Nature's Evil

Index

abolitionism 84 , 199 , 284

Clapham sect 84

Achard, Franz Karl 75

addiction 68 –84, 212 , 269

addictive vs. non-addictive commodities 68 –71

definition 62 –4

and energy 63

and fair trade 284

and fashion 171

and mercantile pump 117 , 171 , 208 , 212

and monopolies 63 , 82 , 269 , 295

and progress 263 , 296

and utilitarianism 176

Africa 6 , 11 , 21 , 24 , 57 , 67 , 77 , 106 , 114 , 128 , 131 , 137 –8, 180 , 185 , 190 –1, 213 , 253

agency 5 , 9

economic agents 189 , 282

human vs. non-human 9 , 146 , 210 , 300

Agricola, Georgius 135

agriculture 16 , 22 –38, 43 , 54 , 110 , 125 , 131 ,133 , 146 , 204 –5, 214 –15, 217 –18, 226 , 235 , 243 , 277 , 280 –1, 287 –90

air 2 , 5 , 36 , 155 , 161 –2, 177 , 226 , 279 , 286

air pump 149 –51, 212 –13

and Industrial Revolution 213

Alaska 50 , 55 –60, 261 , 275

alchemy 75 , 78 , 97 , 134 –6, 143 , 147 –55, 297

alcohol 28 , 39 , 43 , 49 , 52 , 55 , 62 , 74 , 80 , 82 –3, 139

Aleutians 50 , 55 , 58 –61

Alexander I, emperor of Russia 218 , 236

Alexander III, emperor of Russia 255

Alexander of Macedonia 47 , 129

Allen, David 37

Allen, Robert 122 , 177

almshouses 68 , 122

Alps 12 , 16 , 25 , 66 , 91 –2, 132 , 134 –9, 143 , 147

Altai 156

amanat 50

ammonia 226

Amsterdam 15 , 28 , 53 , 149 , 188 , 192 , 208 , 233 , 292

Anatolia 128 , 130 , 132

Anthropocene 5 , 296

Antichrist 142 , 157 –8

Arendt, Hannah 163 , 180 , 295

Argentina 41 , 179

Argüello, Conchita 59

Aristotle 168

Arkhangelsk 25 , 32 , 53 , 58 , 99 , 102 –4, 236

Arkwright, Richard 119 –20

Armada 17 , 144 –5

Armenians 257 –8

asceticism 80 , 89 , 172 , 174

Aseev, Nikolai 261

Asia 32 , 40 –1, 48 , 51 , 65 , 77 –8, 80 –1, 88 –90, 92 , 114 , 122 –4, 129 , 170 –1, 237 , 240 , 292

Astor, John Jacob 53

August II the Strong, elector of Saxony 149

Austen, Jane 221

Austro-Hungarian Empire 39 , 254

Axial Age 131

Azerbaijan 257 , 262 , 268

Bacon, Francis 296

Baku 244 , 255 –62

balance of trade 62 , 78 , 80 , 105 , 118 , 182 , 197 , 249 , 282

Balkans 130

Baltic Sea 16 –18, 26 , 47 , 61 , 99 , 104 –5, 141 , 149 , 152 –3

trade 17 –18, 24 , 31 –2, 95 , 101 , 111 , 146 , 198 –201, 220 , 233 –4

banks 1 , 4 , 65 , 82 , 108 , 116 , 124 , 135 –6, 139 –40, 145 , 153 , 160 , 193 , 200 , 204 , 207 , 251 , 271 , 273 , 285

central banks 181 , 183 –4, 188 –91, 218

Banks, Joseph 109

Barbados 68

Barnaul (Siberia) 159

baroque 69 , 112 , 171

barter 52 , 54 , 56 , 58 , 104 , 108

Bauman, Zygmunt 283

beaver 48 –61, 187 , 191 , 217

Beck, Ulrich 299

Beckford, William 72 –3

beet sugar 75 –6, 83 , 124 , 170

Behaim, Martin 138

Belarus 176 , 237 , 294

Benjamin, Walter 6 –7, 163 , 211

Bentham, Jeremy 55 , 113 , 120 , 175 –6, 178 , 182 , 202 , 211 , 220 , 284

Bentham, Samuel 55 –6

Berg College (Russia) 158

Bergen 25 , 141

Bergregal 153

Beria, Lavrenty 258 –9

Birmingham 115 , 245 –6

Bismarck, Otto von 228 , 246

bitumen 254

Blüher, Johann Friedrich von 157 –8

Bohemia 105 , 112 , 134 , 137 , 139 , 146 , 149

Bolotov, Andrey 27 –8

Bolsheviks 60 , 124 , 181 , 236 –7, 258 –9, 261 , 198

boreholes 3 –4, 155 , 277 –8

Bosse, Abraham 112

Böttger, Johann Friedrich 149

Boulton, Matthew 239 –40

Boyle, Richard 34 , 212 –13

Boyle, Robert 147 –50, 212 –13

Braudel, Fernand 18 , 86 , 203 , 207

Brenner, Robert 29

Bretton Woods agreement 270 –1

Bruegel, Pieter the Elder 115

bricks 11 , 15 , 127 , 129 , 132 , 233 –4, 239 , 242

Britain see Great Britain

bronze 11 , 15 , 126 –35, 137 –8, 146 , 152

Bronze Age 127 –32

Bruce, James (Jacob) 158

Bruges 108

Budnitsky, Oleg 181

Bureau of Mines (Sweden) 147 , 150 –2, 158

Burke, Edmund 77 , 215

Cabot, Sebastian 57 , 97

calico 36 , 101 , 114 –18, 120 , 122 , 125 , 172 –3, 178

California 56 , 58 –9, 61

Caligula 1

cameralism 110 , 150 –5, 243

and mercantilism 151 , 243

and physiocrats 152

Campomanes, Pedro 108 –9

Canada 46 , 52 –4, 61 , 73 , 177 , 187 , 191 , 213 , 217 , 237 , 290

canals 3 , 19 , 28 , 40 , 54 , 104 , 191 , 143 , 158 , 202

in France 19 , 31 –2

in the German lands 143 –5

in Louisiana 116

in Mesopotamia 24

in the Netherlands 35 , 145 , 231 –6

in Russia 32 –5, 158 –9, 256

in Venice 65

Candide, or Optimism (Voltaire) 7 , 53 , 76 , 188 , 193 , 196 , 217 , 284 , 301 –2

cane sugar

and Bentham, 175 –6

and the family 82 –3

geography 67 –9, 118

and Hume 172 –5, 296

institutions 69 –76

and Malthus 219 –21

natural history 62 –4, 66 –7, 70 –1, 75 –6, 116 , 187 , 191 , 254

and physiocrats 214 –17

politics of 72 –6, 170

prices 60 , 74 –6, 198 , 216 –17

and trickling down 71 –5, 293

see also addiction; mercantile pump

Cantillon, Richard 161 , 193 –5, 203 , 214 , 225

Canton (Guangzhou) 56 , 58 , 71 , 81 , 172

capital, 2 , 63 , 116 , 122 , 127 , 153 , 162 , 169 , 179

in Marx 60 , 166 , 177 , 209 –11, 221 –2, 241 , 252 , 283

and mono-resource 177 , 274 , 277 –9, 285

carbon dioxide 146 , 237 , 253 , 290 , 292

Carneiro, Roberto 23

Carpathians 130 , 134 , 137 , 140

cartels 178 , 251 , 284

Cartier, Jacques 51

Castile 107 –8, 137 , 144 , 146

Catherine the Great, empress of Russia 50 , 54 –6, 61 , 105 , 216 –17

Caucasus 13 , 134 , 192 , 256 , 258 –9

cereals 13 , 21 , 23 , 26 , 34 , 36 , 81 , 147 , 221

Chancellor, Richard 97 –8

charcoal 15 , 17 , 19 , 128 , 130 , 132 , 154 , 157 , 234 , 239

Charles I, king of Spain (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor) 108 , 140 –1, 143 –4

