekri, 82, 89New, E. H., 167Newcombe, Stewart F.:as British military adviser to Feisal, 63, 65and Carchemish site, 240and Lawrence’s funeral, 679military skills of, 235mutual respect of Lawrence and, 64, 65, 90and Palestine map survey, 235, 236–38in Paris, 472and raids on railway to Medina, 70, 82and World War I, 250, 252, 254, 257Newspaper Proprietors Association, 673 New York Times, The, 636, 638Nicholas, Grand Duke, 289Nicholas I, Czar, 13Nicolson, Sir Arthur, 274–75Nicolson, Sir Harold, 274n, 475, 583, 656Nightingale, Florence, 449Northern Theater, map, 324Nuri as-Said, 364–65Arab regulars commanded by, 417cutting railway lines, 364, 410deportation to India, 259as former Turkish officer, 19as future prime minister of Iraq, 259at Tafas, 419, 424at Tafileh, 360, 365travel with Feisal to Europe, 457at Um el Surab, 415Nuri Shallan, Emir, 415, 417as Arab ruler, 88–89, 92, 403attacks on Turkish lines, 416, 428at Damascus, 429physical traits of, 91and tribal rivalries, 88Turkish connections of, 88, 89, 95

Obeid el Raashid, 18, 23, 26–27, 29, 30 Observer, The(London), 505 Odyssey(Homer), Lawrence’s translation of, 102n, 151, 489, 605, 625, 633, 643, 655, 661–62Official Secrets Act, 678Offit, Avodah, 140nO’Flaherty, Liam, 612Olivier, Sir Laurence, 690n, 692Oman, Charles, 165, 166 On the Waterfront(film), 692Orwell, George, Down and Out in Paris and London, 579Osler, Sir William, 219O’Toole, Peter, 693, 694, 695Ottoman Empire:archaeological sites in, 141, 184–85, 190, 199, 233, 239and British foreign policy, 12–13, 183, 260and British intelligence, 283and British Turcophiles, 12–13European ambitions for, 81–82, 270, 469, 697–98gun-running in, 218–19, 221as isolated and primitive for travelers, 168–69Lawrence’s first trip to, 168–76map by Lawrence, 532–33Sykes-Picot agreement on, 38, 40, 81, 276, 278–79, 504war rumors in, 202–3, 215war strategies against, 2, 253, 291, 531weaknesses of, 222, 224–25and World War I, 252Owen, Wilfred, 265Oxford:Ashmolean Museum, 136, 141, 155, 165, 182, 222, 223, 225, 675City of Oxford High School, 136–40, 144Lawrence family in, 128, 132, 497 Oxford Times, 539Oxford University:All Souls College, 119, 143, 185n, 484–85, 489–90, 491–92, 497, 503, 533, 557, 579, 587n, 681Bodleian Library, 618Jesus College, 153, 155–56, 162–65, 173–74, 176–77, 178, 182, 185–86, 202, 217Lawrence’s entrance into, 148, 151–52, 153Lawrence’s thesis in, 150, 163, 165, 176–77, 186, 202Magdalen College at, 185student life in, 154–55vanished world of, 491–92, 662Oxford University Officers’ Training Corps, 156, 158, 243Oxford University Press, 598

Palestine:borders of, 519–20, 524British control of, 412, 444, 451, 459, 460, 466, 474, 477, 505, 507, 509, 520, 697creation as separate entity, 697diverse populations of, 521–22flag of, 272holy sites in, 39, 466Jewish settlements in, 277, 306, 329, 451, 463, 466, 467, 468, 476, 509, 512, 520, 522, 531–32, 695Lawrence’s travels in, 171–72map survey of, 63, 83, 232–39as military goal, 100, 267military strategy between wars, 29national home for Jewish people in, 39, 399–400, 511, 520, 531–32, 697partition of, 39, 276, 329, 466political control of, 39, 280, 444, 458and Sykes-Picot agreement, 39, 276, 280, 451, 467Weizmann-Feisal agreement on, 465–68and Zionism, 280, 306, 328–29, 451, 458, 463, 466–67, 519–20, 524, 531Palestine Exploration Fund:mapping expedition, 63, 83, 232–41, 246report: ’e Wilderness of Zin, 241–42, 244, 250, 254Palmer, E. “Posh,” 606, 608Paris Peace Conference (1919), 468–78and Britain, 439–40, 453, 456–59, 462, 469, 475–76, 510Clemenceau at, 210, 460–61, 474and Council of Ten, 473–74and Feisal, 439, 452, 453, 455–59, 456, 459, 461, 468, 469, 472, 473–77and France, 439–40, 453, 456–59, 460, 469, 473–78and Lawrence, 96, 137, 210, 439–40, 452–53, 457, 459, 462, 471–74, 476, 485, 698Lloyd George at, 210, 460–61, 473Meinertzhagen at, 469–71and Middle East, 100, 460–61, 470, 473, 474, 476, 510scope of discussions at, 468–69TV film about, 694and Wilson, 210, 454, 458, 460, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476Parker, K. T., 675Patch, Blanche, 577Patton, George C., 694Peake, Frederick, 407, 409, 528–29Peerage Act (1963), 118Pepys, Samuel, 8Persia, oil in, 531Petrie, Flinders, 195, 197, 201, 202, 203–4, 222Philby, St. John “Jack,” 405n, 483, 484, 506, 529Pichon, Stйphen-Jean-Marie, 455, 461, 475Picot, seeGeorges-Picot, FranзoisPike, Manning, 598, 602, 611Pirie-Gordon, C. H. C., 167, 175Pisani, Rosario, 306, 419Plato, 630Pontius Pilate, 8, 353Poole, Reginald Lane, 155, 156Port Said, Lawrence’s travels in, 169, 175Pound, Ezra, 205, 672, 688Price, Hugh [Aprice], 152 Private Life of Henry VIII, The(film), 668PT boats, 649Pudovkin, Vsevolod, 62Pugh, Flight Sergeant, 608, 614, 616

