Letters between Forster and Isherwood on Homosexuality and Literature

160

LETTERS BETWEEN FORSTER AND ISHERWOOD

[postmark of postcard: Cambridge, June 3, 1961]

Behold my bird and with what curves about Coventry [the “y” connects with his drawing of a bird] it greets your suggestion[,] but I must check them until I have spoken to Bob (on Saturday) and May (on Sunday). 11

Salisbury Avenue is our address there and I should be there through the coming week.

* * *

Monday [June 5? 1961]

11 Salisbury Avenue

Coventry, Warwickshire

Dearest Christopher,

Can you and Don come up here on Tuesday the 13th or Wednesday the 14th, take a morning train[,] let us know when it arrives, and if Bob does not meet it then take a taxi up here from the station, and be with us for lunch? Sightseeing can occur in the afternoon.

Did you know that Heinz and Gerda arrive in England on the 24th, and will be staying in my Chiswick flat?

Hoping to see you here next week. Let me know date as soon as possible.

Love from

Morgan

* * *

King’s College Cambridge

March 25[,] 1962

Dearest Christopher,

I didn’t come off with your book,38 and this day, the first of British Summer Time, brings me warmth enough to say so. I read it all through and bits of it again and again, and with varied pleasures, but the final union was withheld. I tell myself it’s because I’m too old, but that’s priggish, and am inclined to another explanation—also personal—which is that I didn’t want Christopher or his variants to guide me through a book by you any more. He had done all he could for me already. I wanted a yarn less conditioned by him. I had other reservations—my failure to be interested in Paul being one of them, in contrast to the immense interest he arouses in other readers, e.g. Joe. And connected with Paul no doubt, I don’t feel I’ve had a look down there and come back. The hole in my flooring must be somewhere else in fact.—This reaction to a guide (or, to put him less crudely, to pal-zeik-03 4/14/08 2:57 PM Page 161

THE POSTWAR YEARS

161

a continuous presence) has come to me when reading other authors: e.g.

Conrad with his much slighter employment of Marlowe. I don’t always find him a help towards the matter in hand. And your matter is important and enormous.

I have been behaving very well to everyone lately, it seems to me, and your remarks on the perils and punishments hanging over those who thus excel their friends fall on me with particular poignancy. What have I been doing in the literary way may perhaps be enquired. Well a box has just been presented to me by the Public Trustee (How obtained? through good behaviour of course), and in it are papers relating to my g[rea]t g[rea]t uncle Robert Thornton who went to the bad in 1814[,] fled to France, and thence to Lancaster[,] Pennsylvania, where he can be traced up to 1820. On this date he closed his account with his solicitors and it is their box that has just come to me, in the arms of a Mrs Jackson. He is said to have died in 1826.

I hope to get to London later in the week, to see six Buckinghams, two Harewoods, and the retrospective Keith Vaughan exhibition.39 I wonder whether there will be anything in it as good as the picture you gave me. I have been looking at it a great deal lately, and meditating on the Heroic Nude, of which it is a specimen. K. V. achieved some in an earlier period, they say. So did Michelangelo. Most nudes are defenceless and either sen-suous or sexless. The heroic nude avoids all three weaknesses.

Here Ted Gillott has looked in with an American of three years old, and I have walked them down to the lodge. No, the cold is still icy and of a bitterness. No heart can yet flow in it. What a good thing I did not discover this before.

Back in room, and love from

Morgan

* * *

April 6 [1962]

145 Adelaide Drive

Santa Monica

California

Dearest Morgan,

Thank you so much for your letter. It was sweet of you to trouble to write about my novel, especially as you didn’t much care for it. I’m sorry, of course, but not entirely surprised. There is a part of me, of my literary and personal character, which is very far from what you are and stand for, pal-zeik-03 4/14/08 2:57 PM Page 162

162

LETTERS BETWEEN FORSTER AND ISHERWOOD

which is perhaps one of the reasons why I love and admire you so much! I don’t mean by this that I am apologizing for myself or even for the book. It said exactly what I intended it to say, and now I feel a lot better. My next will be quite different, and no doubt, to some extent, the likers and dislikers may change sides over it.

Joe Ackerley’s being here made us both—and indeed also Gerald Heard, Chris Wood, etc—wish sadly that you had come with him. What a joyful get-together that would have been! But Joe has told us a lot about you. He also mentioned a story you have written I long to see. And how fascinating the Robert Thornton papers sound!

I hope you enjoyed the Keith Vaughan show, but hope also that you will decide you like yours at least one of the best.

We have had wretched weather, but now it is fine and hot. Don is working hard. His struggle is to make himself paint. The Slade planted a seed of guilt in his heart about drawing. He feels he should do both. He will probably have a show on Long Island in the middle of the summer and he as arranged for a show here in the autumn. I’m in a whirl with teaching, trying to finish the Ramakrishna biography—which, entre nous, is becoming a labor of sheer willpower, and not very sheer, either—and planning a new short novel. I fear that “Christopher” may rear his head again, but perhaps only a few inches above ground.

I think I told you in my last letter how much Don enjoyed the New York production of Passage to India. It seems to be doing well? My only hope is that it will do well enough to go on tour and come to us here, because I greatly fear I won’t get East to see it. I’m tied down to teaching until June, anyhow.

Don is out, but I can take the responsibility of sending you his love.

All mine,

Christopher

* * *

December 13 [1963]

145 Adelaide Drive

Santa Monica

California

Dearest Morgan,

At least, this year, my birthday wishes to you won’t be late! I am writing this early because I am about to take another plunge into the Orient—

India, in fact—Calcutta, not to put to fine a point upon it—there to take pal-zeik-03 4/14/08 2:57 PM Page 163

THE POSTWAR YEARS

163

part in the birthday celebrations of Swami Vivekananda; his centenary.

Why? You may well ask. Because I have been invited, of course. In that symbolic land, purely symbolic speeches by impurely symbolic figures are considered worth the price of a round-the-world airplane ticket, and the fact that there isn’t one single thing I can tell them about Vivekananda which they don’t know already is, of course, utterly irrelevant. I wish you were coming with us. Us includes Prabhavananda; and I suppose I am really going just because he asked me to. He dreads all this just as much as I do.

And the mere sight of his native land usually throws him into a fever. Last time he went there, he was sick every single day.

I wish I could return via England, but alas there isn’t enough time for that. So I shall just go hurtling on around like a sputnik.

Aldous died quietly, without any pain at the end. He was absolutely clear, mentally. The day before he died, he finished dictating an article about Shakespeare. He wasn’t told of Kennedy’s shooting, which happened just a few hours earlier.

Personally, I was very strongly pro-Kennedy; but I was still amazed at how much I minded. And, in this quite largely anti-Kennedy town, which has so little to unite it, it was amazing how much everybody minded.

People just sat listening to the radio in their cars and sobbing. We were all in love with him, without knowing it.

Don is well and sends his love to you. He paints quite a lot, now, instead of just drawing; but it is always portraits, he has no enthusiasm for landscape, still life or abstractions. We will meet in New York where he is going to spend Christmas.

I have finished two books: a little novel called A Single Man, which is all about this place; and the long weary biography of Ramakrishna which I have been working on all these ages.

I would love to hear some news of your doings.

All my love to you, dearest Morgan—and to Bob and May, too. I think of you and talk about you so often. So please send me a loving thought—

Christopher

* * *

[postmark of air letter: Coventry, Warwickshire]

5th Jan. 1966

Dearest Christopher,40

What a delight to get your letter. Yes, I have not been well but am now spending a most happy Christmas & New Year at Bob’s. It is indeed actually pal-zeik-03 4/14/08 2:57 PM Page 164

164

LETTERS BETWEEN FORSTER AND ISHERWOOD

May who is writing this letter. They encourage me in idleness & I gladly co-operate.

Bob takes me back to Cambridge at the end of the week.

I haven’t much news. I am comfortable and happy but that is not supposed to be news. My love to Don. I am very glad to hear about his work.

Much love to you, naturally & to your work though I am sorry it is not bringing you to England.

I will stop now, having suggested to May that she should add something and she has accepted the suggestion.

Morgan’s love.

* * *

Morgan has had 3 strokes, the last in September but he has almost completely recovered. Each one has affected his sight[;] reading & writing are difficult and you know what that must mean to him. Joe goes to Cambridge each week for a night or two to deal with his post. He is now as active as ever, walking well and his mind as bright and clear as a new penny but he does forget things, who does not.

We plan to go to Aldeburgh for the festival in June. We took him there last October when he came out of hospital and was in very poor shape and had such a nice hotel and so many good friends in the area we feel that we couldn’t do better[;] whatever should happen there would be plenty of help.

Our children were also here for a week and I did wonder[ed] if they would tire him too much in such a small house but I don’t think they did at all.

I was just remembering the day you came here to see Morgan, three years ago. Don was with you and we sat in the garden.

Robert is out calling on his naughty boys or would join me in sending our love and very best wises to you both affectionately,

May

pal-zeik-04bio 4/21/08 10:36 AM Page 165

Biographical Glossary

All entries are British unless otherwise noted.

Ackerley, Joseph Randolph (1896–1967). Literary editor, author, and close friend of Forster’s. He was the literary editor of The Listener from 1935 to 1959. He is also the author of My Dog Tulip (1956) and We Think the World of You (1960).

Auden, Wystan Hugh (1907–73). Poet and intimate friend of Isherwood’s.

