How to Think Like a Roman Emperor: The Stoic Philosophy of Marcus Aurelius

INDEX

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Academic school of philosophy

Aesop’s fables

The Boar and the Fox

fable of two bags

The Fox and the Lion

The Town Mouse and the Country Mouse

affection

agoge (Greek training)

agora

Agrippinus, Paconius

alcohol

Alexander of Cotiaeum

Alexander the Great

amor fati (love of one’s fate)

anger

cognitive distancing for

cognitive distancing from our own judgment for

contemplation of death for

as desire

example of Marcus’s response to Cassius’s rebellion

functional analysis for

human imperfection and

modeling virtue technique for

nobody does wrong willingly technique for

postponement technique for

self-monitoring technique for

social nature of human beings and

Stoic cognitive techniques for

Stoic determinism and

as temporary madness

ten gifts from Apollo and

virtues and

uncertainty of others’ motives technique for

whole character of the other person technique for

Antiochus IV Epiphanes of Commagene

antirhetoric

Antonine Plague

Antoninus Pius

adoption of Marcus

death of

as emperor

family home of

gentleness and patience of

Hadrian compared with

influence on Marcus

Marcus on

Marcus’s education under

named official heir to Hadrian

Pius cognomen earned by

Roman cultural shift to philosophy under

anxiety and worry

cognitive-behavioral therapy for

cognitive distancing for

contemplation of impermanence for

coping plans for

decatastrophizing for

emotional habituation and

existential

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

inner citadel and

lack of mention of in The Meditations

of Lucius Verus

premeditation of adversity for

reserve clause for

responses to

social anxiety disorder

Stoicism’s theory of emotions and

values and

worry postponement for

See also fear

apatheia (freedom from harmful desires and passions)

Apollo

Apollonius of Chalcedon

apostrophizing

apotheosis (elevation to status of a god)

arete (excellence of character)

Arete

Aristo of Chios

aristocrats

Aristotelianism

Aristotle

Arrian

Asclepius

ataraxia (freedom from pain and suffering)

Augustus

Ballomar

Bandaspus

Battle of Carnuntum

Baudouin, Charles

Beck, Aaron T.

Bion of Borysthenes

Borkovec, Thomas D.

brotherhood of man

Brown, Derren

Bucoli

caduceus (magic wand of Hermes)

cardinal virtues See also courage; justice; moderation; virtue; wisdom

Cassius Dio

Cassius, Avidius

in Parthian War

rebellion of

catastrophizing. See also decatastrophizing

Cato of Utica

Catulus, Cinna

Cerberus

chara (inner joy)

charis (gratitude)

Choice of Hercules, The (moral fable)

Chrysippus

Chrysostom, Dio

Cicero

Claudius Maximus

Cleanthes

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

for changing desires

divide-and-conquer techniques

for pain management

Stoicism as inspiration for

worry postponement

cognitive distancing

anger and

anxiety and

definition of

desire and

Dichotomy of Control (Stoic Fork)

katharsis (purification) and

language (wise speaking) and

pain management and

cognitive therapy

decatastrophizing

definition of fear and

mindfulness and acceptance-based

mind-reading fallacy

objective representation and

pain tolerance and

philosophical origins of

See also cognitive-behavioral therapy; cognitive distancing

College of the Salii

Commodus (Marcus’s son)

appointed official heir and title of Caesar

Cassius’s rebellion and

as emperor

Marcus’s clemency for Cassius ignored by

fear of death by

murder of

toga virilis assumed by

cosmopolitanism

cost-benefit analysis

counterrhetoric

courage (fortitude)

in Aesop’s The Fox and the Lion

anger and

as cardinal virtue

The Choice of Hercules and

core values compared with

definition of

Freemasonry and

pain tolerance and

in role models

Seneca on

Socratic philosophy and

Stoic acceptance and

Stoic language and

worldly goals and

Crates of Thebes

cynicism

Cynicism

Aristo of Chios and

The Choice of Hercules and

clothing of

cold/heat tolerance and

courage and

exposed shoulders and

in history of Stoicism

Marcus’s mentors

plain speaking of

Plato’s Academy compared with

Stoicism compared with

transparency and

virtue as only true good in

voluntary acceptance in

voluntary hardship in

See also Diogenes the Cynic

D.V. (Deo volente, “God willing”)

death, meditation on

decatastrophizing scripts

decatastrophizing

of Agrippinus

for anxiety

definition of

for fear

techniques

depression

desire

Aesop’s The Town Mouse and the Country Mouse

cognitive distancing for

conquering

doing something else technique for

Epicureanism and

evaluating consequences for

gratitude and

spotting early warning signs of

steps for change

therapy of the passions

See also pleasure

Dichotomy of Control (Stoic Fork)