Rabegh:defense of, 60French ambitions for, 47, 48journey to, 17–18, 21–28, 30–31Lawrence’s assignment to, 49–50military stores at, 298rumors of Turkish attack on, 47, 49Raleigh, Sir Walter, 119, 597Rashids, ibn Saud as emir of, 88Rasim, Damascene soldier, 372Rattigan, Terence, Ross, 694Rawlinson, Sir Henry, 251Redmond, John, 271Red Sea ports, 21, 88Rennell, Lord, 482 Reshadiye, 247–48 Revolt in the Desert[abridgement of Seven Pillars] (Lawrence):charity fund for income from, 622copyright sold to Cape, 602–3, 614critical reviews of, 622–23Doubleday’s suggestion of, 565film rights to, 634, 667–69, 691–94Garnett’s work on, 555, 558, 562, 565, 566–67, 575, 603, 614–15Lawrence’s fame enhanced by, 623Lawrence’s vacillation about, 573–75, 602, 614Lawrence’s work on, 504, 610, 614–15negotiations with publishers for, 566–67, 573, 575, 610publication of (1927), 501, 555, 593n, 617, 622–24quality of writing in, 615serialization of, 617Shaw’s ideas about, 565–67, 572Rhys, Sir John, 173–74Richards, Vyvyan W., 156–59at Jesus College, 156Lawrence as object of aГection to, 157–58, 159, 161, 189, 210, 494Lawrence’s correspondence with, 189, 214, 494and Morris designs, 156–57, 159and printing press scheme, 157, 178, 186, 189, 195, 197, 202, 214, 232, 494, 501and Seven Pillars, 556–57Richard the Lionheart, 32, 206Richthofen, Manfred Freiherr von “Red Baron,” 356Riyadh, ibn Saud’s capital at, 88, 279, 452–53, 484RMS Rajputana, 635, 636–37, 636Robertson, Sir William, 284Robeson, Paul, 668Rogers, Bruce, 643Rolls (driver), 409, 427Rommel, Erwin “Desert Fox,” 686Roosevelt, Franklin D., 303n, 484Ross, John Hume:Lawrence’s RAF name, 542–43 see alsoRoyal Air ForceRothenstein, Sir William, 508Rothschild, Lord, 39, 463, 468Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 212Royal Air Force (RAF):air strips in the desert, 516army compared with, 579–80, 602at Bridlington, Yorkshire, 667, 669–70Cadet College, Cranwell, 553, 606–9, 616, 624at Cattewater, 635–36, 640–42dirigibles, 646–48“dumb insolence” in, 628escape clause in, 541, 543, 564esprit de corps in, 579at Farnborough, 558–61, 568, 572, 575, 617, 629at Felixstowe, 660–61friction caused by Lawrence’s presence in, 628–30, 631, 634–35, 639–40at Habbaniya, Iraq, 514–15“Iris” III crash, 651–52in Karachi, 621–22, 623–24 King’s Regulationson, 628Lawrence in the ranks of, as John Hume Ross, 535–39, 541–47, 564–65, 569, 572Lawrence’s desire to re-enter, 602, 603Lawrence’s discharge from, 574, 575–76Lawrence’s overseas posting with, 616–17Lawrence’s recommendations for reform of, 210Lawrence’s re-entry into, as AC2/AC1 Shaw, 603, 605–9, 621–22, 624, 626, 633, 641, 658Lawrence’s retirement from, 653, 659–60, 666, 667, 672limitations of air travel in 1919, 482–83Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment, 660–61 ’e Mintabout, 537, 541, 544, 547–54, 597–98, 619, 625, 633, 687Mount Batten, 642, 646, 650, 651, 659–60on Northwest Frontier, 631–34photography school of, 553, 558, 559, 569public attention to Lawrence in, 566–70, 574, 602, 617, 638–40, 660RAF Benevolent Fund, 622recruit training in, 547–54rescue launches of, 641, 649, 650, 651, 652, 671and Royal Flying Corps, 477, 514Seaplane Tenders (200 Class), 409, 653social class distinctions in, 536, 547, 669and Trenchard, 514, 536at Uxbridge, 605–6at Waziristan, 631–34Royal Engineers, 51Royal Flying Corps (RFC):and aerial photography, 286and Arab Revolt, 52, 56, 311, 396, 409–10, 514Handley-Page bombers of, 414–15, 477, 482, 606history of, 597–98reconnaissance flights of, 56as Royal Air Force, 477, 514and Turkish aircraft, 14, 52, 409–10and Will’s death, 282Royal Navy, 21, 223and Alexandretta plan, 262and attack on Wejh, 64, 65–66oil needed for, 40and World War I, 245and Yenbo defense, 56, 59, 60Royal Tank Corps (RTC), 576–81, 589, 591, 594, 597, 602Ruawalla (Rualla) tribesmen, 403, 416, 423, 429Russia:abdication of the czar, 305and allied shipping, 4ambitions for Middle East, 12, 38, 39, 40, 81, 253, 270n, 279–80assault on Erzurum, 283, 289, 291Bolshevik regime in, 39, 280, 453and the “great game,” 632peace with Turkey, 381, 398revolution (1917) in, 39, 280, 360rumors about Lawrence in, 634–35secret treaties published by, 39, 280, 360, 361, 437and Sykes-Picot agreement, 39, 40, 81, 279–80, 413Russian army, in World War I, 4, 10, 242, 246, 249–50, 269, 305Russo-Turkish War (1877), 246