Major works of poetry include The Orators (1932), The Age of Anxiety: A Baroque Eclogue (1947), The Shield of Achilles (1955), and City Walls and Other Poems (1969). He collaborated with Isherwood on three plays: The Dog Beneath the Skin (1935), The Ascent of F6 (1936), and On the Frontier (1939).

Bachardy, Don (1934– ). American painter and Isherwood’s companion from 1953 until Isherwood’s death in 1986. His drawings have been published in several books: October (1983), Last Drawings of Christopher Isherwood (1990), and Stars in My Eyes (2000). His paintings and drawings are in the collections of the National Portrait Gallery in London, the Metropolitan Museum of New York, and other major art institutions.

Barger, Harold (1907–89). Professor of Economics at Columbia University form 1937 to 1975. He graduated from King’s College, Cambridge, and the London School of Economics.

Baxter, Walter (1915– ). Author of a novel, Look Down in Mercy (1951), which was considered controversial. He had previously owned a restaurant in London.

Beerbohm, Henry Maximilian (Max) (1872–1956). Humorist and essayist. Author of Zuleika Dobson (1911). His A Christmas Garland (1912) contains parodies of contemporary literary writers, such as Henry James, Joseph Conrad, and H. G. Wells.

Bowen, Elizabeth (1899–1973). Novelist and short-story writer. Her collections of stories include Encounters (1923), The Cat Jumps (1934), and pal-zeik-04bio 4/21/08 10:36 AM Page 166

166

BIOGRAPHICAL GLOSSARY

The Demon Lover (1945). Her novels include The Hotel (1927), The Death of the Heart (1938), and A World of Love (1955).

Britten, Benjamin (1913–76). Composer. His operas include Peter Bunyan (1941), Billy Budd (1951), and Death in Venice (1973). A major choral and orchestral work is War Requiem (1961). He also composed the music for two Auden-Isherwood plays, The Ascent of F6 and On the Frontier.

Burgess, Guy (1910–63). British diplomat who also spied for the Soviet Union. He eventually defected to the Soviet Union in 1956. He introduced Isherwood to Jacky Hewitt (Burgess’s former lover) in 1938.

Burra, Peter (1909–37). Literary and music critic. His essay on Forster’s A Passage to India was included in the Everyman’s Library 1942 edition.

Cadmus, Paul (1904–99). American artist who drew both Forster and Isherwood. He is best known for his paintings and drawings of male nudes.

Caskey, William (Bill) (1921–81). American photographer who was Isherwood’s lover from 1945 to 1951.

Cavafy, Constantine P. (1863–1933). Greek poet who spent most of his life in Alexandria. He appears as a character in Lawrence Durrell’s Alexandria Quartet.

Charlton, Lionel Evelyn Oswald (Leo) (1879–1956). An Air Commodore who was Air Attaché at the British Embassy in Washington, DC from 1919

to 1922. Friend of Forster’s.

Connolly, Cyril (1903–74), Critic and Literary Editor. He founded and edited the influential monthly magazine Horizon from 1939 to 1950. He is also the author of several full-length works, including The Unquiet Grave (1944) by “Palinurus.”

Crozier, Eric (1914–94). Librettist who collaborated with Benjamin Britten on several operas, including Billy Budd (upon which he worked also with Forster).

Dawkins, Richard MacGillivray (1871–1955). Professor of Byzantine and Modern Greek Language and Literature at Oxford University from 1920 to 1939.

Day-Lewis, Cecil (1904–72). Poet of the “Thirties’ Group” that included Auden and Spender. He was active in the Communist Party from 1935 to 1938. His poetry collections informed by contemporary politics include A Time to Dance (1935) and Overtures to a Death (1938). He also wrote detective fiction.

pal-zeik-04bio 4/21/08 10:36 AM Page 167

BIOGRAPHICAL GLOSSARY

167

Dickinson, Goldsworthy Lowes (1862–1932). Historian and political activist. A Fellow at King’s College Cambridge and intimate friend of Forster’s. He was a pacifist during World War I. His works include The Greek View of Life (1909) and War: Its Nature, Cause, and Cure (1923).

Doone, Rupert (1903–66). Theatrical producer, dancer, and choreographer who founded The Group Theatre, a cooperative. He directed Isherwood and Auden’s play, The Ascent of the F6.

Fouts, Denham (Denny). Closely associated with Peter Watson in the 1930s, helping him solicit contributions to the Horizon. He and Isherwood became friends in the 1940s.

Glaspell, Susan (1882–1948). American playwright who, together with her husband, George Cook, founded the Provincetown Players on Cape Cod in 1915. She won the Pulitzer Prize in 1931 for her play, Alison’s House.

Hamilton, Gerald (Mr. Norris) (1890–1970). Isherwood’s friend who was the model for Mr. Norris in Mr. Norris Changes Trains. He was twice imprisoned in England, for associating with the enemy during World War I and promoting peace favorable to the enemy during World War II.

Heard, Henry Fitzgerald (Gerald) (1885–1971). Irish writer and philosopher. A close friend of Aldous Huxley, both of whom were disciples of Swami Prabhavananda. His works include The Social Substance of Religion (1932), Man the Master (1942), and Is God Evident? (1948).

Hewit, Jacky (1917– ). Dancer who had a brief love affair with Isherwood in 1938. He was also the lover of the diplomat, Guy Burgess.

Huxley, Aldous (1894–1963). Novelist whose best-known work is Brave New World (1932). His other novels include Point Counter Point (1928) and Eyeless in Gaza (1936). A pacifist who emigrated to California in 1937. He collaborated with Isherwood on two screenplays: Jacob’s Hands and Below the Horizon.

Hyndman, Tony. Companion of Stephen Spender’s in the early 1930s. He became a Communist and, after joining the International Brigade, fought briefly in the Spanish Civil War.

Kirstein, Lincoln (1907–96). American ballet impresario who, together with George Balanchine, founded the School of American Ballet and the New York City Ballet.

Lawrence, Thomas Edward (T. E.) (1888–1935). Soldier and author, commonly known as “Lawrence of Arabia.” He supported the Arab revolt pal-zeik-04bio 4/21/08 10:36 AM Page 168

168

BIOGRAPHICAL GLOSSARY

against the Turks during World War I. His best-known work is The Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph (1926).

Lehmann, John (1907–87). Poet, editor, and publisher. Longtime friend of Isherwood’s. He edited New Writing from 1936 to 1939, Penguin New Writing from 1940 to 1950, and The London Magazine from 1954 to 1961.

Lehmann, Rosamond (1903–90). Novelist and older sister of John Lehmann. Her works, which include Invitation to the Waltz (1932), The Weather in the Streets (1936), and The Echoing Grove (1953), were controversial because of their frank treatment of sexuality.

Macaulay, Rose (1881–1958). Novelist. Her works include Told by an Idiot (1923), They Were Defeated (1932), and No Man’s Wit (1940). She is also the author of several collections of essays, including The Writings of E. M.

Forster (1938), and travel books.

MacCarthy, Desmond (1877–1952). Literary and drama critic who had personal ties to the Bloomsbury circle. He was literary editor of The New Statesman from 1920 to 1927 and senior literary critic of The Sunday Times from 1928 until his death.

MacLeish, Archibald (1892–1982). American poet and dramatist. His poetry works include The Happy Marriage (1924) and New Found Land (1930). He also wrote several verse plays for the radio, including The Fall of the City (1937), which denounces totalitarianism.

Mann, Erika (1905–69). German actress and author who was the eldest daughter of Thomas Mann. She wrote several anti-Nazi plays for her satir-ical touring revue, “The Peppermill.” She emigrated to the United States with her brother, Klaus, in 1936.

Mann, Klaus (1906–49). German novelist and editor who was the eldest son of Thomas Mann. He edited two literary magazines: Die Sammlung in Amsterdam in the 1930s and Decision during the early 1940s in the United States. His best-known novel is Mephisto (1936).

Maugham, W. Sommerset (1874–1965). Novelist and short-story writer.

His novels include Of Human Bondage (1915), Cakes and Ale (1930), and The Razor’s Edge (1945).

Mauron, Charles (1899–1966). French critic and translator who translated Forster’s novel, A Passage to India, into French. He played an active role in the French Resistance during World War II.

pal-zeik-04bio 4/21/08 10:36 AM Page 169

BIOGRAPHICAL GLOSSARY

169

Plomer, William (1903–73). Poet and novelist born in South Africa but educated in England. His poetic works include The Family Tree (1929) and Visiting the Caves (1936). He wrote the libretto for Benjamin Britten’s Gloriana (1953).

Prabhavananda, Swami (1893–1976). Hindu monk belonging to the Ramakrishna Order who founded the Vedanta Society of Southern California. Isherwood studied with him beginning in 1940.

Priestley, John Boynton (J. B.) (1894–1984). Novelist, playwright, and literary critic. His works include the novels The Good Companions (1929) and It’s an Old Country (1967), the plays Dangerous Corner (1932) and Time and the Conways (1937), and the critical essays in Literature and Western Man (1960).

Raven, Simon (1927–2001). Novelist who also wrote essays, film scripts, and television series. He is the author of a ten-volume work, Alms for Oblivion (1959–76).

Roerick, William (Bill) (d. 1995). American actor who was a friend of Isherwood’s and, later, Forster’s. His name is often misspelled in the letters as “Roehrich” or “Roehrick.”

Sassoon, Sir Philip (1888–1939). Politician, art collector, and social host.

