Незападная история науки: Открытия, о которых мы не знали - читать бесплатно онлайн полную версию книги автора Джеймс Поскетт (ч. notes)

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1

Сунь Гуаньлун. История китайской науки и техники. – М.: Шанс, 2021.

2

Термин «естественная история» в наши дни часто рассматривают как устаревшее название естествознания. В действительности это не совсем так. В наши дни под естествознанием понимают совокупность всех наук о природе, включая, в частности, физику и химию. В древности под естественной историей понимали описание наблюдаемых природных объектов и явлений, таких как минералы, растения и животные. Поэтому естественная история у древних – это более узкая область, чем современное естествознание. В переводе сохранен термин автора – «естественная история». – Здесь и далее прим. науч. ред.

1

Учитывая объем этой книги, я ограничил ссылки только теми источниками, на которые непосредственно опирался при написании этой книги. По той же причине я свел собственные комментарии в примечаниях к абсолютному минимуму.

2

Эта версия истории повторяется с незначительными вариациями почти во всех обзорах истории науки, начиная с середины XX в., например: Herbert Butterfield, The Origins of Modern Science (London: G. Bell and Sons, 1949), Alfred Rupert Hall, The Scientific Revolution (London: Longmans, 1954), Richard Westfall, The Construction of Modern Science: Mechanisms and Mechanics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), Steven Shapin, The Scientific Revolution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), John Gribbin, Science: A History, 1543–2001 (London: Allen Lane, 2002), Peter Bowler and Iwan Rhys Morus, Making Modern Science: A Historical Survey (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005) и David Wootton, The Invention of Science: A New History of the Scientific Revolution (London: Allen Lane, 2015).

3

Kapil Raj, Relocating Modern Science: Circulation and the Construction of Knowledge in South Asia and Europe, 1650–1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2007). Эта работа по своей теме наиболее близка к данной книге, но ограничена одним регионом (Южной Азией) и конкретным периодом (до 1900 г.). Arun Bala, The Dialogue of Civilizations in the Birth of Modern Science (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2006). Автор высказывает аналогичную мысль, однако тоже ограничивается более ранним периодом. Другие существующие работы, охватывающие более широкий круг регионов, как правило, только усиливают идею европейской исключительности, например: H. Floris Cohen, The Rise of Modern Science Explained: A Comparative History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), Toby Huff, Intellectual Curiosity and the Scientific Revolution: A Global Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010) и James E. McClellan III and Harold Dorn, Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction, 3rd edn (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006).

4

О потребности в глобальной истории науки см.: Sujit Sivasundaram, 'Sciences and the Global: On Methods, Questions, and Theory', Isis 101 (2010).

5

Jeffrey Mervis, 'NSF Rolls Out Huge Makeover of Science Statistics', Science, дата обращения: 22 ноября 2020 г., https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/01/nsfrolls-out-huge-makeover-science-statistics, Jeff Tollefson, 'China Declared World's Largest Producer of Scientific Articles', Nature 553 (2018), Elizabeth Gibney, 'Arab World's First Mars Probe Takes to the Skies', Nature 583 (2020) и Karen Hao, 'The Future of AI is in Africa', MIT Technology Review, дата обращения: 22 ноября 2020 г., https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/06/21/134820/ai-africa-machinelearning-ibm-google/.

6

David Cyranoski and Heidi Ledford, 'Genome-Edited Baby Claim Provokes International Outcry', Nature 563 (2018), David Cyranoski, 'Russian Biologist Plans More CRISPR-Edited Babies', Nature 570 (2019), Michael Le Page, 'Russian Biologist Still Aims to Make CRISPR Babies Despite the Risks', New Scientist, дата обращения: 13 февраля 2021 г., https://www.newscientist.com/article/2253688-russian-biologist-still-aims-to-make-crispr-babies-despite-the-risks/, David Cyranoski, 'What CRISPR-Baby Prison Sentences Mean for Research', Nature 577 (2020), Connie Nshemereirwe, 'Tear Down Visa Barriers That Block Scholarship', Nature 563 (2018), A Picture of the UK Workforce: Diversity Data Analysis for the Royal Society (London: The Royal Society, 2014) и 'Challenge Anti-Semitism', Nature 556 (2018).