Sacher-Masoch, Leopold von, 584Sackville-West, Vita, 274n, 583Sade, Marquis de, 344, 584St. Aldate’s Church Lads’ Brigade, 156St. Paul’s Cathedral, London, 511Salem (slave), 316, 317, 318Salim Ahmed (Dahoum), 196Salmond, Sir GeoГrey:and Lawrence in RAF, 537, 631, 635, 660–61Lawrence’s letters to, 628and RAF in India, 627, 635as RFC commander, 396, 514Salt, as military goal, 380, 391–92, 394, 395, 413Salter Brothers, 223Samuel, Sir Herbert, 520–22, 528Sanders, Limon von, 411, 436 Sanders of the River(film), 668San Remo, Middle East discussions in, 504Sassoon, Sir Philip, 650, 660, 670Sassoon, Siegfried, 265, 321, 452, 589, 591, 641, 656, 679Saudi Arabia, oil in, 483Savage, Raymond, 567, 575Saxe, Maurice de, 28, 366Sayid Mohammed ibn Ali, 88Sayyid Talib, 523Sazonov, Sergey Dmitriyevich, 279–80 Scarlet Pimpernel, The(film), 691Schneider Trophy competitions, 642–43, 647, 648–50Scipio, 373nScott, George C., 693–94Serahin, sheikh of, 334Serahin tribesmen, 334–35, 336, 337 Seven Pillars of Wisdom(Lawrence), 212on Abd el Kader, 328abridged (“boy scout”) version of, see Revolt in the Desertand Allenby, 500, 593, 623on the Arabs, 316, 499, 500–501artwork and illustrations for, 504, 511, 513, 529, 562, 599, 615, 621on Auda, 69, 80–81, 499on Barrow, 427on Carson incident, 362–63on Chetwode, 577copyright protection for, 495, 501, 592, 617n, 618costs of producing, 131, 300, 529, 562, 592, 598, 601, 602, 613–14critical reviews of, 622–23on Daud and Farraj, 388–90, 393–94dedication of, 497–99on demolition activities, 220on Deraa incident, 343–48, 349, 497, 538, 601–2and fame, 623on Feisal, 33, 499, 500film rights to, 634, 668–69, 691–94on Hamed’s execution, 72–73income from, 558, 598, 603, 617, 622on Lawrence’s army career, 49–50Lawrence’s contradictory impulses regarding, 500–501, 610Lawrence’s embellishments of truth in, 593Lawrence’s maps in, 84Lawrence’s obsession over, 497, 499–501, 538Lawrence’s writing of, 471, 483, 485, 492, 494–501, 539–40limited subscription edition, 495, 558, 562, 589, 591–93, 601, 602–3, 610, 611, 613, 614, 615, 617–18, 687lost version of, 495–97, 500, 507as major literary work, 537, 572, 622–24, 687on military strategy, 74–75, 332–33negotiations with publishers on, 501, 504, 554–55, 558, 565, 566–67, 571–72, 592–93, 598–602, 614on Nuri’s appearance, 91Oxford text (1922), 495, 687on Paris Peace Conference, 462places described in, 31printing of, 539publication of, 296, 617, 624, 687and publicity, 555, 614, 617, 621, 634, 668quality of writing, 139, 319, 322, 369, 409, 500, 557, 661, 662reworking of, 495, 497, 499, 507–8, 527, 538, 539, 579, 581, 593, 603, 611serialization of, 617Shaw’s reading of, 555–57, 562–64, 565–68, 574–75, 592, 594, 599–600, 611and Shaw’s Saint Joan, 397and Storrs, 8, 593on Sykes, 273on Tafas scene, 418–24and Trenchard, 615–16, 617, 624on war, 264–65, 396, 664, 686, 696war experiences relived in, 477, 492, 499, 538, 542, 570, 601on Wilson, 11on Wingate, 46–47on Young, 382Shakespear, J. R., 405nShakespeare, William, Henry V, 499, 694Shakir, Sharif, 76–77Sharif, Omar, 693Sharraf, Sharif, 85–86Shaw, Charlotte F.:and Deraa incident, 349–50, 601, 612, 695Lawrence’s friendship with, 120, 490, 540, 595–96, 608, 611–12, 640, 644–45, 653Lawrence’s letters to, 143, 320, 322, 349–50, 525, 601, 610, 611, 612, 618, 644, 655, 657, 664, 668, 670, 695marriage of, 350, 563, 612personal traits of, 564and Seven Pillars, 562–64, 573–75, 599, 611, 612Shaw, George Bernard, 273and Casement, 654death of, 571fame of, 540, 556, 570–71genius of, 563and Lawrence’s army enlistment, 578, 591, 602Lawrence’s correspondence with, 695and Lawrence’s fame, 623, 650, 652Lawrence’s friendship with, 120, 219, 320, 356, 540, 563, 570, 590–91, 595–96, 608, 640, 644marriage of, 350, 563, 612on St. Joan, 397, 457n, 578, 595–97and Seven Pillars, 349, 555–57, 562–64, 565–68, 572–73, 574–75, 592, 594, 599–600, 611, 617, 621and socialism, 563, 648and Thomson, 647–48 Too True to Be Good, 588, 619, 657, 670–71views on grammar, 563, 599–600Shaw, Robert Gould II, 644Shaw, Thomas Edward, Lawrence’s name in RTC and RAF, 577–81, 603, 627Sheikh Saad, as military goal, 417, 418, 424Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 556Sherman, William Tecumseh, 60Shobek, as military goal, 359, 360, 365Sholto Douglas, Lord, 