He was Secretary of State for Air from 1924 to 1929 and 1931 to 1937. His cousin was the poet, Siegfried Sassoon.

Sassoon, Siegfried (1886–1967). Poet and autobiographer. His poetic works include Satirical Poems (1926), Vigils (1936), and Sequences (1956).

He also wrote a three-volume autobiography of his childhood.

Shankar, Uday (1900–1977). Indian classical dancer and choreographer.

He toured Western countries in the 1930s with his own troupe. His brother, Ravi Shankar, was a musician.

Simpson, John Hampson (1901–55). Novelist who wrote under the name

“John Hampson.” His most popular novel was Saturday Night at the Greyhound (1931). His other novels include The Family Curse (1936) and Care of “The Grand” (1939).

Smith, Dodie (1896–1990). Playwright and novelist. She emigrated to the Unites States with her husband, Alec Beesley, in 1938. Her works include the novel, I Capture the Castle (1948) and a four-volume autobiography.

Spender, Stephen (1909–95). Poet, critic, and editor. He was closely associated with Isherwood and Auden in the 1930s. His works of poetry include pal-zeik-04bio 4/21/08 10:36 AM Page 170

170

BIOGRAPHICAL GLOSSARY

Poems (1933) and The Still Centre (1939). His non-fiction includes critical essays in The Struggle of the Modern (1963) and his acclaimed autobiography, World within World (1951).

Sprott, Walter John Herbert (W. J. H.) (1897–1971). Professor of Philosophy at the University of Nottingham from 1948 to 1964. A close friend of Forster’s and his literary executor. Author of Human Groups (1958).

Tennant, Stephen (1906–87). Artist and aesthete. Forster and Buckingham often spent weekends at his home, Wilsford Manor. He is considered to be the model for “Sebastian” in Evelyn Waugh’s novel, Brideshead Revisited.

Thomson, George (1903–82). Professor of Classics at the University of Birmingham from 1937.

Toller, Ernst (1893–1939). German Jewish writer and political activist. He was a pacifist during World War I. His works include Once a Bourgeois always a Bourgeois (1928) and Miracle in America (1931). He committed suicide in New York in 1939.

Vaughan, Keith (1912–77). Painter and illustrator. He was a conscientious objector during World War II.

Viertel, Berthold (1885–1953). Austrian playwright and film director. He directed films in Hollywood in the 1920s and in England beginning in 1933. He hired Isherwood to write the screenplay for Little Friend.

Watson, Peter (d. 1956). Art collector. Co-founder (together with Cyril Connolly) and art editor of the magazine, Horizon.

Wells, Herbert George (H. G.) (1866–1946). Novelist. His major works of science fiction include The Time Machine (1895) and The War of the Worlds (1898). He is also the author of Love and Mr. Lewisham (1900), Kipps: The Story of a Simple Soul (1905), and Tono-Bungay (1909).

Wescott, Glenway (1901–87). American writer who lived in France in the 1920s. His best-known works include The Apple of the Eye (1924), The Grandmothers (1926), and The Pilgrim Hawk (1940). He served as President of the American Academy of Arts and Letters from 1957 to 1961.

Wilder, Thornton (1897–1975). American playwright. His plays Our Town (1938) and The Skin of our Teeth (1942) were both awarded the Pulitzer Prize. He also wrote The Matchmaker (1955), upon which the musical Hello Dolly! (1963) was based.

pal-zeik-04bio 4/21/08 10:36 AM Page 171

BIOGRAPHICAL GLOSSARY

171

Woolf, Leonard (1880–1969). Author of works on politics and international affairs as well as a five-volume autobiography. He and his wife, Virginia, founded the Hogarth Press in 1917, and their home was a meeting place for the Bloomsbury Group in the 1920s and 1930s.

Woolf, Virginia (1882–1941). Novelist. Her key modernist works include Mrs. Dalloway (1925), To the Lighthouse (1927), and The Waves (1931). She is also the author of A Room of One’s Own (1929) and Three Guineas (1938), both considered classic feminist texts.

Young, Edward Hilton (Lord Kennet) (1879–1960). Politician and writer.

Friend of Forster’s. He was a Member of Parliament and served as a dele-gate to the Assembly of the League of Nations in 1926 and 1927.

This page intentionally left blank

pal-zeik-05corr 4/21/08 10:39 AM Page 173

List of Correspondence

Letters from Christopher Isherwood to E. M. Forster

The Papers of Edward Morgan Forster

King’s College Cambridge Archive

EMF/18/82/1: Correspondence between

Forster and Isherwood 1932–62

(Original) Letters from Isherwood to Forster

October 1932

p. 1

handwritten

July 8. [1933]

p. 2

handwritten

July 22. [1933]

p. 3

handwritten

April 5. [1934]

p. 4

handwritten

April 30. [1934]

p. 5

handwritten

May 28. [1934]

p. 6

typed and handwritten postscript

August 26. [1934]

pp. 7–8

typed

February 7. [?1935]

p. 9

typed

December 21, 1935

p. 10

typed and three handwritten

postscript greetings

January 15. [1936]

p. 11

typed

March 31. [1936]

p. 12

typed

May 12. [probably 1936] p. 13

handwritten

May 23. [1936]

pp. 14–15

typed

August 8. [1936]

p. 16

typed

October 25. [1936]

p. 17

typed

April 27 [1937]

p. 18

typed

March 16. [1938]

p. 19

handwritten postcard

[August 1938]

p. 20

handwritten

April 29. [1939]

p. 21

typed

July 3. [1939?]

pp. 22–23

typed

September 27, 1939

p. 24

handwritten

February 14th. [1941]

p. 25

typed

January 11. [1942]

pp. 26–27

handwritten

pal-zeik-05corr 4/21/08 10:39 AM Page 174

174

LIST OF CORRESPONDENCE

July 8. [1942]

pp. 28–29

typed

June 21st. [1943]

p. 30

typed

November 27. [1943]

p. 31

handwritten

January 22nd. [1944]

p. 32

typed

March 16. [1944]

pp. 33–34

handwritten

July 8. [1944]

p. 35

typed

July 29. [1944]

p. 36

typed

March 28. [1946]

p. 37

typed

April 6 [1962]

p. 38

typed

December 13 [1963]

p. 39

typed

The following letters were forwarded by Forster to Robert J. (“Bob”) Buckingham:EMF/18/82: Correspondence between Forster, Buckingham, and other individuals. Origination: Buckingham

EMF/18/82/5

September 15, 1936

handwritten postcard

EMF/18/82/7

June 15, 1937

handwritten postcard

June 28, 1937

handwritten note from

C.I. to Bob attached to

letter from EMF to Bob

EMF/18/82/19

July 27, 1943

handwritten letter

EMF/18/82/21

December 15, 1944

handwritten telegram

EMF/18/82/23

September 26, 1945

typed letter

EMF/18/82/27

January 14, 1947

typed telegram

EMF/18/82/29

April 12, 1948

handwritten postcard

EMF/18/82/33

January 16, 1950

typed letter

EMF/18/82/39

July 7, [1953]

typed letter

In folder: EMF/18/271/1

Letter from Isherwood to Jack Sprott. November 5, 1952, typed.

Letters from Forster to Isherwood

Huntington Library. Isherwood Papers.

Literature Manuscripts and Correspondence

Forster to Isherwood 1932–39. CI 778–823. Box 34

All letters from Forster to Isherwood are handwritten.

November 12, 1932

2 pp.

CI 779

(should be October)

January 4, 1933

2 pp.

CI 780

pal-zeik-05corr 4/21/08 10:39 AM Page 175

LIST OF CORRESPONDENCE

175

April 13, 1933

1 p.

CI 781

April 27, 1933

2 pp.

CI 782

April 1933?

1 p.

CI 783

July 16, 1933

4 pp.

CI 784

September 22, 1933

2 pp.

CI 785 (one side handwritten,

one side typed)

1933?

2 pp.

CI 786

February 17, 1934

2 pp.

CI 787

April 7–17, 1934

2 pp.

CI 788

May 15, 1934

2 pp.

CI 789

August 9, 1934

6 pp.

CI 790

January 16–17, 1935

4 pp.

CI 791

May 19, 1935

2 pp.

CI 792

June 1, 1935

4 pp.

CI 793

July 28, 1935

2 pp.

CI 794

September 9, 1935

3pp.

CI 795

February 23, 1936

3 pp.

CI 797

May 20, 1936

4 pp.

CI 798

July 30, 1936

2 pp.

CI 799

September 23, 1936

2 pp.

CI 800

October 11, 1936

2 pp.

CI 801

December 29, 1936

2 pp.

CI 802

January 5, 1937

2 pp.

CI 803

January 12. 1937

1 p.

CI 804

January 28, 1937

2 pp.

CI 805

February 27, 1937

3 pp.

CI 806

March 2, 1937

2 pp.

CI 807

April 30, 1937

2 pp.

CI 808

July 4, 1937

2 pp.

CI 809

July 7, 1937

p.c.

CI 810 (writing on both sides)

February 17, 1938

2 pp.

CI 811

August 28, 1938

4 pp.

CI 812

November 14, 1938

2 pp.

CI 813

December 23, 1938

2 pp.

CI 814

May 14, 1939

4 pp.

CI 815

May 15, 1939

1 p.

CI 816

June 17, 1939

3 pp.

CI 817

July 10, 1939

2 pp.

CI 818

August 23, 1939

2 pp.

