How Jesus Became God: The Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher From Galilee

SUBJECT AND AUTHOR INDEX

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Aaron, 80–81

Abraham, 55–56, 58–59, 72, 124, 250, 327, 331, 332

Achaia, 214

Acts, 21–22, 135, 138, 154, 155, 215, 216, 217, 218, 236, 240

exaltation of Jesus, 218, 225–29

Adam and Eve, 259–62

Christ poem and, 259–62

adoption, 232–34

adoptionists, 230–40, 291–95, 302, 328, 335

After-Death Communications, 196–97

Ahaz, 242

Alcmena, 23–24

Alexander of Alexandria, 339, 341, 342, 343–44

Arian controversy and, 344–52, 357

Letter of Alexander, 343, 344

Alexander Severus, 14

Alexander the Great, 22–23, 24, 30, 126, 160

Alexandria, 8, 315, 337–43

Allison, Dale, 88, 185, 189, 195

Ambrose, Bishop, 364, 385n4

Amphytrion, 23–24

Angel of the Lord, 55–57, 72, 83, 331

Jesus as, 250–51, 252–54, 264, 267, 269, 278, 331–32

angels, 5, 54–64, 83, 134–35, 147, 250, 331–32, 380n3

in ancient Judaism, 55–64, 250

as God and human, 57–59

humans who become, 59–61

Watchers, 63–64, 66

annunciation, 226

anthropology, 93

antichrists, 296–98, 327

Antioch, 298, 348

Antioch of Pisidia, 154

Antiochus III, 33–34

Antipas, Herod, 203

anti-supernatural bias, 143–44, 174

Antony, Mark, 27–28

apocalypse, 59–60, 63, 65, 99–112, 286

terminology, 99

Apocalypse of Abraham, 58–59

apocalypticism, 99–112, 130, 378n8

of Jesus, 103–12, 118, 119, 121, 130, 185–86, 197, 203, 353–55

Apollo, 28, 29, 40, 41

Apollinaris, 367–68

Apollonius, 12–18, 22, 150, 373n3

historical and legendary, 13–16

parallels to Jesus story, 12–18

apologists, 172–73, 199, 311

Aramaic, 90, 140, 223, 227, 271

archaeology, 48

Arian controversy, 8–9, 315, 344–52, 356–57, 365, 366, 367

Arius, 8–9, 339–52, 356–57, 365, 366, 367

Thalia, 341–42

Artemidorus, 158

Dream Book, 158

Assyria, 242

astrology, 63

Athanasius, 342, 349, 357, 367

atheism, 147

Athena, 40, 41

Athens, 160

Atia, 29

Augustus, Caesar, 27, 28, 29–30, 31, 34, 49, 160, 233, 264, 358

Aurelian, 14

authorities, 54

Babylon, 65, 114

baptism, 97, 110–11, 237–40, 285, 289, 305

Jesus as Son of God at, 237–40, 289–95

Baptists, 285

Barnabas, 21

Baruch, 276

2 Baruch, 59

Baucis, 19–20, 21, 22

belief, 173–74

of disciples, in resurrection, 174–83, 204–10

of earliest Christians, 213–18

false, 328

benefaction, 33–34

Bentall, Richard, “Hallucinatory Experiences,” 193, 194

bereavement visions, 195–97

Bethany, 135

Bianchini, Maria Esperanza Medrano de, 198

Big Bang theory, 144

binitary worship, 235

birth, Jesus as Son of God at, 240–44

Book of the Watchers, 63–64, 66

Brown, Raymond, 135–36, 236–37

Buddha, 131

Buddhism, 147

burial practices for criminals, Roman, 156–65

Caesar, Julius, 27–28, 145, 233

Caesarea, 121, 161, 162

Caesarion, 233

Caligula, 31–32

Callinicum, 364

Callistus, 309

Capernaum, 175, 205

Caracalla, 14

Caria, 157

Carthage, 311

Celestine, Pope, 369

Cephas, 141, 153

cherubim, 54, 83

Chicago, 86, 87

Christ (term), 111–12, 116

Christianity, 1–9, 13, 17, 38, 50–51, 112–17, 130–31

beliefs of earliest Christians, 213–18

Council of Nicea, 349–52, 356, 357

demise in the modern world, 172

early Christologies, 211–46, 247–82

of fourth and fifth centuries, 325–26, 340–52, 356–70

God Christ and, 365–70

heretic views, 286–321, 326, 366–70

orthodox, 323–52

resurrection narrative, 129–69, 171–210

rise of, 43–44, 49, 174, 197, 245

Rome and, 291–95, 309–11, 330, 339–60, 384n8

of second and third centuries, 283–321, 330–39

terminology, 213

See also Gospels; Jesus Christ; New Testament; Old Testament; specific books

Christology, 4, 7, 204, 208

adoptionist, 230–40, 291–95, 302, 328, 335

Arianism, 339–52, 356–57, 365–67

