How music got free

INDEX

The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. To find the corresponding locations in the text of this digital version, please use the “search” function on your e-reader. Note that not all terms may be searchable.

Adar, Ricky, 56–57

Addleshaw Goddard (law firm), 212–14

Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), 60, 88

Apple support for, 133, 155

Fraunhofer development of, 60, 88

industrial applications for, 96–98

advertising revenue, 230–38

Affinity (underground newsletter),

72–73, 269

Aftermath record label, 78, 109

album-oriented music, 198–99, 226–27

All Eyez on Me (album), 77–78, 84

America Online (AOL)

Nullsoft purchase by, 128

Time Warner merger with, 122, 154–55

“America’s Dumbest Soldiers, ” 169

A&M Records vs. Napster, 121, 166–68

Apocalypse Production Crew piracy group, 180, 182, 193–96, 203, 249, 251

Apple

Jobs’ illness and, 236–37

licensing deals by, 261

mp3 and, 62, 132–33

offer to hire Morris, 154–57, 236–37

sales dominance of, 192–93

Universal Music bid by, 154–57

Atlantic Records, 39–41, 45, 50, 237

AT&T. See also Bell Labs

Advanced Audio Coding project and, 60

mp3 technology and, 16–17, 57–58, 60, 94, 96

audiobooks, 211–14

“Back That Azz Up” (song), 80–81

Barrett, Karen, 101–2, 142, 187, 223, 247

BearShare peer-to-peer network, 160, 165

Beatles, 120, 155, 234, 261

Bell Labs, 16–17, 96

Bennett, Bill, 49–50, 79–80, 119

Berns, Bert, 38–39, 199

Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG), 57–58, 154, 159, 189

Big Five music conglomerates, 114, 159

“Big Pimpin’” (song), 113, 125

Big Six music conglomerates, 50–51, 57, 114

Big Tymers (rap group), 81, 177, 200

Billboard charts, 43–44, 106–7, 190,

202, 262

BitTorrent, 166–70, 261. See also torrent technology

Black Entertainment Television, 178–79

The Blueprint (album), 140, 260

The Blueprint 3 (album), 237–38

Bon Jovi (band), 68, 82, 84–85

bootlegged movies, Glover’s operation for, 146–51, 183–88

bootlegged music, 67–68, 71–74, 83–85, 148–51, 183–83. See also music piracy

Brandenburg, Karlheinz

Advanced Audio Coding project, 60, 88

Apple and, 132–34

Bell Labs research by, 16–17

compression algorithm developed by, 10–11, 13–16, 22–25

digital piracy opposed by, 89–90, 130–31, 155, 168

market expertise of, 96–98

meeting with RIAA, 89–92

mp3 development and, 5–6, 18–21,

53–57, 128

MPEG format war and, 18–19, 21–25

Ogg Vorbis and, 259

psychoacoustics research and, 9–12

public image of, 93–98, 127, 133–34

royalties from mp3 received by, 128–31

surround sound ventures of, 165

WinPlay3 development and, 60–63

Brandenburg Ventures, 132, 165

Bronfman, Edgar Miles Jr., 75–77, 82, 102, 116–18, 122–23, 155, 189, 196, 227

Buckles, Brad, 162, 202

cable television, prerelease leaks from, 185–86

“California Love” (song), 73, 77–78

camcorder in-theater bootlegging, 165, 185

Carey, Mariah, 176, 179

Carter, Shawn Corey. See Jay-Z

Cash Money Records, 80, 84–85, 103, 109, 113, 200–202

Cassim, Adil R., 262

arrest and trial of, 253–58

denial of RNS involvement by, 254–55

FBI investigation of, 248–50

Cassim, Bilkish, 251, 254

catalog orders, Morris’ tracking of, 43–44

chat rooms. See also Internet Relay

Chat (IRC)