550, 553nShotwell, James Thomson, 471–72 At the Paris Peace Conference, 439Shuckburgh, Sir John, 512, 520, 527Shukri Pasha el Ayubi, 430, 431, 432, 433Simpson, Colin, 582nSimpson, Wallis, 603Sims, R. G. “Reggie,” 669–70, 671Sinai desert:Lawrence’s journey across, 106map survey of, 232–33, 241, 246military strategies in, 402–3Smith, Clare Sydney:and Biscuit(speedboat), 649, 650–51 ’e Golden Reign, 641and Lawrence’s fame, 636, 638Lawrence’s friendship with, 161, 607, 645–46personal traits of, 645at RAF Cattewater, 641at RAF Manston, 653in Singapore, 670Smith, F. E., 271, 650Smith, F. Willoughby, 220Smith, Sydney, 607, 635–36, 638, 640–43, 646, 651, 652, 653Smith, W. H., 613SMS Breslau, 248SMS Goeben, 248, 249Smuts, Jan, 378, 456Soleyb people, 208–9Somme, Battle of, 45, 277Sontag, Susan, 690Souchon, Wilhelm, 248, 250Spanish flu, 476–77Spiegel, Sam, 691, 692–93, 694Spielberg, Steven, 693Spitfire, design of, 643SS Mongolia, 169Stalin, Joseph, 303n, 690nStamfordham, Lord, 446, 449–50SteГens, Lincoln, 475–76Steiner, Ferdinand, 691nStirling, David, 29Stirling, W. Frank, 427 Safety Last, 319–20, 403Stokes, Australian soldier, 311, 313, 317Storrs, Ronald, 7–15, 320in Cairo, 201, 252, 253–54, 271, 273, 355and Hussein, 299in Jerusalem, 353, 354, 520, 521in Jidda, 14–15journey to Jidda, 8, 9–13, 293journey to Rabegh, 17–18and Lawrence’s death and funeral, 679, 680–81Lawrence’s friendship with, 7–8, 201, 592Lawrence’s plans supported by, 17 Orientations(memoir), 8, 13–14and outbreak of Arab Revolt, 292and plans for Arab Revolt, 10, 40, 260, 268and Seven Pillars, 8, 593and Thomas, 354, 356Stotzingen, Baron Othmar von, 291Strachey, Lytton, 200 Strand Magazine, 494Sudan:involvement in Arab Revolt, 11–12military strategy between wars, 29Suez Canal:British control of, 234, 515military strategy toward, 256, 267military threats toward, 12–13, 63, 83, 232, 234, 263, 269protection for, 40, 234, 267, 279, 282, 285, 510purchase of, 234Suhkuri (Beni Sakhr tribe), 332–33Sultan el Atrash, 431 Sultan Osman I, 247–48Swann, Oliver:and Lawrence in RAF, 508, 542–45, 553, 559–61, 564–65, 566, 569Lawrence’s letters to, 508, 549–50, 559Sykes, Sir Mark, 270–81, 304and Arab Bureau, 273, 284and Arab flag, 272and Arab Revolt press releases, 361background of, 271and Balfour Declaration, 272, 280, 306and British-Turkish negotiations, 303–6death of, 476–77fact-finding tour of, 271–72, 273and Feisal, 81–82and Hussein, 82and Jerusalem, 351–52and Lawrence’s moral dilemma, 40, 82, 83, 90, 281and Nicolson Committee, 274–75and Sykes-Picot agreement, 38, 81, 90, 275–81War Committee report by, 274and Zionism, 272, 280, 352Sykes-Picot agreement:and Abdulla, 40and Arab nation, 39, 81–82, 276, 277–78, 361, 413, 436, 465, 486, 505Bolshevik publication of, 39, 280, 360, 361, 437and Britain, 38–40, 67, 81, 269n, 275–81, 300, 305, 306, 361, 444, 451, 453, 455, 458–59, 486, 507, 512and British-French rivalry, 270, 275controversial nature of, 276–77, 305, 360, 399, 461, 465and creation of Israel, 39, 276and Feisal, 39, 40, 81, 82, 281, 306, 328, 360, 361, 436–37and France, 38–40, 67, 275–76, 278–79, 281, 413, 436–37, 451, 455, 458–59, 507, 512and Georges-Picot, 38, 275–81and Hussein, 39, 40, 82, 300and Jewish settlements in Palestine, 277, 451, 467Lawrence’s opposition to, 38, 82, 90, 280–81, 306, 328, 400, 413, 444, 451, 486, 525, 537and Lloyd George, 461, 507Ottoman Empire divided in, 38, 40, 81, 276, 278–79, 504and partition of Palestine, 39, 276and Russia, 39, 40, 81, 279–80, 413and Sykes, 38, 81, 90, 275–81U.S. opposition to, 305, 444, 455and Zionism, 280, 399, 451, 453, 458, 467Syria:British control of, 459, 486diverse populations of, 307Feisal vs. French in, 463, 505, 511flag of, 272French administration of, 436–37, 440, 442, 461, 507, 518, 697French ambitions for, 38, 40, 67, 81, 90, 92, 183, 256, 262, 272, 275, 433, 436, 454, 455, 458, 460, 461–62, 473, 486, 505as geographical expression, 306–7impoverishment of, 698Inter-Allied Commission of Inquiry on, 484Lawrence’s eГorts on Feisal’s behalf in, 443, 444, 473, 484Lawrence’s travels in, 172local uprisings in, 413–14, 505and military strategy, 91, 100, 266, 309and Paris Peace Conference, 476railway system in, 309and United Arab Republic, 697and Weizmann-Feisal agreement, 465–68 see alsoDamascus