backward movement of, 236–44

baptism of Jesus and, 237–40, 289–95

beginnings of, 211–46

beliefs of earliest Christians, 213–18

birth of Jesus and, 240–44

of Dionysius of Rome, 337–39

docetic, 295–302, 305, 328

early heretic views, 286–321

evaluating earliest views of Christ, 230–35

exaltation, 218–46, 249–51, 266, 279, 282, 289, 308

fourth and fifth century, 325–26, 340–52, 356–70

Gnostic, 178–80, 302–7, 309, 311, 324, 328

heretic, 286–321, 326, 366–70

hetero-orthodoxies, 307–19

high, 4, 231, 252, 259, 277–78

incarnation, 249–82, 295, 297–98

Jesus as God on earth, 249–82

of Justin Martyr, 330–34

low, 4, 230–35, 252

modalist, 308–25, 335, 337

of Novatian, 335–37

oldest surviving sources, 213–16

of Origen, 315–19

orthodox, 323–52

of second and third centuries, 283–321, 330–39

separationist, 305–7, 309

terminology, 4, 204

circumcision, 50

Cleopatra, 233

Collins, John, 78

Common Era, 137

common graves, 160–61

Confucius, 131

Connell, Janice, Meetings with Mary: Visions of the Blessed Mother, 199

conservative evangelicals, 143–44, 171–72, 285

Constantine, 8, 329, 339–41, 344–52, 357–60, 363, 365

Arian controversy and, 344–52, 357

contextual credibility, criterion of, 98

Coptic Apocalypse of Peter, 179–80, 181, 306

Coptic church, 198–99, 303

Corinth, 137, 138, 178, 181

Cosgrove, Charles, 253–54

Council of Chalcedon, 370

Council of Constantinople, 357, 367, 368

Council of Ephesus, 369

Council of Nicea, 326, 329, 341, 349–52, 356, 357, 365–67

creation, 72, 275

creeds, 216–17, 218–25, 323

Nicene, 2, 9, 323–25, 350–52, 357, 366, 367

Crete, 15

Crossan, John Dominic, 157, 163

crucifixion, 6, 45, 91, 96, 97, 116, 123–24, 149, 156–60, 167, 175, 179–80, 246, 258, 272, 325

Roman practices of, 156–60

scavenging animals and, 157–61, 163

cult, 30–34

emperor, 30–34, 49

terminology, 30

Cynics, 35–38

daimones, 41–42

David, King, 76, 77, 80, 114, 115, 208, 209, 221, 222, 224

Dead Sea Scrolls, 99, 105, 113–14

Decius, 345, 384n8

deification, 28, 31, 39–40

demons, 64

devil, 100

Dio Chrysostum, Discourses, 160

Diocletian, 345

Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, 160

Dionysius of Alexandria, 337–39

Dionysius of Rome, 337–39

disciples, 90, 92, 109, 111, 119, 128, 135–36, 213, 238, 244–45, 286, 293, 296, 352

belief in resurrection, 174–83, 204–10

resurrection and, 135–38, 149, 168, 169, 174–210

visions of Jesus, 183–204

See also specific disciples

dissimilarity, criterion of, 96–97, 106–9, 127

divine economy, 313–14

divine hypostases, 69–75, 83, 273–81

Wisdom, 70–72, 74, 75

Word, 70, 72–75

divine pyramid, 40–42, 54

divinity, 3–9, 17, 18–45

angels who temporarily become human, 55–61

divine beings born of a god and a mortal, 22–24

divine beings who beget semidivine beings, 62–64

divine humans in ancient Judaism, 47–84

exaltation Christology, 218–46, 249–51, 266, 279, 282, 289, 308

fourth- and fifth-century views on, 325–26, 340–52, 356–70

gods who temporarily became human, 19–22, 249–82

heretic views in early church, 286–321

human who becomes divine, 25–38, 76–82

incarnation Christology, 249–82

Jesus and, 43–45, 61, 124–28, 206–10, 211–46, 247–82, 285–321, 330–52, 356–70

Jesus as God, 353–71

king of Israel, 76–80

Moses as God, 80–82

path that denies, 289–95

pyramid, 40–42

Roman and Greek models of human divinity, 18–43

second- and third-century views on, 285–321, 330–39

two-powers heresy, 67–69

docetists, 295–302, 305, 328

opposed by Ignatius, 298–300

opposed in 1 John, 296–98

dominions, 54

Domitian, 15, 31

“doubt tradition,” and resurrection, 189–92

dreams, 158, 196

dualism, 99–100

Ebionites, 290–91

Egypt, 8, 29, 51, 56–57, 77, 78, 80, 120, 126, 179, 198–99, 261, 303, 315, 337, 339–52, 361

