Oskar Schindler

Chapter 1

1. Theodore D. (Ted) Feder, interview by the author, New York, April 24, 1997.

2. Österreichisches Patentamt Büro, Vienna, “Report on Oskar Schindler,” December 12, 1991, Yad Vashem, Department of the Righteous, M 31/20, 1–2; Sčitání lidu 1930 Volkszählung 1930 (1930 Census), Zwittau, Odbočka zpravodajské ústrředny prři police-jním rředitelství Praha (Branch Office of the Intelligence Headquarters of the Police Directorate in Prague), S 54/1, 202-48-159, Státní Ústřední Archiv v Praze, 1–2 (hereafter referred to as OZU).

3. Letter from Radoslav Fikejz to David Crowe, March 27, 2000. In the midst of the park is a building that now houses the office of the mayor. It was built by a German industrialist, Robert Langer, in 1892. Emilie Schindler, with Erika Rosenberg, Where Light and Shadow Meet, trans. Dolores M. Koch (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1997), 26.

4. “Oskar Schindler, Retter und Lebemann.” ZDF Film (1994); Ackermann Gemeinde Hessen, Zur Erinnerung an Oskar Schindler dem unvergeßlichen Lebensretter 1200 verfolgter Juden: Dokumentation der Gedenkstunde zum 10. Todestag am 14. Oktober 1984 in Frankfurt am Main (Frankfurt am Main: Ackermann-Gemeinde, 1985), 18; Thomas Keneally, Schindler’s List (New York: Touchstone Books, 1992), 32–33.

5. Radoslav Fikejz, Oskar Schindler (1908–1974) (Svitavy: Městské muzeum a galerie Svitavy, 1998), 18; Jana Šmídová, “Oskar Schindler—anděl nebo gauner? (Oskar Schindler: Angel or Crook?), Lidové noviny, February 8, 1994, 9; Oskar Schindler, Daten meines Lebensweges, July 13, 1966, 1, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 1 (hereafter referred to as Oskar Schindler, BA(K)).

6. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 129.

7. Ibid., 7, 10–11; Fikejz, Oskar Schindler, 19.

8. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 3–7.

9. Ibid., 8–9.

10. Ibid., 9.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid., 23–26; Christoph Stopka, “Ich bin Frau Schindler,” Bunte (1994):24.

13. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 26–27; Stopka, “Frau Schindler,” 24.

14. Ernst Tragatsch, “Eine Erinnerung: Oskar Schindler,” Motorrad, no. 12 (1964):1; Fikejz, Oskar Schindler, 19.

15. Tragatsch, “Eine Erinnerung,” 1.

16. “Schindler Protokol,” 23 July, 1938, Zpravodajská ústředna při policejním ředitelství Praha, 200-299-50, Státní Ústřední Archiv v Praze, 1 (hereafter referred to as “Schindler Protokol,” ZUP 200). This thirteen-page document is Oskar Schindler’s official interrogation statement (in German and Czech) to the Czech secret police about his life and Abwehr activities. The page numbers cited are those used in this archival collection, which also includes the secret police report on Leo Pruscha and Dr. Sobotka’s report on Schindler and Pruscha. I have chosen to use these handwritten archival numbers so that future researchers can easily locate them. Each report also contains separate typed numbers that are referenced only to the individual reports. “Dr. Sobotka Report: Schindler Oskar and Pruscha Leo—Suspected Crime Against Paragraph 6, No. 2, of the Law for the Protection of the Republic,” ZUP 200, Policajní ředitelství v BrnZ (Police Directorate in Brno), No. 3382/2/38, 28 July, 1938, Státní Ústřední Archiv v Praze, 40–41 (hereafter referred to as “Sobotka Report,” ZUP 200). The handwritten numbers of pages 29–41 correspond to the typed page numbers of 1 through 13; “Oskar Schindler to Fritz Lang,” July 20, 1951, BA (K), N 1493, 5/28, 4 (hereafter referred to as “Schindler to Lang,” July 20, 1952, BA(K)).

17. “Schindler Protokol,” ZUP 200, 1; Schindler, Light and Shadow, 27; in the notes of their interview with Schindler in Paris in 1964, Martin Gosch and Howard Koch stated that Schindler told them that he received a DM 100,000 dowry from Emilie’s father. Given that they were still living in Czechoslovakia at the time, it was probably 100,000 Czech crowns, as Emilie stated in her memoirs. Martin A. Gosch and Howard Koch, “Interview with Oskar Schindler,” November 18, 1964, Paris, France, in the Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University, 7-A, 11.

18. “Schindler to Lang,” July 20, 1951, BA(K), 3.

19. MVP, M, 193/66-K, March 9, 1966, 1; Dr. MeOislav Borak, “Zatykac na Oskara Schindlera,” Meska televize Ostrava, 1999; Fikejz, Oskar Schindler, 20, 27.

20. Jitka Gruntová, Oskar Schindler: Legenda a Fakta (Brno: Barrister & Principle, 1997), 14 n. 13.

21. “Schindler Protokol,” ZUP 200, 1.

22. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 27–28.

23. “Edith Schlegl to David M. Crowe,” November 17, 1999; “Edith Schlegl to David M. Crowe,” September 26, 2000. See the Czech secret police comments on Oskar’s affair and its impact on his relationship with Emilie in “Sobotka Report,” ZUP 200, 34; Matthias Kessler, Ich muß doch meinen Vater lieben, oder?: Die Lebensgeschichte von Monika Göth, Tochter des KZ-Kommandanten aus ‘Schindlers Liste’ (Frankfurt am Main: Eichborn, 2002), 224.

24. “Tina Staehr to David Crowe (report of a conversation with Edith Schlegl),” October 23, 2000; Gerhard Rempel, Hitler’s Children: The Hitler Youth and the SS (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989), 233, 248–250.

25. “Schlegl to Crowe,” November 17, 1999; Chris Staehr and Tina Staehr, interview by the author, Stuttgart, Germany, October 31, 2003.

26. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 115.

27. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 37.

28. Vollmacht (Power of Attorney), Lastenausgleichsarchiv (Lastenausgleich Archive), Bayreuth, 306 2230 D (Oskar Schindler). Oskar Schindler’s extensive Lastenausgleich files are hereafter referred to as LAG (OS). This file states that soon after Fanny’s death, Elfriede, by then Elfriede Tutsch, died at University Hospital in Munich. Given that she later bore three children, this account is inaccurate.

29. “Martin Gosch interview with Oskar Schindler,” November 18, 1964, Paris, France, Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collection Library at Vanderbilt University, 2 (hereafter referred to as “Gosch-Schindler Interview,” November 18, 1964, Delbert Mann Papers, Vanderbilt University).

30. “Gosch-Schindler Interview,” November 18, 1964, Delbert Mann Papers, Vanderbilt University, 3–4.

31. Fikejz, Oskar Schindler, 21–22.

32. “Schindler to Lang,” 1; Dieter Trautwein and Ursula Trautwein, interviews by the author, Frankfurt, Germany, May 25, 1999, and January 18, 2000.

33. Joseph Rothschild, East Central Europe Between the Two World Wars, vol. IX, A History of East Central Europe (Washington: University of Washington Press, 1990), 76–78; Victor S. Mamatey, “The Establishment of the Republic,” in Victor S. Mamatey and Radomír Luža, eds., A History of the Czechoslovak Republic, 1918–1948 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973), 24–27.

34. Václav L. Beneå, “Czechoslovakia Democracy and Its Problems, 1918–1920,” in Mamatey and Luža, History, 39; Herman Kopecek, “Zusammenarbeit and Spoluprace: Sudeten German–Czech Cooperation in Interwar Czechoslovakia,” in Nancy M. Wingfield, ed., Czech-Sudeten German Relations, Special Topic Issue, Nationalities Papers 24, no. 1 (March 1996):63; J. W. Brügel, “Die Aussiedlung der Deutschen aus der Tschechoslowakei,” Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 8 (April 1960):134–135; Radomír Luža, The Transfer of the Sudeten Germans: A Study of Czech-German Relations, 1933–1962 (New York: New York University Press, 1964), 1, 2 n. 6, 3 n. 9, 30.

35. Kopecek, “Zusammenarbeit and Spoluprace,” 63–65.

36. Ibid., 66, 70; J. W. Bruegel, “The Germans in Pre-War Czechoslovakia,” in Mamatey and Luža, History, 184; Rothschild, East Central Europe, 110–111, 116–117.

37. Kopecek, “Zusammenarbeit and Spoluprace,” 63–64, 70–72; Bruegel, “Germans in Pre-War Czechoslovakia,” 173–175; Luža, Transfer, 30.

38. Rothschild, East Central Europe, 123–124.

39. Ibid., 110, 116.

40. Ibid.; Bruegel, “Germans in Pre-War Czechoslovakia,” 182; Kopecek, “Zusammenarbeit and Spoluprace,” 72–73.

41. Ronald M. Smelser, The Sudeten Problem, 1933–1938: Volksturmpolitik and the Formation of Nazi Foreign Policy (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1975), 50, 52–53, 270 n. 25; Malbone W. Graham, New Governments of Central Europe (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1926), 61 n. 30, 329; Victor S. Mamatey, “The Development of Czechoslovak Democracy, 1920–1938,” in Mamatey and Luža, History, 113; Volker Zimmermann, Die Sudetendeutschen im NS-Staat: Politik und Stimmung der Bevölkerung im Reichsgau Sudetenland (1938–1945) (Essen: Klartext Verlag, 1999), 39.

42. Luža, Transfer, 68 n. 25, 69–71; Kopecek, “Zusammenarbeit and Spoluprace,” 72; on January 1, 1933, the German Nazi Party said that it had only fifty German party members in Czechoslovakia; Donald M. McKale, The Swastika Outside of Germany (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1977), 41; Mamatey, “Czechoslovak Democracy,” 148.