Charles XII, king of Sweden 150 –1

Chartist movement (Great Britain) 247

Chayanov, Alexander 30 –1, 82 , 124 , 174

Chernykh, Yakov 60

Chichagov, Vasily 54

Childe, V. Gordon 131

China 6 , 21 , 24 , 40 , 51 , 53 –6, 77 –81, 88 , 90 , 96 –101, 105 , 114 , 129 , 133 –4, 149 , 171 –2, 179 , 181 , 184 , 186 , 120 , 247 –8, 282 , 299

chocolate see cocoa/chocolate

Christiany, Johann Samuel 159

Churchill, Winston 244

cities 69 , 121 , 125 , 145 , 169 , 200 , 208 , 281

capital cities 15 , 19 , 31 –3, 49 , 72 , 112 , 124 , 246 ;

industrial cities (agglomerations) 36 , 119 , 124 , 241 , 245 –8, 258 –9

market cities 28 , 35 –6, 40 , 47 , 83 , 91 , 169 , 208

port cities 24 , 33 , 45 , 54 , 56 , 64 , 77 –81, 95 , 100 , 104 –6, 117 –18, 145 , 169 , 198 , 200 , 208 , 232 , 291

town and country 31 , 34 , 82 , 166 , 281

civilising mission 190 , 237

clay 15 –17, 19 , 22 –3, 127 , 129 , 232 , 239 , 255

climate catastrophe 5 –6, 279 , 289 , 291 –2, 196 , 298 –9

climate change 5 –6, 11 –14, 145 –6, 162 , 231 , 279 , 289 –92, 296 –300

Club of Rome 297

Clyde river 242

coal

and climate 291 –2, 297

extraction 15 , 116 , 238 –40, 250

geography 121 , 133 , 159 , 195 , 202 –3, 234 , 243 , 246

institutions 206 –7, 218 , 223 –4, 239 –40, 245 –8, 278

natural history 231 , 238

and oil 264 –74

and peat 231 –40

politics of 223 –5, 227 –8, 243 –9

processing 178 , 239

see also Industrial Revolution

Cobden, Richard 36 –7, 80

Cocchi, Antonio 42

Cockayne, William (alderman) 111 , 118

cocoa/chocolate 62 –3, 68 –71, 83 , 169

chocolate clubs 74 , 79

cod 1 , 44 –5, 48 , 145 , 170

coffee 62 –3, 69 , 71 , 74 –5, 82 –4, 169 , 187 –8, 209 , 215 –16, 264 , 284

coffeehouses 75 , 79 , 188 , 200

Cold War 171 , 252 , 260 , 262 , 294 , 296

collectivisation, collective farms (Soviet Union) 35 , 37 , 125 , 262

colonial stores (épicerie , Kolonialhandlung ) 169 , 212

colonies 7 , 15 , 32 , 55 , 57 –9, 81 , 99 , 176 , 185 –7, 198 –9, 217 , 258 , 275

overseas vs. European 18 –19, 33 –4, 99 –104, 154 , 165 , 170 , 176 , 187 , 220 , 227 –8, 234 –6

colonisation 3 , 18 , 49 –50, 56 , 68 , 97 , 129

external vs. internal 6 , 99 –100, 222 , 227 , 234 , 236

commodification 1 , 169 –70, 212

commodities 1 –9, 51 , 84 , 87 , 119 , 126 , 165 , 168 –70, 175 , 177 –8, 214 , 241 –2, 271

addictive vs. satiable 62 –4, 69 , 82 –3, 117 , 173

branded vs. sorted 71 , 284

and colonies 198 –9

and finished goods 5 , 91 , 163 , 169 , 194 , 209

and institutions 5 , 9 , 70 , 275 –6, 285 , 289

and mercantile pump 211 –13

and monopolies 139 –42, 178 , 200 –2, 253 , 269

and natural resources 168 –70

and parasitic state 295

and prices 33 , 194 , 226 –7, 272 –3

raw vs. dry 168 –9, 212

common good 7 , 44 , 145 , 172 , 293

companies

Company of Merchant Adventurers 109

Company of Merchants of the Staple 110

Darien Company 186 –7

Dutch East India Company 51 –3, 84 , 105 , 115 , 234 , 258

Dutch West India Company 234

Eastland Company 11 , 149

English (British) East India Company 74 , 77 –8, 94 , 147 , 172 , 193

Hudson Bay Company, 52 –3, 57

joint stock companies 115 , 202 , 232

Mississippi Company 190 –2, 195 , 217

Muscovy Company of England 51 , 57 , 97 –8, 101 –3, 111

Russian-American Company 57 –9

South Sea Company 184 –5, 221

Transcaucasian company (a project) 192 –3

Confucianism 79 , 81 , 133

Congo 84

Conrad, Joseph 84

consumption 12 , 15 , 43 , 167 , 170 , 178 , 224 , 234 , 242 , 260 –3

and demand-side modernisation 175 , 263

and ‘effectual demand’ (Malthus) 221 –2

elite vs. mass consumption 35 , 39 , 41 –3, 47 –8, 68 –73, 76 , 110 –12, 124 , 267 , 294

and emissions 278 –9, 287

etymology 63

and gender 82 –3, 117

and mercantile pump 211 –13

and production 62 –4, 174 , 252

and ‘refinement of taste’ (Hume) 172 –5, 211

Continental System 36 , 105 –6

Cook, James (captain) 55 , 220

coolies 79 , 85

copper 1 , 127 –55, 159 , 172 , 180

Corn Laws 36 –7, 220

Coronil, Fernando 4 , 264

corruption 77 , 134 , 180 , 277 , 282

Cossacks 49 –50, 56

costs 4 , 41 , 46 , 57 , 68 , 70 , 110 , 122 , 124 , 126 , 128 , 251 , 273 , 279 –80

extraction costs 91 , 115 , 178 , 251 , 264 , 272 , 279 –80

labour costs 110 , 122 , 194 , 264

protection/security costs 68 , 251 , 268 , 277

transportation costs 17 –19, 26 , 32 –3, 35 –6, 41 , 46 –7, 57 , 82 , 87 , 108 , 162 , 177 , 194 , 256

cottage industry (proto-industry) 26 , 82 , 101 , 110 –13, 117 –18, 121 –2, 207 , 212

cotton

extraction 116

geography 114 –16, 122

natural history 87 , 93 , 113 –15, 167 , 284

politics of 36 –7, 120 , 124 , 178 , 218 , 228 , 242 , 267

processing 117 –21, 170

and slavery 67 –8, 93 , 115 –16

COVID-19 pandemic 61 , 250 , 298 –9

Crimean War 104 , 122 –3, 277

critical theory 5 , 162 –3, 220

crop rotation 4 , 24 –9, 34 –5, 215 , 235

Crosby, Alfred 94 , 98

cultural reflections 3 , 7 , 22 , 42 , 48 , 59 , 69 , 84 , 105 , 110 , 112 –13, 115 , 127 , 138 , 165 , 171 , 183 –5, 187 –9, 195 –6, 201 –2, 216 –17, 263 , 286 , 288 , 301 –2

curators (of commodity trade) 91 –2, 102 , 108 , 117 , 134 –5

customs officials 84 , 98 , 112 , 216 , 220

da Gama, Gaspar 138

da Gama, Vasco 137

Danzig 18 , 25 , 31 , 135 , 141

Darby, Abraham 158 , 239

Davenant, Charles 112 –13, 199 , 216

Davenant, William 112

De Geer, Louis 146

de La Rivière, Lemercier 216

de Toledo, Francisco 143

de Vries, Jan 35 , 170

Decembrist Revolt 59

decolonisation 45 , 75 , 84 –5, 199 , 260

and post-catastrophic 195 , 214 , 301

and post-colonial 6 , 166 , 196 , 217 –18

and post-socialist 6 , 166 , 270 , 282

Dee, John 57 , 97

Defoe, Daniel 183 –6, 193

deforestation 17 –20, 25 , 116 , 234 , 281

Demidov family 155 –60

Akinfy 159

Nikita 158 –9

Nikolay 160

Prokofiy 160

demodernisation 276 , 295

Derzhavin, Gavriil 56

Deterding, Henri 258 –9

DeWolf, John 58

diamonds 161 , 178

diets 12 , 22 , 29 , 39 –43, 62 , 74 , 79 , 83 , 172

division of labour (specialisation) 69 –70, 93 , 107 , 124 , 143 , 201 , 218 –19

and agriculture 203 –6, 218

and extraction 206 –8

and mining 245

Domesday Book 240

Donbas 246 , 258 –9

drugs

etymology 168

soft drugs 63 –4, 66 -–86, 175

Dürer, Albrecht 137

Dutch disease 177 , 195 , 249 , 274 –6

Dutch Republic 17 , 28 , 31 , 35 , 145 –6, 199 , 231 –7

dyes 87 , 93 , 111 , 113 , 118 , 144 , 168 , 198 , 216

dykes 232 , 234

economic growth 27 , 37 , 116 , 122 , 171 , 174 , 176 , 221 , 226 , 242 , 252 , 272 , 287 , 300

and addiction 62 –4, 252

and emissions 290 –1, 297

and inequality 267 , 294 –6

limits to growth 124 , 162 , 279 , 297

economy of scale 5 , 37 , 70 , 115 , 119 , 245 , 281

Edelman, Maurice 264

Edward VI, king of England 97 , 162

Eldorado 4 , 7 , 34 , 142 –3, 226 , 256 , 301

Elizabeth I, queen of England and Ireland 17 , 34 , 68 , 94 , 97 , 100 , 102 , 141 , 160

emissions 41 , 43 , 237 , 250 , 253 –4, 278 –81, 287 –91, 297 , 300

empires 3 , 6 , 16 , 170 , 176 , 180 , 183 , 196 , 216 –17, 298

and natural resources 32 , 37 , 50 , 56 –60, 63 , 69 , 74 , 77 –85, 97 , 104 –9, 123 , 132 , 141 , 144 –6, 149 , 161 , 169 , 198 –9, 211 –13, 243 , 252

overseas vs. terrestrial 25 , 153 –4, 165 , 187 , 191 , 220 , 242 –3

see also mercantilism

employment 26 , 30 , 90 , 169 , 228 , 248 , 268 , 274

enclosures 37 , 109 –10, 125 , 211 –12

energy 3 , 5 , 12 –15, 63 , 74 –6, 119 , 159 , 226 , 231 –87

Engels, Friedrich 209 –10, 245

Enlightenment 7 , 79 , 84 , 108 , 195 –6, 203 , 216 , 222 , 235 , 296

and consumption 71 , 161 –2, 170 –1, 211 , 222

entrepreneurs 32 , 46 , 80 , 91 , 119 , 134 , 148 , 156 , 182 , 195 , 207 , 252 , 255 –6, 283

see also curators

environment 13 , 93 –4, 102 , 114 , 154 , 231 , 233 , 241 , 249 –50, 276 , 278 , 281 –2, 287 –8, 298 –9

epidemic (pandemic) 2 , 22 , 58 , 76 –8, 92 , 134 , 146 , 273 –4, 289 , 292 , 300 –1