evolution of, 70

music piracy and role of, 105–8, 180–88

Chess.net, 116–17

Chiariglione, Leonardo, 127, 274n

Chow, Matthew, 248, 251, 255–58, 262

Chronic (album), The, 46, 48, 68, 77

Chronic 2001 (album), 124, 140

Church, Steve, 53–55, 61, 277n

Cohen, Bram, 166–68

College Dropout (album), The, 153, 177

compact discs

bootlegging of, 67–68, 71–74, 83–85

impact in music industry of, 8–9, 48, 56–57, 79–80, 124–25, 154, 189–92, 225, 262

market collusion and, 114

Napster’s impact on, 124–25

prerelease leaks of, 144–45, 157–58, 176–77, 185–88

production process for, 28–29

shelf life of, 123–24

Compress ’Da Audio (CDA), 73, 105–6

compression technology

Brandenburg’s algorithm and, 10–11, 13–16, 22–25

Ogg Vorbis compression scheme,

132, 259

threat to recording industry of, 85

Congress, recording industry and, 119–21

conspiracy laws, 193–203, 251–58

copyright law

audiobook piracy and, 212–14

Brandenburg’s support for, 89–90

Fraunhofer’s support for, 89–90

mp3 technology and, 59, 94–96, 111, 165

music industry attitudes concerning, 56–58

Napster and infringement of, 114–21

peer-to-peer file-sharing and, 121–22

Pirate Party protests against, 243–45

Project Hubcap lawsuit and, 158–61

torrent tracking and, 240–43

Copyright Term Extension Act, 287n

cost per thousand impressions (CPM), 232–38

Cracked Rear View (album), 42, 45

crime triangle theory, 103–5

Curtis (album), 221–22

Death Row Records, 46–50, 78, 109

Def Jam Recordings/Def Jam South, 112–13, 148–49, 153

Diamond Multimedia Systems, 93, 121, 165

digital audio research. See psychoacoustic compression

digital jukebox. See streaming of music

digital piracy

evolution of, 1–4, 71–73

impact on recording industry of, 83–85, 124–25, 139–40, 154, 189–203

law enforcement crackdown on, 193–203

mp3 and growth of, 95–98

peer-to-peer file-sharing and, 114–16

Scene community involvement in, 72–73

torrent technology and, 168–70

Dockery, James Anthony (Tony)