Dickens, Charles

Diogenes the Cynic

Diognetus

divide-and-conquer cognitive therapy techniques

double standard

drug use and abuse

Dubois, Paul

elenchus (Socratic method of questioning)

Ellis, Albert

emanes (you’ve lost your mind)

emotions, Stoicism’s theory of. See also anger; anxiety and worry; depression; fear

Empedocles

Epaphroditus

Epictetus

beard of

cognitive distancing and

on desire

Discourses

on emotions

The Golden Verses of Pythagoras and

on gratitude

Handbook (Enchiridion)

“In What Manner We Ought to Bear Sickness”

on language

Marcus’s admiration for

on myth of Hercules

on objective representation

on pain of philosophical training

on pain tolerance

on reserve clause

on self-awareness

on Socrates

Socratic questioning used by

on Stoic acceptance

on Stoic philosophy as like the caduceus

Stoicism of

Epicureanism

Epicurus

ethical cosmopolitanism

Euclid of Megara

eudaimonia (fulfillment)

Eudaimonia (in The Choice of Hercules)

eupatheiai (good passion)

fairness

Fate

Faustina (Marcus’s wife)

Favorinus of Arelate

fear

cognitive distancing for

decatastrophizing for

emotional habituation for

example of Marcus’s defeat of Sarmatian ambush

inner citadel technique for

premeditation of adversity for

spontaneous psychological change and

Stoic reserve clause for

worry postponement for

See also anxiety and worry

fortitude. See also courage

Freemasonry

Fronto, Marcus Cornelius (Marcus’s rhetoric tutor)

functional analysis

for anger

for changing desire

definition of

for pain management

Furius Victorinus

Galen

On the Diagnosis and Cure of the Soul’s Passions

Gellius, Aulus

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Gnaeus Claudius Severus

Gnosticism

Hadot, Pierre

Hadrian

Hamlet (Shakespeare)

Hanselman, Stephen

happiness

The Choice of Hercules and

desire and

Marcus and

See also desire; joy; pleasure

hedone (pleasure). See also pleasure

hegemonikon (ruling faculty). See also reason

Heraclitus

Hercules. See Choice of Hercules, The

Hermes

Herodes Atticus

Herodian

Historia Augusta

Holiday, Ryan

Homer

hostis publicus (public enemy)

hupexhairesis (with a reserve clause)

Iazyges

imperium (supreme military authority equal to that of the emperor in his absence)

in vitro (imaginal). See also modeling strategies

in vivo (real world). See also modeling strategies

injustice

inshallah (God willing)

internet

social media

Isidorus

Jarrett, Thomas

joy

judgment. See value judgments

Julia Cassia Alexandra

Julian

Julius Caesar

justice

anger and

as cardinal virtue

The Choice of Hercules and

core values compared with

definition of

intrinsic value of

joy and

of Marcus

in role models

in social sphere

Socratic philosophy and

Stoic Sage and

See also injustice

Kakia

katharsis (purification) See also cognitive distancing

kindness

“know thyself”

Laelius the Wise

Laertius, Diogenes

language of Stoicism

conciseness

counterrhetoric

emotion and

objective representation (phantasia kataleptike)

objectivity and

traditional rhetoric compared with

truth as goal of

value judgments and

virtues of

wisdom and

Lazarus, Richard

learning cycle

evening meditation

morning meditation

logic (discipline). See also reason

Lombardi, Michael

Lucius Aelius

Lucius Verus

adopted by Antoninus

Cassius Dio on

The Choice of Hercules and

co-emperor with Marcus

death of

excesses of

in First Marcomannic War

Historia Augusta on

Marcus on in The Meditations

in Parthian War

wife of (Lucilla)

Mai, Angelo

Marcomannic Wars

Battle of Carnuntum

First Marcomannic War

Marcus Aurelius

adopted by Hadrian as grandson

anger and

assumption of title Caesar

birth of

commitment to Stoicism under Junius Rusticus

daughter (Lucilla)

death of

death of children

death of father

death of wife

defeat of Sarmatian ambush

early childhood

early training in philosophy

final days of

as final famous Ancient Stoic

final words of

formal study of philosophy from Diognetus

generosity of

inner citadel and

many “deaths” of

military skills of

mother (Domitia Lucilla)

premeditation of adversity and

resilience of

response to Cassius’s rebellion

Stoic reserve clause and

“Thunderbolt Miracle” of

“The universe is change; life is opinion”

wife of (Faustina)