COVID-19 pandemic 61 , 250 , 298 –9

Epiphany Premudry 49

equilibrium theory 178 , 226

Ercker, Lazarus 149

Euler, Leonhard 235

Eurasia 6 , 12 –13, 24 , 47 , 51 , 88 , 123 , 131 , 227 , 250

Europe 6 , 12 , 17 , 19 , 25 , 28 , 31 , 34 –5, 37 , 67 –8, 70 , 78 , 121 , 134 , 145 –6, 200 , 225 , 240 , 248 , 260

Northern vs. Southern 16 –18, 24 –5, 44 , 52 , 82 , 95 , 148 , 152 –3, 231

Western vs. Eastern 20 , 26 , 29 , 40 , 83 , 111 , 156 , 170 –1, 194 , 227 , 234 , 248

European Coal and Steel Community 248

European Union 248 , 274 , 292 , 299

exchange standards 177 , 194

carbon standard 278 –9, 300

gold standard 179 –82

oil standard 270 –4

exclusif in French colonies 215

exotic, exoticization 71 , 118 , 135 , 156 , 165 , 170 , 208 , 293

extraction 4 , 84 , 91 , 118 , 134 , 154 , 202 , 206 , 230 , 243 –5, 252 –3, 264 , 268 , 278 , 290 , 296

and division of labour 205 –7

vs. processing 84 , 165 , 287

factories 29 , 36 , 41 , 69 –70, 98 –9, 117 , 119 , 138 , 149 , 156 –8, 184 , 209 , 212 , 242 , 245 , 258

factors of production 41 , 162 , 279 , 281

Fair Trade 84 , 284

fallow fields 25 , 27 –8, 34

Falun (Sweden) 150

famines 2 , 22 , 35 , 37 –8, 81 , 293

see also hunger

farms 26 –8, 32 , 35 –6, 117 , 169 , 205

arable farms 25 , 29 , 35 –9, 41 , 70 , 131 , 169 , 218 , 280

cattle farms 25 , 29 , 40 , 43 , 235 , 281

farm subsidies 36 , 43 , 277 , 280 –1

see also subsistence farming

fashion 53 –4, 61 , 63 –4, 89 , 110 , 117 , 167 , 171 –3, 183 , 188 , 201 –2, 208 , 263 , 281 , 286

fasts, fasting 40 , 44

fenlands 234

fertilisers 25 , 35 , 41 , 88 , 125 , 176 –7, 215 , 226 –7, 232 , 253 , 260 , 280

fetish, fetishism 3 , 64 , 177 , 265 , 286

in Marx 4 , 166 , 209 –11

and mono-resource platforms 3 , 64 , 110 , 145 , 176 –9

and staple thesis (Innis) 4 , 54 , 177

feudalism 5 , 72 , 100 , 140

fibres 25 , 31 , 86 –127, 132 , 135 , 167 , 240 , 253

and fiscal-military state 86

institutions 31 , 91 , 97 –103, 106 –7, 115

natural history 87 –90, 92 –3, 113 –14

processing 87 , 95 , 110 , 116 –18

Filippov, Alexander 98

fire 11 –19, 22 , 25 , 37 , 46 , 59 , 64 , 90 , 136 , 147 , 150 –1, 193 , 232 –3, 236 –40, 242 –3, 247 , 251 , 254 –5, 289 , 300

firearms 52 , 58 , 244

firewood 31 –3, 36 , 66 , 132 , 143 , 169 , 203 , 232 –3, 236 , 238 –40, 243

First World War 19 , 39 , 181 , 225 –6, 244 , 252 , 258 , 260

fish

extraction 4 , 44

geography 44 , 54 , 58 , 102 , 275

institutions 44 –6, 54 , 71 206

natural history 44 , 168

politics of 45 , 61 , 198 –9

processing 44 –6, 48

Fisher, Irving 226

Flanders 92 , 108 –9, 185 , 194 –5

flint 1 , 11 –12, 161 , 170

Flodorf, Adrian von 102

floods 21 , 23 , 42 , 65 , 134 , 138 , 200 , 224 , 232 , 234 , 240 –1, 291 –2, 298 , 300

Florence 42 , 48 , 91 , 160 , 288

food 1 , 24 , 41 , 43 –4

consumption 11 –13, 69 , 174

and emissions 43 , 280 –1

exchange for other resources 13 , 41 , 71 , 100 , 125 , 181 –2, 194 , 212 , 223 –6, 279 –82, 293

food security 37 , 211 , 219 –22, 234 , 242 , 262

production 36 –41, 44 , 113

Food Programme 38 , 262 , 282

Ford, Henry 226

Fordism 263 , 294

forests 4 , 11 –20, 23 –5, 36 , 46 –7, 55 , 68 , 88 , 100 , 116 , 128 , 134 , 139 , 146 , 150 , 152 –3, 156 , 237 –8, 241 , 243 , 281 , 287 , 289 –90, 292 , 300

see also timber

Forster, George 55

fossil fuels 12 , 19 , 61 , 86 , 238 –87, 290

France 19 , 29 , 31 , 34 , 51 –3, 64 , 66 , 68 , 73 , 75 , 105 –6, 109 , 115 , 138 , 145 , 158 , 169 , 187 , 190 , 193 –6, 213 –16, 234 , 247 –8, 260 , 282 , 285

Franklin, Benjamin 218 , 220

Franz Joseph, emperor of Austria-Hungary 254 –5

Fraser, Nancy 300

Frederick the Great, king of Prussia 34 , 52 , 75 , 153 –5, 227 , 235 , 237 , 293

free-rider problem 298

free trade 36 –7, 76 , 79 –81, 98 , 102 , 113 , 199 , 201 –2, 213 , 216 –19, 224 , 227 –8, 234 , 249 , 262 , 272

French West Indies 68 , 215 –17

Freud, Sigmund 274

frontier 11 , 16 , 60 , 134 , 169 , 224 , 228 , 290

Fugger, Jakob 108 , 135 –44, 207 , 257 , 283

fur

extraction 47 –61

geography 46 –8, 54 , 56 –61

institutions 48 , 53 , 56 –60, 177 , 293

natural history 14 , 46 –7

politics of 48 –61, 101

processing 47 –53

furnaces 19 , 127 –30, 132 , 134 –5, 137 , 139 –40, 143 , 147 –8, 155 , 157 , 159 , 239 –40

Fursenko, Alexander 255

fustian 115 , 135

Gaddy, Clifford 277

Gaia 287 –9, 294 , 298 , 301

Gaidar, Yegor 267 , 282

Galicia 16 , 254 –5

Gandhi, Mahatma 42 , 66

gender 82 , 117 , 263 –4, 267 –8, 283 , 301

see also petromacho ; women

generations 12 , 36 , 68 , 120 , 132 , 151 , 174 , 182 , 202 , 218 , 225 , 255 , 260 , 274 , 292 , 300

Georgians 257 , 258

Germany (German lands) 15 , 40 , 47 , 53 , 61 , 135 , 141 , 145 , 148 , 151 –4, 169 , 226 –8, 233 , 250 , 259 –62, 265 , 268 , 270 , 274 , 285

ghost acres 28 , 35 , 69 , 118 , 195 , 242

Gilgamesh 23 –4, 153 , 216 , 287

Gladstone, Helen 80

Gladstone, John 72

Gladstone, William 80

Glasgow 200 –3

Global North 6 , 43

Godwin, William 219 –20

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 154 , 210

gold 4 –5, 270

Arendt on 180

Freud on 274

institutions 144 –6, 179 –82, 197 –8, 282 , 295

politics of 1 –2, 145 , 180 –2, 295

seeking gold 15 , 20 , 34 , 128 , 136 , 147 –50

Goody, Jack 129

Gore, Al 297

grain

granaries 18 , 22 –4, 31 , 128 , 169 , 227

natural history 23 –4

prices 18 , 32 , 36 –7, 83 , 102 , 109 , 194 , 203 , 220 , 226 , 239 , 243 , 277 , 280 –1

productivity 25 , 177 , 226 , 280

serfdom and 18 , 35 , 96

trade 18 , 25 –6, 28 , 33 , 37 , 83 , 104 , 169 , 214 , 227 –8, 233 –4

Great Acceleration 296 , 298

Great Britain 15 , 37 , 81 –2, 105 –6, 181 , 220 , 245 , 247 –50, 260 , 270 –1, 292