chat room participation by, 70–71, 250

dismissal from PolyGram, 247

Glover and, 34, 74, 100–101, 142, 148–50

as “Jah Jah,” “StJames, ” 70

movie bootlegging by, 147, 184

music piracy activities of, 105–9, 142, 145, 176, 216, 220

at PolyGram Kings Mountain plant, 27–30, 102

trial and imprisonment of, 253, 262

Dolby systems, Advanced Audio Coding project and, 60

Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory (album), The, 78–79

Drake, Nick, 205–6

Drama, DJ, 201–3

Dre, Dr. (artist), 46, 48, 73–74, 77–78, 103, 124, 140, 153

Duke University, music piracy at, 149–50

DuPont corporation, 76, 82

DVD technology, 22, 146–51, 165, 183–88

Eberlein, Ernst, 13, 88

EGO music piracy group, 176, 179

Elektra Records, 42, 202

Ellis, Alan, 170–74, 205–14, 239–43, 262–63

Eminem, 103, 124, 140, 153, 182, 184, 197, 201

Eminem Show (album), The, 140–41, 153

EMI recording company, 154, 159, 189, 260

Encore (album), 182, 184

Entertainment Distribution Company (EDC), 191–92, 215, 221, 253

Ertegun, Ahmet, 39–42, 46, 48, 191, 199, 278n

European Parliament, 243–45

Fanning, John, 116, 119

Fanning, Shawn, 114, 116–19, 132

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

crackdown on digital piracy by, 193–203

surveillance of the Scene by, 147–48, 162, 203, 217, 226

50 Cent (artist), 144, 153, 177, 197, 220–22, 230

file-sharing subculture. See also peer-to-peer file-sharing

Fraunhofer’s opposition to, 89–90, 130–31

growth of, 71, 95–98, 133

Napster and, 114–18

Oink’s Pink Palace and, 210–14

threat to recording industry of, 193–203

filter bank technology, 9–10, 19–21, 55, 94

“First” (song), 197–98

“Fish” (RNS participant), 180–88, 220

Fix (album), The, 149–50, 158, 175–76

Flash codec multimedia system, 87

Frankel, Justin, 95, 128

Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Media Technology, 132, 259

Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits

Advanced Audio Coding project and, 60, 88

break in at, 22

commercial success of mp3 and, 87, 93–98, 128

format war with Philips and, 21–25, 128

L3Enc device and, 55–56

mp3 development and, 12, 15, 53–60

MPEG format war and, 18–20, 128

music piracy opposed by, 89–90

psychoacoustic compression and, 12, 15–18, 56

recording industry relations with, 57–58, 89–92

royalties from mp3 received by, 128–31

WinPlay3 development and, 60–62

Fry, Stephen, 211, 240

Fuchs, Michael, 42, 46, 50–51, 76–77, 278n

gaming software, piracy of, 108, 186

gangsta rap. See rap music

Geller, Harvey, 121, 158–61

Gerhäuser, Heinz, 13, 88, 132

Germany, patent protection in, 95–96

Get Rich or Die Tryin’(album), 153, 177,

199, 216

“Gin and Juice” (song), 50–51

Glover, Bennie Lydell (Dell)

as ADEG, 70–71, 145, 183, 251

albums released by, 103, 108–9, 135–41, 149, 158, 176–79, 184–85. 220–222, 226–27