See also Meditations, The (Marcus Aurelius)

Marcus Valerius Maximianus

McGeehan, Pat

meditation

meditation scripts

Stoicism’s morning and evening

Meditations, The (Marcus Aurelius)

on Alexander of Cotiaeum (Greek grammarian tutor)

on anger

on Antonius

on Apollonius (philosopher)

catalogue of virtues

on court life

details in

on distaste for pretense

on emotions

on Epictetus

Epictetus as most quoted author in

on Fronto (rhetoric tutor)

Hadrian’s absence from

on inner citadel

on language

on Lucius

on most-admired philosophers

on pain

praise for unnamed household tutor

on premeditation of adversity

safeguarding of

on sexual innocence

on social dimension of Stoicism

on Stoic reserve clause

on ten gifts of Apollo

on virtue

on war

writing of

Megarian school of philosophy

mentors and mentoring

for attitudes

for behaviors

desire and

finding one’s

Galen on

honesty and

of Marcus

mentoring oneself

mindfulness and

models compared with

origin of the term

process of Stoic mentoring

See also modeling strategies; role models

metacognition

mindfulness

mentoring and

modern

prosoche (paying attention to oneself)

Stoic

mindfulness and acceptance-based cognitive therapy

modeling strategies

contemplating role models and ideal Sage

desired versus admired lists

elenchus (Socratic questioning)

imagining

learning cycle

mental rehearsal of behavior change

morning and evening meditation

values clarification

writing

See also role models

moderation (temperance)

attachment and

as cardinal virtue

definition of

desire and

in eating

Freemasonry and

functional analysis and

of Marcus

in others

reason for exercising

in role models

Seneca on

Socratic philosophy and

Stoicism and

Modern Stoicism

moral wisdom. See also wisdom

Musonius Rufus

natural affection. See also affection

Nero

Nietzsche, Friedrich

objective representation (phantasia kataleptike)

for anxiety

for desire

exercises for

for fear

for pain tolerance

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Octavian (Augustus)

Odyssey (Homer)

Oracle of Delphi

Origen

pain tolerance

cognitive distancing for

contemplating finitude and impermanence for

contemplating virtue for

depreciation by analysis technique for

functional analysis for

objective representation for

Stoic acceptance and

Stoic studied indifference and

Panaetius of Rhodes

pankration (ancient sport)

parrhesia (plain speaking) See language of Stoicism

Parthian War

passions. See desire

Pertinax

phantasia kataleptike (objective representation) See also objective representation

phantasiai (initial impressions)

Philopater

philosophy (ancient world)

academic philosophy compared with

love of wisdom

Marcus’s preference for

modern applicability of

See also Cynicism; Socrates; Stoicism

physicalizing

Pigliucci, Massimo

plague

Plato

Academy of

Apology

pleasure

action and

The Choice of Hercules and

cognitive distancing and

Epicureanism and

indifferent nature of

Lucius compared with Marcus regarding

moderation and

pain tolerance and

sensation and

Stoic joy compared with

Stoicism’s theory of emotion

values and

virtue and

Pompeianus (Marcus’s son-in-law and right-hand man)

ponos (voluntary hardship)

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

praemeditatio malorum (premeditation of adversity)

Praesens, Bruttius

premeditation of adversity. See praemeditatio malorum

problem-solving

Prodicus of Ceos

propatheiai (proto-passions)

prosoche (paying attention to oneself)

proto-passions. See propatheiai

prudence. See also wisdom

psychotherapy

stoicism in early

See also cognitive-behavioral therapy; rational emotive behavior therapy

Pythagoras

The Golden Verses of Pythagoras

Pythagoreans

Quadi

rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

reason

anger and

cognitive-behavioral therapy and

courage and

death and

emotions and

enduring hardship and

functional analysis and

inner citadel and

joy and

king metaphor of

of Marcus

as ruling faculty (hegemonikon)