Great Depression 226 , 263 , 270 , 299

Great Northern War 150

Great Silk Road 56 , 86 , 89

Green New Deal 279 , 299 , 301

green recovery 274 , 292 , 299

Greppi, Antonio 207

Griboyedov, Alexander 192 –3

guano 176 –7, 222

guilds 92 , 139 , 144 , 217 , 246

see also Mesta

Guizot, François 75 –6

gulag (Soviet labour camp) 181

Gulbenkian, Calouste 257 , 259

gunpowder 7 , 17 , 45 , 56 , 149 , 169 , 218

Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden 146

Haber, Fritz 74 , 177 , 226

Habermas, Jürgen 74

Habsburgs 107 , 136 –7, 145 , 153 , 199

Hamilton, Alexander 118 , 123 , 218

Hanseatic League (Hansa) 25 , 44 , 47 –8, 111 , 140 –1, 208

Harley, Robert 184

Hastings, Warren 77

Hayek, Friedrich 271

Heathcote, Gilbert 198

Heckscher, Eli 41

Hegel, G. W. F. 75

hemp 1 , 5 , 9

geography 92 , 97 –9

institutions 57 , 86 , 94 , 101 –3

narcotic qualities 96 –8

natural history 92 –3, 97

politics of 104 –6, 121

processing 95

trade 24 –5, 32 , 51 , 57 , 72 , 86 , 101 –6, 149 , 153 , 199 , 218 , 267 , 293

Herodotus 96 , 165 , 166 , 293 , 296

herring 44 , 48 , 141 , 170 , 207

Herzen, Alexander 105

Hitler, Adolf 42 , 227 –8, 259

Hittites 130 , 132

Hjärne, Urban 147

Hobbes, Thomas 112 –13, 152 , 202 , 210 , 288

Leviathan 112

Hobsbawm, Eric 82

Holbein, Hans (the Younger) 138

Hollar, Wenzel 112

Holwell, John 42

Holy Roman Empire 108 , 136 , 141 , 152 , 161

Hong Kong 79 , 81

Hong Xiuquan 80

Hoover, Herbert 136

Hoover, Lou 136

Hubbert, Marion King 273

Hudson, Henry 51 , 191

Huguenots 75 , 158 , 216

human capital 180 , 229 , 267 , 276

Humboldt, Alexander 154 , 176 –7, 220

Hume, David 74 , 172 , 186

hunger 48 , 78 , 80 –1, 134 , 171 , 219 , 226 , 279

see also famines

Hurons 52 , 101

Hutten, Ulrich von 142

hydraulic works 235 , 242 , 278

hydroelectric plants 275

Ickes, Barry 277

Ignatieff, Nikolay 80

imitation 42 , 71 , 83 , 148 –9, 170 –3

and import substitution 75 –6, 83 , 94 , 124 , 170 , 173 , 193 , 198

and progress 174

Incas 34 , 176

India 4 , 17 , 42 , 51 , 66 , 74 , 77 –81, 84 , 94 , 98 , 105 , 111 , 114 –15, 118 , 137 , 165 , 170 , 225 , 290

indirect rule 51 , 123

Industrial Revolution 118 –21, 160 , 207 , 213

and coal 203 , 243 –5

and patents 116 , 120 , 240

and proto-industry 212

and slavery 85

and watermills 240 –2

industrialisation 124 , 133 , 207 , 258 –9, 261 , 293

inequality 5 , 294 , 300 –1

criticisms of 33 , 42 , 84 , 178

and geography 77 , 121 251

and metals 127 , 129 , 195

and oil 251 , 267 –9, 276 , 278 , 281 –5

and political evil 5 , 42 , 68 , 79

inflation 4 , 83 , 145 , 182 , 238 , 248 , 263 , 265 , 272 , 274

infrastructure 23 , 161 , 283 , 294

see also transportation

Innis, Harold 4 , 53 –4, 177

insects 88 –9, 92 , 114 , 167 , 291 , 300

institutions 5 , 9 , 70 , 86 , 179 , 232 , 246

and resources 5 , 9 , 274 –6, 285

insurance 45 , 200

Ireland 34 , 37 , 95 , 100 , 102 , 113 , 199 , 212 , 220 –2, 237

iron 127 , 130 –4, 152 , 218

bog iron (limonite) 130 –3, 155 –6

Iron Age 130 –2

iron goods 18 , 25 , 27 , 47 , 51 , 101 , 104 , 133 , 201

see also metallurgic processes

Iroquois 51 –3

Istanbul (Tsargrad, Constantinople) 49 , 217

Italy 17 , 25 , 44 , 90 –2, 117 –18, 129 , 143 , 160 , 193 , 234 , 286

Ivan III, grand prince of Moscow 141

Ivan the Terrible, tsar of Russia 97 –103, 162

Ivanovo (central Russia) 122

Jamaica 45 , 68 –9, 72 –3, 84 , 221

James I, king of England and Ireland (James VI of Scotland) 102 –3, 111

Japan 56 , 71 , 81 , 88 , 90 , 92 , 260

Jefferson, Thomas 59 , 109 , 217 –18

Jenkinson, Anthony 98

Jesus 1 , 42

Jevons, William Stanley 64 , 193 , 223 –6, 243 –4, 273 , 292

Jevons paradox 64 , 292

Jews 41 , 127 , 227 –8, 237

Justi, Johann von 54 –5, 159

Kant, Immanuel 167

kaolin 149

katechon 296 –7

Katowice 291 –2

Katte, Hans Hermann von 235

Kaufmann, Konstantin 124

Keats, John 187

kerosene 254 –7, 259

Kett, Robert, rebellion 110

Keynes, John Maynard 5 , 219 , 221 –3, 225 –7, 248 , 271 , 273 , 279 , 283 , 294

Commod Control 227 , 248

Khlysts (Russian sect) 42

Khodorkovsky, Mikhail 155

Kirkcaldy 186

Kirov, Sergey 258 –9

Knorr, Klaus 198

Kodiak island 55 , 58

Kokorev, Vasily 255

Kolchak, Alexander 181

Königsberg 18

Krasin, Leonid 259

Krusenstern, Ivan 57

Küstrin 235

Kuznets, Simon 294

Kyakhta 56 , 105

Kyoto Agreement 290 , 297

La Salle, Robert Cavelier de 187

labour 2 –5, 9 , 14 , 29 , 41 , 45 –6, 51 , 54 –5, 60 –1, 67 –70, 82 –3, 85 –6, 88 –9, 93 , 95 , 101 –7, 110 , 113 , 115 –18, 121 –2, 124 –6, 128 , 152 , 156 , 157 , 165 –8, 172 , 174 –5, 177 –81, 185 , 188 , 193 –5, 201 –14, 216 , 218 –19, 222 , 224 –7, 229 , 233 –4, 241 –3, 245 –7, 249 , 251 –2, 254 , 257 , 262 , 265 –6, 269 –71, 275 , 278 –81, 283 –7, 293 –5, 300 –1

forced labour 18 , 26 , 60 , 67 , 75 –6, 85 , 93 , 170

labour-dependent countries 177 –9, 285 –6

labour-intensive commodities 2 , 18 , 39 , 67 , 157 , 233 , 247 –9, 266 , 271 , 278 , 294

labour theory of value 162 –3, 201 , 209 –11

landowners 1 –2, 18 , 26 –31, 34 –6, 101 , 105 , 107 , 109 , 115 , 121 , 134 , 139 , 149 , 153 , 173 , 194 –5, 217 , 222 , 241 , 284

Langsdorf, Georg 57

Lasky, Jan 51

Latour, Bruno 4 , 283 , 288 –9, 296

laudanum 78

Law, John 186 , 189 –94, 214

law of comparative advantage 3 , 178 –9, 194 , 208 , 225

law of diminishing returns 4 , 25 , 65 , 253 , 262

laziness, indolence, idleness 28 , 30 , 34 , 82 , 116 , 171 , 173 –5, 221 –2

and natives 221 –2

and peasants 30 , 82 , 114 , 170 –4, 205

statistical use of the three words 173

see also mercantile pump

lead (metal) 64 , 136 –7, 143 , 147 –8, 150 , 152

League of Nations 227

Lebensraum 227

Ledyard, John 55

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 77 , 154

Lenin, Vladimir 117

Leviathan 112 –13, 124 , 202 , 210 , 232 , 252 , 287 –9, 298 , 301

Liebig, Justus von 41

linen (and flax) 16 , 25 , 30 , 83 , 86 , 92 –6, 100 , 102 , 104 , 114 –20, 122 , 135 , 152 , 194 , 207 , 233