bootlegging activities of, 67–68, 99–101, 175–76, 219–22

chat room presence of, 70–71

Dockery and, 34, 74, 100–101, 142, 148–50

dog breeding business of, 68–69, 100

dominance as leak source, 176–88, 211, 250–52

employment and termination at PolyGram plant, 27–33, 65, 247

FBI investigation of, 222–23, 226, 240, 247–52

indictment and trial of, 253–58

Kali’s association with, 108–9, 139–42, 145–46, 148–51, 215–22

KOSDK (music piracy leader) and, 181–88

lifestyle of, 34–35, 101, 187–88, 216–18

movie bootlegging by, 146–51, 183–88

post-prison life for, 263–64

relationship with Karen Barrett, 101–3, 142, 218

RNS, association with, 106–7, 142, 150–51, 176–79, 217–20

Scene rules violated by, 183–88

sleep apnea of, 31, 101

smuggling at PolyGram plant by, 135–40, 219–22

technology skills of, 30–31, 65–68, 176, 264

testimony against Cassim, 254–58

vehicle purchases of, 33–35, 65–66, 187–88, 218–22

work ethic of, 34–35, 101, 187–88, 216–18

Glover, Markyce, 99–100, 102

Gnutella peer-to-peer network, 160, 165

Graduation (album), 221–22, 248–49

Grainge, Lucian, 229, 260

Greenspan, Alan, 83–84, 111, 113, 243

Grill, Bernhard

Advanced Audio Coding project and, 88, 128

German Future Prize awarded to, 131

L3Enc development and, 55–56, 62–63

mp3 promotion and, 53–54, 59, 94–95, 97–98, 130–31, 134, 168

MPEG format wars and, 20–21, 23–25

psychoacoustic compression research and, 12–16, 19

WinPlay3 development and, 60–63, 95

Hanson (band), 82, 84

Harry Potter franchise, 211–14

Herre, Jürgen, 13, 59, 88

Hootie & the Blowfish, 42–45, 276n

Horowitz, Zach, 158–61, 231

Huckfeldt, Bruce, 194–96, 262

Huffman coding, 11, 16

“In Da Club” (song), 153, 199, 230

intellectual property law. See copyright law

International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI),

213–14, 217

Internet Relay Chat (IRC), 70–71, 105–6, 114, 130, 166, 182. See also chat rooms

Interpol, 147–48, 213, 217

Interscope Records, 45–50, 73, 77–80, 112–13, 153, 189

Iovine, Jimmy, 45–48, 76–80, 92, 112, 191

IP addresses

limits on for Scene members, 160–61, 180

traceability of, 70–71, 160–61, 250–52

iPod device, 155–57, 192–93, 202

iTunes Store, 132–33, 155–58, 189, 192, 205–6, 209, 235–36

Jackson, Michael, 84, 234

Japanese electronics industry, 93, 97,

127, 144

Jay-Z (artist), 103, 112–13, 125, 140, 177, 179, 201, 237–38, 260

Jobs, Steve, 132–33, 155–57, 189, 192–93, 227–28, 235–37

Johnston, James, 16–17, 20–21, 60, 96, 274n

Juvenile (artist), 80–81, 200

“Kali” (RNS ringleader)

as“Blazini,” “Death, ” 181

Glover’s association with, 108–9, 139–42, 145–46, 148–51, 215–22

law enforcement investigation of, 195–203, 248–52

leadership of RNS by, 106–8, 180–88, 217–20

paranoia of, 147, 217

post-RNS activities of, 251, 262

Saunders’ association with, 179

shutdown of RNS by, 218–22, 249–52

Tai’s association with, 143–45

Kaminska, Izabella, 244–45

Kazaa peer-to-peer network, 160, 165, 209, 225, 252

Knight, Suge, 46–50, 78, 81

KOSDK (RNS participant), 181–88, 220

Laurie Records, 38, 43–44, 199

Led Zeppelin (band), 39–41, 124, 199, 261

Level 3 encoder (L3Enc), 55–56, 62–63, 72–73, 88–89, 91

Lévy, Jean-Bernard, 155, 190

licensing agreements

mp3 technology and, 56–58, 90–91, 94, 128–29

music publishing business and, 234

for streaming media, 261

Lil Wayne, 81, 140, 154, 179, 200–202, 226

LimeWire peer-to-peer network, 160, 165, 171, 184, 252

Limp Bizkit, 79, 112, 123

Linde, Henri, 57–63, 93–94, 96, 127–29, 133

“Little Bit O’ Soul” (song), 43–44

Ludacris (artist), 140, 143–44, 148–49,

153, 177

Macintosh systems, mp3 and, 62, 132–33

Mannie Fresh (artist), 81, 154

Marilyn Manson (artist), 77, 79

market research, Morris’s reliance on, 42–50, 156–57, 190, 198–99

Marshall Mathers LP (album), The,

124–25

Messier, Jean-Marie, 122, 155

Metallica (band), 73, 202

Microsoft, 87, 128–30, 133

Middelhoff, Thomas, 116–17, 119

mixtapes, Internet distribution of, 201–2

Mnookin, Seth, 227–29

Mohan, Edward, 248, 251

MojoNation peer-to-peer network, 166–67

Montejano, Richard (RickOne) (OSC leader), 221–22, 248–49

Morris, Doug

advertising streaming revenue, 231–38

artists’ relationships with, 112–13, 120–21, 158–59, 191, 229–32

at Atlantic Records, 39–42

bootlegged music and, 84–85

Cash Money records and, 80, 113. 200, 202

earnings of, 189–90, 227, 260

Ertegun and, 39–42, 46, 48, 191, 199, 278n

Iovine and, 45–47

Jay-Z and, 103, 237

Jobs and, 155–57, 192–93, 227–28, 235–37

market research skills of, 42–50, 156–57, 190, 198–99, 228–29

MCA Music Entertainment Group and, 75–79

Napster, reaction to, 117–20

payola scandal and, 196–98

PolyGram merger and, 102–3

Project Hubcap lawsuits and, 158–61, 193

rap music expansion and, 148–51,

154–55, 221

as Sony Music CEO, 260

Universal Music Group and, 79–85, 111–12, 153, 155

Vevo and, 232–38, 261

Vivendi merger and, 122–25, 158–59, 189–92, 225–38

as Warner Music Group CEO, 37–38, 42–46, 50–51

Wired magazine interview and, 227–30

Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG)