Tafas, Turkish brutality in, 418–24, 686Tafileh:Arab victory at, 380battle of, 365–73, 369, 383as military goal, 359, 360, 365Tala Bey, 285nTalal el Hareidhin, sheik of Tafas, 341, 417, 419–21, 422, 424Talleyrand-Pйrigord, Charles-Maurice de, 270Tell Ahmar, archaeological site at, 197–98Tell el Shehab, bridge at, 334–40, 341, 343, 352, 410Thatcher, Lady Margaret, 449 ’at Hamilton Woman(film), 690nTheater Guild, 596Thomas, Fran, 493Thomas, Lowell, 353–54, 366, 478–82in Aqaba, 383–88in Jerusalem, 354and “Lawrence of Arabia” films, 361, 384, 386, 387, 690, 693and “Lawrence of Arabia” myth, 355–56, 361, 385, 388, 442, 443, 479–82, 493–94, 526, 623, 662, 695, 698London performance of, 492–94as promoter, 478, 480, 493, 593n With Lawrence in Arabia, 140n, 321, 385, 386, 525–26, 603, 624, 662, 689, 696Thomas а Becket, 405Thompson, R. Campbell, 189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 196, 197, 202Thompson, W. H., 518–19, 522Thomson, Christopher B., Lord, 646, 647–49, 650, 651, 652, 656Thorndyke, Dame Sybil, 596Thurtle, Ernest, 639–40, 641 Times, the (London):and Lawrence obituary, 671Lawrence’s letters to, 199, 464, 486, 505, 593 Literary Supplement, 623 Sunday Times, 582n, 583Tolstoy, Leo, War and Peace, 319Townshend, Charles, 287, 288, 289–90, 295Toynbee, Arnold, 472, 473, 506Trad, and Anazeh tribe, 423, 424Trans-Jordan, seeJordanTrenchard, Hugh Montague, 1st Viscount Trenchard:and Lawrence’s fame, 635, 638, 639, 643Lawrence’s letters to, 210, 580, 597, 615–16, 619, 624, 625–26, 628, 631, 633, 640, 642, 656and Lawrence’s RAF enlistment, 537, 540–41, 542–43, 550, 559, 564–65, 569, 572and Lawrence’s re-enlistment, 591, 605, 606Lawrence’s relationship with, 236, 514, 537, 597, 639, 648, 650and Lawrence’s release from RAF, 569, 572, 574, 575–76, 639and Lawrence’s transfers in RAF, 617, 635, 640, 660as metropolitan commissioner of police, 653and ’e Mint, 553–54and RAF, 514, 536RAF Benefolent Fund created by, 622retirement of, 648, 653and Seven Pillars, 615–16, 617, 624Trotsky, Leon, 280Tucker, Sophie, 630Tunisia, as French colonial possession, 442Turkey:aircraft of, 14, 52, 409–10Armenian genocide by, 37, 221, 223, 263, 304, 373, 398, 475–76army of, seeTurkish armyand British foreign policy, 12–13diverse population of, 225, 253, 304legal code of, 56Muslims in, 14and negotiated peace, 301–2, 303–6, 398–99peace with Russia, 381, 398railroads of, 24, 75, 297, 309, 530–31strategic importance of, 12–13war with Balkan states, 215, 218, 222and World War I, 246“Young Turks” in, 163, 168, 185, 199 see alsoOttoman EmpireTurki, tribal leader, 391Turkish army:Arab actions against, 99–100; see also specific siteswith Central Powers in World War I, 10, 13, 233, 249–50corruption of, 4–5, 215cruelty to prisoners, 5, 36–37, 85n, 96, 288, 325, 349firefight with, 98German support of, 20, 36, 104, 285, 287, 311, 391, 411, 416, 421, 423, 424guarding archaeological sites, 192Lawrence’s knowledge about, 7, 258official handbook of, 258in retreat, 412, 413, 414, 415–17, 422–23, 428–29strategies of, 27, 70superiority to Arabian army, 20, 35, 36, 53, 57surrender of, 101–2, 292, 412, 697underestimated by British, 4Turkish Museum, 193Turkish navy, 246–47and German warships, 248–50Tutankhamun, King, tomb of, 203nTwain, Mark, 386“Twenty-Seven Articles” (Lawrence), 56