Linnaeus, Carl 151

Lisbon earthquake 7 , 195 , 292 , 301

List, Friedrich 218 , 246

Little Ice Age 146 , 231

Liverpool 72 , 116

Locke, John 163 , 216

Lomonosov, Mikhail 236

London 15 , 19 , 28 , 31 , 33 , 36 –7, 42 , 45 , 48 , 72 , 74 , 94 , 98 , 106 , 111 –12, 116 , 141 , 147 , 149 , 151 , 172 , 186 , 188 –9, 193 , 201 –2, 209 , 212 , 238 , 242 , 246 , 257 , 285

Louis XIV, king of France 66 , 73 , 187 –8

Louisiana 59 , 71 , 106 , 116 , 187 , 190 –1, 195 , 213 , 273

Lovelock, James 287 –8

Luhansk 241

Lukashevich, Ignatius 254

Luther, Hans 139

Luther, Martin 6 , 139 –40, 142 , 147 , 153 , 283

luxury 40 , 48 , 68 , 73 , 88 –9, 100 , 198 , 214 –15, 218 , 294

debate on 42 , 18 , 171 –4, 293 –4

and temptation 173 –5

top-down movement 92 , 170 –1, 211

see also imitation; mercantile pump

Macauley, Zachary 84

Machiavelli, Niccolò 152 , 296

Macron, Emmanuel 281

Madame de Pompadour (Jeanne Antoinette Poisson) 215

Maestro Lorenzo 144

Magellan, Ferdinand 138

Magnus, Olaus 136

malaria 186 , 190 , 235 –6

Malthus, Robert 30 , 40 , 166 , 170 , 211 , 219 –26, 243 , 280 –1

Manchester 36 , 42 , 80 , 87 , 119 , 121 , 209 , 220

Mandeville, Bernard 171 –2

Mandeville, John 114

Mansfeld (Saxony) 139 –40

Mantashev, Alexander 257 –8

Manuel I, king of Portugal 138

manure 25 , 27 –8, 149 , 172 , 232

Marggraf, Andreas Sigismund 75

Marshall, John 178

Marshall Plan 260 , 263

Martens, Adolph 132

martensite (metal) 132

Martinique 68 , 188 , 216

Marx, Karl 4 , 6 , 30 , 37 , 60 , 163 , 166 , 170 , 180 , 205 –6, 252 , 270

and nature 209 –11

Mary I, queen of England 98

mass consumption 15 , 39 , 41 , 47 –8, 69 , 71 , 73 , 117 , 170 , 175 , 211 , 267 , 294 , 295

material turn (materiality) 5 –6, 161 , 180 , 209

Matthew (Apostle) 1

meat 12

abstaining from 42 –3, 61 , 298

consumption 40 , 73

and emissions 43 , 61 , 279 –80

preservation 40 –1, 46 , 169 –70

production 12 , 109

trade 32 , 35 , 169

see also vegetarianism

Mediterranean 17 , 24 , 31 , 65 , 114 , 128 , 145

melancholy 5 , 78

Mellon, Andrew 259

Melville, Herman 59

Mendeleev, Dmitry 255 –6, 259

mercantile pump 197 , 212 –13, 273 , 293

mercantilism 5 , 17 , 37 , 65 , 72 , 91 , 95 , 113 , 123 , 151 , 166 , 175 , 182 , 185 , 198 –9, 211 –12, 249 , 275

and empires 86 , 95 , 180 , 112 , 182 , 202 , 288 , 295

mercantile vs. mercantilist 72

and population 153 , 175 , 197

post-Soviet Russia as a mercantile state 182 , 266 , 282 , 295

mercenaries 48 , 50 , 102 , 105 , 137 , 142 , 183

merchant-carriers 77 , 88 , 198 , 262

mercury 52 , 135 , 141 , 143 –4, 147 –8, 152 , 207

Mesopotamia 21 , 23 –4, 26 , 31 , 128

Mesta 106 , 108 –9

metallurgic processes 17 , 52 , 128 –36, 143 , 146 , 150 , 155 –6

cupellation 128 , 132 , 143

forging 17 , 130 , 132 –3, 136 , 148 , 156 , 207

liquation 135 , 137 , 143

patio process 144

smelting 15 , 17 , 19 , 126 , 128 –30, 132 –4, 139 , 143 , 146 , 148 , 155 –6, 207 , 240

tempering 132 , 148 , 154

metals 1 –3, 48 , 228 , 278 , 287

and capital 126 –7, 180 , 203

extraction 18 –19, 125 –34, 138 –40

geography 123 , 127 , 134 , 145 , 162

institutions 31 , 37 , 131 –3, 137 –8, 141 , 151 –5, 158 –9

and knowledge 75 , 135 –7, 147 –51

and miners 130 , 139

and the natives 143 –4, 156 –7

processing 128 –30, 133

see also rare metals

metropole 73 , 87 , 162 , 166 , 170 , 198 , 212

see also mother country

Mexico 68 , 90 , 179 , 221 , 260 , 269 , 299

Meyrick, John 103 , 111

Michelet, Jules 188

middle class 42 , 83 , 115 , 174 , 218 , 221 –3

Middle East 39 , 66 , 96 , 128 , 131 , 248 , 253 , 260 , 263 –4

migration see population

Mikoyan, Anastas 258 –9

Milanović, Branko 283

milk 32 , 35 , 39 , 43 , 74 , 76 , 169 , 207 , 215 , 217

mines 1 –4, 12 , 15 , 19 , 34 , 55 , 64 , 66 –7, 90 , 120 , 125 , 127 –9, 132 –58, 160 , 175 , 177 –8, 180 , 184 , 187 , 191 , 195 , 202 –3, 207 , 218 , 223 –4, 238 –40, 243 –60, 273 , 278 , 296

and miners 79 , 132 , 136 , 139 –40, 142 , 147 –8, 150 , 153 –4, 158 , 165 , 206 –7, 244 –51, 258

Minin, Kuzma 51

Mintz, Sydney 69 , 73

Mirabeau, Jean-Antoine 215

Mirabeau, Victor 216

Mirkin, Yakov 180

mita 143 , 157

Mitchell, Timothy 247 –8

Mitchell thesis 247

Mitchell thesis reversal 278

modernity 35 , 69 –70, 148 , 234 , 237 , 263 , 283

cult of speed 263 , 267

molasses 45 , 67 , 71

Moluccas 138

money 1 –2, 60 , 83 , 127 , 145 , 152 , 168 , 177 , 189 , 265 , 274

mono-resources as money 58 , 145 , 177 , 185 , 190 , 251

paper money 65 , 134 , 136 , 145 , 189 –91

mono-resource 3 –4, 64 , 110 , 133 , 145 , 176 –7, 244

monopoly 63 , 66 , 139 –42, 144 , 176 –8, 253 , 262 –4, 283 –4

and addiction 63 –4, 77 –8, 269

and geography 63 , 88 , 91 –2, 98 –104, 200 –3, 251

and knowledge 115 , 200 –3

and prices 47 , 73 , 272

and the state 51 , 53 –6, 60 –1, 65 , 77 , 104 –5, 107 , 109 , 133 , 135 , 229 , 249 , 294

monotheism 131 , 142 , 148

Montesquieu, Charles-Louis 72 , 175 , 195

moral economy 30 , 82 –3, 102 , 124

moral philosophy 176 , 200 , 283

More, Thomas 110

Morris, Ian 14

mother country 28 , 166 , 185 , 197 –8, 213 , 145

vs. daughter colonies 166

mulberry 87 –92

Mulovsky, Grigory 55

Multatuli (Eduard Douwes Dekker) 84

Munster plantation 212

Murphy, Antoin E. 193

Muscovy 32 , 28 , 50 –1, 97 , 99 , 101 , 141 , 234

Napoleon 52 , 59 , 66 , 75 , 96 , 104 –6, 160 , 191 , 213

Native Americans 146

Natura naturans/Natura naturata /Natura vastata 167

natural gas 3 , 61 , 181 , 226 , 246 –54, 262 –3, 268 –4, 280 –6, 292

liquefaction 253 –4

natural magic 136 , 147 , 150

natural resources

diffused resources 2 , 18 , 23 , 91 , 110 , 118 , 152 , 156 , 202 , 233 , 275 , 278 , 280 , 295