Ehrman, Bart D.:

Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium, 88

Misquoting Jesus, 239

Elijah, 127, 205, 239, 260

Elisha, 127

Elohim, 79

Emmaus, road to, 191

emperor cult, 30–34, 49, 234

empty tomb, 164–69, 173, 184–86, 190, 206

need for, 168–69

women at, 166–68, 184–85, 191

Enlightenment, 172, 284

Enoch, 59–60, 63–64, 66–67, 83, 113, 126, 260

1 Enoch, 63–64, 66–67, 101, 105, 113

2 Enoch, 60

Episcopalianism, 51, 130

Eusebius of Caesarea, 16, 17, 292–94, 341, 347–49

Church History, 293–94

The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine, 347, 348, 358–60

evil, 99–102, 204, 259, 355

exaltation, 5, 7, 8, 218–46, 249–51

Acts and, 218, 225–29

Christology, 218–46, 249–51, 266, 279, 282, 289, 308

Gospels and, 236–46

Jesus as exalted Son of God, 244–46, 249–51

Paul and, 218–30

Romans and, 218–25

transformation into incarnation Christology, 249–51, 282

exodus, 51, 56, 72, 76, 120, 261

Exorcist, The (film), 42

Ezekiel the Tragedian, 61

Fredriksen, Paula, 88

fundamentalism, 88, 144, 172

Gabriel, 54, 64, 241

Galatians, 109, 215, 252–53, 257–58, 296

Christ as an angel in, 252–53, 267

Galilee, 1, 45, 49, 125, 134, 135–36, 167, 175, 205, 234, 244, 352

Garrett, Susan, 252

Gieschen, Charles, 57, 250, 252

Gnosticism, 168, 178–80, 181, 302–7, 309, 311, 324, 328

terminology, 302–3

God, Moses as, 80–82

God of Israel, 69

God on earth, Jesus as, 249–82

good and evil, 99–100, 259, 355

Goranson, Evan, 86, 87

Gospels, 17, 86–98, 102, 126, 166, 286, 373n3

backward movement of Christology and, 236–44

baptism narratives, 237–40

birth narratives, 240–44

exaltation Christology, 236–46

incarnation Christology, 269–79, 297–98

problems and methods of historical Jesus, 87–98

resurrection narratives, 133–36, 140–43, 151–56, 162, 168–69, 181–83, 189–92

visions of Jesus, 189–92, 201–4

See also specific gospels

Goulder, Michael, 188–89

Graham, Billy, 86

Greece, ancient, 5, 13, 11–43, 47, 48, 49, 65, 72, 73, 81, 94, 264, 273

common graves used for criminals, 160–61

divine beings born of a god and a mortal, 22–24

divine pyramid, 40–42

gods who temporarily become human, 19–22

human who becomes divine, 25–38

models of divine humans, 18–43

Greek language, 88, 90, 227, 243, 245, 253–55, 263, 271, 303, 312, 351

Guggenheim, Bill and Judy, 196–97

Hades, 59

Hagar, 56, 250

hallucinations, 187, 189, 193–95, 202

Handel, Georg Friedrich, Messiah, 79, 132

HarperCollins Study Bible, 57

healing, 148, 237

Hebrew, 88, 223, 243

Hebrew Bible, 51–52, 53, 54, 59, 60, 70–74, 76, 78, 81, 114, 116–17, 124, 126, 127, 141, 205, 208, 226, 250, 251, 261, 265, 278, 286–87, 381n12