7

Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954 to present). Этот многотомник является самым знаменитым трудом, прославляющим достижения древней китайской науки и почти не уделяющим внимание науке современной. Однотомный эквивалент о науке исламского мира: Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Science and Civilization in Islam (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1968). Еще одна популярная работа о средневековой исламской науке: Jim Al-Khalili, Pathfinders: The Golden Age of Arabic Science (London: Allen Lane, 2010). Об истории происхождения концепции золотого века и ее политическом аспекте см.: Marwa Elshakry, 'When Science Became Western: Historiographical Reflections', Isis 101 (2010).

8

'President Erdoğan Addresses 2nd Turkish–Arab Congress on Higher Education', Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, дата обращения: 14 декабря 2019 г., https://tccb.gov.tr/en/news/542/43797/president-erdogan-addresses-2nd-turkish-arab-congresson-higher-education.

9

Butterfield, Origins of Modern Science, 191, James Poskett, 'Science in History', The Historical Journal 62 (2020), Roger Hart, 'Beyond Science and Civilization: A Post-Needham Critique', East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine 16 (1999): 93 и George Basalla, 'The Spread of Western Science', Science 156 (1967): 611. Историки науки XX в. опирались на более раннюю традицию, заложенную учеными-востоковедами еще в конце XVIII в., отождествлять «Европу» с «современностью», что стало особенно актуальным в период холодной войны и постколониализма, см.: Elshakry, 'When Science Became Western'.

10

Elshakry, 'When Science Became Western', Poskett, 'Science in History' и Nathan Rosenberg and L. E. Birdzell Jr, 'Science, Technology and the Western Miracle', Scientific American 263 (1990): 42.

11

David Joravsky, 'Soviet Views on the History of Science', Isis 46 (1955): 7.

12

Elshakry, 'When Science Became Western', Benjamin Elman, ' "Universal Science" Versus "Chinese Science": The Changing Identity of Natural Studies in China, 1850–1930', Historiography East and West 1 (2003) и Dhruv Raina, Images and Contexts: The Historiography of Science and Modernity in India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003), особенно 19–48 и 105–38.

13

В этой главе я использую термин «ацтеки» вместо более точного «мешика», а также «Теночтитлан» вместо «Мехико-Теночтитлан». Об истории этой терминологии см.: Alfredo López Austin, 'Aztec', в The Oxford Encyclopaedia of Mesoamerican Cultures, ed. Davíd Carrasco (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 1:68–72.

14

Davíd Carrasco and Scott Sessions, Daily Life of the Aztecs, 2nd edn (Santa Barbara: Greenwood Press, 2011), 1–5, 38, 80, 92, 164, 168, 219 и James McClellan III and Harold Dorn, Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction, 3rd edn (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 155–64, Miguel de Asúa and Roger French, A New World of Animals: Early Modern Europeans on the Creatures of Iberian America (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005), 27–28, Jan Elferink, 'Ethnobotany of the Aztecs', в Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, ed. Helaine Selin, 2nd edn (New York: Springer, 2008), 827–28 и Ian Mursell, 'Aztec Pleasure Gardens', Mexicolore, дата обращения: 12 апреля 2019 г., http://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/aztefacts/aztec-pleasure-gardens/.

15

Francisco Guerra, 'Aztec Science and Technology', History of Science 8 (1969): 43, Carrasco and Sessions, Daily Life, 1–11, 38, 42, 72, 92, и McClellan III and Dorn, Science and Technology in World History, 155–64.

16

Frances Berdan, 'Aztec Science', в Selin, ed., Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, 382, Francisco Guerra, 'Aztec Medicine', Medical History 10 (1966): 320–32, E. C. del Pozo, 'Aztec Pharmacology', Annual Review of Pharmacology 6 (1966): 9–18, Carrasco and Sessions, Daily Life, 59–60, 113–15, 173 и McClellan III and Dorn, Science and Technology in World History, 155–64.

17

Carrasco and Sessions, Daily Life, 72 и 80.

18

Iris Montero Sobrevilla, 'Indigenous Naturalists', в Worlds of Natural History, eds. Helen Curry, Nicholas Jardine, James Secord, and Emma Spary (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018), 116–18 и Carrasco and Sessions, Daily Life, 88 и 230–37.