43. McKale, Swastika, 41, 45, 55–56. The VDA had been established in 1881 to further German culture and education among ethnic Germans living outside Germany. In 1933, it supported 9,200 German schools abroad. Luža, Transfer, 26 n. 8; Smelser, The Sudeten Problem, 71–72; Zimmermann, Die Sudetendeutschen im NS-Staat, 49; Dr. Reinhard Barth, “Volk League for Germandom Abroad,” in Christian Zentner and Friedemann Bedürftig, eds., The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich (New York: Da Capo Press, 1997), 1003; Gerhard L. Weinberg, The Foreign Policy of Hitler’s Germany: Diplomatic Revolution in Europe, 1933–1936 (Chicago: University of Chicago press, 1970), 109.

44. Smelser, The Sudeten Problem, 105–112; Luža, Transfer, 71–75; Rothschild, East Central Europe, 127–128; Weinberg, Foreign Policy, 1933–1936, 110, 225; McKale, Swastika Outside Germany, 56.

45. Smelser, The Sudeten Problem, 101–102; Luža, Transfer, 76; Elizabeth Wiskemann, Czechs and Germans: A Study of the Struggle in the Historic Provinces of Bohemia and Moravia (London: Oxford University Press, 1938), 205–206.

46.Wiskemann, Czechs and Germans, 204–205, 227; Luža, Transfer, 76.

47. Luža, Transfer, 77.

48. Ibid., 77–79; Rothschild, East Central Europe, 128.

49. Mamatey, “Czechoslovak Democracy,” 153–154; Rothschild, East Central Europe, 96, 128; James Ramon Felak, At the Price of the Republic: Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party, 1929–1938 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1994), 134–135, 139–140, 209–210; David Kelly, The Czech Fascist Movement, 1922–1942 (Boulder/New York: East European Monographs and Columbia University Press, 1995), 120, 123.

50. Luža, Transfer, 79–80; Rothschild, East Central Europe, 116, 126–128; Kopecek, “Zusammenarbeit and Spoluprace,” 72–73.

51. Mamatey, “Czechoslovak Democracy,” 154–156; Rothschild, East Central Europe, 130–131.

52.Weinberg, Foreign Policy, 225, 312.

53. Canaris became a rear admiral in 1935 and a full admiral in early 1940. Zimmermann, Die Sudetendeutschen im NS-Staat, 50 n. 82; Smelser, Sudeten Problem, 184–185.

54. Smelser, Sudeten Problem, 168–169; Heinz Höhne, Canaris, trans. J. Maxwell Brownjohn (New York: Doubleday, 1979), 163.

55. Smelser, The Sudeten Problem, 169–172.

56.Wiskemann, Czechs and Germans, “Distribution of Sudeten German Population in Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia,” map at end of book; Fikejz, Oskar Schindler, 22; Gruntová, Oskar Schindler, 9; “Dr. Gerlach to the District Court of the NSDAP,” Zwittau, June 26, 1939, in NSDAP-spojovací ústedna přři úřadu říåského protektora, 123-592-2 (fólie 24), Státni Ústřední archiv v Praze, 1 page.

57. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 30; Fikezj, Oskar Schindler, 25; Schindler to Lang, 4; “Schindler Protokol,” ZUP 200, 2.

58. “Schindler Protokol,” ZUP 200, 2; “Report on Ilse Pelikánová,” July 28, 1938, Státni zastupitelstvíbv Olomouc, Tkxvi 1733/38, Zemskü archiv Opava poboOka Olomouc, 1 page; Dr. Jitka Gruntová, “Schindlerův v Seznam Tentokrát Jinak (Schindler’s List This Time in a Different Light),” Rovnost, March 8, 1995, 9.

59. Oskar Schindler, “Daten meines Lebensweges,” July 13, 1966, OS Bundesarchiv, N 1493, No. 1/ Band 1, 1; Höhne, Canaris, 287–288.

60. Patrick McGilligan, Fritz Lang: The Nature of the Beast (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997), 170, 174–177. Lang fled Germany in the spring of 1933 after a meeting with Hitler’s Reich Minister for Volk Enlightenment and Propaganda, Joseph Goebbels. The Reich Minister, who had just banned Lang’s Das Testament des Dr. Mabuse, apologized for this and told Lang that Hitler was one of his greatest admirers. He then offered Lang, who was regarded as Germany’s best film maker, a job as head of an agency that would oversee film production in the Third Reich. The Führer, Goebbels assured Lang, felt he would make great films for the Reich. Goebbels dismissed Lang’s confession that he had Jewish ancestors and told him that he could become an “Honorary Aryan.” It was the Nazis, Goebbels explained, who decided who was a Jew. Within hours after his meeting with Goebbels, Lang left Germany for Paris, never to return. “Schindler to Lang,” July 20, 1951, BA(K), 3–4.

61. “Schindler to Lang,” July 20, 1951, BA(K), 4; “Schindler Protokol,” ZUP 200, 2; Keneally, Schindler’s List, 39.

62. “Sobotka Report,” ZUP 200, 34–35, 39. The statement in Czech about Schindler’s spying was “nutno označiti Schindlera za vyzvěda če velkého formátu a typu zvláåtě nebezpečného”; “Alois Polanski Protokol,” November 2, 1945. Ředitelství Národní bezpečnosti v Mor. Ostravě. Státně bezpečnostní oddělení. Kčj.: II/I 6314/1945, Státní Ústřední Archiv v Praze, 4 (hereafter referred to as “Polanski Protokol,” MV MO).

63. “Schindler to Lang,” July 20, 1951, BA(K), 4; “Sobotka Report,” ZUP 200, 34–35. Dr. Sobotka’s statement about Schindler in Czech was “je člověk krajně lehkomyslnü a nevalného charakteru, jehož jedinou snahou je lehce a bez práce získati hodně penez.”

64. Robin O’Neil, “The Man from Svitavy: The Enigma of Oskar Schindler” (unpublished manuscript, 1994), 45; Schindler, Light and Shadow, 30–31; Höhne, Canaris, 295.

65. Zimmermann, Die Sudetendeutschen im NS-Staat, 50–51; Höhne, Canaris, 291; Smelser, The Sudeten Problem, 184–185.

66. Smelser, The Sudeten Problem, 185; Höhne, Canaris, 289.

67. According to Heinz Höhne, Groscurth was a deeply religious Christian who hated Nazism. Höhne, Canaris, 289–290.

68. “Bericht Eugen Sliva,” Geheime Staatspolizei, Staatspolizeistelle Bruenn, Maerisch Ostrau, May 8, 1940, Moravskü zemsky archiv Brno, sign, 100-162-20, III 85/40g-Eugen Sliwa, 1.

69. Dr. MeOislav Borak, “Zatykac na Oskara Schindlera,” Meska televize Ostrava, 1999; “Schindler Protokol,” ZUP 200, 4. Kreuziger’s warning to Schindler in German was “ausserdem sehr ans Herz jedes Angebot zur Mitarbeit von Seiten der Abteilung A II, die sich mit rein politischen Sachen, so wie Propaganda Flugblätter usw. beschäftigt, abzulehnen um mich nicht zu zersplittern”; “Sobotka Report,” ZUP 200, 30; in 1939, Abwehr became Amt Ausland/A, or the Abwehr Foreign Office. Höhne, Canaris, 287–288.

70. Weinberg, Foreign Policy, 312–320; Gerhard L. Weinberg, The Foreign Policy of Hitler’s Germany: Starting World War II, 1937–1939 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 316–317.

71. Smelser, The Sudeten Problem, 196–206.

72. Weinberg, Foreign Policy, 318–319; Weinberg, Foreign Policy, 1937–1939, 373; Smelser, The Sudeten Problem, 201–207.

73. Smelser, The Sudeten Problem, 205–207, 217; Weinberg, Foreign Policy, 1937–1939, 334; Unsigned Report with Enclosures: “Preliminary Report on My Conversations with Konrad Henlein, the Leader of the Sudeten German Party, and Karl Hermann Frank,” March 28, 1938, No. 107, Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918–1945, Series D (1937–1945), vol. 2, Germany and Czechoslovakia, 1937–1938 (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1949), 197–198. Though this memorandum is unsigned, it bears the initials of Hans Georg von Mackensen, a state secretary in the German Foreign Office (hereafter referred to DGFP, D, II).

74. “Memorandum of the Eight Demands Made by Konrad Henlein at the Sudeten German Party Congress at Karlsbad,” April 24, 1938, No. 135, DGFP, D, II, 242; Weinberg, Foreign Policy, 1937–1939, 337–339.

75.Weinberg, Foreign Policy, 1937–1939, 357, 363, 370–371. The complete draft of the May 20 directive and Keitel’s cover letter can be found as No. 175, in DGFP, D, II, 299–303.

76. Weinberg, Foreign Policy, 1933–1936, 224, 370; Weinberg, Foreign Policy, 1937–1939, 32–33; “Directive for Operation ‘Green’ from the Führer to the Commanders in Chief, with Covering Letter from the Chief of Supreme Headquarters, the Wehrmacht (Keitel).” May 30, 1938, No. 221, DGFP, D, II, 358.

77. Höhne, Canaris, 293–294.

78. Ibid., 294–295.

79. “Pruscha Protocol,” ZUP 200, 17.

80. Ibid.; “Sobotka Report,” ZUP 200, 39–40; “Ladislav Novak Protokol,” July 27, 1938, ZUP 200, Státní Ústřední Archiv v Praze, 1 (hereafter referred to as “Novak Protokol,” ZUP 200).

81. “Schindler Protokol,” ZUP 200, 4–5, 8.

82. “Sobotka Report,” ZUP 200, 30.

83. “Schindler Protokol,” ZUP 200, 4–6; “Sobotka Report,” ZUP 200, 30–31: Höhne, Canaris, 295.

84. Felak, At the Price of the Republic, 184, 194–195, 204; Smelser, The Sudeten Problem, 188–189.

85. “Schindler Protokol,” ZUP 200, 6–7; “Sobotka Report,” ZUP 200, 30–31.

86. “Schindler Protokol,” ZUP 200, 7.

87. Ibid., 7–8.

88. Ibid., 8; “Pruscha Protokol,” ZUP 200, 18.

89. “Schindler Protokol,” ZUP 200, 8; “Pruscha Protokol,” ZUP 200, 18.

90. “Pruscha Protokol,” ZUP 200, 18–19; “Schindler Protokol,” ZUP 200, 8–9.