Hengel, Martin, 158, 370–71

henotheism, 53

Hera, 40, 41

Hercules, 23–24, 241

heresiologists, 290, 303, 319

heresy, 8, 285, 286–321, 329, 335, 366, 382n2

adoptionists, 291–95, 302, 328, 335

of Apollinaris, 367–68

Arianism, 339–52, 356–57, 365, 366, 367

docetists, 295–302, 305, 328

in early church, 286–321, 326, 366–70

Gnostic, 178–80, 302–7, 309, 311, 324, 328

hetero-orthodoxies, 307–19

of Marcellus, 366–67

Marcionites, 300–302, 304, 305, 309, 311

modalism, 308–15, 335, 337

of Nestorius, 368–70

Origen, 315–19

path that denies divinity, 289–95

path that denies humanity, 295–302

path that denies unity, 302–7

terminology, 285, 287–88, 319

two-powers, 67–69

Hermes, 21

heterodoxy, 287–88, 319

hetero-orthodoxies, 307–19

Hezekiah, King, 80

Hierocles, 16–17

The Lover of Truth, 16

Hinduism, 147, 285

Hippolytus, 290–91, 292, 303, 307, 309–15, 329, 335

modalism attacked by, 309–15

Refutation of All Heresies, 291, 292, 309–11

Holocaust, 145

Homer, 40

Iliad, 40

Odyssey, 40

Horace, 158

Epistle, 158

human realm, 4

angels who temporarily become human, 55–61

divine beings born of a god and a mortal, 22–24

divine humans in ancient Judaism, 47–84

fourth- and fifth-century views on, 325–26, 340–52, 356–70

gods who temporarily become human, 19–22, 249–82

human who becomes divine, 25–38, 76–82

Jesus as God on earth, 249–82

path that denies, 295–302

Roman and Greek models of human divinity, 18–43

second- and third-century views on, 285–321, 330–39

Hurtado, Larry, 61, 235

hymns, 216–17

hypostases, divine, 69–75, 83, 273–81

hypostasis (term), 69–70

hysteria, 188

Ignatius, 298–300

docetists opposed by, 298–300

imminence, 102

incarnation Christology, 8, 249–82, 295, 297–98

Adam and, 259–62

beyond, 282

exaltation Christology transformed into, 249–51, 282

in John, 249, 266, 269–79

in Letter to the Colossians, 280

in Letter to the Hebrews, 280–81

in Paul, 251–69, 270, 280

in Philippians Christ Poem, 253, 254–66, 267, 278, 281

independent attestation, criterion of, 95–96

Inquisition, 144

Iphicles, 24

Irenaeus, 303, 307

Islam, 38, 147, 199, 284–85

Israel, 51–52, 65–66, 98, 114–15, 116, 242, 261, 265, 301

king of, 76–80, 114, 119

Jacob, 58, 331, 332

Jairus, 205

James, 192, 203, 238, 291

Jaoel, 59

Jerome, Dialogue Against Luciferians, 357

Jerusalem, 45, 97, 114, 120, 134, 135, 136, 155, 159, 162, 166, 175, 228, 245

Jesus’s last Passover in, 120–21, 376n11

Temple, 114

Jesus Christ, 1–9, 28, 39

as Angel of the Lord, 250–54, 264, 267, 269, 278, 331–32

as an apocalypticist, 103–12, 118, 119, 121, 130, 185–86, 197, 203, 353–55

arrest and trial of, 45, 91, 122–23, 152, 161–63, 175

beginnings of Christology and, 211–46

burial by Joseph of Arimathea, 151–56, 163, 377n6

claims to be God, 124–28

conception of, 240–44

Council of Nicea and, 349–52, 357

crucifixion of, see crucifixion

divine realm and, 43–45, 61, 124–28, 206–10, 211–46, 247–82, 285–321, 330–52, 356–70

early heretic views on, 286–321, 366–70

empty tomb, 164–69, 184–86, 190, 206

evaluating earliest views of, 230–35

exalted to heaven, 218–46, 249–51, 266, 279, 282, 289, 308

as exalted Son of God, 244–46, 249–51

fourth- and fifth-century views on, 325–26, 340–52, 356–70

Gnostic view on, 178–80, 302–7

as God, 353–71

as God on earth, 249–82

heretical views of, 286–321

historical, 6, 49–50, 84, 85–128, 130, 132, 133–51

historical and cultural context, 98–102

incarnation Christology, 249–82, 295, 297–98

Judaism and, 50, 76, 98–128, 156–57, 161–63, 202–3, 205, 214, 220, 245, 268, 287, 290–91, 354, 360–65

as Logos of God, 332–34

of the Lord as God and human, 55–57, 72, 83, 250–54, 264, 267, 269, 278

as messiah, 113, 115–24, 206–10, 214, 218–30

messianic self-understanding, 118–24

parallels to Apollonius story, 12–18

Passover in Jerusalem, 120–21, 376n11

problems and methods of historical Jesus, 87–98

raising of mortal body, 180–83

raising of spirit, 178–80

raising of spiritual body, 176–78

resurrection of, see resurrection

as second Adam, 259–62

second- and third-century views of, 283–321, 330–39

self-image of, 112–18

as Son of God at his baptism, 237–40, 289–95

as Son of God at his birth, 240–44

visions of, 183–204, 379n20

Jewish Apocrypha, 71–72

John, 238, 296

1 John, 296

docetists and, 296–98

John, Gospel of, 4, 5, 8, 86, 87, 90–92, 94–97, 103, 105, 124–25, 246, 248–49, 269–79, 297–98, 300, 312, 327, 332, 381n14