19

Peter Dear, Revolutionizing the Sciences: European Knowledge and Its Ambitions, 1500–1700 (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001) и John Henry, The Scientific Revolution and the Origins of Modern Science (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 1997).

20

Herbert Butterfield, The Origins of Modern Science (London: Bell, 1949), David Wootton, The Invention of Science: A New History of the Scientific Revolution (London: Penguin Books, 2015), Robert Merton, 'Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth-Century England', Osiris 4 (1938), Dorothy Stimson, 'Puritanism and the New Philosophy in 17th Century England', Bulletin of the Institute of the History of Medicine 3 (1935), Christopher Hill, Intellectual Origins of the English Revolution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965), Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985), Elizabeth Eisenstein, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change: Communications and Cultural Transformations in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997) и Steven Shapin, The Scientific Revolution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998).

21

Toby Huff, Intellectual Curiosity and the Scientific Revolution: A Global Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), Antonio Barrera-Osorio, Experiencing Nature: The Spanish American Empire and the Early Scientific Revolution (Austin: University of Texas Press), Jorge Canizares-Esguerra, Nature, Empire, and Nation: Explorations of the History of Science in the Iberian World (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006), William Burns, The Scientific Revolution in Global Perspective (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016), Klaus Vogel, 'European Expansion and Self-Definition', в The Cambridge History of Science: Early Modern Science, eds. Katharine Park and Lorraine Daston (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006) и McClellan III and Dorn, Science and Technology in World History, 99–176.

22

Alfred Crosby, The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 (Westport: Praeger, 2003), 1–22 и J. Worth Estes, 'The European Reception of the First Drugs from the New World', Pharmacy in History 37 (1995): 3.

23

Katharine Park and Lorraine Daston, 'Introduction: The Age of the New', в Park and Daston, eds., Cambridge History of Science: Early Modern Science, Dear, Revolutionizing the Sciences, 10–48 и Shapin, Scientific Revolution, 15–118.

24

Anthony Grafton with April Shelford and Nancy Siraisi, New Worlds, Ancient Texts: The Power of Tradition and the Shock of Discovery (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press, 1992), 1–10, Paula Findlen, 'Natural History', в Park and Daston, eds., The Cambridge History of Science: Early Modern Science, 435–58 и Barrera-Osorio, Experiencing Nature, 1–13 и 101–27.

25

Crosby, Columbian Exchange, 24, Grafton, New Worlds, Ancient Texts, 84 и Asúa and French, A New World of Animals, 2.

26

Andres Prieto, Missionary Scientists: Jesuit Science in Spanish South America, 1570–1810 (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press), 18–34 и Thayne Ford, 'Stranger in a Foreign Land: José de Acosta's Scientific Realizations in Sixteenth-Century Peru', The Sixteenth Century Journal 29 (1998): 19–22.

27

Prieto, Missionary Scientists, 151–169, Grafton, New Worlds, Ancient Texts, 1 и Ford, 'Stranger in a Foreign Land', 31–32.

28

José de Acosta, Natural and Moral History of the Indies, пер. Frances López-Morillas (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002), 37, 88–89, Prieto, Missionary Scientists, 151–169, Grafton, New Worlds, Ancient Texts, 1 и Ford, 'Stranger in a Foreign Land', 31–32.

29

Acosta, Natural and Moral History of the Indies, 236–37.

30

Grafton, New Worlds, Ancient Texts, 1–10, Park and Daston, 'Introduction: The Age of the New', 8 и Ford, 'Stranger in a Foreign Land', 26–28.

31

Arthur Anderson and Charles Dibble, 'Introductions', в Florentine Codex: Introduction and Indices, eds. Arthur Anderson and Charles Dibble (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1961), 9–15, Arthur Anderson, 'Sahagún: Career and Character', в Anderson and Dibble, eds., Florentine Codex: Introduction and Indices, 29 и Henry Reeves, 'Sahagún's "Florentine Codex", a Little Known Aztecan Natural History of the Valley of Mexico', Archives of Natural History 33 (2006).