Um Lejj, Arab army at, 63Umtaiye:airstrip constructed at, 414railway demolition at, 407–11United Arab Republic, 697U.S. Army, 686

Verdun, battle of, 45Vickers-Supermarine Aviation Works, 643Vickery, Charles, 63, 64, 65, 66Victoria Cross, 112, 113n, 143, 373, 518Vietcong, 309Voltaire, 253, 688

Wadi Ais:Abdulla’s camp at, 60, 71, 73, 74, 76Arab position in, 60, 63, 76Lawrence’s journey to, 73–74Wadi Hamdh, 65Wadi Hesa, 365Wadi Itm, 101–2Wadi Rumm, 312–13, 329Wadi Safra, Lawrence’s visits to, 30–31, 37–38, 42, 52–53Wadi Sirhan, 90, 92, 95, 96, 281Wadi Yenbo, 52–59Wahhabi tribe, as followers of ibn Saud, 55, 88, 483, 484, 526, 625Walpole, Hugh, 617war cabinet, Eastern Committee:Lawrence’s meetings with, 444–47, 451–52, 456, 461reports from Middle East to, 454–55War Office:Lawrence’s duties with, 7, 485Lawrence’s oГenses against, 505Wasta, hospitality in, 30–31Waugh, Evelyn, 482 Officers and Gentlemen, 236 Scoop, 361Wavell, A. P., 626, 687on Lawrence’s demolition skills, 408Lawrence’s friendship with, 236, 321and Lawrence’s funeral, 679on Lawrence’s writing, 369, 373, 594Waziristan, RAF station in, 631–34Webb, Beatrice, 470, 570Webb, Sidney, 570Weintraub, Stanley, 397Weizmann, Chaim, 531Weizmann-Feisal discussions, 399–400, 463, 465–68, 476Wejh:Arab army move to, 60–61, 64–66, 76, 307Arab capture of, 66, 68Feisal’s camp at, 69–70, 81Turkish control of, 21, 64Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, duke of, 112, 145, 373, 688, 690Wells, H. G., 617, 659Wemyss, Sir Rosslyn, 44, 45, 83, 108West, Anthony, 659West, Rebecca, 659Wigram, Clive, 439, 447Wilde, Oscar, 157, 556William II, Kaiser, 351, 453Williamson, Henry, 675–76Wilson, Sir Arnold, 517, 593nWilson, Cyril, 62, 90in Jidda, 11, 14, 49, 51, 60, 300Lawrence recommended for DSO by, 112and plans for Arab Revolt, 40, 82Wilson, Jeremy, Lawrence’s correspondence edited by, 694–95Wilson, Jeremy: Lawrence of Arabia, 695on Arab-Turkish negotiations, 398on Bruce, 582non Feisal portrait, 504on Lawrence in RAF, 552, 564on Lawrence’s embellishments of his story, 442on Lawrence’s sailing skills, 662on Lawrence’s schooling, 151on Lawrence’s wartime accomplishments, 694on Seven Pillars, 500, 574on Thomas’s time with Lawrence, 385Wilson, Michael, 692Wilson, Woodrow:on European colonial acquisitions, 305Fourteen Points of, 454, 455meeting of Lawrence and, 472–73Middle East commitments avoided by, 475, 476, 484and Paris Peace Conference, 210, 454, 458, 460, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476on secret treaties, 414, 444, 455and Thomas, 353, 384Winckler, Hugo, 184Wingate, Orde, 29, 687Wingate, Sir Reginald, 44–47, 47, 236, 277as British high commissioner in Egypt, 45, 273as governor-general of Sudan, 12, 27, 36, 44, 257and Kitchener, 246and Lawrence’s assignments, 49, 252and Lawrence’s military strategies, 29, 112, 298, 518, 687personal traits of, 46–47and RFC aircraft, 14, 52as sirdarof Egyptian army, 282as supporter of Arab Revolt, 44, 45, 47, 76Winterton, Lord Edward, 408, 417–18, 424, 425, 440, 443, 610Wood, C. E., 326, 336, 337Wood, Gar, 649Woolf, Leonard, 622Woolley, Charles Leonard, 211and Carchemish site, 202, 206–9, 210, 214, 218, 219, 221, 224, 230, 240and Palestine mapping expedition, 234, 235, 236–38and World War I, 246, 250, 252, 257World War I:Allied Powers in, 10, 242, 252, 304, 305Battle of the Somme, 45, 277Battle of Verdun, 275, 277, 460Central Powers in, 10, 13, 232, 233, 242, 249–50Dardanelles campaign, 509events in Europe overshadowing Arabia in, 381–82events leading to, 13, 204, 242Gallipoli, 4, 29, 263–64, 277, 282, 285, 290, 295and Kitchener, 244–46, 245, 262, 264, 265–66, 274Lawrence as famed hero of, 492, 493, 536, 686, 687Lawrence brothers in, 243–44as military disaster, 663and postwar peace, seeParis Peace Conferenceand postwar territorial demands, 453–54, 468–69and Sarajevo assassination, 242stalemate in, 398surrender of Central Powers in, 417, 453U.S. entry into, 305, 353, 381World War II, 309, 698Churchill’s speeches in, 654French Resistance movement in, 332Spitfire aircraft in, 643

Yarmuk, Turkish bridges at, 325–28, 330–38, 340, 352, 355, 400, 410, 430Yeates, V. M., 676Yeats, William Butler, 73, 119, 654, 657Yemen, imam of, 516, 527, 528Yenbo:Arab control of, 21defense of, 56, 58–59, 60, 63journey to, 42–43strategic importance of, 49Young, Hubert, 383, 416–18and Allenby, 402, 436and Arab army, 401–2, 416, 424, 425and chain of command, 382–83, 416in Churchill’s Middle East Department, 512, 513, 514, 516, 520and Lawrence’s military actions, 408, 417–18military traits of, 402Youth Hostels Association, 673

Zaagi, 420Zaal (raider), 92, 93–94Zeid, emir (son of Hussein), 22, 526and British gold, 292, 375, 376and Mesopotamia, 444retreating, 53, 56, 57, 58at Tafileh, 366, 368, 370–71Zionism:and Aaronsohn, 328–29and Balfour Declaration, 306, 399, 453, 454, 519–20, 531and Churchill, 510importance of, 468and Jewish national home, 511, 520, 531–32and Jewish settlement in Palestine, 451, 466, 467, 468, 531Meinertzhagen as supporter of, 470, 512, 520and Palestine, 280, 306, 328–29, 451, 458, 463, 466–67, 519–20, 524, 531and Paris Peace Conference, 454, 458, 463, 468Sykes as supporter of, 272, 280, 352and Sykes-Picot agreement, 280, 399, 451, 453, 458, 467and Weizmann-Feisal discussions, 399–400, 463, 465–68, 476

Acknowledgments

My heartfelt thanks to my dear friends Marianna and Jay Watnick for their affectionate support.

I owe special gratitude to my friend and colleague from her days at Simon and Schuster, Phyllis Grann, whose suggestion it was that I should write about Lawrence in the first place, as well as for her editing of the manuscript; and to Lynn Nesbit for making all this possible. I also owe very special thanks to Hugh Van Dusen at HarperCollins, and to his assistant, Robert Crawford, for their unfailing help and enthusiasm; to Lucy Albanese of HarperCollins for her skill, taste, and patience; and to Diane Aronson for her very special and painstaking care.