CI 819

September 1, 1939

2 pp.

CI 820

September 8, 1939

2 pp.

CI 821

October 31, 1939

2 pp.

CI 822

1939?

1 p.

CI 823 (KCC suggests 1938)

pal-zeik-05corr 4/21/08 10:39 AM Page 176

176

LIST OF CORRESPONDENCE

Huntington Library. Isherwood Papers.

Literature Manuscripts and Correspondence

Forster to Isherwood 1940–66 and to Heinz Neddermeyer

CI 824–74. Box 35

January 31–Feb. 11, 1940 6 pp.

CI 824

April 21, 1940

2 pp.

CI 825

September 11, 1940

2 pp.

CI 826

January 1, 1941

2 pp.

CI 827

October 11, 1941

3 pp.

CI 828

February 6–Mar 1, 1942

2 pp.

CI 829

[before June 8]–

3 pp.

CI 830

June 8, 1942

July 25, 1942

2 pp.

CI 831

December 28, 1942

2 pp.

CI 832

[1942?/early 1943]

1 pp.

CI 833 (incomplete, p. 2 only)

June 7, 1943

2 pp.

CI 834

October 23, 1943

2 pp.

CI 835 (and postcard)

December 14, 1943

2 pp.

CI 836

February 10, 1944

2 pp.

CI 837 (and postcard)

February 28, 1944

2 pp.

CI 838

May 2?–9, 1944

6 pp.

CI 839

June 16, 1944

2 pp.

CI 840

July 7, 1944

2 pp.

CI 841

December 18, 1944

2 pp.

CI 842

May 9, 1945

4 pp.

CI 843

August 26, 1945

3 pp.

CI 844

April 1, 1946

2 pp.

CI 845

March 21, 1947

2 pp.

CI 846

June 2, 1947

3 pp.

CI 847

May 3, 1948

2 pp.

CI 848

June 25, 1948

2 pp.

CI 849

1948?

postcard

CI 850

March 27, 1949

3 pp.

CI 851

January 4, 1951

2 pp.

CI 852

January 23, 1951

4 pp.

CI 853

January 14, 1952

2 pp.

CI 854

January 18, 1952

1 p.

CI 855

February 10, 1952

1 p.

CI 856

October 3, 1952

3 pp.

CI 857

October 15, 1952

2 pp.

CI 858 (and letter from

Sprott to Isherwood)

October 15, 1952

2 pp.

CI 859

November 25, 1952

3 pp.

CI 860

pal-zeik-05corr 4/21/08 10:39 AM Page 177

LIST OF CORRESPONDENCE

177

July 26, 1953

3 pp.

CI 861

July 2, 1954

4 pp.

CI 862

January 17, 1956

2 pp.

CI 863

February 19, 1956

postcard

CI 864

February 24, 1956

postcard

CI 865

January 5, 1958

1 p.

CI 866

January 14, 1960

2 pp.

CI 867

April 19, 1961

postcard

CI 868

June 5? 1961

2 pp.

CI 869

June 8, 1961

postcard

CI 870

June 3, 1961

postcard

CI 871

March. 25, 1962

4 pp.

CI 872

January 5, 1966

2 pp.

CI 873

December 22, 1936

2 pp.

CI 874 (letter to Heinz)

This page intentionally left blank

pal-zeik-06notes 4/21/08 10:42 AM Page 179

Notes

Introduction

1. The most thorough biography of E. M. Forster is P. N. Furbank, E. M. Forster: A Life, 2 vols. (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1978). See also Nicola Beauman, E.

M. Forster: A Biography (New York: Knopf, 1994). Beauman’s work focuses on the first half of Forster’s life. The most recent and detailed biography of Isherwood is Peter Parker, Isherwood: A Life Revealed (New York: Random House, 2004). See also Brian Finney, Christopher Isherwood: A Critical Biography (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979); Jonathan Fryer, Isherwood: A Biography (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1977); John Lehmann, Christopher Isherwood: A Personal Memoir (New York: Henry Holt, 1987); and Claude J. Summers, Christopher Isherwood (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1980).

2. Christopher Isherwood, Christopher and His Kind, 1929–1939 (New York: Farrar, Strauss, Giroux, 1976), 105.

3. Ibid.

4. Christopher Isherwood, Lost Years: A Memoir, 1945–1951, ed. Katherine Bucknell (New York: HarperCollins, 2000), 94–95.

5. Beauman, E. M. Forster, 347.

6. E. M. Forster to Robert J. Buckingham, Selected Letters of E. M. Forster, 138.

7. Isherwood, Unpublished diary 1935–38, May 26, 1937, p. 25.

8. Ibid., October 13, 1937, p. 26 verso.

9. Isherwood, Christopher and His Kind, 126.

10. Ibid., 126–27.

11. Quoted in Furbank, E. M. Forster: A Life, 2:177.

12. When Forster expresses his dislike of Isherwood’s novel, Down There on a Visit, published in 1962, Isherwood is unapologetic about his novel and merely thanks Forster for taking the time to read and write about a novel he disliked.

13. Isherwood lived in Berlin from the fall of 1929 to the spring of 1933.

14. Isherwood, Christopher and His Kind, 177.

15. Fryer, Isherwood, 149.

16. Ibid., 150.

17. Ibid., 146.

18. Isherwood, Unpublished diary 1935–38, July 2, 1936, p. 21 verso.

19. Parker, Isherwood, 303

pal-zeik-06notes 4/21/08 10:42 AM Page 180

180

NOTES

20. Quoted in Samuel Hynes, The Auden Generation: Literature and Politics in England in the 1930s (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972), 176.

21. Stephen Spender, World within World (London: Faber and Faber, 1951), 250.

22. Stephen Spender, Letters to Christopher: Stephen Spender’s Letters to Christopher Isherwood, 1929–1939, ed. Lee Bartlett (Santa Barbara: Black Sparrow, 1980), 122–23.

23. Quoted in Hynes, The Auden Generation, 176.

24. Isherwood, Christopher and His Kind, 293.

25. Furbank, E. M. Forster, 2:192. Furbank notes that Gide had recently declared himself a Communist and André Malraux, the unofficial organizer, sought to take advantage of Gide’s prestige.

26. Quoted in Furbank, E. M. Forster, 2:193–94.

27. E. M. Forster, What I Believe (London: Hogarth, 1939), 5.

28. Ibid., 8.

29. Ibid., 14. Reviewing Forster’s essay, Philip Toynbee, a young journalist, applauds Forster’s strength and fearlessness in uttering beliefs that have become irrelevant: “He is one of the very few members of the pre-war generation who have honestly confronted and recognised the limitations imposed on them by their period. He is a Liberal in every sense of the word and he has no illusions about the sad condition of Liberalism in the modern world” (quoted in Hynes, The Auden Generation, 302).

30. Isherwood, Unpublished diary 1935–38, September 24, 1938, p. 53 verso.

31. Christopher Isherwood, Down There on a Visit (New York: Avon, 1959), 154.

32. Christopher Isherwood, Diaries, Volume One: 1939–1960, ed. Katherine Bucknell (London: Vintage, 1997), 6.

33. Ibid., 5.

34. Isherwood, Christopher and His Kind, 335–36.

35. Quoted in Fryer, Isherwood, 190.

36. “Comment,” Horizon: A Review of Literature and Art 1, no. 2 (1949): 69.

37. Quoted in Peter Parker, Isherwood, 401–2.

38. Ibid., 404.

39. Quoted in Furbank, E. M. Forster, 2:237–38.

40. Ibid., 2:238.

41. Ibid.

42. E. M. Forster, Selected Letters of E. M. Forster: Volume Two, 1921–1970, ed.

Mary Lago and P. N. Furbank (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985), 190.

43. E. M. Forster, Commonplace Book, ed. Philip Gardner (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1985), 129.

44. E. M. Forster, “The New Disorder,” Horizon: A Review of Literature and Art 4, no. 24 (1941): 379.

45. Forster, “The New Disorder,” 384.

46. Christopher Isherwood to John Lehmann, October 31, 1941.

47. Ibid., December 26, 1941.

48. Isherwood, Christopher and His Kind, 186.

pal-zeik-06notes 4/21/08 10:42 AM Page 181

NOTES

181

49. In the final chapter, Maurice confronts his first love, Clive, who is now married and successful, in order to close that earlier, unresolved period in his life.

50. Isherwood, Christopher and His Kind, 215.

51. Furbank, E. M. Forster, 2:295.

52. This remark was made during an informal conversation I had with Don Bachardy in February 2006.

Chapter 1

1. Christopher Isherwood’s first two novels, All the Conspirators and The Memorial, were published in 1928 and 1932, respectively. Both novels demon-strate Forster’s literary influence on Isherwood.

2. The Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph is an autobiographical work by T. E.

Lawrence, which was published in 1926.

3. “The Orators” is a long poem by W. H. Auden that was published in 1932.

4. Isherwood’s first attempts at writing a memoir of Berlin, which he titled, The Lost. He eventually gave up this project, electing instead to focus on one character from this work, “Mr. Norris.”

5. Autobiography of the Irish writer, Maurice O’Sullivan. See note 9 in this chapter.

6. They spent the day at the home of Forster’s friend, Leo Charlton.

7. Forster showed Isherwood the manuscript of his unpublished novel, Maurice, in April.

8. The home of Leo Charlton and his companion, Tom Wichelo.

9. Twenty Years A-Growing, published in 1933, is a memoir by the Irish writer, Maurice O’Sullivan (1904–50). Forster wrote the introductory note to the English translation.