self-control and

in Socratic philosophy

in Stoicism

truth and

value judgments and

wisdom and

worry postponement and

reserve clause

resilience

in Aesop’s The Boar and the Fox

of Apollonius of Chalcedon

cognitive behavioral therapy and

emotional habituation and

learning cycles and

love of wisdom and

of Marcus

objective representation and

social relationships and

stress inoculation and

Warrior Resilience Training

rhetoric

catastrophizing and

desire and

emotion and

hyperbole

Marcus’s education in

Marcus’s preference for philosophy

Second Sophistic

Stoicism’s plain speaking compared with formal rhetoric

truth and

See also Sophistry

rhetoric of pain

rhetoricians

role models

anger and

cognitive distancing and

desire and

fear and

finding one’s

Galen on

for Marcus

Marcus on

modeling strategies

morning meditation on

ourselves as

for youth

See also mentors and mentoring; modeling strategies

Rusticus, Arulenus

Rusticus, Junius (Marcus’s main Stoic tutor)

death of

Epictetus’s lecture notes given to Marcus by

influence on Marcus of

mentor for Marcus

role model for Marcus

Stoic plain speaking and

Stoic therapy and

Sage, Stoic

Sarmatians

Iazyges

Marcus’s defeat of Sarmatian ambush

scholarchs

Scipio Africanus the Younger (Scipio Aemilianus)

Scipionic Circle

Second Sophistic

self-help

Seneca

on cold baths

on emotion

execution of

influence of The Golden Verses of Pythagoras on

on mentoring

modern applicability of

On Anger

on premeditation of adversity

on reserve clause

rhetoric tutor to Nero

on role toward his students

texts of

Sextus of Chaeronea

Shakespeare, William

Skepticism

social anxiety disorder

social media

Socrates

acceptance of death by

Apology (Plato)

barefooted walking of

battlefield peace of mind of

calmness of

The Choice of Hercules and

“citizens of the universe” attributed to

on death as prankster

execution of

on external goods

history of philosophy and

inconclusiveness of

Marcus’s admiration for

Memorabilia (Xenophon)

as model of virtue

moderation of

on moderation and self-control

modern applicability of

on pain

on paradox that nobody does wrong willingly

on philosophers

on Sophists

students of

on the unexamined life

on vice and human imperfection

on virtue

Socratic irony

Socratic questioning

sophistication

Sophistry

Marcus’s education and

Second Sophistic

Socrates on

Stoicism compared with

See also rhetoric

Spinoza

Stilpo

Stoa Poikile (“Painted Porch”)

stoicism

Stoicism

beliefs

cardinal virtues and

The Choice of Hercules and

cosmopolitanism (citizens of the universe) and

counterrhetoric of

Cynicism compared with

death and

emotions and

good, bad, and indifferent external things

history of

language and

learning cycle of

philosophy (love of wisdom) and

sociability of human nature and

Sophistry compared with

Stoic acceptance

Stoic Fork (Dichotomy of Control)

Stoic mindfulness

Stoic Opposition

Stoic Sage

therapy of the passions

virtue as only true good

stress

post-traumatic stress disorder

public life and

transactional model of

workplace

stress inoculation

sunkatatheseis (assent)

Telemachus

temperance. See also moderation

ten gifts from Apollo

Tertullian

tetrapharmacum (fourfold remedy)

Themistius

therapeia (psychological therapy)

Thrasea

time projection

Titus Aurelius Antoninus

toga virilis (toga marking passage to adulthood)

tribôn (single-garment cloak or shawl)

truth

Twelve Labors of Hercules

value judgments

anger and

cognitive distancing and

decatastrophizing and

emotions and

fear and

language and

objective representation and

pain tolerance and

reason and

Stoic self-awareness and

wisdom and

values clarification

desired vs. admired list

Verus, Publius Martius

Vettius Sabinianus

Victorinus, Aufidius

Victorinus, Furius

View from above (Stoic technique)

virtue

cardinal virtues

Greek aristocratic view of

as its own reward

Socratic philosophy on

See also courage; justice; moderation; wisdom

Vologases IV

Warrior Resilience Training

wisdom (prudence)

appearance of

as cardinal virtue

The Choice of Hercules and

cleverness compared with

cognitive distancing and

core values compared with

death and

decatastrophizing and

definition of

emotional resilience and

forms of

Freemasonry and

intrinsic value of

joy and

language and

love of

of Marcus

morning meditation and

reason and

reason for exercising

of role models

social sphere and

Socratic philosophy and

Sophists and

Stoicism and

Zeno on

worry. See anxiety and worry

worry postponement

Xenophon

Memorabilia

Zeno of Citium

The Choice of Hercules and

on external goods

Galen on

Handbook of Rhetoric

history of Stoicism and

as model of virtue

phantasia kataleptike (objective representation)

scholarchs

on wisdom