I owe a special debt of gratitude to the incomparable Mike Hill, for his research, support, and friendship; to Kevin Kwan, chocolatier par excellence,for his brilliant picture research—and to Amy Hill, for once again taking on the task of designing one of my books. I am also deeply indebted to my assistant Dawn Lafferty, whose help has been unstinting, and whose calm in the middle of chaos has been a precious and invaluable gift to me, and to Victoria Wilson for reading the manuscript, and for her excellent and thought-provoking suggestions.

Close to home, I am profoundly grateful to John Ansley, Head of the Archives and Special Collections and of the Lowell Thomas Collection and Archives; and to Angelo Galeazzi, Project Archivist at Marist College, Poughkeepsie, New York, for giving me such valuable access to their films, photographs, and manuscripts, which contain a treasuretrove of material about Lawrence, and for going to such trouble on my behalf.

I would also like to thank the following: Hugh Alexander, Deputy Manager, The Image Library, The National Archives, Kew, Richmond, U.K.; Katherine Godfrey, Archivist at the Liddell Hart Centre for Military History, King’s College, London, U.K.; Colin Harris, Superintendent, Department of Special Collections, Bodleian Library, Oxford, U.K.; Penny Hatfield, Eton College, Windsor, Berkshire, U.K.; Jane Hogan, Assistant Keeper, Archives and Special Collections, Durham University Library, Durham, U.K.; Allen Packwood, Director, Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge, U.K.; Lora Parker, Royal Agricultural College Library, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, U.K.; Peter Preen, Visitor Services Manager, Clouds Hill, Wareham, Dorset, U.K.; John and Rosalind Randle, Whittington Press; Gayle M. Richardson, Manuscripts Department, Huntington Library, San Marino, California; Daun van Eee at the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; Christine Warner, Oak Knoll Press; and John Wells, Department of Manuscripts and University Archives, Cambridge University Library, Cambridge, U.K.

My thanks to Will Bueche for so kindly making available to me many of the late Professor John E. Mack’s notes and papers; and to Barry Singer of Chartwell Books, New York, the most eminent of “Eminent Churchillians,” for so diligently seeking out books by and about T. E. Lawrence from all over the world.

To my dear friend Gypsy da Silva my thanks for being willing to answer questions at any hour of the day or night, and for always knowing the right answer.

And to “I Putti,” my five schoolmates from Le Rosey, for their long-distance support and enthusiasm: Jean-Jacques Boissier; Max Cauvin, whose courage and good humor in adversity are an example to us all; Christian Delsol; Gabriel Villada; and Peter Wodtke, chic types et chers amis.

Finally, and above all, to my beloved wife, Margaret, for putting up with yet another time-consuming project and for the accompanying tidal wave of books, papers, and files overflowing through the house.

Contents

Cover

Title Page

List of Maps

Preface

CHAPTER ONE: “Who Is This Extraordinary Pip-Squeak?”

CHAPTER TWO: Aqaba, 1917: The Making of a Hero

CHAPTER THREE: “The Family Romance”

CHAPTER FOUR: Oxford, 1907–1910

CHAPTER FIVE: Carchemish: 1911–1914

CHAPTER SIX: Cairo: 1914–1916

CHAPTER SEVEN: 1917: “The Uncrowned King of Arabia”

CHAPTER EIGHT: 1918: Triumph and Tragedy

CHAPTER NINE: In the Great World

CHAPTER TEN: “Backing into the Limelight”: 1920-1922

CHAPTER ELEVEN: “Solitary in the Ranks”

CHAPTER TWELVE: Apotheosis

EPILOGUE: Life after Death

Notes

Bibliography

Index

Acknowledgments

About the Author

Advance Praise forHERO

ALSO BY MICHAEL KORDA

Illustration Credits

Copyright

About the Publisher

List of Maps

The Arab area of the Ottoman Empire in 1914

Turkey’s Lifeline: Schematic map of the vital railway lines in the Ottoman Empire

Aqaba-Maan zone

The Hejaz Railway

The Northern Theater: The area of the advance of Allenby and the Arab army on Damascus

The Battle of Tafileh

Sketch map of the Middle East, showing the divisions proposed in the Sykes-Picot agreement

Lawrence’s own map of his proposals for the Middle East, which he prepared for the war cabinet in 1918, and for the Paris Peace Conference in 1919

About the Author

MICHAEL KORDAis the New York Timesbestselling author of Charmed Lives, Ike, Country Matters, Ulysses S. Grant, and Journey to a Revolution. He is Editor in Chief Emeritus of Simon & Schuster, and he lives in Dutchess County, New York.

Visit www.AuthorTracker.com for exclusive information on your favorite HarperCollins author.

Advance Praise for

HERO

“ Herois a full-scale, major event, a great biography written with a sweeping understanding of history, military realities, geography, and politics, and filled with a wealth of character studies. The triumph of the book is Michael Korda’s brilliant, always balanced portrait of the infinitely fascinating Lawrence of Arabia, the relevance of which, now in our time, is of greater importance than ever.”

—David McCullough

“T. e. Lawrence is next to impossible to fix on the page. Yet Michael Korda has done so, delivering up a crowded, improbable life in a page-turning biography, every bit as rich as its protean subject. A splendid read.”

—Stacy Schiff, author of Cleopatra: A Life

“Michael Korda’s new biography of Lawrence of Arabia is bighearted and provocative—a page-turner that also helps us understand how the Middle east became the confused mess it is today. Herois a magnificent achievement.”

—Nathaniel Philbrick, author of The Last Stand

“Much has been written about him, but no one has succeeded in illuminating the quintessential Lawrence of Arabia so profoundly and as well as Michael Korda. Herois a work of brilliance, discernment, and meticulous scholarship that surely will be hailed as the gold standard.”

—Henry A. Kissinger

“Lawrence of Arabia, one of the great heroes of any age, has found the right b iographer in Michael Korda—a keen judge of the human condition and a master storyteller who can separate myth from reality without diminishing the grandeur of his subject.”