91. “Pruscha Protokol,” ZUP 200, 19; “Schindler and Pruscha Report,” ZUP 200, 91.

92. “Pruscha Protokol,” ZUP 200, 19–20; “Schindler Protokol,” ZUP 200, 9.

93. “Schindler Protokol,” ZUP 200, 9; “Pruscha Protokol,” ZUP 200, 20.

94. “Schindler Protokol,” ZUP 200, 9; “Pruscha Protokol,” ZUP 200, 20–21; No. 221, DGFP, D, II, 360.

95. “Pruscha Protokol,” ZUP 200, 21; Höhne, Canaris, 293.

96. “Pruscha Protokol,” ZUP 200, 21.

97. Ibid., 21; “Directive for Operation ‘Green’ from the Führer to the Commander in Chief, with Covering Letter from the Chief of the Supreme Headquarters, the Wehrmacht (Keitel),” No. 221 (Operation Green), Berlin, May 30, 1938, DGFP, D, II, 359–360.

98. Matthew Cooper, The German Army, 1933–1945 (Lanham, Md: Scaborough House Publishers, 1990), 102; Luža, Transfer of the Sudeten Germans, 147–148; J. E. Kaufmann and Robert M. Jurga, Fortress Europe: European Fortifications of World War II, translations by H. W. Kaufmann (Conshohocken, Pa.: Combined Publishing, 1999), 240, 242–245, 252; Höhne, Canaris, 311.

99. Luža, Transfer of the Sudeten Germans, 149; Weinberg, Foreign Policy, 1937–1939, 362–363, 368 n. 213, 370; Kaufmann and Jurga, Fortress Europe, 252.

100. “Pruscha Protokol,” ZUP 200, 21–22.

101. Ibid., 22; Weinberg, Foreign Policy, 1937–1939, 370, n. 220; No. 221 (Operation Green), DGFP, D, II, 360–361.

102. “Schindler Protokol,” ZUP 200, 10; “Pruscha Protokol,” ZUP 200, 22.

103. “Pruscha Protokol,” ZUP 200, 22–23.

104. Ibid., 11; “Pruscha Protokol,” ZUP 200, 23.

105. “Schindler Protokol,” ZUP 200, 11; “Pruscha Protokol,” ZUP 200, 23.

106. “Schindler Protokol,” ZUP 200, 11; “Pruscha Protokol,” 23–24.

107. “Schindler Protokol,” ZUP 200, 11–12.

108. “Pruscha Protokol,” ZUP 200, 24.

109. “Ladislav Novak Protokol,” July 27, 1938, ZUP 200, 1 page; “Pruscha Protokol,” ZUP 200, 24–26; “Schindler and Pruscha Report,” ZUP 200, 38.

110. “Schindler Protocol,” ZUP 200, 12; “Pruscha Protokol,” ZUP 200, 25.

111. “Pruscha Protokol,” ZUP 200, 25–26; “Schindler Protokol,” ZUP 200, 12–13.

112. “Pruscha Protokol,” ZUP 200, 26; “Schindler Protokol,” 13.

113. “Schindler Protokol,” ZUP 200, 14.

114. “Schindler and Pruscha Report,” ZUP 200, 90; Robin O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler Within the Context of the Holocaust in German Occupied Poland and Czechoslovakia” (master’s thesis, University College, London, 1996), 19.

115. “Schindler, Oskar,” April 13, 1966, Archiv Ministerstva vnitra (Prague), Krajská Správa Ministerstva vnitra, M.j. Sv-90/01-66, 2 (hereafter referred to as Archiv MV); “Oskar Schindler,” March 9, 1966, Archiv MV, Ministervo Spravedlinosti v Praze, M. 193/66-K, 1–2).

116. Fikejz, Oskar Schindler, 29; “Agreement Reached on September 29, 1938, between Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and Italy,” September 29, 1938, No. 675, DGFP, D, II, 1015.

117. Trautwein and Trautwein, interview, Frankfurt, Germany, May 25, 1999.

118. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 33; Stanislav Motl, “Schindleru6 v Rok, Reflex 12 (1994):13; O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler,” 19.

119. Cooper, The German Army, 95–99; Weinberg, Foreign Policy, 1937–1945, 384–386.

120. Keith Eubank, “Munich,” in Mamatey and Luža, History, 243–244; Weinberg, Foreign Policy, 1937–1939, 374–377, 390–391; Smelser, The Sudeten Problem, 234–238; Zimmermann, Die Sudetendeutschen im NS-Staat, 62.

121. Smelser, The Sudeten Problem, 237–240; “Memorandum by an Official of Political Division IV (Altenburg),” September 13, 1938, DGFP, D, II, 751 n. 95.

122. “Unsigned Foreign Ministry Minute,” September 13, 1938, No. 469, DGFP, D, II, 754; “Letter from the Leader of the Sudeten German Party (Henlein) to the Führer,” September 15, 1938, No. 489, DGFP, D, II, 801; “Text of the Joint Communication by the British and French Governments to the President of Czechoslovakia,” September 19, 1938, No. 523, DGFP, D, II, 831–832.

123.Weinberg, Foreign Policy, 1937–1939, 433–434; Peter Hoffmann, The History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945, 3d ed., trans. Richard Barry (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1996), 69–96; Cooper, The German Army, 95–103.

124. Klemens von Klemperer, German Resistance Against Hitler: The Search for Allies Abroad, 1938–1945 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), 23–25; Höhne, Canaris, 258–260, 275–276, 303–311; for more on Oster’s 1938 plot to kill Hitler, see Terry Parssinen, The Oster Conspiracy of 1938: The Unknown Story of the Military Plot to Kill Hitler and Avert World War II (New York: HarperCollins, 2003).

125. Luža, Transfer of the Sudeten Germans, 142–144; Weinberg, Foreign Policy of Hitler’s Germany, 434, 446–453.

126. Eubank, “Munich,” 248–250; “Agreement Signed at Munich Between Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and Italy,” September 29, 1938, No. 675, DGFP, D, II, 1014–1015.

Chapter 2

1. Alois Polanski Protokol, November 2, 1945, V Mor. Ostravé.-StánZbezpečnostní odd-Zlení-KOj.: II/1/1945, Archiv Ministerstva Vnitra (Prague), 8 (hereafter referred to as Polansky Protokol, MV); “Report on Oskar Schindler,” April 13, 1966, Krajská Správa Ministerstva Vnitra, M.j. Sc-90/01-66, 1. This report was prepared by Major Karel Stedry for the Deputy Minister of the Interior, Comrade Colonel Klima; Thomas Keneally, Schindler’s List (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 13; E.W.W. Fowler, Nazi Regalia (Secaucus, N.J.: Chartwell Books, 1992), 46–48; Jay W. Baird, To Die for Germany: Heroes in the Nazi Pantheon (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990), 49–50, 65; “Testimony of Julius Wiener before Messrs. Shatkai and Laudau, in the Presence of Mr. Alkalai,” Jerusalem, August 6, 1953 (in Hebrew). Yad Vashem Archives, M 31/30, RGD, 423; John Weitz, Hitler’s Banker: Hjalmar Horace Greeley Schacht (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1997), 214.

2. “Golden Party Badge,” http://www.geocities.com/goldpartypin/ahaward.html., 1–2.

3. “Oskar Schindler to Fritz Lang,” July 20, 1951, 4, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, Band 23; Dietrich Orlow, The History of the Nazi Party, 1933–1945 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1973), 205; “Oskar Schindler’s Nazi Party Application,” NSDAP-Mitgliederkartei, Berlin Documentation Center, Bundesarchiv (Berlin), 1–2.

4. “Dr. Gerlich an das Kreisgericht der NSDAP,” June 26, 1939, Reg. 4746/39 (Oskar Schindler), NSDAP-spojovací ústředna při úřadu říåského protektora, 123-592-2 (fólie 24), 1 page.

5. “Agreement Reached on September 29, 1938, Between Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and Italy,” No. 675, Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918–1945, Series D (1937–1945), vol. 2, Germany and Czechoslovakia, 1937–1938 (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1949), 1014-1015; Theodor Prochazka, “The Second Republic, 1938–1939,” in Victor S. Mamatey and Radomír Luža, eds. A History of the Czechoslovak Republic, 1918–1948 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973), 256.

6. Volker Zimmermann, Die Sudetendeutschen im NS-Staat: Politik und Stimmung der Bevölkerung im Reichsgau Sudetenland (1938–1945) (Essen: Klartext, 1999), 82–87, 102–108, 119–125; Radomír Luža, The Transfer of the Sudeten Germans: A Study of Czech-German Relations, 1933–1962 (New York: New York University Press, 1964), 157–159; Prochazka, “The Second Republic, 1938–1939,” 261; Franz Neumann, Behemoth: The Structure and Practice of National Socialism, 1933–1944 (New York: Harper and Row, 1944), 561–562.

7. Ralf Gebel, ‘Heim ins Reich!’: Konrad Henlein und der Reichsgau Sudetenland (1938–1945) (Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 2000), 118; Zimmermann, Die Sudetendeutschen im NS-Staat, 210–211; letter from Ronald Smelser to David M. Crowe, July 7, 2000, 1 page; Ronald M. Smelser, “The Expulsion of the Sudeten Germans, 1945–1952,” Czech-Sudeten German Relations, Special Topic Issue, Nationalities Papers 24, no. 1 (March 1996):83.

8. Dr. MeOislav Borak, “Zatykac na Oskara Schindlera,” Ceska televize Ostrava (1999).

9. Gerhard L. Weinberg, The Foreign Policy of Hitler’s Germany: Starting World War II, 1937–1939 (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1980), 467; Prochazka, “The Second Republic,” 265; Hans Höhne, Canaris, trans. J. Maxwell Brownjohn (New York: Doubleday & Company, 1979), 323–324.

10. Prochazka, “The Second Republic,” 256–258.

11. Ibid., 263, 266; Weinberg, Foreign Policy, 1937–1939, 468.

12. Jörg K. Hoensch, “The Slovak Republic, 1939–1945,” in Mamatey and Luža, History, 271–272; James Ramon Felak, “At the Price of the Republic”: Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party, 1929–1938 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1994), 202–208.