elevated teachings about Jesus in, 271–72

incarnation Christology, 249, 266, 269–79

Jesus’s claims of divinity in, 124–25, 271–72

Prologue, 272, 273–79, 297

resurrection narrative, 134–36, 142, 156, 162, 169, 182, 183, 190, 191, 192, 202, 205

John the Baptist, 96, 97, 99, 110–11, 203, 238, 266, 274

apocalyptic message of, 110–11

Joseph, 241

Joseph of Arimathea, 7, 142, 150, 151–52, 225

burial of Jesus, 151–56, 163, 377n6

Josephus, 94, 162

Antiquities of the Jews, 162–63

Judah, 242

Judaism, ancient, 3, 5, 9, 18, 24, 38, 39, 44, 45, 47–84, 147, 161–63, 250, 264–65, 286–87, 290, 360–65

in the ancient world, 50–51

angels in, 55–64, 250

apocalypticism, 99–102, 118, 119, 121, 130, 197, 203, 354, 378n8

divine beings who beget semidivine beings, 62–64

divine beings who temporarily become human, 55–61

divine humans in, 47–84

divine hypostases, 69–75

divine men, 83–84

Ebionites and, 290–91

ethical codes, 50–52

festivals, 50, 120, 159

God Christ and, 360–65

humans who become divine, 76–82

Jesus and, 50, 76, 98–128, 156–57, 161–63, 202–3, 205, 214, 220, 245, 268, 287, 290–91, 354, 360–65

Jesus as messiah, 113, 115–24, 206–10, 214

king of Israel, 76–80, 114, 119

kosher food laws, 50, 51, 361

messiah, 113–15

Moses as God, 80–82

persecution of, 363–64

resurrection and, 156–57, 161–63, 214

ritual practices, 50, 51, 113, 156–57, 290, 361–64

Son of Man, 64–68, 83, 106–9, 113, 118, 119, 209

spectrum of divinity in, 52–55

synagogues, 363–64

two powers in heaven, 67–69

widespread beliefs, 51–52

Judas Iscariot, 109, 119–22

Judea, 6, 114, 120–21, 135, 161–62

judgment, 101

Juno, 32

Jupiter, 19–20, 23, 24, 27, 32, 40, 78

Justin Martyr, 293, 330–34

Apologies, 330–34

Dialogue with Trypho, 330–34

Juvenal, 158

Satires, 158

king of Israel, 76–80, 114, 119, 209

Kunst, Christiane, 233

L, 95, 96, 97, 103, 125, 249, 270

on Jesus’s apocalyptic message, 104

Laodice, 34

Laurentin, René, 198–99

Lazarus, 203, 205

Licinius, 345

Licona, Mike, 188

“The Little Labyrinth,” 292–94

Livy, 25

History of Rome, 25, 26, 27

Locrians, 160

Logie, Kenneth, 200–201

Logos, 70, 72–75, 273, 274–78, 281, 340–41, 368

Jesus as Logos of God, 332–34

Lord (term), 228

Losch, M. E., 193

Lot, 72

Lourdes, France, 199

Lucian of Samosata, 42

The Passing of Peregrinus, 35–38

Lüdemann, Gerd, 188

Luke and his earlier traditions, 229–30

Luke, Gospel of, 4, 90–92, 94–97, 103, 125, 239, 246, 248, 251, 270, 291

baptism in, 239–40

birth of Jesus in, 240–41, 242, 243

resurrection narrative, 134–36, 143, 153–54, 156, 162, 169, 181–85, 190–92, 202

Lutheranism, 130, 285

Lystra, 21

M, 95, 96, 97, 103, 107, 125, 249, 270

on Jesus’s apocalyptic message, 104

Macedonia, 214

Marcellus of Ancyra, 366–67

Marcion, 300–302, 304, 305, 309, 311, 324

Marcus Ancius, 27

Mark, Gospel of, 4, 5, 90–92, 94–97, 102, 103, 107, 123, 125, 138, 239, 246, 248, 249, 251, 270, 305, 377n6, 383n11