—evan Thomas, author of The War Lovers

“A magisterial biography. … Korda’s vivid portrait of Lawrence and his warring impulses captures the brilliance and charisma of this fascinating figure.”

— Publishers Weekly(starred review)

“A splendid biography about a most unusual and extraordinary individual.”

—Hugh Thomas, author of The Spanish Civil War

Illustration Credits

INTERIOR PAGES

Title page: top:National Portrait Gallery, London, bottom:courtesy of Kevin Kwan; page xx:“The Sword also Means Cleanness and Death,” front cover of Seven Pillars of Wisdomby T. E. Lawrence (published 1935) The Bridgeman Art Library; page 3:courtesy of Constable & Robinson Ltd; page 67:Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, the University of Texas at Austin / estate of John David Roberts. By courtesy of the William Roberts Society; pages 75 and 97:the executors of Lady Liddell Hart, deceased; page 103:Imperial War Museum, Negative No. IWM Q59193; page 108:by Eric Kennington, courtesy of the family of the artist; page 201:from No Golden Journey: Life of James Elroy Fleckerby John Sherwood; page 213:(c)The British Library Board. All Rights Reserved 11/01/2010, Add.MS.50584ff.115; page 245:(c) Topham / The Image Works; page 304:by Sir Mark Sykes, with kind permission of Sir Tatton Sykes; pages 308 and 324:the executors of Lady Liddell Hart, deceased; page 338:by Eric Kennington, courtesy of family of the artist; page 369:the executors of Lady Liddell Hart, deceased; page 383:(c)Seven Pillars of Wisdom Trust; page 431:courtesy of the Rolls-Royce Enthusiasts’ Club; page 441:by James McBey, Imperial War Museum, Negative No. IWM ART 2473; page 456:by Sir Mark Sykes, with kind permission of Sir Tatton Sykes; page 459:Imperial War Museum, Negative No. IWM Q55581; page 464:from Lawrence of Arabia: The Life, the Legendby Malcolm Brown, published by Thames & Hudson Ltd; page 609:Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS. Photogr.c.126, Fol.34r; page 636:from The Golden Reignby Clare Sydney Smith; page 665:Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS. Photogr.c.126, Fol.71r; page 685:Collection, National Gallery of Ireland, (c)the artist’s estate, photo (c)National Gallery of Ireland.

PHOTOGRAPHIC INSERTS

COLOR

Page 1:(c)Tate, London 2010; page 2: top:(c)Seven Pillars of Wisdom Trust, bottom left:Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, bottom right:(c)Seven Pillars of Wisdom Trust; page 3: top:(c)Seven Pillars of Wisdom Trust, bottom:Imperial War Museum, Negative No. IWM ART 1553; page 4: top:James A. Cannavino Library, Archives & Special Collections, Lowell Thomas Papers, Marist College, USA, bottom:Imperial War Museum, Negative No. IWM FIR 8255; page 5: top left:Imperial War Museum, Negative No. IWM 1567, top right and bottom:James A. Cannavino Library, Archives & Special Collections, Lowell Thomas Papers, Marist College, USA; page 6: top left:Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, the University of Texas at Austin, top right:(c)Seven Pillars of Wisdom Trust, bottom:James A. Cannavino Library, Archives & Special Collections, Lowell Thomas Papers, Marist College, USA; page 7: James A. Cannavino Library, Archives & Special Collections, Lowell Thomas Papers, Marist College, USA; page 8: top:from The Arab Awakeningby George Antonius, bottom:National Archives, U.K.

BLACK AND WHITE

Page 1: top:from A Prince of Our Disorderby John E. Mack, bottom left:Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS. Photogr.c.126, Fol.2v, bottom right:from ” Lawrence of Arabia”by Jeremy Wilson; page 2: top:Gertrude Bell Photographic Archive, Newcastle University Archaeology Team, bottom:James A. Cannavino Library, Archives & Special Collections, Lowell Thomas Papers, Marist College, USA; page 3: top:James A. Cannavino Library, Archives & Special Collections, Lowell Thomas Papers, Marist College, USA, bottom:Imperial War Museum, Negative No. IWM Q58838; page 4: top:Imperial War Museum, Negative No. IWM Q58754, bottom:Imperial War Museum, Negative No. IWM Q58863; page 5: top:Imperial War Museum, Negative No. IWM Q12616, bottom:from Lawrence of Arabia: The Life, the Legendby Malcolm Brown, published by Thames & Hudson Ltd; page 6: top:Hulton Archive / Getty Images, middle and bottom:film stills, James A. Cannavino Library, Archives & Special Collections, Lowell Thomas Papers, Marist College, USA; page 7: top:Imperial War Musuem, Negative No. IWM Q59641; page 8: top:General Photographic Agency / Getty Images, bottom:(c) Mary Evans Picture Library / Douglas McCarthy / The Image Works; page 9: top and bottom:James A. Cannavino Library, Archives & Special Collections, Lowell Thomas Papers, Marist College, USA; page 10: top:Popperfoto / Getty Images, bottom:Ernest H Mills / Getty Images; page 11: top:Hulton Archive / Getty Images, bottom:Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS. Photogr.c.126, Fol.83r/b; page 12: top left:photo by Sasha, from The Golden Reignby Clare Sydney Smith, top right:Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS. Photogr.c.126, Fol.57r/a, bottom:Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS. Photogr.c.126, Fol.64v; page 13: top:from The Golden Reignby Clare Sydney Smith, bottom:Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS. Photogr.c.126, Fol.89v/b; page 14:Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, N. 22891 b. 5, sc00a06661; page 15: top:National Portrait Gallery, London, bottom:courtesy of family of the artist; page 16:(c) Hulton-Deutsch Collection / Corbis.