13. Hoensch, “The Slovak Republic,” 272.

14. Ibid., 273–274; Luža, Transfer, 173–174.

15. Hoensch, “The Slovak Republic,” 274–275; Luža, Transfer, 174.

16. Luža, Transfer, 176–177; Hoensch, “The Slovak Republic,” 275.

17. Hoensch, “The Slovak Republic,” 274–276, 278, 290.

18.Weinberg, Foreign Policy, 1937–1939, 419, 479, 498.

19. Dr. MeOislav Borak, interview by the author, Ostrava, Czech Republic, 22 September, 2000; “Zatykac na Oskera Schindlera”; Emilie says that the address was 24 Sadova; Emilie Schindler, with Erika Rosenberg, Where Light and Shadow Meet, trans. Dolores M. Koch (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1997), 31. I have chosen to use Dr. Borak’s address because he lives in Ostrava and has done extensive research on Schindler’s life in the city; there are conflicting accounts about where Emilie lived when war broke out in 1939. According to Robin O’Neil, she said in an interview with him that she returned to Svitavy in the fall of 1939, though in her memoirs Emilie says she remained in the apartment in Mährisch Ostrau until 1941, when she joined Oskar in Kraków. O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler Within the Context of the Holocaust in German Occupied Poland and Czechoslovakia” (master’s thesis, University College, London, 1996), 27 n. 20; Schindler, Light and Shadow, 43, 46–48.

20. Policejní ředitelství v hor. Ostraoe, O.j. D-100/40, March 29, 1940, 1 page; Policejni ředitelství Praha, 1931–1940, S. 2370/82; Elizabeth Wiskemann, Czechs and Germans: A

Study of the Struggle in the Historic Provinces of Bohemia and Moravia (London: Oxford University Press, 1938), 83, 134, 113–114.

21. “Oskar Schindler to Fritz Lang,” July 20, 1951, OS Bundesarchiv, N 1493, 5, No. 28, 4. “kaiserliche und königliche” is a reference to the dual powers held by the Austrian emperor after the Ausgleich (Compromise) of 1867. The Austrian empire now became the Austrian-Hungarian empire. The Habsburg ruler became the emperor of the Austrian lands and king of Hungary. Kaiserliche refers to his imperial powers in the Austrian portions of his kingdom; Königliche to his royal powers in Hungary.

22. Alois Polanski Protokol, 3; Frantisek Moravec, Master of Spies: The Memoirs of General Frantisek Moravec (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, 1975), 128.

23. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 30–31; “Ilona Klimova to David Crowe, 23 September 2000”; Borak, interview, 22 September, 2000; “Bericht Eugen Sliva,” Geheime Staatspolizei, Staatspolizeistelle Bruenn, Maerisch Ostrau, May 8, 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, sign., 100-162-20, III 85/40g-Eugen Sliwa, 1.

24. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 30–31; O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler,” 25.

25. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 49.

26. Höhne, Canaris, 334–336; Borak, “Zatykac na Oskara Schindlera.”

27. Borak, “Zatykac na Oskara Schindlera.” In the post-war Czechoslovak investigations, an agent mentioned with some frequency was Waltraud Vorster. It is possible that Forster and Vorster were one and the same; see Polansky Protokol, MV, 4–7; Martin A. Gosch and Howard Koch, “Interview with Oskar Schindler,” November 18, 1964, Paris, France, in Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University, 7-A, 6.

28.Weinberg, Foreign Policy, 1937–1939, 537–538, 553–555, 559–560.

29. “Directive for the Armed Forces 1939/40, April 3, 1939, WFA Nr. 37/39 Top Secret Officer Only L Ia, and “Annex II to OKW No. 37/39, Top Secret L 1, C-120,” Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, vol. 4 (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1946), 916–925 (hereafter referred to as NCA); these directives are summarized in Telford Taylor, Sword and Swastika: Generals and Nazis in the Third Reich (New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1952), 256–260; Höhne, Canaris, 331.

30. Höhne, Canaris, 335–336.

31. Ibid., 336.

32. Ibid., 336–367, 350; “Bericht Eugen Sliva,” May 8, 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno,” 1.

33. Höhne, Canaris, 337–339.

34. Ibid., 339.

35. “Affidavit of Alfred Helmut Naujocks,” 20 November 1945, Document 2751-PS, NCA, vol. 5, 390–391; Walter Schellenberg, The Labyrinth: Memoirs of Walter Schellenberg, Hitler’s Chief of Counterintelligence, trans. Louis Hagen (New York: Da Capo Press, 2000), 48–50; Donald Cameron Watt, How War Came: The Immediate Origins of the Second World War: 1938–1939 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1989), 485–486.

36. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 32.

37. Dr. MeOislav Borak, “Zatykac na Oskara Schindlera.” Dr. Jaroslav Valenta of the Czech Academy of Sciences also says that the large body of historical literature on the Gliwice operation suggests that Schindler had nothing to do with it. Edouard Calic, Reinhard Heydrich (New York: Military Heritage Press, 1982), 194–195; “Ilona Kilmova to David Crowe, September 23, 2000”; Borak, interview, September 22, 2000.

38. Geheime Staatspolizei, Staatspolizei Brünn, Grenzpolizeikommissariat Mähr.-Ostaru, Abt. III, B. Nr. 770/39g, July 23, 1939, Betriff: Polnisches Konsulat Mähr.-Ostrau und Protokoll Eugen Slíva; Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, sign. 100-162-20, III 85/40 g. Eugen Sliwa, 1–5; Geheime Staatspolizei, Staatspolizei Brünn, “Eugen Sliwa,” May 8, 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno. 100-162-20, III 85/40 g.-Eugen Sliwa, 2–3 (hereafter referred to as Geheime Staatspolizei, Brünn, “Eugen Sliwa,” May 8, 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, “Eugen Sliwa”).

39. Geheime Staatspolizei, Brünn, “Eugen Sliwa,” May 8, 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, “Eugen Sliwa,” 4–5.

40. Geheime Staatspolizei, Brünn, May 8, 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, “Eugen Sliwa,” 5–6.

41. Geheime Staatspolizei, Mährisch Ostrau, III L-85/40g, June 17, 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, “Eugen Sliwa,” 1 page.

42. Deutsche Kriminalpolizei, Mährisch Ostrau, June 14, 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, “Eugen Sliwa,” 1 page; Das Deutsche Amtsgericht, 3 Gs 119/40, “Strafsache gegen Eugen Sliva wegen schweren Diebstahls,” June 15, 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, “Eugen Sliwa,” 1–3.

43. “Der Oberrechtsanwalt beim Volksgericht, Berlin to Geheime Staatspolizei, Mährisch Ostrau,” 11 J 263/40g, July 23, 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, “Eugen Sliwa,” 1 page.

44. “Kanzlei von dem Oberrechtsanwalt beim Volksgerichtshof,” 11 J 263/40g, August 10, 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, “Eugen Sliwa,” 3 pages.

45. “Geheime Staatspolizei, Staatspolizeistelle Brünn to Geheime Staatspolizeileitstelle Mährisch Ostrau,” III L-85/40g, 1 page. Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, “Eugen Sliwa,” 1 page.

46. “Schlussbericht III-85/40g, Mähr. Ostrau, September 27, 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, “Eugen Sliwa,” 1 page; “Kanzlei an die Staatspolizei, Brünn, III-L-85/40g, September 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, “Eugen Sliwa,” 3 pages.

47. “Kreisgericht in Mähr. Ostrau an die Geheime Staatspolizei, III 85/40g, November 2, 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, “Eugen Sliwa,” 1 page; “Kreisgericht in Mähr. Ostrau, “Eugen Sliva,” November 26, 1941, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, “Eugen Sliwa,” 1 page; “Nachrichtenübermittlung, Stapoleit Bruen, an Adst. Maehr. Ostrau,” November 13, 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, “Eugen Sliwa,” 1 page.

48. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 32.

49. “Abwehrstelle-zpráva,” May 12, 1947, Mis.bZ/z-1157/3–47, Appendix 1, Ministerstvu vnitra, odbor VII v Praze, 2 (hereafter referred to as “Abwehrstelle-zpráva,” MV Archiv); “Alois Polansky Protokol,” MV Archiv, 1, 3.

50. “Alois Polansky Protokol,” MV Archiv, 3; “Abwehr-zpráva,” April 8, 1947 M. VIII-4669/taj-47-A-11, Ministeratvu národní obranyhlavní åtáb 5. oddZlení-V Praze, Archiv Ministerstvo Vnitra (Prague), 2, 8 (hereafter referred to as “Abwehr-zpráva” MV). According to postwar Czechoslovak investigations, Moschkorsch was a Gestapo operative in Mährisch Ostrau who was later killed by Czech partisans on March 20, 1945, for his collaboration. Though the Czechs investigated Fischer’s activities, they were never able to find him and concluded that he had probably disappeared into the Wehrmacht. “Abwehrstelle-zpráva,” MV Archiv, 2.

51. “Alois Polansky Prokotol,” MV Archiv, 3–5, 7, 9. Unger’s wife was also at the meeting. As of 1947, all three had escaped the Czech dragnet and were never brought to justice for their espionage activities.

52. “Abwehrstelle-zpráva.” MV Archiv, 2, 6–7; Dr. MeOislav Borak, “Zatykac na Oskara Schindlera;” Polansky Protokol, MV, 12; “Abwehr-zpráva” MV Archiv, 4, 6–7; Jitka Gruntová, Oskar Schindler: Legenda a Fakta (Brno: Barrister & Principal, 1997), 19.

53. “Josef Aue Protokol,” August 6, 1946, M.j. II/1.-7219/46, Oblastní státní bezpečnosti v Mor. OstravZ, Ministerstvu vnitra Archiv (Prague), 1. The 12-page Aue Protokol is actually four investigative reports dated Ausgust 6, 1946, August 9, 1946, October 17, 1946, and October 23, 1946 (hereafter referred to as Josef Aue Protokol MV Archiv with specific date of interrogation); Sepp Aue to Itzhak Stern, December 7, 1948, Yad Vashem Archives, 0/1/64, 1–2 (hereafter referred to as Aue to Stern, YVA); Gruntová, Oskar Schindler, 19.