32

Diana Magaloni Kerpel, The Colors of the New World: Artists, Materials, and the Creation of the Florentine Codex (Los Angeles: The Getty Research Institute), 1–3, Marina Garone Gravier, 'Sahagún's Codex and Book Design in the Indigenous Context', в Colors between Two Worlds: The Florentine Codex of Bernardino de Sahagún, eds. Gerhard Wolf, Joseph Connors, and Louis Waldman (Florence: Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz, 2011), 163–66, Elizabeth Boone, Stories in Red and Black: Pictorial Histories of the Aztecs and Mixtecs (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2000), 4 и Anderson and Dibble, 'Introductions', 9–10.

33

Victoria Ríos Castano, 'From the "Memoriales con Escolios" to the Florentine Codex: Sahagún and His Nahua Assistants' Co-Authorship of the Spanish Translation', Journal of Iberian and Latin American Research 20 (2014), Kerpel, Colors of the New World, 1–27, Anderson and Dibble, 'Introductions', 9–13 и Carrasco and Sessions, Daily Life, 20.

34

Anderson and Dibble, 'Introductions', 11, Reeves, 'Sahagún's "Florentine Codex"', 307–16 и Kerpel, Colors of the New World, 1–3.

35

Bernardino de Sahagún, Florentine Codex. Book 11: Earthly Things, пер. Arthur Anderson and Charles Dibble (Santa Fe: School of American Research, 1963), 163–64, 205, Guerra, 'Aztec Science', 41 и Corrinne Burns, 'Four Hundred Flowers: The Aztec Herbal Pharmacopoeia', Mexicolore, дата обращения: 12 апреля 2019 г., http://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/health/aztec-herbal-pharmacopoeia-part-1.

36

Sahagún, Florentine Codex. Book 11: Earthly Things, 24.

37

Sobrevilla, 'Indigenous Naturalists', 112–30 и Asúa and French, A New World of Animals, 44–45.

38

Benjamin Keen, The Aztec Image in Western Thought (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1971), 204–205, Lia Markey, Imagining the Americas in Medici Florence (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2016), 214 и Kerpel, Colors of the New World, 6 и 13.

39

Andrew Cunningham, 'The Culture of Gardens', в Cultures of Natural History, eds. Nicholas Jardine, James Secord и Emma Spary (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 42–47, Paula Findlen, 'Anatomy Theaters, Botanical Gardens and Natural History Collections', в Park and Daston, eds., The Cambridge History of Science: Early Modern Science, 282, Paula Findlen, Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996), 97–154 и Barrera-Osorio, Experiencing Nature, 122.

40

Dora Weiner, 'The World of Dr. Francisco Hernández', в Searching for the Secrets of Nature: The Life and Works of Dr. Francisco Hernández, eds. Simon Varey, Rafael Chabrán, and Dora Weiner (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000), Jose López Pinero, 'The Pomar Codex (ca. 1590): Plants and Animals of the Old World and the Hernandez Expedition to America', Nuncius 7 (1992): 40–42 и Barrera-Osorio, Experiencing Nature, 17.

41

Harold Cook, 'Medicine', в Park and Daston, eds., The Cambridge History of Science: Early Modern Science, 407–423 и López Pinero, 'The Pomar Codex', 40–44.

42

Weiner, 'The World of Dr. Francisco Hernández', 3–6 и Harold Cook, 'Medicine', 416–423.

43

Simon Varey, 'Francisco Hernández, Renaissance Man', в Varey, Chabrán, and Weiner, eds., Searching for the Secrets of Nature, 33–38, Weiner, 'The World of Dr. Francisco Hernández', 36 и Pinero, 'The Pomar Codex', 40–44.