etymology 2

geography, 19 , 24 , 54

resource curse 134 , 158 , 264 –7, 274 , 285

resource-dependent countries 6 , 48 , 54 , 229 , 285 –6, 294

topical resources 2 , 18 , 23 , 29 , 118 , 126 , 177 –8, 243 , 278 , 280 , 295

see also commodities

Navigation Acts 45 , 65 , 72 , 76 , 185 , 198 –9

Neanderthals 13 –14

neoliberalism 5 , 248 –9, 265 –6, 271 –3, 283

Netherlands 28 , 35 , 190 , 233 –4, 274

Neva river 31 , 47 , 192

New Harmony community 120

New Lanark 120

New Orleans 190 –1, 236 , 292

Newcastle 238 , 247

Newcomen, Thomas 213 , 223 , 239

Newfoundland 25 , 44 –5, 51

newspapers 74 , 83 , 189 –91, 242

Nigeria 267 , 296 , 276

Nobel, Alfred 259

Nobel, Robert 256

noble savage 169

nomads 21 –2, 128

Nordhaus, William 289 , 299

Norfolk Broads 234

North Sea 17 , 24 , 82 , 141 , 146 , 234 , 243 , 149 , 261 , 274

northern route to China 97 , 101

Norway 17 , 182 , 206 , 262 , 272 , 274 –5

nostalgia 20 , 191

Novalis 154

novels 6 , 7 , 33 , 84 , 183 –5, 188 , 193 –6, 201 , 217 , 221 , 284 , 301 –2

Novgorod 46 –8, 99 , 102 , 123 , 141 , 156 , 208

nuclear energy 12 , 260

oak 16 –17, 19 , 89 –90, 93 , 95 , 105 , 153 , 256

oats 25 , 32 , 71 , 233

obsidian 14 , 46

Oder river 154 , 235

oil 1 –7, 9 , 15

conventional oil 263 , 274

and gender 267 –8

geography 246 , 254 –60

institutions 253 –4, 263 –6, 274 –8

natural history 231 , 250 –4, 297

oil curse 264 –7, 274 –8

oil prices 161 –2, 179 –82, 267 , 270 –4

peak oil 5 , 273

politics of 38 , 261 –2, 248 , 274 , 280 –1

processing 251 , 253 –6

and religion 269 –70

shale oil 253 , 274 , 278

and stolen goods 284

vs. coal 247 –9, 251 –2

oil corporations/companies, 260

Branobel 256 –9

Shell 258 –9, 263

Standard Oil Company 255

Total 258

Yukos 263

oilmen 249 , 251 , 254 , 256 , 261 , 283

Old Belief 32 , 157 , 160

oligarchs, oiligarchs 252 , 262 , 268 , 282 , 296 , 301

Olonets (northern Russia) 55 , 156 –7

Omsk (Siberia) 181

OPEC 178 , 253 , 264 , 271 –2

open cast mining 244

opium 43 , 53 , 57 , 60 , 62 –3, 71 , 76 –82, 177 , 293

Oprichnina 97 –101, 298

optimism 163 , 195 , 219 , 226

Orientalism 42 , 81 , 171

Ottoman Empire 17 , 216

Owen, Robert 120

Paine, Thomas 218

Palmerston, Henry 80

and extraction 206 –8

pandemic see epidemic

Panopticon 113 , 176

paper 54 , 56 , 83 , 118 , 134 , 137 , 141 , 157 , 180 –1, 189 –90, 193 , 218 , 292 , 299

Paracelsus 147

parasitic state 145 , 293 , 295 –6

definition 295

Paris 19 , 31 , 33 , 40 , 45 , 48 , 66 , 147 , 188 –92, 194 –5, 213 , 216 –17, 225 , 247 , 290

Paris Agreement 290

patents 91 , 116 , 120 , 223 , 240

Paterson, William 183 –4, 186

Paul (Apostle) 41

Paul I, emperor of Russia 56 , 105

paupers 89 , 120 –1, 270

Paykull, Otto Arnold von 150

peasants 3 , 15 , 64 , 75 , 218 , 222

and coercion 18 –19, 26 , 37 , 46 –7, 56 , 78 –82, 88 , 125 , 158

and consumption 35 , 74 , 117 , 124 , 171 –4

and diversity of work 22 –3, 25 –35, 69 , 90 , 93 , 102 , 107 , 114 , 116 , 122 –4, 128 , 133 , 147 –8, 206 , 233

and resistance 30 , 110 , 120 , 142

and trade 34 , 174 , 203 –7, 212 –15

see also mercantile pump; subsistence farming

peat 1 , 15 , 19 , 21 –2, 130 , 155 –6, 170 , 224

institutions 233 –8

natural history 231 –3

Peel, Robert 36 –7, 120

Pennsylvania 94 , 244 , 246 –7, 255 –6

pepper 63 , 92 , 135 , 138 ,142

perishable products 22 , 26 , 40 , 163 , 168 –9, 209 , 212

permafrost 289 , 291 –2, 300

Persia 14 , 66 –7, 88 , 90 –1, 98 –9, 101 , 114 , 165 , 192 , 244

Peru 143 , 147 , 161 , 176 –7, 287 , 191 , 238

Peter I, emperor of Russia 17 , 32 , 104 –5, 157 –9, 188 , 192

Peterloo 121

petrofarming 21 , 38 , 280

petroleum 63 , 69 , 84 , 116 , 226 , 251 –3, 271 , 173

petromacho 268

petrostate 252 , 263 –7, 269 , 277 –8, 284

and blood circulation 277 –8

and inverted funnel 277

and king’s two bodies 4 , 229

and mercantile state, 73 , 180 –2, 249 , 275 , 295

Petty, William 199 , 210

Philippe, duke of Orléans 187 –9

Philips, Lion 209

phlogiston 155 , 297

physiocrats 152 , 214 –15, 217 –18, 225 , 281

Piketty, Thomas 282

pipelines 251 , 253 , 268 , 277 –8, 283 , 291

pirates 72 , 108 , 131 , 144 , 197 , 254 , 286 , 299

Pitt, William the elder 73

plague 29 , 40 , 106 , 145 , 254 , 297 , 301

planned economy 137 , 249 , 254 , 278

plantations 7 , 19 , 30 , 34 , 35 , 62 , 67 –70, 72 –3, 75 –6, 84 , 92 , 100 , 103 , 114 –16, 118 , 182 , 184 –5, 188 , 191 , 199 –200, 209 , 212 –13, 215 –16, 220 –1, 242 , 254 , 284

see also slavery

Platt, Hugh 239

pleasure 76 , 82 , 84 , 175 –6, 188 , 191 , 263

see also addiction

plough 12 , 16 , 22 –3, 25 , 27 , 125 , 128 –9, 131 , 133 , 147 –8, 156 , 204 , 206 , 224

Pocock, J. G. A. 161

Pokrovsky, Mikhail 277

Poland 12 , 20 , 26 , 35 , 53 , 105 , 111 , 122 , 124 , 153 , 203 , 216 , 222 , 227 , 235 , 237 , 249 –50

Polanyi, Karl 119 , 162 , 168 , 170 , 180 , 208 , 211 , 270

political economy 4 –6, 42 , 60 , 137 , 152 , 182 –3, 193

alternative traditions 30 , 137 , 161 , 170 –5, 177 –8, 196 , 208 , 214 –16, 229 , 246 , 268 , 278 , 294 , 300

classical 5 , 36 , 73 , 116 –62, 166 , 201 –3, 221 , 225 , 275 , 279

and post-catastrophic thought 186 –7, 196 , 214 –17

political evil 6 , 68 , 77 , 187 , 296

see also corruption; inequality

pollution 41 , 43 , 61 , 250 , 287

Polzunov, Ivan 159

Pomeranz, Kenneth 82 , 242

Pomors 53 , 97 , 101 –2, 104 , 157

poppy 76 –8, 81 , 167

population 16 , 21 , 26 , 28 , 40 , 54 , 153 , 219 –23, 265 , 268 –70, 290 , 294

decline 55 , 58 –60, 79 , 108 , 121 , 134 , 145 , 146 , 153 , 237 , 266 , 295 –6

growth 13 , 18 , 32 –4, 37 , 43 , 199 , 213 , 215 , 219 , 223 –6, 279

migration 11 , 24 , 120 , 123 , 131 , 157 , 197 –8, 274 , 291 –2, 30

porcelain 71 , 74 , 149 , 170 –1, 215 , 233

Portugal 17 , 25 , 137 –8

Postlethwayt, Malachy 199

potash 18 , 104 , 153 , 198

potato 30 , 33 –5, 37 , 58 , 76 , 169 , 212 –13, 221 –2, 293

Potemkin, Grigory (Prince) 55 –6, 176

Potosí 34 , 141 , 143 –4, 158 , 178

Pozharsky, Dmitry 102

Prague 25 , 112 , 145 , 148

Prebisch–Singer hypothesis 179 , 225

Prévost, Abbé Antoine François 195

Priestly, Joseph 115

primitive accumulation 6 , 60 , 170

probability theory 189

processing 9 , 46 , 86 , 110 , 113 –14, 126 , 132 , 165 –7, 206 , 209 , 240 , 284

drying (dehydration) as processing 169 –70

primary 67 , 70 –2, 93 –6, 118 , 169 , 176

secondary 86 –7, 91 , 117 –19, 122 , 169 , 200

progress 64 , 68 , 83 –4, 131 , 169 , 220 , 265 , 292 , 295 –7, 300

in Bentham 176

in Hume 170 –5

in Lenin 117

in Smith 205

proletariat 69 , 120 , 125 , 163 , 245 –7, 297

Prometheus 11 , 90

property rights 2 , 12 , 17 , 37 , 99 , 131 , 139 , 143 , 182 , 191 , 228 , 232 , 276 , 278 , 285

state property 33 , 54 , 99 , 110 , 133 , 229 , 248 , 253 , 266 , 283

protectionism 36 –7, 123 , 246

protein 43 –4,69 , 74

Prussia 18 , 20 , 26 –8, 34 , 57 , 105 , 109 , 111 , 115 , 153 –4, 158 , 234 , 243