54. Josef Aue Protokol, MV Archiv, August 6, 1946, 1–2; Josef Aue Protokol, October 17, 1946, MV Archiv, 1–2; Weinberg, Foreign Policy of Nazi Germany, 1937–1939, 479; O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler,” 27, n. 20.; Aue to Stern, YVA, 1.

55. Aue Protokol, October 23, 1946, MV Archiv, 1–3; O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler,” 25–26; Aue to Stern, YVA, 1.

56. Aue Protokol, August 6, 1946, MV Archiv, 2; “Abwehr-zpráva,” MV Archiv, 6. Gassner escaped the Czech dragnet after the war, at least as of 1947. The secret police suspected he was in the Salzberg area where his wife had undergone a “healing cure.”

57. O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler,” 21; “Abwehr zpráva” MV Archiv, 5.

58. Schindler to Lang, 3; “Schindler Financial Report, 1945,” Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 15 (hereafter referred to as “Schindler Financial Report, 1945”).

59. Zprava V Mor. OstravZ, November 7, 1945, Ministerstvo vnitra Archiv (Prague), 2, 5 (hereafter referred to as Zprava V Mor. OstravZ, MV Archiv); Schindler, Light and Shadow, 30; Schindler to Lang, 3; O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler,” 38; “Schindler Financial Report, 1945” 15.

60.We have little information on Hauptmann Kristiany. At one point, he was in command of Abwehr operations in Brno. Leutnant Decker was injured in an automobile accident during the war and disappeared. Polanski Protokol, MV Archiv, 4–6; Zprava V Mor. OstravZ, 2.

61. Schindler. A film written, directed, and produced by Jon Blair, Thames Television Production, 1981; Schindler, Light and Shadow, 100.

62. Polanski Protokol, MV Archiv, 8; Schindler to Lang, 2.

63. Dr. MeOislav Borak and Dr. Jaroslav Valenta, “Zatykac na Oskara Schindlera.”

64. Borak, interview, September 22, 2000.

65. David M. Crowe, The Baltic States and the Great Powers: Foreign Relations, 1918–1940 (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993), 68–81.

66. Höhne, Canaris, 346–347; Taylor, Sword and Swastika, 286–291.

67. Höhne, Canaris, 348–350; Weinberg, Foreign Policy, 1937–1939, 635–637.

68. Höhne, Canaris, 350–352; Taylor, Sword and Swastika, 304–308.

69.Weinberg, Foreign Policy, 1937–1939, 636–638.

70. Höhne, Canaris, 351–353.

71. Taylor, Sword and Swastika, 315; Höhne, Canaris, 352–353.

72. Weinberg, Foreign Policy of Hitler’s Germany, 1937–1939, 646–652; Pat McTaggart, “Poland ’39,” in Hitler’s Army: The Evolution and Structure of German Forces (Conshohocken, Pa.: Combined Publishing, 1995), 220.

73. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 50; Hitler’s Army, 199, 211–212; Richard M. Watt, Bitter Glory: Poland and Its Fate, 1918–1939 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979), 422.

74. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 43; O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler,” 29–30; Höhne, Canaris, 357–358.

75. Höhne, Canaris, 315–322; John A. Armstrong, Ukrainian Nationalism, 2d ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963), 33–35.

76. Armstrong, Ukrainian Nationalism, 42–44; Ukrainian scholars are justifiably sensitive about the entire question of collaboration with the Germans before and during World 76. War II. According to Bohdan Krawchenko, this relationship was an opportunistic one for the Ukrainians, caught as they were between two dictatorial powers. Given Stalin’s policies in the Soviet portions of Ukraine, Germany seemed to offer the best hope for Ukranian national aspirations. See his Social Change and National Consciousness in Twentieth-Century Ukraine (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1985), 156; Robert M. Slusser and Jan F. Triska, eds., A Calendar of Soviet Treaties, 1917–1957 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1959), 127–128; Albert Seaton, Stalin as Military Commander (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1975), 89; Leonid N. Kutakov, Japanese Foreign Policy on the Eve of the Pacific War: A Soviet View, ed. George Alexander Lensen (Tallahassee: Diplomatic Press, 1972), 152–153; David J. Dallin, Soviet Russia’s Foreign Policy, 1939–1942, trans. Leon Dennen (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1942), 70–71; Jane Degras, ed., Soviet Documents on Foreign Policy, vol. 3, 1933–1941 (New York: Octagon Books, 1978), 374–376; Pavel Zhilin et al., Recalling the Past for the Sake of the Future: The Causes, Results and Lessons of World War Two (Moscow: Novosti Press Agency, 1985), 23.

77. The Ukrainians in Poland in 1931 made up almost 14 percent of the population. Paul Robert Magocsi, Historical Atlas of East Central Europe (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1998), 131; Orest Subtelny, Ukraine: A History, 2d ed. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994), 457; Höhne, Canaris, 357–359.

78. Ian Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), 234–235, 244; Louis L. Snyder, ed., Hitler’s Third Reich: A Documentary History (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1981), 329; Hans Umbreit, “Stages in the Territorial ‘New Order’ in Europe,” in Bernhard R. Kroener, Rolf-Dieter Müller, and Hans Umbreit, eds., Germany and the Second World War, vol. 5, Organization and Mobilization of the German Sphere of Power, part 1, Wartime Administration, Economy, and Manpower Resources, 1939–1941, trans. John Brownjohn, Patricia Crampton, Ewald Osers, and Louise Willmot (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000), 41.

79. Umbreit, “Stages,” 44; Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945, Nemesis (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), 235–236, 244; Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, vol. 1 (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985), 188–189; Richard C. Lukas, Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939–1944 (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1990), 3–5.

80. Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945, 240–241.

81. According to The Black Book of Polish Jewry, the population swelled to 72,000 because of an influx of Jewish refugees from Germany, the former Czechoslovakia, and the war. Jacob Apenszlak, Jacob Kenner, Dr. Isaac Lewin, and Dr. Moses Polakiewicz, The Black Book of Polish Jewry: An Account of the Martyrdom of Polish Jews Under the Nazi Occupation (New York: The American Federation for Polish Jews, 1943), 77; Umbreit, “Stages in the Territorial ‘New Order’ in Europe,” 42 n. 68, 43–44; Omar Bartov, “Preface,” Hamburg Institute for Social Research, ed., The German Army and Genocide: Crimes Against War Prisoners, Jews, and Other Civilians, 1939–1945 (New York: The New Press, 1999), 12–13. This volume was prepared to accompany the controversial exhibit by the same title. Because of errors found in some of the photographs in the German exhibit, it has yet to appear in the United States. It should also be noted that the English language exhibit book is very different from that of the German edition, Hamburger Institut für Sozialforschung (Hg.), ed., Vernichtungskrieg. Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941 bis 1944 (Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 1996). The German edition does not cover the years from 1939–1940 and does not contain the lengthy opening comments by Michael Geyer and Omar Bartov; Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945, 236; Kershaw’s figures differ considerably from those of Richard Lukas, who stated that the Poles lost 200,000 men and had 420,000 captured. The Germans, he claimed, lost 45,000 men. See his Forgotten Holocaust, 2.

82. Höhne, Canaris, 364–365; Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945, 243; Woyrsch’s group was composed of regular policemen. Umbreit, “Stages,” 44.

83. Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945, 245–246.

84. Ibid., 238; see, for example, Britain’s warning and ultimatum messages to the Germans in the early days of the war, “Viscount Halifax to Sir. N. [eville] Henderson (Berlin),” Foreign Office, September 1, 1939, No. 109, “Viscount Halifax to Sir N. Hendersonb (Berlin),” Foreign Office, September 1, 1939, No. 110, “Viscount Halifax to Sir. N. Henderson (Berlin),” Foreign Office, September 3, 1939, No. 118, “Memorandum Handed to Sir N. Henderson at 11:20 a.m. on September 3, 1939, by Herr von Ribbentrop,” No. 119, in Documents Concerning German-Polish Relations and the Outbreak of Hostilities between Great Britain and Germany on September 3, 1939 (London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1939), 168, 175–178; Donald Cameron Watt provides an excellent, detailed overview of these developments in the early days of the war in chapters 28, 30, and 31 in his How War Came, 530–550, 568–604; Geoffrey Roberts, The Unholy Alliance: Stalin’s Pact with Hitler (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989), 156–159.

85. Umbreit, “Stages,” 45–47.

86. Ibid., 50; Christopher Ailsby, SS: Roll of Infamy (Osceola, Wisc.: Motorbooks International, 1997), 47–48, 57, 157–158. Forster had SS number 158, indicating his high rank among the “Old Fighters.” Forster, a protegé of virulent Nazi anti-Semite Julius Streicher, had served as a Nazi Party member in the Reichstag and as Gauleiter (area commander) of the Free City of Danzig. He later become Reich governor (Reichsstatthalter) of the Danzig Gau. A bitter enemy of Forster, Greiser would soon become the Reich governor of a new Wartheland Gau, which would consist of the Posen, Łódź, and Hohensalza districts. Greiser’s SS number was 10,795. Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945, 69–72, 74–79, 250–252.

87. Umbreit, “Stages,” 20.

88. Ibid., 52–53; Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945, 246–247.

89. Richard Giziowski, The Enigma of General Blaskowitz (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1997), 179–180, 203–207.

90. Michael Burleigh, The Third Reich: A New History (New York: Hill and Wang, 2000), 438–440; Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945, 247–248; Jeremy Noakes and Geoffrey Pridham, eds. Nazism, 1919–1945: A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts, vol. 2, Foreign Policy, War and Racial Extermination (New York: Schocken Books, 1988), 938–941.

91. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Historical Atlas of the Holocaust (New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1996), 34; Umbreit, “Stages,” 53–55; Hilberg, Destruction, 193–196. Lower Silesia was governed by Oberpräsident and Gauleiter Karl Hanke and Upper Silesia by Oberpräsident and Gauleiter Fritz Bracht.