baptism in, 238–39

on Jesus’s apocalyptic message, 103

resurrection narrative, 134–36, 142, 151–56, 165, 166–68, 184, 190, 205

Mars, 25, 27, 32, 78

Martin, Dale, 48

Mary, 18, 24, 134, 144, 150, 191, 192, 226, 241, 368–69

birth of Jesus, 241–43

visions of, 198–99, 202

Mary Magdalene, 134, 152, 184–85, 190, 191, 192, 213

matter, 73, 74

Logos and, 73–74

Matthew, Gospel of, 4, 90–92, 94–97, 103, 107–9, 125, 127, 215, 248, 251, 270, 291, 312, 383n11

birth of Jesus in, 242–44

resurrection narrative, 134–36, 142, 143, 156, 162, 168–69, 190, 206

McKellar, P., 193

Media, 65

Mediterranean, 214, 218

Meier, John, A Marginal Jew, 87–88

Melito, 360–62

Mercury, 19–20, 40

messiah, 67, 113–24

Jesus as, 113, 115–24, 206–10, 214, 218–30

Jewish, 113–15

terminology, 67, 113–15

metallurgy, 63

Methodism, 130, 285

Methusaleh, 60

Metzger, Bruce, 155

“Names for the Nameless,” 155

Meyer, Paul, 216

Michael, 54, 60, 64

Middle Ages, 188

Milan, 364

miracles, 147–48, 165, 174, 199, 238

modalism, 308–15, 335, 337

Mohammed, 131

monotheism, 24, 49, 51, 53, 83, 235

Jewish, 51–55

Montefiore, Hugh, 200

Moody Bible Institute, 85–86, 132

Mormonism, 85, 131, 147

Moroni, 147

mortal body, raising of, 180–83

Moses, 51, 56–57, 60–61, 83, 98, 120, 124, 126, 131, 162, 239, 250, 258, 261, 277, 331, 361

as God, 80–82

Mount Hermon, 63

Mount Horeb, 57

Mount Sinai, 57

Muslims, 38, 147, 199, 284–85

Mytilene, 39, 40

Nag Hammadi, 179, 303, 305–6

Nag Hammadi Library, 303–4

Narrative of Joseph of Arimathea, 150

Nazareth, 44, 97, 352

near-death experiences, 149

Nephilim, 62–63

Nero, 16, 158, 203

Nestorius, 368–70

New Testament, 2, 6, 8, 11, 17, 18, 21, 44, 54, 86, 89–98, 110, 126, 127, 130, 133, 138, 155, 161, 181, 187–88, 191, 200, 215, 216, 239, 248, 251, 262, 273, 281, 286, 293, 295, 301, 356, 383n1

after the, 283–321

problems and methods of historical Jesus, 87–98

See also Gospels; specific books

Nicene Creed, 2, 9, 323–25, 350–52, 357, 366, 367

Nicodemus, 156

Noah, 60, 62

Novatian, 335–37

Trinity, 336, 337

objectivity, 172–73

Octavian. See Augustus, Caesar

Old Testament, 51–52, 286, 301, 305, 331, 332, 333, 340. See also Hebrew Bible; specific books

Olympias, 22–23

oral traditions, 91–93, 96, 102, 136, 166, 216, 244–45, 379n21

Origen of Alexandria, 292, 315–19, 383n17

On First Principles, 316, 318

orthodoxy, 8, 285, 286–89, 315–16, 319, 323–52, 360, 365, 368

Arian controversy, 344–52, 356–57, 365, 366, 367

of Dionysius of Rome, 337–39

in early church, 286–321, 323–52

hetero-orthodoxies, 307–19

of Justin Martyr, 330–34

of Novatian, 335–37

paradoxes, 326–52

terminology, 285, 287–88, 319

Ossius, 348

Ovid, 19–20

Metamorphoses, 19–20

paganism, 3, 4, 5, 12–18, 43, 49, 51, 53, 54, 55, 62, 63, 64, 83, 94, 214, 240–41, 285, 345, 346, 358–60, 363