10. The novel, Ambrose Holt and Family, by the American novelist and playwright, Susan Glaspell, was published in 1931.

11. Isherwood is probably referring to one of Forster’s BBC Radio broadcasts in the series “Conversations in the Train.”

12. Sir Archibald Armar Montgomery-Massingberd (1871–1947) was a British field marshal; Lord George Joachim Goshen (1831–1907) was a British statesman.

13. Behind the Smoke Screen by Brigadier-General P. R. C. Groves, published in 1934, warns Britain about the threat of Nazi Germany.

14. Isherwood, together with Margaret Kennedy, wrote the screenplay for Berthold Viertel’s 1934 film, Little Friend.

15. The Woolf ’s invited Forster to join the Memoir Club, where members read frank autobiographical accounts to each other. The club met several times a year in restaurants and in the homes of members (Furbank, E. M. Forster, 2: 66).

16. Jules Romains’s (a.k.a. Louis Henri Jean Farigoule) twenty-seven volume work, Les Hommes de bonne volonté ( The Men of Goodwill), written between 1932 and 1946, traces the story of two friends: one a writer, the other a politician.

pal-zeik-06notes 4/21/08 10:42 AM Page 182

182

NOTES

17. Forster’s biography of his close friend, Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson, was published in 1934. Their friendship developed when Forster was elected to the elite “Apostles” society during his fourth year at Cambridge in 1901.

18. Forster wrote the text for a pageant to be staged on the grounds of Abinger Hall. It was intended to aid the restoration of the village church.

19. As a result of this meeting, Mrs. Myslakowska undertook the translation of Forster’s A Passage to India into Polish.

20. The Sedition Bill targeted Communist literature, making it an offense to prop-agate literature “liable to seduce soldiers or sailors from their duty or alle-giance” (quoted in E. M. Forster, Selected Letters, 2:124n. 3.) 21. Leopold Stennett Amery (1873–1955) was the Secretary of State for the Colonies from 1924 to 1929.

22. Isherwood is working on what will become the first of his Berlin novels, Mr.

Norris Changes Trains. (The title in the U.S. edition is The Last of Mr. Norris).

23. The National Council for Civil Liberties was founded in 1934 by Ronald Kidd, a freelance journalist. The council was originally formed to monitor police misconduct at the Hunger Marches. Forster, who had become involved with the council because of his fears of growing fascism in Europe, was chosen to be president. The first major campaign of the Council was against the Sedition Bill. (Furbank, E. M. Forster, 2:186–88).

24. Forster’s biography of Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson.

25. The French poet, François Villon (1431–ca.1463), whose poetry drew on his sordid life as a thief and drunkard. “Honte” (French) means “disgrace” or

“shame.”

26. Dr. Norman Haire (1892–1952) was a leading figure in the British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology and was president of the Sex Education Society.

He supported the reform of laws against homosexuality.

27. Claud Cockburn (1904–81) was a journalist for The Times from 1929 to 1932

and for the leftist newspaper, The Daily Worker from 1935 to 1946.

28. Paul Kryger was a Danish friend of Stephen Spender’s.

29. Isherwood and Auden’s first collaboration, The Dog Beneath the Skin.

30. Isherwood’s novel, Mr. Norris Changes Trains.

31. The top corner of the back page of the letter is covered over, obstructing the last word in each line.

32. William Congreve (1670–1729), British playwright, whose most famous play is the comedy of manners, The Way of the World (1700).

33. British poets, Siegfried Sassoon and Edmund (Charles) Blunden. Sassoon’s anti-war poems were published in The Old Huntsman (1917) and Counter-Attack (1918). Blunden’s poems dealing with the First World War are collected in The Shepherd and Other Poems of Peace and War (1922). He also wrote an autobiographical account of the War, Undertones of War (1928).

34. Siegfried Sassoon’s mansion in Wiltshire.

35. Forster’s speech at the congress, which warned about Fascist-like developments in England, such as the Sedition Act, was rather tame for an audience that consisted mostly of young French Communists.

pal-zeik-06notes 4/21/08 10:42 AM Page 183

NOTES

183

36. Forster had recently returned from a visit to Isherwood in Amsterdam and he is perhaps referring to Isherwood’s attempts to obtain residency for Heinz outside of Germany.

37. Forster had the first of two operations on his prostrate in December 1935. The second operation was performed in February, 1936.

38. Stephen Spender and his companion, Tony Hyndman, are staying in Portugal with Isherwood. Spender’s brother, Humphrey is also there.

39. The Dog Beneath the Skin, published in 1935, opened in London on January 30, 1936.

40. T. E. Shaw is another name for T. E. Lawrence (who was also popularly known as “Lawrence of Arabia”).

41. The article appeared in the first edition of Abinger Harvest but was subsequently deleted.

42. Oscar Wilde’s letter of reproach to Lord Alfred Douglas, which he wrote while imprisoned in Reading, England. An edited version was published in 1905.

43. D. H. Lawrence’s novel, Lady Chatterley’s Lover, shocking at the time for its explicit descriptions of the sexual act, was not published in unexpurgated form in England until 1960. An edited version, without the overt sexual passages, was published in 1932.

44. H[erbert] E[rnest] Bates (1906–74), a British writer whose novels include Two Sisters (1926) and Fair Stood the Wind for France (1944). Most of his works are derived from his RAF service during World War II.

45. Elinor Glyn (1864–1943) was a British author whose romantic novels of the early twentieth century, such as Three Weeks (1907), were controversial because of their erotic content and frank depiction of female sexuality. Glyn eventually relocated to Hollywood where she wrote scripts for silent movies.

46. Isherwood is referring to the collection of short pieces that will become Goodbye to Berlin. John Lehmann published “The Nowaks,” one of Isherwood’s early Berlin stories, in the first issue of the literary magazine, New Writing, in the spring of 1936 (Parker, Isherwood, 269).

47. Maurice Magnus (1876–1920). His Memoirs of the Foreign Legion, published in 1924, contains a one hundred-page introduction by D. H. Lawrence.

48. Forster is probably referring to the Scottish novelist, Neil Gunn (1891–1973), whose works include Morning Tide (1930) and The Silver Darlings (1941). He makes a case against fascism in The Green Isle of the Great Deep (1944) and in other later works.

49. Frederic Alexander Lindermann (1886–1957), Professor of Experimental Psychology at Oxford and later an advisor to Churchill during the Second World War; Sir Arthur Salter (1881–1975), Professor of Political Theory at Oxford and M. P. for Oxford University from 1937 to 1950. One of these men was probably sitting on Forster’s right.

50. Basil Henry Liddell Hart (1895–1970) was an English military historian. His works include T. E. Lawrence: In Arabia and After (1934) and The Defence of Britain (1939).

pal-zeik-06notes 4/21/08 10:42 AM Page 184

184

NOTES

51. Lionel George Curtis (1872–1955), a barrister who was an influential supporter of British imperialist policy. He was Adviser on Irish Affairs in the Colonial Office from 1921 to 1924.

52. Rexism was a fascist political movement in Belgium. The Rexist party (officially, Christus Rex), founded by Léon Degrelle, a Walloon, supported the abolishment of democracy and strict adherence to Church doctrine. In the 1930s, the Rexist party aligned itself with the interests of Nazi Germany.

53. The Witch of Edmonton is a tragicomedy that was published in 1658 but first performed in about 1621. The title page of the published edition lists as the authors: William Rowley, Thomas Dekker, and John Ford.

54. Furbank suggests that Forster is referring to the following passage in War and Peace, describing the Russians after the fall of Moscow: “Those who were striving to understand the general course of events, and trying by self-sacrifice and heroism to take a hand in it, were the most useless members of society; they saw everything upside down, and all they did for the common good proved to be futile and absurd.” (quoted in Furbank, E. M. Forster, 2:215).

55. The co-author, together with Isherwood, of the screenplay for Little Friend (1934).

56. Forster is probably referring to Gerald Hamilton who had, at that time, orchestrated a plan for Isherwood’s companion, Heinz, to obtain a Mexican passport.

57. Because of the recent libel case brought against him for his article “A Flood in the Office,” Forster was very anxious about possible libel cases that could arise as a result of his editing the letters of T. E. Lawrence. He decided, therefore, to give up the Lawrence project. (Furbank, E. M. Forster, 2:211).

58. Forster is writing comments about Auden and Isherwood’s play, The Ascent of the F.6, which opened in London on February 26, 1937.

59. Forster continues his comments on The Ascent of F.6.

60. Gerald Hamilton’s Mr. Norris-like plan was to obtain Heinz Mexican nationality. Isherwood had persuaded his mother to pay Hamilton’s lawyer £1,000 for this service. The plan does not succeed. (Forster, Selected Letters, 2:150n. 2).

61. Salinger, the lawyer Hamilton had engaged, advised Heinz to travel into Germany in order to renew his visa to remain in Belgium (while waiting for the decision regarding Mexican nationality). Heinz was arrested by the Gestapo in Trier, Germany (Parker, Isherwood, 301–2).

62. Forster’s poem is a parody of a poem by Walter Savage Landor (1775–1864): “I strove with none, for none was worth my strife. / Nature I loved and, next to Nature, Art: / I warm’d both hands before the fire of life; / it sinks, and I am ready to depart” ( The Poetry Connection, ed. Gunner Bengtsson [http://www

.poetry connection.net/poets/Walter_Savage_Landor]).