DVD technology and, 165

mp3 development and, 17–20, 61–62, 94, 97–98, 127, 134

organizational structure of, 274n

Philips lobbying of, 20–21

psychoacoustic compression competition held by, 17–19, 53

support of mp2, 5–6, 20–25, 58

mp2 technology

MPEG endorsement of, 20–25

popularity of, 5, 53, 192

mp3 technology

bootlegged music using, 85, 88–89

Brandenburg’s development of, 2–6, 16, 18–21, 53–58, 128

commercial success of, 87

copy-protectable version of, 90

encoding process, 282n

Morris’ reaction to, 117–18, 120–21, 193

MPEG endorsement of, 20

music piracy and, 72–73, 193

patents on, 56–58, 90–91, 93–96, 128–29

player development for, 58–60, 125–26

psychoacoustic research and, 7–16, 128

recording industry resistance to, 5–6, 56–57, 90–92

MPMan player, 97, 259

MTV, 40, 179, 192–93

Murphy, George, 255–58

MUSICAM, 18–21, 24–25, 55, 60–61, 94, 97, 128, 134

Music Explosion (band), 43–44, 123

music festivals, growth of, 233–38, 260–61

music retailers

as prerelease source, 144–45, 176–77

price collusion and, 114

sales figures for, 43, 154

music videos, syndication of, 232–38, 260–61

Napster, 244

emergence of, 114–21

impact on recording industry of,

156–57, 244

mp3 technology and, 128, 130–31

peer-to-peer file-sharing and, 160, 165

portable player development and, 125–26

National Hockey League, 54–55

NEET demographic, 209–14

NetFraCk (piracy leader), 72–73

NFO files, Scene’s use of, 140–41, 182,

216, 219

Nicks, Stevie, 41, 45

Nine Inch Nails (band), 77, 208

No Doubt (band), 77, 79

Nominet domain name, 212–14

Ogg Vorbis, 132, 259

Oink’s Pink Palace, 170–74, 205–14, 239–43, 252, 263

Old Skool Classics (OSC) piracy group, 179, 220–22, 248–49

open-source software, 132, 168, 170–71, 259

Operation Buccaneer, 147–48, 162, 194

Operation Fastlink, 162–63, 182, 195, 203, 239, 257–58

organized crime, bootlegged music and, 67–68, 71–74, 83–85

Outkast, 108, 143–44, 148, 179

Pandora, 253, 261

Parker, Sean, 116–17

patent law, mp3 protections and, 95–96

PC systems, mp3 player development and, 55–56, 59, 62, 85

peer-to-peer file-sharing, 114–18, 121–22

lawsuits against, 158–61, 165, 225–26

Napster and, 160, 167

prerelease leaks and, 157–58

quality and distribution problems with, 165–67, 171–72

torrent technology and, 166–70, 226–27

Philips corporation

format wars and, 19–20, 59, 67, 94, 97, 134

mp2 promotion by, 20–25, 53

PolyGram division of, 32–33, 78, 82

Seagram purchase of PolyGram from, 82–85, 101

Physical Graffiti (album), 48, 199

Pink Moon (album), 205–6, 240

piracy, origin of term, 278n

Pirate Bay torrent site, 168–71, 173, 184, 207, 209, 240, 242–43, 252

Pirate Party, formation of, 242–45

PlayStation piracy, 108, 186

PolyGram division of Philips corporation, 32–33, 78, 82–85, 101, 111–12

EDC takeover of, 191–92, 215

marquee releases at, 136

PolyGram Kings Mountain manufacturing plant

closing of, 253

compact disc production at, 27–29

Glover’s employment at, 32–33, 175–76

Interscope distribution deal with, 73, 78

“No Theft Tolerated” standard at, 32

security system at, 67–68, 103–5, 135–39

smuggling activity at, 35, 67, 103–8, 135, 149–51, 176–88

Universal’s acquisition of, 84–85, 101–3

polyphase quadrature filter bank, 19–21

Popp, Harald, 13, 53, 56–59, 88, 93–95, 97–98, 130–31, 134

portable music players, 125–27

Prabhu, Jay, 194–96, 203, 252, 257

prerelease leaks

Oink’s Pink Palace and, 209–14

Scene involvement with, 72–73, 139–41, 144–45, 184–88

sources for, 144–45, 157–58, 176–77, 185–88

streaming technology and, 261–62

Pressplay online music store, 119, 157, 228

Project Hubcap lawsuits, 159–60, 166, 193, 225–26

psychoacoustic compression technology

AAC applications, 60, 88, 96–98

Brandenburg’s development of, 60, 88

competing research in, 7–17, 128

human speech and, 16

mp2 use of, 5, 20–25

mp3 use of, 7–16, 53–58

MPEG evaluation of, 17–19, 53

studio engineers’ reaction to, 91–92

Zwicker’s contributions to, 7–16, 18–19

publishing rights as revenue stream, 234–38, 260–61

Rabid Neurosis. See RNS

radio play statistics, 43, 196–200

recording industry

collusion in, 114

Congress and, 119–21

decline of, 83–85, 189

Morris’ career in, 42–51

mp3 development and, 56–57

Napster and, 114–21

payola scandal in, 196–97

performance targets and short-term results in, 123–24

profitability in 1990s of, 79–80

resistance to technology in, 90–93

Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)