Pufendorf, Samuel 152

Pushkin, Alexander 188 –9, 201 –2

Quakers 52 , 116 , 158 , 236 , 239

Quesnay, François 214 –17

racism 75 , 180 , 222

Radishchev, Alexander 84 , 188 , 216

Raleigh, Walter 34

rare metals 129 –30, 155 , 159 , 161 , 228 , 278 , 287

raw materials 1 –3, 6 , 9 , 15 , 25 , 28 , 37 , 48 , 54 , 60 , 72 –3, 87 , 91 , 100 , 104 –6, 114 –15, 118 , 143 , 145 –6, 155 , 161 , 165 –6, 178 , 180 , 185 , 194 , 197 –9, 202 , 206 , 209 , 213 , 226 –8, 233 , 246 , 248 , 253 , 261 , 271 , 276 , 282 , 290 , 295 –6

and empires 96 , 198 –9

and finished goods 31 , 73 , 91 , 168

and ‘history from below 10

and perishability 20 , 26 , 41 , 163 , 168 –9

see also commodities; natural resources

Rawls, John 283 –5

Raynal, Abbé Guillaume-Thomas François 84 , 105 , 215 , 220

redistribution 2 , 211 , 218 , 252 , 265 –6, 269 , 280 , 282 –3, 294

and recognition 299 –300

Reformation, Protestant 24 , 140 , 142 , 148

Renaissance 3 , 42 , 89 –90, 235 , 148 , 156 , 179

rent 18 , 28 –9, 36 , 46 , 139 , 142 , 203 , 221 , 252 , 264 , 266 , 268 , 276

resource panic 214 , 220 , 223 , 228 , 273 , 297

resource platforms 8 , 130 –1, 161 , 176 , 274

shifts 178 , 211 , 229 , 242 , 274

Rezanov, Nikolay 56 –9

Rhine river 17 , 235

Ribeiro, Diogo 138

Ricardo, David 36 , 180 , 221 , 223 , 225 , 270 , 279

rice 21 , 24 , 79 –80

Riga 18 , 141

rigging 94 –5, 103 , 105 –6, 198

riverine system 26

Rockefeller, John D. 255 –6, 259 , 272

Rome 12 , 14 –15, 19 , 25 , 31 , 64 , 89 , 129 , 132 , 136 , 141 –2, 234 , 297

Ross, Michael 266 –7

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 105 , 232

Royal Navy 68 , 72 , 94 –5, 105 –6, 197 , 240 , 260

Royal Society 24 , 109 , 147 , 149 , 151 , 199 , 212 –13

Rudolph II, Holy Roman Emperor 148 –9

Ruhr basin 228 , 246 –8, 260

rum 7 , 40 , 45 , 58 , 67 –8, 71 , 73 , 83 , 117

Russia 6 , 17 –18, 20 , 30 , 31 , 46 –9

principality of Moscow 97 –104, 111 , 145 , 155 –8

Russian Empire 33 , 34 , 37 , 42 , 50 , 53 –61, 66 , 72 , 94 –6, 105 –6, 121 –5, 150 , 168 , 176 , 184 , 188 , 192 , 198 , 206 , 217 –18, 220 , 226 , 239 , 243 , 247 –8, 254 , 256 , 259 , 265 –70, 272 –4, 276 , 277 , 279

Russian Federation 38 , 180 , 265 , 268 , 276 , 282

see also Soviet Union

Russian disease 274 –6

sable 48 –54, 59 , 61

Sahlins, Marshall 63

Saint-Domingue (Haiti) 45 , 67 –8, 73 –5, 191

St Jerome 42

St Petersburg 19 , 31 –3, 55 , 58 –9, 84 , 104 –5, 123 , 135 , 159 –60, 201 , 208 , 216 , 235 –6, 246 , 255 –7, 292

Sakhalin island 59

salt 11 , 40 , 45 , 255 , 273

institutions 65

natural history, 64 –6, 99

taxation 66 , 217

trade 51 , 64

vs. sugar 62 , 64 –6, 178

saltpetre 24 , 149

salvation 141 –2, 154 , 279

Saxony 97 , 134 –5, 137 , 139 , 148 –50, 153 –4, 157 –9

Schmitt, Carl 98 , 268

Schwaz 135 –6, 148

Scotland 72 , 95 , 102 , 113 , 145 , 174 , 184 –6, 189 , 200 , 202 , 214 , 220 , 234 , 239 , 242

Scott, James C. 23 , 23 , 30

scurvy 40 , 42 , 58

sea otter 54 –61

seal 57 , 59

seasonal work 31 , 124 , 205 –7, 218

second body 4 , 110 , 229 , 265

Second World War 85 , 134 , 248 , 252 , 259 –60, 296

self-immolation 157 –8

Seneca 89

Serdyukov, Mikhail 32

serfdom 18 , 35 , 84 , 96 , 101 –2, 170

sericulture 90 –2

Serpentine Mountain (Altai) 159

Seven Years’ War 28 , 45 , 53 –4, 73 , 77 , 153 –4, 191 , 215 , 217 , 235

Seville 143 –6

Sextus Marius 1 , 129 , 155

Shakers 42

Shamans 49 , 96 , 135 , 143 , 157

Shatura bog (near Moscow) 237

Shaumian, Stepan 158

Shchapov, Afanasy 60

sheep 12 –14, 22 , 39 , 46 , 71 , 106 –15, 118 , 121 , 133 , 146 , 165 , 167 , 194 , 205 –6, 212 , 235

Churra 106 –8

Merino 106 –9

Shelikhov, Grigory 55 –6

shipbuilding 15 , 194

Shipman, Pat 13

Shukhov, Vasily 256 , 159

Siberia 6 , 20 , 32 , 49 , 50 , 52 –61, 84 , 99 , 156 –7, 159 , 179 , 181 , 249 , 254 , 262 –3

Silesia 153

silk 3 , 5 , 7 , 24 , 53 , 86

and cotton 92 –3, 113 , 115 , 119 , 170

fur and silk 89

geography 56 , 67 , 90 –2, 101 , 192

institutions 89 –92

natural history 86 –9, 113 , 166 –7

silkworms 88 –92

Silliman, Benjamin 255

silver 1 –3, 5 , 15 , 18 , 34 , 48 , 50 , 60 , 66 , 78 –9, 89 –90, 104 , 106 , 108 , 114 , 117 , 127 –9, 134 –7, 139 –46, 148 , 152 , 154 , 159 , 161 , 168 , 177 –80, 182 , 184 –5, 187 , 189 , 191 –2, 194 –5, 198 , 203 , 222 , 238 , 267

Simon, William 272

Singer, Peter 176

slavery 69 , 75 –6, 84 , 85 , 145 , 170 , 174 , 182 , 220 –1, 284

sledge 33 , 47 , 49 , 55 , 61

smallholdings 70 , 75 , 102 , 125 , 156 , 208 , 211 , 222

Smith, Adam 30 , 36 , 55 , 69 , 109 , 113 , 161 , 163 , 174 , 182 , 186 , 193 , 198 , 200 –1, 204 , 216 , 218 –19, 239 , 283

smuggling 45 , 53 , 109 , 200 , 216

socialism 254 , 265 , 294

solar energy 12 , 278 , 287

solidarity 139 , 232 , 245 , 248 –50, 302

Solovetsky monastery 103 , 157

Solovyev, Ivan 60

Sombart, Werner 82

sovereign 3 –4, 9 , 99 , 110 , 112 , 137 , 145 , 152 –3, 182 , 198 , 213 , 229 , 232 , 236 , 274 –5, 289 , 293 , 301

sovereign funds 182 , 274 –5

Soviet Union 35 , 37 –8, 60 –1, 92 , 122 , 125 , 179 –82, 227 –8, 249 , 258 –69, 271 –3, 282 , 285 , 294 –6

see also Russia

Spanish Empire 97 , 108 , 137 , 141 , 144 –6, 166 , 185 , 191 , 203

specialisation 3 , 30 , 68 , 70 , 204 –8, 24

see also division of labour

Spinoza, Baruch 167

spirits 147 , 151

squirrel 46 –9, 54 , 61

Stalin, Josef 124 –5, 228 , 257 –9, 293

staple theory 4 , 54

Stashevsky, Artur 60

steam engines 3 , 44 , 114 , 116 , 119 , 159 –60, 203 , 212 , 223 –4, 234 , 239 –42, 244 , 256

steamships 37 , 54 , 79 , 244

Steller’s sea cow 57

Stephenson, George 240

Stollmeyer, Conrad 254

strikes 139 , 245 –8, 250 , 257 , 288

subsidies 38 , 43 , 65 –6, 75 , 94 , 100 , 211 , 259 , 276 –7, 279 –81, 283 , 299

subsistence farming 14 , 18 , 26 , 30 –1, 50 , 83 , 99 , 118 , 134 , 145 , 168 , 174 , 183 –4, 203 , 208 , 212

sugar 5 , 7 , 11 , 24 –5, 37

see also beet sugar; cane sugar

Surinam 7 , 193

Sweden 17 , 27 , 55 , 109 , 136 , 141 , 146 –7, 150 –1, 154 , 158 , 189 , 201 , 239