God Christ and, 358–60

Roman and Greek models of human divinity, 18–43

Palestine, 45, 49, 69, 88, 91, 105, 223, 341, 354

paradoxes, ortho-, 326–52

Pascal, 283–84

Pascal’s Wager, 283–85

Passover, 120–21, 159, 360–61

seder, 120

Paul, 11, 17, 21–22, 89, 108, 111, 127, 154, 188, 213–15, 236, 239, 246, 251–69, 280, 281, 295–96, 300, 310, 376n4, 378n2, 379n21

beliefs of, 213–18

exaltation Christology, 218–30

incarnation Christology, 251–69, 270, 280

resurrection narrative, 133, 136–43, 153, 154, 165, 166, 176–78, 181–83

visions of Jesus, 188, 192, 202, 203, 214

Pauline letters. See specific texts

Pentecost, 135, 227

Pentecostalism, 148

Peppard, Michael, 28, 232

The Son of God in the Roman World, 232–33

Peregrinus, 34–38

Persia, 65

pessimism, 100

Peter, 17, 90, 94, 127, 140, 154, 179–80, 188, 190, 219, 227, 228, 238, 306

visions of Jesus, 188, 190, 192, 203

Peter, Gospel of, 94, 95

Petronius, Satyricon, 158

Pharisees, 99, 110, 205

Philemon, 19–20, 21, 22

Philip, 124

Philip, King of Macedonia, 22–23, 160

Philippians, 215, 253–66, 296

Adam and, 259–62

Christ Poem, 254–66, 381n8

incarnation Christology, 253, 254–66, 267, 278, 281

as pre-Pauline tradition, 255–58

Philo of Alexandria, 73–75, 81–82, 158–69, 163, 276

Agriculture, 75

Changing of Names, 75

Dreams, 75

Embassy to Gaius, 163

Life of Moses, 81–82

on Logos, 73–75

Questions on Exodus, 82

Questions on Genesis, 75

Sacrifices of Abel and Cain, 81, 82

The Worse Attacks, the Better, 81

Philostratus, 12, 13, 373n3

Life of Apollonius of Tyana, 14, 15

Phrygia, 19–20, 21

Pilate, Pontius, 6, 15, 45, 96, 119, 122–23, 152, 154, 156, 161–64, 246, 325

policies of, 161–64

Plato, 24, 73, 74, 75, 373n6, 383n16

on Logos, 73, 74, 273

Plautus, Amphytrion, 23–24

Pliny the Younger, 233

Plutarch, 22–23

polytheism, 39, 41, 83, 338

Posey, T. B., 193

powers, 54, 83

Prayer of Joseph, 48

preliterary traditions, 216–18, 226, 229–30, 236, 240, 273–74

pre-Pauline tradition, 138–40, 218, 221, 255–59

Philippians poem as, 255–59

Presbyterianism, 130, 285

presuppositions, 144–50

Priene, 47–49

Princeton Epigraphy Project, 47–49

Princeton Theological Seminary, 86

Princeton University, 47

principalities, 54, 83

Proculus Julius, 26

Prologue of John, 272, 273–79, 297

Proteus, 14, 18, 38

pyramid, divine, 40–42, 54

Pythagoras, 13

Q, 95, 96, 103, 109, 110, 125, 249, 270

on Jesus’s apocalyptic message, 104

Quintilian, 31

Institutes of Oratory, 31

Quirinus, 27

Ram’el, 63

rape, 62

Raphael, 54

reason, 172, 333

resurrection, 6–7, 91, 116–18, 129–69, 171–210, 214, 218, 240, 244, 246, 289, 378n2, 378n8

apologists, 172–73, 199

belief of disciples and, 174–83, 204–10

debate, 129–69

“doubt tradition” and, 189–92

empty tomb, 164–69, 184–86, 190, 206

exaltation of Jesus, 218–36, 237, 239, 249–51, 266

Gospel narratives, 133–36, 140, 141, 142, 143, 151–56, 162, 168–69, 181–83, 189–92

historians and, 132–33, 143–51

outcome of faith, 204–10

Paul on, 133, 136–43, 153, 154, 165, 166, 176–78, 181–83

raising of mortal body, 180–83

raising of spirit, 178–80

of spiritual body, 176–78

visions of Jesus, 183–204

what we can know, 171–210

what we cannot know, 129–69

women at the tomb, 166–68, 184–85, 191

Ricardo, Monsignor Pio Bello, 198

Roberts, Oral, 148

Rohmer, Eric, films by, 283, 284

Roma, 30, 32

Roman Adoptionists, 291–95

Roman Catholicism, 39, 144, 147

Romans, 166, 215, 218–25, 260, 267, 268, 295, 310

exaltation of Jesus, 218–25

Rome, ancient, 5, 9, 11–43, 49, 78, 82, 92, 94, 112, 116, 119–23, 126, 144, 153, 219, 245, 291, 293, 298, 358