Brandenburg’s meeting with, 90–92

lobbying activities of, 90–91

Napster and, 115, 121

Project Hubcap lawsuits and, 159–61, 193, 225–26

surveillance of the Scene by, 161–63, 217

record stores. See music retailers

Reyes, Jonathan, 203, 249

Reznor, Trent, 77, 208

Rhapsody, 253, 261

Rhone, Sylvia, 191, 202

RIAA vs. Diamond Multimedia Systems, 121, 125–26, 157, 165, 192

RiSC_ISO piracy group, 147–48

Rivera, Domingo, 255–57, 262

RNS

albums leaked by, 72–73, 139–41, 144–45, 184–88

audience demographics for releases by, 179–80, 215–16

command structure of, 105–8, 140–44, 149–51, 178–79, 181–88

counterintelligence campaign of, 182–88

dominance of piracy by, 176–88,

215–17, 252

law enforcement surveillance of, 180, 194–203, 249–52

nullification of illegal activities of, 255–58

Oink’s Pink Palace competition with, 211–14

RIAA surveillance of, 162–63

shutdown of, 216–22, 248–52

Rolling Stone magazine, 181–82, 202–3, 221

Rosen, Hilary, 115–16, 118–20, 159–60

Rowling, J. K., 211–14

royalty payments to musicians, 235–38

Saehan International, 93, 95, 97, 259

satellite dish, prerelease leaks using, 185–86

Saunders, Patrick

albums released by, 179

as “Da_Live_One,” 178–79

Glover’s contact with, 219–20

as informant, 250–51, 254, 256–57, 262

RNS involvement of, 178–79, 181, 217

surveillance of, 248–49

Scarface (artist), 148–49

“The Scene,” 88–89

aging out of members of, 216–17

Glover’s association with, 105–9, 139–40, 175–77, 184–88

journalism investigations into, 181–82

law enforcement surveillance of, 147–48, 162–63, 180, 193–203

leaks from, 184–88

movie bootlegging and, 146–51, 165

NFO files released by, 140–41

organizational structure of, 72, 105–8, 140–46, 180–88, 262

pirating protocols developed by,

139–40, 148

rival groups within, 176–79

topsite servers for, 107–9, 146

torrent tracking, 169, 173

Scorpions (band), 19, 59

Seagram corporation, 75–77, 81–82, 101, 118, 122–23, 155, 157

Seitzer, Dieter, 7–9, 11–13, 15–16, 22, 88, 259

Shumaker, Mark, 193–94

Sims, Chaney, 150–51, 175

Snoop Dogg, 34, 48–50, 77–78

software piracy, 71–72, 186

Sony corporation

decline of recording industry and,

192, 215

mp3 technology and, 60, 93

music piracy and, 85, 154, 189

Napster and, 119

portable music players and, 127

Project Hubcap lawsuits and, 159

sound quality, 7–16, 19, 89–92, 128

Spitzer, Eliot, 196–98, 200

Spotify, 253, 261

Stahler, Jacob, 194–96, 262

Stein, Alex, 241–42

streaming of music

Adar’s vision for, 56–57

advertising and, 230–38

growth of, 260–61

recording industry adoption of, 253, 261

recording industry early disregard of, 56–57. 89–92