44

Simon Varey, ed., The Mexican Treasury: The Writings of Dr. Francisco Hernández (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001), 149, 212, 219, Jose López Pinero and Jose Pardo Tomás, 'The Contribution of Hernández to European Botany and Materia Medica', в Varey, Chabrán, and Weiner, eds., Searching for the Secrets of Nature, J. Worth Estes, 'The Reception of American Drugs in Europe, 1500–1650', в Varey, Chabrán, and Weiner, eds., Searching for the Secrets of Nature, 113, Arup Maiti, Muriel Cuendet, Tamara Kondratyuk, Vicki L. Croy, John M. Pezzuto, and Mark Cushman, 'Synthesis and Cancer Chemopreventive Activity of Zapotin, a Natural Product from Casimiroa Edulis', Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 50 (2007): 350–55, Ian Mursell, 'Aztec Advances (1): Treating Arthritic Pain', Mexicolore, дата обращения: 24 января 2021 г., https://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/health/aztec-advances-4-arthritis-treatment, Varey, 'Francisco Hernández, Renaissance Man', 35–37 и del Pozo, 'Aztec Pharmacology', 13–17.

45

David Freedberg, The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 246–55, Pinero, 'The Pomar Codex', 42, Vogel, 'European Expansion and Self-Definition', 826 и Asúa and French, A New World of Animals, 98–100.

46

Millie Gimmel, 'Reading Medicine in the Codex de la Cruz Badiano', Journal of the History of Ideas 69 (2008), Sandra Zetina, 'The Encoded Language of Herbs: Material Insights into the de la Cruz – Badiano Codex', в Wolf, Connors, and Waldman, eds., Colors between Two Worlds и Vogel, 'European Expansion and Self-Definition', 826.

47

William Gates, 'Introduction to the Mexican Botanical System', в Martín de la Cruz, The de la Cruz – Badiano Aztec Herbal of 1552, пер. William Gates (Baltimore: The Maya Society, 1939), vi–xvi и Gimmel, 'Reading Medicine', 176–79.

48

Martín de la Cruz, The de la Cruz-Badiano Aztec Herbal of 1552, пер. William Gates (Baltimore: The Maya Society, 1939), 14–15.

49

Gimmel, 'Reading Medicine', 176–179.

50

Raymond Stearns, Science in the British Colonies of America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970), 65, Paula Findlen, 'Courting Nature', в Jardine, Secord, and Spary, eds., Cultures of Natural History, Cook, 'Medicine', 416–423, Barrera-Osorio, Experiencing Nature, 122, Grafton, New Worlds, Ancient Texts, 67 и Worth Estes, 'The Reception of American Drugs in Europe, 1500–1650', 111–119.

51

Gimmel, 'Reading Medicine', 189 и Freedberg, Eye of the Lynx, 252–6.

52

Surekha Davies, Renaissance Ethnography and the Invention of the Human: New Worlds, Maps and Monsters (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 149–170, Laurence Bergreen, Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe (New York: Morrow, 2003), 160–163 и Antonio Pigafetta, The First Voyage around the World, ed. Theodore J. Cachey Jr (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007), 12–17.

53

Alden Vaughan, Transatlantic Encounters: American Indians in Britain, 1500–1776 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), xi–xii и 12–13 и Elizabeth Boone, 'Seeking Indianness: Christoph Weiditz, the Aztecs, and Feathered Amerindians', Colonial Latin American Review 26 (2017): 40–47.

54

Anthony Pagden, The Fall of Natural Man: The American Indian and the Origins of Comparative Ethnology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), Joan-Pau Rubiés, 'New Worlds and Renaissance Ethnology', History of Anthropology 6 (1993) и J. H. Eliot, 'The Discovery of America and the Discovery of Man', в Anthony Pagden, ed., Facing Each Other: The World's Perception of Europe and Europe's Perception of the World (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000), David Abulafia, The Discovery of Mankind: Atlantic Encounters in the Age of Columbus (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009) и Rebecca Earle, The Body of the Conquistador: Food, Race and the Colonial Experience in Spanish America, 1492–1700 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 23–24.

55

Cecil Clough, 'The New World and the Italian Renaissance', в The European Outthrust and Encounter, eds. Cecil Clough and P. Hair (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1994), 301, Davies, Renaissance Ethnography, 30 и 70, Acosta, Natural and Moral History of the Indies, 71 и Crosby, Columbian Exchange, 28.

56

Saul Jarcho, 'Origin of the American Indian as Suggested by Fray Joseph de Acosta (1589)', Isis 50 (1959), Acosta, Natural and Moral History of the Indies, 51 и Pagden, Fall of Natural Man, 150.

57

Acosta, Natural and Moral History of the Indies, 51–53 и 63–71.