92. Stanisław Piotrowski, Dziennik Hansa Frank (Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Prawnicze, 1956), 11–13. An English edition of this work is available but it is not as extensive as the Polish edition. See Stanisław Piotrowski, Hans Frank’s Diary (Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1961); Christoph Klessmann, “Hans Frank: Party Jurist and Governor-General in Poland,” in Ronald Smelser and Rainer Zitelmann, The Nazi Elite (New York: New York University Press, 1993), 39–40; Ian Kershaw, Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 333, 337, 338.

93. Smelser and Zitelmann, The Nazi Elite, 40, 47. It is important not to confuse Hans Frank’s wartime diary with his postwar prison memoirs, Im Angesicht des Galgens: Deutung Hitlers und seiner Zeit aufgrund eigener Erlebnisse und Erkenntnisse, ed. O. Schloffer (Munich: Neuhaus, 1953).

94. Umbreit, “Stages,” 49, 53, 56, 58, 60; Piotrowski, Dziennik Hansa Frank, 29.

95. Jan Tomasz Gross, Polish Society Under German Occupation: The Generalgouvernment, 1939–1944 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979), 51; Joachim C. Fest, The Face of the Third Reich: Portraits of the Nazi Leadership, trans. Michael Bullock (New York: Ace Books, 1970), 315; Niklas Frank, In the Shadow of the Third Reich, trans. Arthur S. Wensinger, with Carole Clew-Hoey (New York: Alfred A. Knopf), 109; Piotrowski, Dziennik Hansa Franka, 21–22.

96. Office of United States Chief of Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Volume II (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing office, 1946), 956–957; on October 18, 1945, the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg indicted Seyß Inquart on all four counts and convicted him of crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. Frank was charged with three of four counts and convicted of war crimes, and crimes against humanity. Office of United States Chief of Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression: Opinion and Judgement (Washington, D,C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1947), 123–126, 153–156.

97. Piotrowski, Dziennik Hansa Frank, 52, 134, 239; Gross, Polish Society under German Occupation, 51–52.

98. Gross, Polish Society, 51–52; Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 1:197–198; Dr. Max Freiherr du Prel, Das General Gouvernement (Würzburg: Konrad Triltsch Verlag, 1942), 375, 380–382.

99. Umbreit, “Stages,” 60.

100. Gross, Polish Society, 51; Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 1:203–204.

101. Umbreit, “Stages,” 60.

102. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 1:199; Umbreit, “Stages,” 60.

103. Omar Bartov, Hitler’s Army: Soldiers, Nazis, and War in the Third Reich (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 61–68; Umbreit, “Stages,” 60.

104. Schindler to Lang, 4; “Schindler Financial Report, 1945,” 15; “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” October 30, 1955, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908– 1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1/15, 3, 4 (hereafter referred to as “Oskar Schindler Bericht (1955).”)

105. Schindler to Lang, 3; “Schindler Financial Report, 1945,” 15; Military Intelligence Service, German Army Order of Battle: October 1942 (Mt. Ida, Ark.: Lancer Militaria, n.d), 172; Georg Thomas, Geschichte der deutschen Wehr- und Rüstungswirtschaft (1918–1943/45), ed. Wolfgang Birkenfeld (Boppard am Rhein: Harald Boldt Verlag, 1966), 293, n. 78. This volume is part of the Bundesarchiv series, Schriften des Bundesarchiv.

106. “Oskar Schindler Bericht (1955),” 4; Schindler to Lang, 3.

107. “Schindler Financial Report, 1945,” 15; “Oskar Schindler Bericht (1955),” 4; Schindler, Light and Shadow, 83–84.

108. Thomas, Geschichte der deutschen Wehr- und Rüstungwirtschaft, 1 2; R.J. Overy, War and Economy in the Third Reich (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 178, 203, 242; Rolf-Dieter Müller, “The Mobilization of the German Economy for Hitler’s War Aims,” in Kroener, Müller, and Umbreit, Germany and the Second World War, vol. 1, Wartime Administration, Economy, and Manpower Resources, 1939–1941, 415–421; Höhne, Canaris, 344.

109. Initially, the economics minister held the title as General Plenipotentiary for the War Economy (GBK; Generalbevollmächtiger für die Kriegswirtschaft). He became the GBW in 1938. Müller, “Mobilization,” 410, 413; Overy, War and Economy in the Third Reich, 183–187, 203. The influential Thomas had once headed the army’s Defense Economy and Weapons Bureau; Hans-Erich Volkmann, “The War Economy under the Four Year Plan, in Wilhelm Diest, Manfred Messerschmidt, Hans-Erich Volkmann, and Wolfram Wette, eds., Germany and the Second World War, vol. I: The Buildup of German Aggression, trans. P. S. Falla, Dean S. McMurry, and Ewald Osers (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000), 281–285.

110. Müller, “Mobilization,” 420–421.

111. Thomas, Geschichte der deutschen Wehr- und Rüstungswirtschaft, 10–11; Norman Rich, Hitler’s War Aims: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973), 69–71; Alfred C. Mierzejewski, The Collapse of the German War Economy, 1944–1945: Allied Air Power and the German National Railway (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 9–11; Müller, “Mobilization,” 777–779.

112. Burleigh, The Third Reich, 679–683; Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945, 52–60; Höhne, Canaris, 254–258, 263–264, 270–271, 276; Klemens von Klemperer, German Resistance Against Hitler: The Search for Allies Abroad, 1938–1945 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), 86.

113. Thomas, Geschichte der deutschen Wehr- und Rüstungswirtschaft, 11–15; Klemperer, German Resistance, 172–173; Peter Hoffmann, The History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945, trans. Richard Barry, 3d ed. (Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 1996), 158–160.

114. Thomas, Geschichte der deutschen Wehr- und Rüstungswirtschaft, 15–17; Ulrich von Hassell, The Von Hassell Diaries, 1938–1944 (New York: Doubleday, 1947), 116–118, 125–128, 130–132; Hoffmann, History, 161–168; Klemperer, German Resistance, 172–178.

115. Höhne, Canaris, 449–450; Müller, “Mobilization of the German War Economy for Hitler’s War Aims,” 608, 610–615, 629–630, 648–649; Danuta Czech, “Origins of the Camp, Its Construction and Expansion,” in Franciszek Piper and Teresa Swiebocka, eds., Auschwitz: Nazi Death Camp (Oświęcim: The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 1996), 26–27, 29–30.

116. Thomas raised these points in a talk before the Military Policy and Military Sciences Association (Gesellschaft für Wehrpolitik und Wehrwissenschaften) on November 29, 1940. Müller, “Mobilization,” 618–619, 652, 659; Kershaw, Hitler: 1936–1945, 344–346; The Memoirs of Field-Marshal Wilhelm Keitel, ed. Walter Gorlitz (New York: Cooper Square Press, 2000), 183.

117. Von Hassell, Diaries, 218; Höhne, Canaris, 463–464; Hoffmann, History, 270.

118. Hoffmann, History, 270; Hamburg Institute, German Army and Genocide, 132.

119. Hoffmann, History, 269–270; Thomas, Geschichte der deutschen Wehr- und Rüstungswirtschaft, 19; Müller, “Mobilization,” 664, 666.

120. Höhne, Canaris, 507, 515–518; Hoffmann, History, 293–294, 529–530. On the day the military arrested Dohnányi, the Gestapo arrested his wife and her brother, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, and Dr. Josef Müller; Thomas, Geschichte der deutschen Wehr- und Rüstungswirtschaft, 5.

121. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 55–56, 83–84.

Chapter 3

1. Emilie Schindler, Where Light and Shadow Meet: A Memoir (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997), 43; Thomas Keneally, Schindler’s List (New York: Touchstone Books, 1992), 41–42; Robin O’Neil, “The Man from Svitavy: The Enigma of Oskar Schindler” (unpublished manuscript, 1994), 51; Bericht, Eugen Sliwa, May 11, 1940, Mährisch Ostrau, III-85/40g, May 11, 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, 100-162-20 (hereafter referred to as Eugen Sliwa Bericht, MzaB, 1).

2. O’Neil, “The Man from Svitavy,” 51; Robin O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler Within the Context of the Holocaust in German Occupied Poland and Czechoslovakia” (Master’s Thesis, University College, London, September 1996), 34.

3. O’Neil, “The Man from Svitavy,” 51; O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler,” 29–30, 34; “Leasehold Agreement between Dr. Romuald Goryyczko and Oskar Schindler,” January 15, 1940, Akta Rejestru Handlowego przy Sądzie Okręgowym w Krakowie (akta dotyczHce firmy: Pierwzsa Małopolska Fabryka Naczyv Emailowanych i Wyrobów Blaszanych “Rekord”, Spółka z o ow. Krakowie), Archiwum Państwowe w Krakowkie Oddział III, 2022, III U 5/39, 288. This set of court records, 2022, and 2023 will hereafter be referred to as SOKC 2022 or 2023, III U 5/39. Though this document is dated January 15, 1940, it deals with Schindler’s leasing of the factory in the fall of 1939; Verhandelt, Oskar Schindler, August 22, 1940, Krakau, III C 1, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, sign. 100-162-20, 1 page (hereafter referred to as Verhandelt, Oskar Schindler, MzaB); the Germans renamed most of the major streets in Kraków, which they spelled Krakau. Strszewskiego became simply the Westring and Fenna Serena Gasse was changed to Schillinggasse. Krasivskiego became the Außenring. Dr. Max Freiherr du Prel, ed., Das General Gouvernement (Würzburg: Konrad Triltsch Verlag, 1942), 264–266; Karl Baedeker, Das Generalgouvernement: Reisehandbuch von Karl Baedeker (Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1943), 33, map 2.

4. Leopold Page Testimony, March 11, 1992, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives, RG-50.042ł0022, 1 (hereafter referred to as Leopold Page Archives, USHMM); Douglas Martin, “Leopold Page, Who Promoted Story of Schindler, Dies at 87,” New York Times, March 15, 2001, A21; “Leopold Page: Businessman, Community Leader & the Singular Catalyst for the Schindler’s List Story,” in Nick del Calzo, with Renee Rockford, Drew Myron, and Linda J. Raper, The Triumphant Spirit: Portraits & Stories of Holocaust Survivors—Their Messages of Hope & Compassion (Denver: Triumphant Spirit Publishing, 1997), 119; Celia S. Heller, On the Edge of Destruction: Jews of Poland between the Two World Wars (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), 119–124; Ezra Mendelsohn, The Jews of East Central Europe Between the World Wars (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983), 83; Keneally, Schindler’s List, 49.