Swedenborg, Emanuel 150

Tacitus 1

Taiping Rebellion 79 –80

Tambor volcano 36

tar 16 , 18 , 24 , 95 , 101 , 104 , 156

Tarbell, Ida 255

tariffs 37 , 104 –5, 122 , 124 , 182 , 184 , 192 , 197 , 217 , 256

Tatarstan 262

Tatishchev, Vasily 27

taxation 23 –4, 45 , 63 , 157 , 233 , 266 –7, 280

and representation 267 , 295

tea 25 , 43 , 45 , 56 –7, 62 –3, 68 –9, 71 , 74 , 78 , 80 –3, 117 , 168 –9, 171 –3

textiles 3 , 32 , 36 –7, 48 , 69 , 72 , 82 , 86 , 114 –15, 117 –26, 134 –5, 144 , 175 , 217 , 242 , 244 –7, 268 , 285

thermodynamics 174

Thirty Years’ War 24 , 51 , 145

Thom, Robert 241

Thomas, Dalby 69 , 71

Thomas, Keith 18

Thoreau, Henry 42

Thucydides 129

Thünen, Johann Heinrich von 35 –6

Tiberius 1 –2, 129

timber 13 –19, 22 –3, 25 , 31 , 48 , 54 , 57 , 59 , 100 , 102 , 114 , 141 , 143 , 152 –4, 156 , 177 , 195 , 199 –200, 228 , 231 , 240 , 242 , 256 , 275

and mines 15 , 19 , 143

and ships 15 –17

Time of Trouble(s)

historical 51 , 102 , 145 , 157

metaphorical 131 , 178

Tlingits 58

tobacco 34 , 43 , 49 , 58 , 62 –3, 78 , 82 –3, 91 , 93 –4, 97 , 105 , 117 , 144 , 169 , 174 , 177 , 188 , 191 , 198 , 200 , 202 , 207 , 209 , 212 , 217 , 268 , 275 , 284

and sugar 68 –71, 83 , 115 , 185

Tocqueville, Alexis de 205

Tolstoy, Lev 42

Tomsk (Siberia) 258

Tordesillas meridian 137 –8

Torgsin (Soviet pawn shops) 60 , 181 , 293

Torriano, Nathaniel 172

toxicity 63 , 69 , 79

vs. elasticity 63

see also addiction

trade 3 , 6 , 12 , 18 , 28 , 51 , 72 , 77 –82, 88 –90, 123 –4, 138 , 141 , 166 , 172 –4, 178 , 194 , 207 –9, 251 –4, 272 , 284 –5

free trade 36 –7, 55 , 76 , 113 , 182 , 200 –3, 216 , 228 , 234 , 262

local vs. long-distance 14 , 24 –6, 35 , 40 , 47 –8, 57 , 62 –6, 98 –107, 111 –15, 162 , 165 , 169 –71,192 , 208 , 212 –13, 215 , 233 , 236

and perishability 40 –1, 46 , 126 , 163 , 168 –70

and state formation 46 , 52 –4, 59 –61, 197 –9

and subsistence 30 –3, 83 , 109 , 117 , 212

and taxation 22 , 49 –50, 56 , 73 , 109

triangular trade 44 –5, 67 –70

trade unions 227 , 246 , 248 –9, 264

tragedy of the commons 4 , 232 , 281 , 298

transhumance 107 –8, 212

transportation 17 –19, 26 , 32 –5, 40 –1, 44 , 52 , 54 , 68 , 72 , 82 , 86 –7, 108 , 123 , 169 , 177 , 194 , 198 , 232 , 251 –3, 256 , 262 , 268

see also costs

Treaty of Paris 45 , 213

Treaty of Utrecht 184

Treaty of Versailles 225 , 227 –8, 248

Trinidad 85 , 154

Trotsky, Leon 60 –1

Tula (central Russia) 156

Turkestan 123 –4

Turtzo, Johann 137

Ukraine 33 , 35 , 146 , 227 , 262 , 268 , 273

Ulster plantation 100 , 103

United States 43 , 54 , 60 , 260 –2, 270 –3, 279 , 281 –2, 297 , 299

Urals 32 , 46 –7, 121 , 156 , 158 –9, 246 , 262 , 328

urbanisation 34 , 69 , 121 , 125 , 281 , 290

Uruguay 41

USSR see Soviet Union

utilitarianism 175 -6, 182 , 226 , 274

Uzbekistan, Uzbeks 92 , 98 , 122 –4

Vasari, Giorgio 288

vegetarianism, veganism 40 –3, 61

Venezuela 4 , 182 , 260 , 262 –5, 267 , 269 –70, 272 , 276 , 283

Venice 17 , 31 , 40 , 64 –5, 67 , 90 –1, 94 , 114 , 134 –7, 146 , 166 , 192 , 208 , 236 , 292

Venyaminov, Innokenty 60

Vermuyden, Cornelius 234

Versailles 150 , 188 , 215 –16, 225 , 227 –8, 248 , 281

Vespasian 1

Vikings 16 , 46 , 49 , 133 , 150 , 155 –6

Vinius, Andrey 156

Virginia 34 , 70 , 87 , 94 , 102 –3, 105 , 195 , 212

viruses 61 , 250 , 287 , 190 , 198

Vishny Volochok canal 32

vitrification 149 , 154 , 233

Volga river 33 , 51 , 99 –101, 103 , 123 , 181 , 227 , 256

Vologda (northern Russia) 99

Voltaire 61 , 105 , 160 , 184 , 187 –8, 195 –6, 216 –17, 235

Vyg river 157

Wallerstein, Immanuel 161

Walpole, Robert 113 , 185

War of the Spanish Succession 187

water 5 , 21 , 36 , 43 , 45 , 64 –6, 86 , 95 –6, 169

and transportation 11 –12, 32 –3, 35 –6, 40 , 54 , 169 , 204

and consumption 43 , 290

and drainage 21 , 231 –7

watermills 24 , 119 –22, 133 , 136 –7, 143 , 150 , 159 , 200 , 212 , 231 , 240 –2, 246 , 278 , 287

floating, 241

Watt, James 116 , 203 , 223 , 239 –40

Weber, Max 222

welfare state 265 , 274 , 299

West Indies 45 , 68 –73, 116 , 170 , 176 , 184 , 215 –17, 221

wetlands (marshes, bogs) 8 , 11 , 21 –2, 24 , 54 , 64 , 116 , 130 , 143 , 155 –6, 200 , 231 –7, 290 , 292

whales 59 , 101 , 135 , 254

wheat 3 , 5 , 9 , 23 –37, 51 , 59 , 76 , 109 , 135 , 152 , 212 –17, 226 –8, 241 , 260 , 277 , 281

Wheeler, Daniel 236

White Sea 31 –2, 97 , 98 –104, 117 , 157

White, Harry Dexter 271

White, Leslie 12

Whitney, Eli 116

Williams, Eric 84

windmills 64 , 231 –4, 187

Witte, Sergey 37 , 146

women

in production 26 –7, 47 , 65 , 86 , 90 , 95 , 110 , 114 , 117 , 126 , 241 , 245

in consumption, 68 , 74 , 82 –3

captive women 50 , 59

as smugglers 66

inequality 267 –9, 301

wool 16 , 25 , 30 , 40 , 42 , 44 , 48 , 52 , 78 , 89 , 92 –4, 96

natural history 106 –7

geography 107 –9

processing 109 –11

institutions 86 , 108 –9, 113

Woolsack (British Parliament) 3 , 109 , 113 , 204

Yadrintsev, Nikolay 50

yasak 49 –50

Yermak Timofeyevich 49

Yugra 47 –9

Zoroaster 14