63. An Indian student club at Cambridge University.

64. Guy Mannering, published in 1815, is a novel by Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832).

Some of the action occurs in colonial India, which might explain Forster’s interest in the novel.

pal-zeik-06notes 4/21/08 10:42 AM Page 185

NOTES

185

65. Isherwood outlines his theory of the “The Test” and “The Truly Weak Man” in his autobiographical novel, Lions and Shadows, which he was currently working on: “the Test exists only for the Truly Weak Man: no matter whether he passes it or whether he fails, he cannot alter his essential nature.” Unlike the Truly Strong Man, who will take a “reasonable” path, the Truly Weak Man will put himself through impossible challenges. (163–64).

66. Oliver Low was the brother of Humphrey Spender’s wife. Isherwood had a brief affair with him in 1937 shortly after Heinz returned to Germany.

67. Forster is staying with the Hilton Youngs (Lord and Lady Kennet).

68. Forster is referring to the book, Journey to a War, Auden and Isherwood are working on based on their recent trip to China. Lago and Furbank suggest that

“[t]he technical problem may have been that of gracefully combining Auden’s poems and Isherwood’s prose” (E. M. Forster, Selected Letters, 2:160n. 5).

69. Wayland Hilton Young (b. 1923) is the son of Edward Hilton Young (Lord Kennet).

70. The English translation of Evariste R. Huc and Joseph Gabet, Travels in Tartary, Tibet, and China During the Years 1844–56 was published in 1928.

71. Sir Richard Thomas Dyke Acland, Fifteenth Baronet (1906–90) was one of the founders of the British Common Wealth Party; Forster is possibly referring to Frederick Charles Bartlett (1886–1969), the first Professor of Experimental Psychology at Cambridge University.

72. Jacky Hewit, with whom Isherwood had a brief affair in 1938.

73. On the Frontier was the third and final play written by Auden and Isherwood.

It opened at the Arts Theatre in Cambridge on November 14, 1938, and later played in London.

74. Forster’s large script is difficult to decipher. He is possibly signing the name: J.

A. Symonds. John Addington Symonds (1840–93), British poet, translator, and essayist. He wrote on homosexual themes and translated, among other works, Wine, Women and Song (translations of Goliardic songs), which relates to Forster’s comment prior to the signature.

75. He is writing this postscript on the back of a daily planner.

76. The actual name of the committee is The Committee on the Law of Defamation.

77. Anthony Frederick Blunt (1907–83), was an English art historian who was one of the “Cambridge Five” spy ring (which included Guy Burgess) working for the Soviet Union.

78. American writer, primarily of screenplays. His works include Gilda (1946) and Night and the City (1950). He also wrote books for several Broadway plays, including A Point of Honor (1937).

79. “Blackamoor” is an archaic term for a dark-skinned person (“Black” plus

“Moor”).

80. Latin phrase: “salaputium” means “a little man”; “dissertum” is an adjective meaning “dexterous or skilled in speaking or writing.” Forster is drawing on Catullus 53.5: “dimagni, salaputium dissertum!”

pal-zeik-06notes 4/21/08 10:42 AM Page 186

186

NOTES

Chapter 2

1. Forster is quoting Rose (Emilie) Macaulay (1881–1958), a British novelist whose works include I Would Be Private (1937) and The World My Witness (1950). She had recently written a book about Forster, The Writings of E. M.

Forster.

2. Forster reviewed Gerald Heard’s book, Pain, Sex and Time: A New Outlook on Evolution and the Future of Man, for The Listener. Forster’s friend, Joe Ackerley, was the literary editor.

3. Forster has moved from central London (near Bloomsbury) to a neighborhood in the far west section of London.

4. Bumpus was a notable London bookshop on Oxford Street.

5. Parentheses in the original.

6. Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, marquise de Sévigné (1626–96), a French writer of letters was married briefly to Henri, marquis de Sévigné. Her husband died in a fight over another woman in 1651. Madame de Sévigné never remarried.

7. Harvey Young is Isherwood’s current companion.

8. In a letter to Gerald Hamilton, Isherwood commented on émigrés living in California: “The refugees here are very militant and already squabbling over the future German government. God help Germany if some of them ever get into power! Others are interested, apparently, in reconquering the Romanisches Café [a popular meeting place for intellectuals in pre-War Berlin], and would gladly sacrifice the whole British army to make Berlin safe for night life” (quoted in Parker, Isherwood, 392). Hamilton apparently handed the letter to Tom Driberg who had it published in a gossip column in the Daily Express. The refugees living in southern California were greatly offended when they learned of the comments. (Parker, Isherwood, 392).

9. Paul Morand (1888–1976), French novelist and poet. He was a member of the Academie française.

10. This letter from Isherwood is not in the Forster papers and is, presumably, lost. For an excerpt of the article that appeared in Horizon, see the introduction in this book.

11. German white wine from Hockheim on the river Main.

12. This letter from Isherwood is not included in the Forster papers.

13. This letter from Isherwood is not included in the Forster papers.

14. Forster is responding to an epigram, signed “W.R.M.” (W. R. Matthews, Dean of St. Paul’s), appearing in the Spectator on June 14, 1940, which critically targets Auden and Isherwood’s desertion of England. Forster wrote a lengthy response that appeared in the Spectator on July 5, 1940. (Furbank, E. M.

Forster, 2:238). For the epigram and an excerpt of Forster’s response, see Introduction.

15. Forster’s pamphlet, What I Believe, originally titled, Two Cheers for Democracy, was published by the Hogarth Press. (The Hogarth Press was founded by Leonard and Virginia Woolf.)

pal-zeik-06notes 4/21/08 10:42 AM Page 187

NOTES

187

16. George Eliot’s novel, Middlemarch: A Study of Provincial Life (1871–72); Henry James’s novel, A Portrait of a Lady (1881).

17. Robin is the son of Bob and May Buckingham and is attending school in Berkshire.

18. In his nonfiction work, The Summing Up (1938), Somerset Maugham expresses his personal views on a variety of topics.

19. Salvador de Madariaga y Rojo (1886–1978), was a Spanish writer, historian, and pacifist. Living in England during the 1930s, he organized a resistance to Franco’s dictatorship in Spain.

20. Putney is a neighborhood in southwest London.

21. Forster’s letter is actually dated October 11.

22. The “enemy aliens” were German refugees, most of whom had professional careers in Germany. Isherwood taught English at the Quaker operated hostel, which assisted refugees in finding work in the United States. (Parker, Isherwood, 431).

23. Forster’s essay, “The New Disorder,” an overview and negative assessment of current society, appeared in the December 1941 issue, vol. IV, no. 24 of Horizon.

24. Wilhelm Tell (1804), a play by the German poet and dramatist Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805), is based on the Swiss legendary hero of the early four-teenth century.

25. Claudian (Claudius Claudianus), Roman poet, who lived from approximately 370 to 402 CE. Some of his works record the turbulence of the late years of the Roman Empire.

26. Gaumont-British Picture Corporation was a major film production company in Britain during the 1930s. It produced Berthold Viertel’s film, Little Friend, in 1934.

27. Salka Viertel (1889–1978), Berthold Viertel’s Polish-born first wife, was an actress (in Vienna) and a screenplay writer. The Canyon, the first novel by Peter Viertel (b. 1920), was published in 1940 and offers an adolescent boy’s view of life in Santa Monica Canyon. He later collaborated with John Huston and James Agee on the screenplay for The African Queen (1951).

28. Brian Howard (1905–58) was an English poet who, like Isherwood during the 1930s, was seeking a safe country for his German companion.

29. During the war, Cecil Day-Lewis was a publications editor at the Ministry of Information.

30. Roger Senhouse (1899–1970) was a British writer, publisher, and translator of French works by Colette and others. He was also Lytton Strachey’s lover.

31. Josef Wilpert, Die römischen mosaiken und malereien der kirchlichen bauten vom IV. Bis XIII jahrhundert [ Roman Mosaics and Paintings of the Church Buildings of the 4th to 13th Centuries], Freiburg i. Br., 1924; Hayford Peirce and Royall Tyler, L’Art Byzantine, 2 vols., Paris, 1932.

32. Torquay was a town on the south coast of England where many children who evacuated from London attended boarding schools. In June 1942 several bombs were dropped on a crowded beach.

pal-zeik-06notes 4/21/08 10:42 AM Page 188

188

NOTES

33. Virginia Woolf committed suicide in March 1941.

34. This bracketed phrase is Forster’s.

35. John Lehmann’s literary journal, The Penguin New Writing, published from 1940 to 1950.

36. Benjamin Britten’s Seven Sonnets of Michelangelo. Britten’s life partner was the tenor, Peter Pears.

37. William Henry Beveridge (1879–1963), British economist and social reformer. His report (published in December 1942), Social Insurance and Allied Services (“The Beveridge Report”), formed the basis for the post-World War II Labor government’s Welfare State and National Health Service programs.

38. Only the second page of this letter survives.

39. Lionel Fielden (1896–1974) was a British journalist and senior producer of the BBC during the 1930s and first Controller of Broadcasting for the Indian State Broadcasting Service, whose name he changed to All India Radio in 1935.

Pieter Brueghel the Elder (c. 1525–69) was a Flemish painter whose best known works are of landscapes with peasants. Auden’s famous poem, “Musée des Beaux Arts,” ruminates on Brueghel’s painting, “The Fall of Icarus.”