5. Leopold Page, interviews by the author, Beverly Hills, California, April 3, 2000, and September 13, 2000; Martin, “Leopold Page,” A21; del Calzo, “Leopold Page,” 119; Keneally, Schindler’s List, 49; Pat McTaggart, “Poland ’39,” in Editors of Command Magazine, Hitler’s Army: The Evolution and Structure of German Forces (Conshohocken, Pa.: Combined Publishing, 2000), 215–216.

6. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 49–50.

7. Bob Keeler, “Schindler’s Survivors: Five People Whose Experiences Contributed to ‘Schindler’s List’ Came Together to Talk About Their Lives and the Movie and About Horror and Survival,” New York Newsday, March 23, 1994, B49; Keneally, Schindler’s List, 50–51.

8. Isaiah Trunk, Judenrat: The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe Under Nazi Occupation (New York: Stein & Day, 1977), 196–197; Lucjan Dobroszycki, Reptile Journalism: The Official Polish-Language Press Under the Nazis, 1939–1945 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), 108–109; Richard C. Lukas, Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939–1944 (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1990), 10.

9. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 51–52; Jacques Delarue, The Gestapo: A History of Horror (New York: Paragon House, 1987), 187–189; Lukas, Forgotten Holocaust, 28–29.

10. Leopold Page Testimony, USHMM Archives, 1; Keneally, Schindler’s List, 51–52.

11. Leopold Page Testimony, USHMM Archives, 1; Keneally, Schindler’s List, 53–54.

12. R. J. Overy, War and Economy in the Third Reich (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), 281–286; Trunk, Judenrat, 99.

13. Jan Tomasz Gross, Polish Society Under German Occupation: The Generalgouvernement, 1939–1944 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979), 99–102; Trunk, Judenrat, 99–100; Eugeniusz Duranczyvski, Wojna i Okupacja: Wrzesiev 1939–Kwieciev 1943 (Warsaw: wieza Powszechna, 1974), 69; Lukas, Forgotten Holocaust, 30; Jacob Apsenszlak, Jacob Kenner, Isaac Lewin, and Moses Polakiewicz, eds., The Black Book of Polish Jewry: An Account of the Martyrdom of Polish Jewry Under the Nazi Occupation (New York: The American Federation for Polish Jews, 1943), 37; according to Clive Cookson, “modern nutritionists regard 3,000–3,500 calories as a healthy minimum consumption.” “Hunger, Horror and Heroism,” Financial Times, July 28/29, 2001, Weekend II. These figures were probably a bit less more than a half century ago.

14. Trunk, Judenrat, 99–103.

15. In 1939, the official exchange rate was 5.30 złotys to the U.S. dollar and RM 2.49 to the U.S. dollar. The Germans would later inflate the value of the Reichsmark to the złoty by about 33 percent so that $1 was now equal to about 3.2 złotys. R. L. Bidwell, Currency Conversion Tables: A Hundred Years of Change (London: Rex Collins, 1970), 23, 37; Gross, Polish Society, 97; Keneally, Schindler’s List, 54–55.

16. Eugeniusz Duda, The Jews of Cracow, trans. Ewa Basiura (Kraków: Wydawnictwo ‘Hagada’ and Argona-Jarden Jewish Bookshop, 2000), 60.

17. Duda, Jews of Cracow, 60–61.

18. Ibid., 61–62; “Dr. Roland Groyczko to Handlowego przy SHdzie Okręgowym w Krakowie,” September 11, 1941, SOKC 2023: III U 5/39, 2.

19. Czesław Madajczyk, Polityka III Rzeszy w Okupowanej Polsce, vol. 1 (Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1970), 516; Gross, Polish Society, 93–94; Trunk, Judenrat, 63–64.

20. Trunk, Judenrat, 62.

21. Madajczyk, Polityka III Rzeszy w Okupowanej Polsce, vol. 1, 516–519; Trunk, Judenrat, 63–64; Gross, Polish Society, 94–96.

22. Trunk, Judenrat, 65.

23. Ibid., 64–65; Gross, Polish Society, 94, 100–101; Czesław Madajczyk, Polityka III Rzeszy w Okupowanej Polsce, vol.2 (Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1970), 66–67.

24. Trunk, Judenrat, 65–66; Stella Müller-Madej, interview by the author, Kraków, Poland, August 9, 2000; Stella Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List (London: Polish Cultural Foundation, 1997), 7, 10–11.

25. Schindler’s List, Steven Spielberg, Director, Universal/MCA and Amblin Entertainment (1993) (hereafter referred to as Spielberg, Schindler’s List).

26. “Josef Aue Protokol,” August 6, 1946, M.j. II/1.-7219/46, Oblastní státní bezpečnosti v Mor. OstravZ, Ministerstvu vnitra Archiv (Prague), 3–5 (hereafter referred to as Josef Aue Protokol, August 6, 1946, MVA (Prague)); Hans Höhne, Canaris (New York: Doubleday & Company, 1979), 365–366; 508–511; O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler,” 35–36.

27. Josef Aue Protokol, August 6, 1946, MVA (Prague), 4.

28. Ibid.; O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler,” 35–36; Gruntová, Oskar Schindler, 19–20.

29. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 41–48.

30. “The Trial of Adolf Eichmann,” Session 37, Part 2 of 5, The Nizkor Project, 5; an example of Dr. Ball-Kaduri’s scholarly interests can be seen in his “Illegale Judenauswanderung aus Deutschland nach Palästina, 1939–1940: Planung, Durchführung und internationale Zusammenhänge,” in Jahrbuch des Instituts für deutsche Geschichte 4 (1975).

31. “Martin Gosch Interview with Itzhak Stern,” November 24, 1964, Tel Aviv, Israel, Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University, 3–4 (hereafter referred to as “Gosch-Stern Interview,” Delbert Mann Papers, Vanderbilt University).

32. Ibid., 6–7.

33. “Stern Report 1956,” Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164; Dr. Moshe Bejski, “Notes on the Banquet in Honor of Oskar Schindler, May 2, 1962, Tel Aviv, Israel,” 31–32. Dr. Bejski’s transcript of the banquet testimonies is also available in Hebrew at Yad Vashem’s Archives, M 21/20.

34. Douglas Brode, The Films of Steven Spielberg, (New York: Citadel Press, 2000), 233; John Baxter, Steven Spielberg: The Unauthorized Biography (London: HarperCollins, 1996), 382; Mietek Pemper, interview by the author, Augsburg, Germany, January 17, 2000; Franciszek Palowski, The Making of Schindler’s List: Behind the Scenes of an Epic Film, trans. Anna and Robert G. Ware (Secaucus, N.J.: Birch Lane Press, 1998), 133.

35. “Oskar Schindler to Dr. K. J. Ball-Kaduri,” September 9, 1956,” Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164.

36. “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 8–9, 24; Yehuda Bauer, American Jewry and the Holocaust: The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 1939–1945 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1981), 103.

37. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 43; “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 1, 23.

38. Palowski, Making of Schindler’s List, 38–39; Sol Urbach, interview by the author, Flemington, New Jersey, April 13, 1999.

39. O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler,” 68 n. 3; “Schindler Survivor Remained Aloof from Postwar Hype (Obituary), The Australian, May 26, 2000, 15.

40. Ralf Eibl and Norbert Jessen, “Im Schatten Schindlers,” Die Welt (February 22, 2000):10.

41. Ibid.

42. “The Confessions of Mr. X,” Budapest, November 1943, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 18, 4 (hereafter referred to as “The Confessions of Mr. X,” BA(K)).

43. “Oskar Schindler to Salpeter, Isac Stern, Rabiner Levetov, Dr. N. Stern, Edel Elsner Henek Licht, and Others,” April 1955, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand, N 1493, No. 1, Band 23, 4 (hereafter referred to as “Oskar Schindler to Salpeter et al.,” BA(K)).

44. “Oskar Schindler to Itzhak Stern,” October 22, 1956, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 23, 1.

45. Małopolska, or Little Poland, is a reference to a specific region in Poland that has Kraków as its capital.

46. “Wypis Pierwszy. Akt Notarialny, Numer Repertorium 228/37, March 17, 1937 (Krakow), Akta Rejestru Handlowego przy SHdzie Okręgowym w Krakowie, Oddział II (akta dotyczęce firmy: Pierwsza Małopolska Fabryka Naczyv Emaliowanychg i Wyrobów Balszanych “Rekord”, Spółka z o. o w Krakowie), RH 401-RHB XII 35, 1–2, 6 (hereafter referred to as SOK, RH 401-RHB XII 35); “Oswiadczenie,” March 17, 1937, SOK, RH 401-RHB XII 35, “Rekord,” 1; there were 5.28 złotys to the U.S. dollar in 1937, Bidwell, Currency Conversion, 37.

47. “Wypis Pierwszy. Akt Noytarialny,” Numer Repertorium 977/37, October 27, 1937, SOK RH 401-RHB XII 35, 1, 3–4, 6–7; “Numer Repertorium 613, September 12, 1938, SOK RH 401-RHB XII 35, 1–2, 8; the exchange rate for the złoty to the U.S. dollar was 5.28 in 1937 and 5.30 in 1938. Bidwell, Currency Conversion, 37.

48. Mendelsohn, The Jews of East Central Europe, 69–70; Joseph Rothschild, East Central Europe Between the Two World Wars (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1974), 40–41, 68–69; Norman Davies, God’s Playground: A History of Poland, vol. 2, 1795 to the Present (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982), 415–418.

49. The official date of the bankruptcy declaration was June 23, 1939; “Stanislaw Frühling to Sad Okręgówy w Krakowie,” September 1, 1939, SOKC 2022: III U 5/39, 244–245; “Michał Gutman and Wolf Luzer Galjtman to Dr. Zbigniew Reczyvski,” July 10, 1939, SOKC 2022: III U 5/39, 235–236.

50. “Wypis Pierwszy. Akt Norarialny,” Numer Repertorium: 371/39, March 17, 1939, SOK, RH 401-RHB XII 35, “Rekord,” 5.