58

Diego von Vacano, 'Las Casas and the Birth of Race', History of Political Thought 33 (2012), Manuel Giménez Fernández, 'Fray Bartolomé de las Casas: A Biographical Sketch', в Bartolomé de las Casas in History: Towards an Understanding of the Man and His Work, eds. Juan Friede and Benjamin Keen (DeKalb: Illinois University Press, 1971), 67–73 и Pagden, Fall of Natural Man, 45–46, 90, 121–122.

59

G. L. Huxley, 'Aristotle, Las Casas and the American Indians', Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 80 (1980): 57–59, Vacano, 'Las Casas', 401–410 и Giménez Fernández, 'Fray Bartolomé de las Casas', 67–73.

60

Bartolomé de las Casas, Bartolomé de las Casas: A Selection of His Writings, пер. George Sanderlin (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1971), 114–115 и Christian Johns, The Origins of Violence in Mexican Society (Westport: Praeger, 1995), 156–57.

61

Earle, Body of the Conquistador, 19–23.

62

Earle, Body of the Conquistador, 21–23.

63

Jorge Canizares-Esguerra, 'New World, New Stars: Patriotic Astrology and the Invention of Indian and Creole Bodies in Colonial Spanish America, 1600–1650', American Historical Review 104 (1999) и Earle, Body of the Conquistador, 22.

64

Karen Spalding, 'Introduction', в Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, Royal Commentaries of the Incas and General History of Peru, пер. Harold Livermore (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 2006), xi–xxii.

65

Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, Royal Commentaries of the Incas and General History of Peru, пер. Harold Livermore (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 2006), 1–11.

66

Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, First Part of the Royal Commentaries of the Yncas, пер. Clements Markham (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1869), 1:v–vi, 2:87, 2:236–237.

67

Barbara Mundy, The Mapping of New Spain: Indigenous Cartography and the Maps of the Relaciones Geográficas (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 14 и Hans Wolff, 'America – Early Images of the New World', в America: Early Maps of the New World, ed. Hans Wolff (Munich: Prestel, 1992), 45.

68

Hans Wolff, 'The Conception of the World on the Eve of the Discovery of America – Introduction', в Wolff, ed., America, 10–15 и Klaus Vogel, 'Cosmography', в Park and Daston, eds., The Cambridge History of Science: Early Modern Science, 474–478.

69

Vogel, 'Cosmography', 478.

70

Wolff, 'America', 27, 45.

71

Rüdiger Finsterwalder, 'The Round Earth on a Flat Surface: World Map Projections before 1550', в Wolff, ed., America, 80.

72

Rüdiger Finsterwalder, 'The Round Earth on a Flat Surface: World Map Projections before 1550', в Wolff, ed., America, 80.

73

Vogel, 'Cosmography', 484 и Mundy, Mapping of New Spain, 1–23, 227–230.

74

Felipe Fernández-Armesto, 'Maps and Exploration in the Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries', в The History of Cartography: Cartography in the European Renaissance, ed. David Woodward (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), 745, G. Malcolm Lewis, 'Maps, Mapmaking, and Map Use by Native North Americans', в The History of Cartography: Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies, eds. David Woodward and G. Malcolm Lewis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998) и Brian Harley, 'New England Cartography and Native Americans', в American Beginnings: Exploration, Culture, and Cartography in the Land of Norumbega, eds. Emerson Baker, Edwin Churchill, Richard D'Abate, Kristine Jones, Victor Konrad, and Harald Prins (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1994), 288.

75

Juan López de Velasco, 'Instruction and Memorandum for Preparing the Reports', в Handbook of Middle American Indians: Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources, ed. Howard Cline (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1972), 1:234, Guerra, 'Aztec Science and Technology', 40 и Mundy, Mapping of New Spain, xii и 30.

76

Mundy, Mapping of New Spain, 63–64, 96.

77

Mundy, Mapping of New Spain, 135–138.

78

Christopher Columbus, The Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus, пер. J. M. Cohen (London: Penguin Books, 1969), 224.

79

Wootton, The Invention of Science, 57–108; здесь автор высказывает аналогичную мысль, но не признает роль познаний коренных американских народов в этом процессе.