40. Stefan Zweig (1881–1942) was a Jewish Austrian writer whose works include biographies of Mary Stuart and Marie Antoinette. Not wishing to live in a world increasingly overrun by Nazi Germany, he and his second wife, Lotte, committed suicide in Brazil in 1941.

41. Richard Graham Bradshaw Isherwood (1911–79) was Christopher Isherwood’s younger brother.

42. Isherwood is residing at the Vedanta Society Center in Los Angeles.

43. Max-Pol Fouchet was the editor of the French literary journal Fontaine: revue mensuelle de la poésie et des lettres françaises from November 1942 to May 1946.

The publication ceased in 1947. André Gide (1869–1951), French novelist.

44. Ulysses (1922) is the monumental modernist novel by James Joyce (1882–1941).

45. The parenthetical comment is by Forster. “Herts” is an abbreviation for Hertfordshire.

46. In 1922, Forster burned some indecent stories he had written in order to devote himself fully to writing A Passage to India. Forster maintained that he did this “not as a moral repentance but out of a feeling that the stories

‘clogged’ him artistically. They were ‘a wrong channel’ for his pen” (Furbank, E. M. Forster, 2:106).

47. Edmund Blunden (1896–1974) was a British poet who published several volumes of poetry in the 1920s.

48. La Chartreuse de Parme is a novel by the French writer, Stendhal (1783–1842).

49. Somerset Maugham’s novel, The Razor’s Edge, was published in 1945. The film of the book, starring Tyrone Power and Gene Tierney, was made in 1946.

50. “Geraldean” refers to Gerald Heard.

51. Double Lives: An Autobiography of William Plomer was published in 1943.

52. Marple Hall was Isherwood’s ancestral home in Cheshire, England.

pal-zeik-06notes 4/21/08 10:42 AM Page 189

NOTES

189

53. It eventually becomes the novel, Prater Violet, which was published in 1945.

54. Beryl de Zoete (1879–1962) was an English ballet dancer and translator of the Italian novelist, Italo Svevo; Sybil Colefax (1874–1950) was a society hostess and interior decorator.

55. Landanum was used as a pain reliever and to induce sleep. It also contained opium hence Forster is making a connection with the Romantic poet, Coleridge, who used opium to combat illness and depression.

56. Thomas de Quincey (1785–1859) was a British writer and great admirer of William Wordsworth.

57. George Moore (1852–1933) was an Anglo-Irish novelist and writer of autobiographical works. He is the author of Esther Waters (1894), Reminiscences of the Impressionist Painters (1906), Salve (1912), and numerous other works.

58. Swami Vivekananda (1863–1902) was the chief disciple of the Hindu holy man, Ramakrishna (1836–86).

59. Jeanne de Casalis (1897–1966) was a British actress; Anthony Asquith (1902–68) was a British film director whose films include Pygmalion (1938) and The Winslow Boy (1948).

60. Louis de Rouvroy duc de Saint-Simon (1675–1755). His famous memoirs record life at the court of Louis XIV.

61. The Song of God: Bhagavad Gita, translated by Isherwood and his Guru, Swami Prabhavananda, was published by the Vedanta Press in 1944. It contains an introduction by Aldous Huxley.

62. Forster’s abbreviations for World War II and World War I, respectively.

Chapter 3

1. Sir (Francis) Osbert Sitwell (1892–1969) was an English writer and the brother of Dame Edith Sitwell. His most notable work is his five-volume autobiography (1945–50).

2. This letter is written on stationery that contains a drawing of Logan Rock, a picturesque rock formation extending out into Mount’s Bay in Cornwall, England. The reason Forster chose to use this stationery is not clear.

3. Weybridge, on the River Thames in Surrey outside of London, is the site of the boat races.

4. Christopher Wood was a wealthy British friend of Isherwood’s with whom Gerald Heard lived for some time.

5. Tyringham is a town in the Berkshires of Massachusetts where Forster visited Bill Roerick.

6. A two-volume French edition of Cervantes’s classic, Don Quixote de la Mancha, was translated by Louis Viardot and published in 1863. It contains 370 drawings by the French artist and illustrator, Paul Gustave Doré (1832–83).

7. The Alchemist is a comedy by Ben Jonson that was first performed in 1610.

Jamini Roy (1887–1972) was an Indian painter who, after achieving success pal-zeik-06notes 4/21/08 10:42 AM Page 190

190

NOTES

with portrait painting, began infusing his work with stylistic elements found in Bengali peasant art. Kama is not really a god but rather the term for

“desire”—as in the Kama Sutra.

8. C. H. Collins Baker (1880–1959) was a British art historian whose works include Catalogue of William Blake’s Drawings and Paintings in the Huntington Library (1957). Baker was at the Huntington evidently working on this project at the time of Forster’s visit.

9. Asaf Ali (1888–1953) fought for Indian independence from Britain and was the first ambassador from India to the United States (1947–48).

10. Although the return address of the air letter is King’s College Cambridge, Forster wrote the letter in Aldeburgh. Forster was residing at the home of Benjamin Britten, collaborating with Eric Crozier on the libretto for Britten’s opera Billy Budd. They completed the first draft of the libretto in sixteen days (Furbank, E. M. Forster, 2:283–84).

11. Peter Pears was Britten’s longtime companion.

12. The first letter is evidently Isherwood’s letter dated January 16 (1950); the more recent letter is not included in the Forster papers.

13. The film George Bernard Shaw did “control” was Pygmalion (1938), based on Shaw’s 1912–13 play for which Shaw won an Academy Award for the screenplay. The film that Forster considers an unsuccessful adaptation is Caesar and Cleopatra (1945), which was based on Shaw’s 1901 play, starring Claude Rains and Vivian Leigh in the title roles.

14. A geographical division of England: north or south of the Tees. The Tees is a river in Cumbria (in the north of England), flowing from the east to the North Sea in the west.

15. Donald Windham (b. 1920) is an American writer and friend of Paul Cadmus.

His stories on homosexual themes caught Forster’s attention and Forster became his friend and literary mentor. Forster wrote an introduction to Windham’s collection of stories, The Warm Country, which was published in 1960 (Furbank, E. M. Forster, 2:275). Sandy Campbell is Windham’s companion; it is not clear why Forster considers him a “monster.”

16. This letter is not included in the Forster papers and is presumably lost.

17. This letter is unidentified.

18. Arctic Summer is an unfinished novel Forster worked on intermittently from 1911 to 1914.

19. They are evidently students at Cambridge.

20. Forster eventually revised the penultimate chapter so that Maurice and Alec are reunited at the boathouse. The chapter closes with the reassuring words of Alec (who was sleeping when Maurice arrived): “And now we shan’t be parted no more, and that’s finished” ( Maurice, 210).

21. Wozzeck, the atonal opera by Austrian composer, Alban Berg (1885–1935), was first performed in 1925.

22. This letter is not included in the Forster papers.

pal-zeik-06notes 4/21/08 10:42 AM Page 191

NOTES

191

23. The Hill of Devi, published in October 1953, is an autobiographical work in which Forster records his visits to the Indian princely state of Dewas Senior in 1912–13 and later in 1921. As private secretary to the Maharaji during his first visit, Forster was well positioned to observe daily life at the court.

24. Forrest Reid (1875–1947) was an Irish novelist. His works include Peter Waring (1937) and two autobiographies: Apostate (1926) and Private Road (1940).

25. William Plomer was collaborating on the text for Benjamin Britten’s opera, Gloriana (1952), which was intended as a celebration of the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.

26. This letter is not included in the Forster papers.

27. Walter Baxter (b. 1915) is a novelist. Forster is referring to Baxter’s novel, The Image and the Search, published in 1953. Baxter’s previous novel was Look Down in Mercy (1951).

28. Forster’s autobiographical work was published as The Hill of Devi; see note 23.

29. Swami Prabhavananda was Isherwood’s Guru; Pete Martinez was a Mexican ballet dancer and friend of Isherwood’s.

30. Forster forwarded this letter to Bob. In a handwritten postscript addressed to Bob, Forster writes: “Have invited them [i.e. the Countess and Swami] both to lunch with us next Sunday. Madness?”

31. Forster connects “I write to” with “Dearest Christopher” at the top of the page with an arrow.

32. Isherwood’s latest novel, The World in the Evening.

33. John van Druten (1901–57) was an English dramatist. His play, I am a Camera, is based on Isherwood’s Goodbye to Berlin. Van Druten took the name of the play from the famous opening passage in Isherwood’s novel: “I am a camera with its shutter open, quite passive, recording not thinking. Recording the man shaving at the window opposite and the woman in the kimono washing her hair. Some day, all this will have to be developed, carefully printed, fixed”

( Goodbye to Berlin, The Berlin Stories, [New York: New Directions, 1945], 1).

34. Philip Nicholas Furbank was a British writer and literary scholar. He wrote a two-volume biography of Forster, E. M. Forster: A Life (1977–78).

35. Isherwood began his relationship with Don Bachardy in 1953.

36. The Cavendish is the hotel in London where Isherwood and Don are staying.

37. An Indian writer, Santha Rama Rau (b. 1923) adapted Forster’s novel for the stage. The play was directed by the Indian director, Waris Hussein. A Passage to India was later adapted for television by John Maynard and broadcast on the BBC in 1965.