adoption in, 232–34

burial practices for criminals, 156–65

Christians and, 291–95, 309–11, 330, 339–60, 384n8

common graves used for criminals, 160–61

divine beings born of a god and a mortal, 22–24

divine pyramid, 40–42

emperor cult, 30–34, 49, 234

founding of, 27

gods who temporarily become human, 19–22

human who becomes divine, 25–38

Jesus and, 119–23, 143–65, 219–25, 232–34, 245–46, 264

models of divine humans, 18–43

practices of crucifixion, 156–60

resurrection and, 143–69

Romulus, 25–27, 144, 240

Ruether, Rosemary, Faith and Fratricide, 363

Rutgers University, 47, 247

Sabbath, 98, 157

Sabellius, 337–38, 366

Sabines, 27

Sacks, Oliver, Hallucinations, 194

Sadducees, 120, 121

salvation, 108–9, 112, 214, 285, 306–7

Sanders, E. P., 88

Sanhedrin, 152, 154, 155, 156, 163, 225

Sarah, 56

Sardis, 360

satire, 35

Saul, 76, 114

Sayings Source, 95

scavenging animals, 157–61, 163

schizophrenia, 194

science, 145, 172

Sebastos, 30

Segal, Alan, 68–69

semidivine beings, divine beings who beget, 62–64

Semitism, 223

Semyaz, 63

separationist Christology, 305–7, 309

seraphim, 54, 83

sex, 62, 63, 241

Sibylline Oracles, 203

Sidgewick, H. A., 193, 194

Similitudes, 66–67

Sirach, 60–61, 276

slavery, 120, 361, 363

Smith, Daniel, 143

Smith, Joseph, 147

Smyrna, 299

snakes, 29, 259

Socrates, 42, 333

Sodom and Gomorrah, 72

Solomon, King, 71–72, 76, 114

Son of Man, in ancient Judaism, 64–68, 83, 101, 106–9, 113, 118, 119, 209

source monitoring, 194

Spain, 218

spirit, raising of, 178–80

spiritual body, raising of, 176–78

staircase parallelism, 273–74

Stark, Rodney, 131

Stoics, 73–74, 273

Suetonius, 160

Lives of the Caesars, 27–30, 160

Sun God, 14

supernatural, 143–44, 148, 149, 174, 188, 193, 194

Surafel, 64

Synoptic Gospels, 94–95, 102, 103, 249, 252, 270

Syria, 242, 298, 349

systematic theology, 316

Tacitus, 160

Annals, 160–61

Tam’el, 63

technology, 172

Ten Commandments, 50, 51, 53, 55

Tertullian, 300, 303, 307, 310–15, 329

Against Praxeas, 310–15

modalism attacked by, 310–15

Thebes, 23

Theodosius I, 346, 363, 364

Theodotians, 291–95

Theodotus, 291–95

theological ortho-paradox, 328–52

Thomas, doubting, 16, 182, 190, 327

Thomas, Gospel of, 94, 95, 105

Thrace, 29

Thucydides, Peloponnesian War, 154

Tien, A. Y., 194

Titus, the emperor, 31

Tobin, Thomas, 275, 276

Torah, 51–52, 53, 80, 113, 121

Trajan, 233

Tralles, 299

Trinity, 309–11, 313–15, 329, 334, 335–39, 353, 356–57

terminology, 311

Trinity Evangelical Covenant Church, Chicago, 86, 87

Turkey, 47–49, 214, 349

two-powers heresy, 67–69

Tyana, 12, 14

unity, path that denies, 302–7

University of North Carolina, 48, 145, 247

Uriel, 58

Venezuela, 198

Venus, 27, 32

Vermes, Geza, 88

Vespasian, 31

Vestal Virgins, 25

Victor, Bishop, 293

Virgin Mary. See Mary

visions, 183–204

bereavement, 195–97

broader perspective, 193–95

of esteemed religious figures, 197–201

importance to resurrection faith, 184–86

of Jesus, 183–204, 379n20

of Mary, 198–99, 202

in the modern world, 200–201

nonveridical, 187, 193

terminology, 186–89

veridical, 187, 193

Vollenweider, Samuel, 263

Watchers, 63–64, 66

Wiebe, Phillip H., Visions of Jesus, 200–201

Wisdom, 70–72, 74, 75, 267–68, 276, 280, 281, 316, 317, 318, 340

Wisdom of Solomon, 71–72, 267, 275, 276

women at the tomb, 166–68, 184–85, 191

Word, 70, 72–75, 273, 274–78, 281, 316, 317, 318, 340–41

Jesus as Logos of God, 332–34

Wright, N. T., 188

Yahweh, 78, 265, 381n12

Yale University, 48

Zebedee, 296

Zeus, 14, 21, 22–23, 28, 40, 41, 62, 64, 240–41