Seitzer’s patent application for, 8

Svartholm Warg, Gottfrid, 169, 242–43

Tai, Simon

albums leaked by, 143–45

lack of charges against, 251, 262

RNS involvement of, 143–45, 216–17

as “RST,” 143

Telos Systems, 53–55, 87

Tha Carter albums I, II, and III, 154, 179, 200, 226

Thomas, Jammie, 225, 243

Thomson SA corporation, 17, 57–60, 94, 127

“360” deals, 234–35

Thriller (album), 84, 234

Time Warner corporation

AOL merger with, 122, 154–55, 189

Morris and, 37, 40–42, 45, 47, 50–51, 75–77, 228

rap music and, 47–50, 78

“Tom’s Diner” (song), 16–18, 59

topsite servers

FBI “Fatal Error” false topsite, 194

Glover’s membership on, 183–88

Scene’s use of, 107–9, 146–51, 180

torrent technology, 166–74, 193, 205–14, 218, 226–27, 239–43

Total Request Live, 197–98

Tower Records, 114, 154

Tuesday rippers as prerelease source, 144–45, 157–58

Tupac Shakur (artist), 48–50, 73–74,

77–79, 191

2 Live Crew (rap group), 50, 120, 191

typisch Deutsch culture, 6, 13, 24–25

U2 (band), 45, 182

Universal Music Group (UMG)

Apple’s bid for, 155–57

dominance of, 111–14, 124, 189

formation of, 79–85, 101–3, 107–9

Morris’ retirement from, 260

Napster and, 118

payola scandal and, 196–98

Project Hubcap lawsuit and, 158–61, 225–26

rap music acquired by, 148–51, 153–55

revenue declines at, 154, 189–92, 199–203

Universal Studios, 76, 82

“unsecured wireless” defense in music piracy trials, 256–58

upload ratio requirements, 170–74, 210–14

USA Today, 89, 93

Valenti, Jack, 119–20

Van Buren, Steve, 103–5, 135–36, 149–51, 175

Vega, Suzanne, 16–18, 59

Vevo video syndication service, 232–38, 261

video compression, evolution of, 99

Virgin Records America, Inc. v. Thomas-Rasset, 285n

Vivendi Universal, 122–23, 154–55, 158–59, 189–92, 221, 228

Vu, Peter, 162–63, 203, 223–24, 240, 247–52, 254–58

Waffles.fm website, 239–40

Warez groups, 71–73, 88–89, 99, 105–6. See also “The Scene”

Warner Music Group, 37, 39–42, 50–51, 77, 154, 189, 260

payola scandal and, 196

Project Hubcap lawsuit and, 159

Waterworld (film), 76, 81

West, Kanye, 153, 177, 220–22, 261–62

What.cd website, 239–40

Williams, Bryan (Birdman), 81, 200

Williams, Ronald (Slim), 81, 200

Winamp, 95, 128, 132–33

“Wind of Change” (song), 19, 59

Windows Media Player, 87, 129–30

WinPlay3, 60–63, 88–89, 95

Wired magazine, 227–30

Yahoo! search engine, 70, 130

Yates, Terry, 255–58

YouTube, advertising revenues on, 229–38

Zephyr mp3 conversion boxes, 54–56, 87

zero-day leaks, piracy quest for, 105–9

Zwicker, Eberhard, 7–10, 18–19, 91–92

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