38. Isherwood’s novel, Down There on a Visit, published in 1962.

39. Keith Vaughan (1912–77) was a British artist who often painted male nudes in landscapes.

40. This entire letter is written in the hand of May Buckingham but the first part is apparently dictated by Forster.

This page intentionally left blank

pal-zeik-07bib 3/13/08 12:10 PM Page 193

Bibliography

Auden, W. H., and Christopher Isherwood. Journey to a War. 1939. Reprint, New York: Paragon House, 1990.

———. Two Great Plays: The Dog Beneath the Skin and The Ascent of F6. New York: Random House, 1937.

Beauman, Nicola. E. M. Forster: A Biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994.

“Comment.” Horizon: A Review of Literature and Art 1 no. 2 (1940): 68–71.

Finney, Brian. Christopher Isherwood: A Critical Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979

Forster, E. M. Abinger Harvest. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1936.

———. Commonplace Book. Edited by Philip Gardner. Stanford, IL: Stanford University Press, 1985.

———. Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1934.

———. The Hill of Devi. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1953.

———. Maurice. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1972.

———. “The New Disorder.” Horizon: A Review of Literature and Art 4, no. 24

(1941): 379–84.

———. A Passage to India. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1924.

———. Selected Letters of E. M. Forster. Edited by Mary Lago and P. N. Furbank.

Vol. 2. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985.

———. What I Believe. London: Hogarth Press, 1939.

Fryer, Jonathan. Isherwood: A Biography. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1978.

Furbank, P. N. E. M. Forster: A Life. 2 vols. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1978.

Hynes, Samuel. The Auden Generation: Literature and Politics in England in the 1930s. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976.

Isherwood, Christopher. All the Conspirators. London: Jonathan Cape, 1928.

———. The Berlin Stories: The Last of Mr. Norris and Goodbye to Berlin. 1935.

Reprint, New York: New Directions, 1945.

———. Christopher and His Kind: 1929–1939. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1976.

———. Diaries, Volume One: 1939–1960. Edited by Katherine Bucknell. London: Vintage, 1997.

———. Down There on a Visit. New York: Avon, 1959.

———. Lions and Shadows. New York: New Directions, 1947.

———. Lost Years: A Memoir, 1945–1951. Edited by Katherine Bucknell. New York: HarperCollins, 2000.

pal-zeik-07bib 3/13/08 12:10 PM Page 194

194

BIBLIOGRAPHY

———. The Memorial: Portrait of a Family. London: Hogarth 1932.

———. Prater Violet. New York: Random House, 1945.

———. Unpublished diary 1935–38. Huntington Library CI 2751.

———. The World in the Evening. London: Methuen, 1954.

Lehmann, John. Christopher Isherwood: A Personal Memoir. New York: Henry Holt, 1987.

Parker, Peter. Isherwood: A Life Revealed. New York: Random House, 2004.

Spender, Stephen. Letters to Christopher: Stephen Spender’s Letters to Christopher Isherwood, 1929–1939. Edited by Lee Bartlett. Santa Barbara: Black Sparrow, 1980.

———. World Within World. London: Faber and Faber, 1951.

Summers, Claude J. Christopher Isherwood. New York: Frederick Ungar, 1980.

pal-zeik-08idx 4/21/08 10:45 AM Page 195

Index

Ackerley, Joseph Randolph (Joe), 24,

Fielden, Lionel, 110. 188n39

128

Forster, E. M. (Edward Morgan): on

Ali, Asaf, 190n9

Anna Karenina, 36; on A Streetcar

Auden, W. H. (Wystan Hugh), 5, 17,

Named Desire, 144; on Isherwood

18, 50, 52, 73, 78, 81, 84, 88, 106–7,

and Auden’s Ascent of the F6, 67; on

124

Isherwood’s Down There on a Visit,

160–61; on Isherwood’s Mr. Norris

Bachardy, Don, 14, 158, 162, 163

Changes Trains, 42–43; on

Baker, C. H. Collins, 190n8

Isherwood’s World in the Evening,

Bates, Herbert Ernest, 183n44

156–57; relationship with Bob, 2–3,

Baxter, Walter, 153, 154, 191n27

13, 20, 30, 33, 35, 41, 44, 46, 54, 57,

Beveridge, William Henry, 188n37

63–64, 65, 66, 70, 71, 73, 75, 81, 82,

Blunden, Edmund, 188n47

88, 89, 91, 93, 95, 98, 99, 101, 103,

Blunt, Anthony Frederick, 185n77

107–8, 110–11, 113, 114, 121,

Britten, Benjamin, 105, 109, 145

122–23, 126–27, 130, 133, 135, 136,

Buckingham, Robert (Bob), 2, 13, 20,

140, 141, 145, 151, 153, 154; on War

30, 33, 35, 41, 44, 46, 54, 57, 63–64,

and Peace, 184n54; works: Howard’s

65, 66, 70, 71, 73, 75, 81, 82, 88, 89,

End, 130–31, 132; Maurice, 3–4,

12–13, 20–21, 74–75, 144, 149,

91, 93, 95, 98, 99, 101, 103, 107–8,

150–51, 152; Passage to India, A, 28,

110–111, 113, 114, 121, 122–23,

71; What I Believe, 8

126–27, 130, 133, 135, 136, 140,

Furbank, P. N. (Philip Nicholas), 14,

141, 145, 151, 153, 154

180n25, 191n34

Burgess, Guy, 77, 81, 141

Burra, Peter, 66, 69

Garbo, Greta, 88, 129

Glaspell, Susan, 26, 127

Cadmus, Paul, 121, 124, 142

Glyn, Elinor, 183n45

Cavafy, Constantine, 23

Goshen, Lord George Joachim, 181n12

Cockburn, Claud, 40, 182n27

Graham, Stephen, 21

Connolly, Cyril, 10, 92

Groves, P. R. C., 181n13

Crozier, Eric, 145

Gunn, Neil, 183n48

Curtis, Lionel George, 184n51

Haire, Norman, 40, 42, 182n26

Dawkins, Richard MacGillivray, 24, 25

Hamilton, Gerald (Mr. Norris), 68, 80,

Day-Lewis, Cecil, 7, 44, 107

82, 84, 92, 118, 122, 186n8

Dickinson, Goldsworthy Lowes, 19, 44,

Hart, Basil Henry Liddell, 61, 81,

182n17

183n50

pal-zeik-08idx 4/21/08 10:45 AM Page 196

196

INDEX

Heard, Gerald, 12, 78, 80, 96–97, 113,

Neddermeyer, Heinz, 2, 3, 25, 34–35,

129

37, 46, 52, 56, 58–59, 63, 69, 70, 79,

Howard, Brian, 107, 187n28

138, 184n60, 184n61

Huxley, Aldous, 12, 60, 83, 113, 116–17,

Nicolson, Harold, 10

163

Orwell, George, 109

Isherwood, Christopher: on Anna

O’Sullivan, Maurice, 181n9

Karenina, 39; on the film Birth of a

Nation, 120, on Maurice, 74;

Plomer, William, 1, 49, 64, 108, 123,

relationship with Heinz, 2, 3, 6–7,

128, 130, 133–34

25, 34–35, 37, 46, 52, 56, 58–59, 63,

Prabhavananda, Swami, 12, 154, 155,

69, 70, 124; views on God, 112, 116,

119; views on pacifism, 9, 10, 12, 83;

163

works: Down There on a Visit, 9;

Reid, Forrest, 54, 151, 191n24

Goodbye to Berlin, 6; Lions and

Shadows, 4, 185n65; Mr. Norris

Sassoon, Siegfried, 44

Changes Trains, 4, 6; Prater Violet,

Senhouse, Roger, 187n30

124, 139; Single Man, A, 163; works

Sitwell, Sir Francis Osbert, 136, 189n1

(with Auden): Ascent of the F. 6., 55,

62; Dog Beneath the Skin, 5; Journey

Spender, Natasha, 125

to a War, 185n68

Spender, Stephen, 7, 47, 48, 56, 62,

92–93, 101, 119, 155

Kennedy, Margaret, 181n14

Sprott, W. J. H. (Jack), 151, 152, 154

Kirstein, Lincoln, 80, 129

Tennant, Stephen, 29, 102

Landor, Walter Savage, 184n62

Toynbee, Philip, 180n29

Lawrence, D. H., 59

Lawrence, T. E. (Thomas Edward),

van Druten, John, 191n33

53–54, 55, 61

Viertel, Berthold, 29, 88, 106, 124

Lehmann, John, 7, 10

Viertel, Peter, 187n27

Low, Oliver, 185n66

Villon, François, 182n25

Macaulay, Rose, 130, 186n1

Magnus, Maurice, 183n47

Williams, Tennessee, 144

Maugham, W. Sommerset, 97, 113,

Wilson, Sir Arnold, 21

116, 187n18, 188n49

Windham, Donald, 190n15

Mauron, Charles, 32, 104, 117–18, 133

Woolf, Leonard, 29, 71

Montgomery-Massingberd, Sir

Woolf, Virginia, 29, 107, 108

Archibald Armar, 26, 181n12

Worsley, Cuthert, 7

Moore, George, 129, 189n57

Morand, Paul, 92, 186n9

Zweig, Stefan, 110, 188n40

Document Outline

Contents

Acknowledgments

Introduction

1 The 1930s

2 The War Years: 1939–45

3 The Postwar Years

Biographical Glossary

A

B

C

D

F

G

H

K

L

M

P

R

S

T

V

W

Y

List of Correspondence

Notes

Bibliography

Index

A

B

C

D

F

G

H

I

K

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

V

W

Z