51. “Gutman and Glajtman to Reczyvski,” July 10, 1939, SOKC 2022: III U 5/39, 235–236; “Natan Wurzel to Dr. Zbigniew Reczyvski,” July 30, 1939, SOKC 2022: III U 5/39, 1 page; “Natan Wurzel to Dr. Zbigniew Reczyvski,” August 8, 1939, SOKC 2022: III U 5/39, 1 page; “Natan Wurzel to Wolf Gleitman i Michał Gutman,” August 9, 1939, SOKC 2022: III U 5/39, 1 page.

52. Frühling to Sad Okręgówy w Krakowie, September 1, 1939, SOKC 2022: III U 5/39, 244–245.

53. “Dr. Bolesław Zawisza to Sad Okręgowy w Krakowy,” August 4, 1942, SOKC 2023: III U 5/39, 1–2 plus “Odpis,” July 24, 1942 and “Odpis” August 3, 1942. These latter documents are summaries of the meeting with Natan Wurzel and his last two letters to Dr. Zawisza.

54. Brzesko’s Jewish cemetery was opened in 1846; the last of its three cemeteries was completed in 1904. The synagogue on ul. Puszkina was turned into a public library after the war. Martin Gilbert, Holocaust Journey: Traveling in Search of the Past (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 196; Joram Kagan, Poland’s Jewish Heritage (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1992), 56–57.

55. “Dr. Roland Goryczko to Sad Okręgowy w Krakowie,” January 15, 1940, SOKC 2022: III U 5/39, 1–4; “Treuhänder für Werke und Gewerbe to Oskar Schindler,” November 13, 1939, SOKC 2022: III U/59, 1–2; “Protokol,” November 14, 1939, SOKC 2022: III U/59, 1–2.

56. Goryczko to SOK, January 15, 1940, SOKC 2022: III U 5/39, 1–4; Sad Grodzki w Krakowie, November 13, 1940, SOKC 2022: III U 5/39, 1 page.

57. “Dr. Roland Goryczko to SHd Okręgowy w Krakowie,” November 23, 1939, SOKC 2022: III U 5/39, 1–4.

58. Palowski, Making of Schindler’s List, 111.

59. “Natan Wurzel to Julius Wiener” (in Hebrew), May 21, 1955, Yad Vashem Archives, M31/30, 1.

60. “Antoni Korzeniowski to American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, Tel Aviv,” October 10, 1951, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives, Jerusalem (File: Oskar Schindler), 1 page (hereafter referred to as AJJDC Archives, Jerusalem (O. Schindler); “Helen Fink to Antoni Korzeniowski,” November 8, 1951, AJJDC Archives, Jerusalem (O. Schindler), 1 page.

61. “Wurzel to Wiener,” May 21, 1955, YVA, M31/30, 2.

62. “Oskar Schindler to Salpeter et al.,” BA(K), Oskar Schindler, N 1493, 1/23, 6–7; Oskar Schindler Bericht, October 30, 1955, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand, N 1493, No. 1, Band 15, 15 (hereafter referred to as Oskar Schindler Bericht, BA(K); “Wurzel to Wiener,” May 21, 1955, YVA, M31/30, 1.

63. “Oskar Schindler to Salpeter et al.”, April 1955, BA, Oskar Schindler, N 1493, 1/23, 1–2.

64. Ibid.

65. Oskar Schindler Bericht, BA(K), 1; “Oskar Schindler to Salpeter et al.,” BA(K), 2.

66. “Oskar Schindler to Salpeter et al.,” BA(K), 2

67. Ibid., 3; Gross, Polish Society, 80, 107.

68. “Oskar Schindler to Salpeter et al.,” BA(K), 3.

69. Ibid.

70. Ibid.

71. “Oskar Schindler to Salpeter et al.,” BA(K), 4; “Testimony of Julius Wiener before Messrs. Shatkai and Landau, in the Presence of Mr. Alkalai (in Hebrew) Jerusalem, 6 August 1963, Yad Vashem Archives, M 31/30 (RGD), 1 (hereafter referred to as “Testimony of Julius Wiener,” August 6, 1963, YVA, M31/30); “Testimony of Esther Schwartz in the Matter of Oskar Schindler” (in Hebrew), 1963, Yad Vashem Archives, M 31/30 (RGD), 2–3 (hereafter referred to as “Testimony of Esther Schwartz, 1963,” YVA, M 31/30).

72. “Testimony of Julius Wiener” (in Polish), October 10, 1956, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 4 (hereafter referred to as “Testimony of Julius Wiener,” 10 October 1956, YVA, 01/164).

73. Ibid., 4–5.

74. Ibid., 5. Lapuvka is from the Polish word łapówka (bribe). According to Yudit Natkin, my Hebrew translator, and her network of Yiddish specialists, there is also a word in Yiddish, Lapuvka, that means a small shovel or shoulder blade. In this context, Lapuvka could mean a pat on the back, or, more literally, a bribe. Schindler often used Yiddish and Hebrew words in letters to his Jewish friends.

75. “Oskar Schindler to Salpeter et al.,” BA(K), 5.

76. Ibid.; Bauer, American Jewry, 320.

77. Tadeusz Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim (Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1995), 65–66; Malvina Graf, The Kraków Ghetto and the Płaszów Camp Remembered (Tallahassee: University of Florida Press, 1989), 40.

78. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 66–67; Graf, The Kraków Ghetto, 40–41.

79. Graf, The Kraków Ghetto, 41.

80. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 67–68.

81. Ibid., 68–69.

82. “Oskar Schindler to Salpeter et al.,” BA(K), 5–6; Palowski, Making of Schindler’s List, 37–38.

83. Ibid., 5; Palowski, Making of Schindler’s List, 35–36.

84. Palowski, Making of Schindler’s List, 37–38.

85. Ibid., 39–42.

86. “Oskar Schindler to Salpeter et al.,” BA(K), 6.

87. Ibid., 7.

88. “Testimony of Julius Wiener,” October 10, 1956, YVA. 01/164, 1. “Testimony of Julius Wiener” (in Hebrew), August 6, 1963, Yad Vashem Archives, M 31/30, 1 (hereafter referred to as “Testimony of Julius Wiener,” August 6, 1963, YVA, M 31/30, 1); “Testimony of Esther Schwartz,” 1963, YVA, M 31/30, 1.

89. “Testimony of Esther Schwartz,” 1963, YVA, M 31/30, 1; “Testimony of Julius Wiener, August 6, 1963, YVA, MVA 31/30, 1.

90. “Testimony of Julius Wiener,” October 10, 1956, YVA, 01/164, 1–2.

91. Ibid.; “Testimony of Natan Wurzel” (in Hebrew), November 26, 1956, Yad Vashem Archives, M 31/30 (RGD), 1.

92. “Testimony of Esther Schwartz,” 1963, YVA, M 31/30, 1; “Testimony of Julius Wiener,” October 10, 1956, YVA, 01/164, 1–2; “Testimony of Julius Wiener,” August 3, 1963, YVA, M 31/30, 1.

93. “Testimony of Julius Wiener,” October 10, 1956, YVA, 01/164, 2; “Testimony of Julius Wiener,” August 6, 1963, YVA, M 31/30, 1; “Testimony of Esther Schwartz, 1963, YVA, M 31/30, 1; “Testimony of Natan Wurzel,” November 26, 1956, YVA, M 31/30, 1.

94. “Testimony of Esther Schwartz,” 1963, YVA, M 31/30, 2; “Testimony of Julius Wiener,” August 3, 1963, YVA, M 31/32, 1.

95. “Testimony of Julius Wiener,” October 10, 1956, YVA, 01/164, 3; “Testimony of Natan Wurzel,” November 26, 1956, YVA, M31/30, 1.

96. “Testimony of Esther Schwartz,” 1963, YVA, M 31/30, 2.

97. “Testimony of Julius Wiener,” August 6, 1963, YVA, M 31/30, 1–2.

98. “Moshe Landau and A. L. Kubovy to Oskar Schindler,” December 24, 1963, Yad Vashem Archives, M-31/20-1, 1 page; “Testimony of Mrs. Simah Hartmann (Gelcer) before Shatkai and Landau, in the Presence of Alkalai and Wiener” (in Hebrew), August 28, 1963, Yad Vashem Archives, M 31/30 (RGD), 1.

99. “The Enterprising Committee of the Work Camp Survivors: Oskar Schindler in Brinnlitz, to Mr. Aryeh Leon Kovivi” (in Hebrew), December 10, 1961, Yad Vashem Archives, Oskar and Emilie Schindler Collection, Department of the Righteous, 2–4 (hereafter referred to as “The Enterprising Committee of the Work Camp Survivors,” December 10, 1961, YVA, Schindler Collection).

100. “Schindler to Salpeter et al.,” BA(K), 7–8; “The Enterprising Committee of the Work Camp Survivors,” December 10, 1961, YVA, Schindler Collection, 1–4.

101. “Simon Jeret to Oskar Schindler” (in German), December 17, 1956, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 23, 1.

102. Urbach, interviews by the author, April 13, 1999, and February 15, 2000.

103. Ibid.

104. Ibid.

105. Ibid.

106. Ibid.

107. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 1.

108. Urbach, interview, March 19, 2000; Urbach, interviews, April 13, 1999, February 15, 2000, and March 19, 2000.

109. “Testimony of Julius Wiener,” August 6, 1963, YVA, 2.

110. “Oskar Schindler to Dr. K. J. Ball-Kaduri” (in German), September 9, 1956, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 25, 2; “Oskar Schindler to Simon Jeret” (in German), November 25, 1956, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 25, 3.

111. “Notes of Dr. Moshe Bejski on the Banquet in Honor of Oskar Schindler,” May 2, 1962, Tel Aviv, Israel (in Hebrew), 29. Dr. Bejski kindly gave me a copy of his typed transcript of the evening’s testimonials and speeches when I interviewed him in Tel Aviv on May 17, 1999.

Chapter 4

1. Krakauer Zeitung, May 30, 1943, 15.

2. Karl Baedeker, Das Generalgouvernement: Reisehandbuch von Karl Baedeker (Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1943), iv.

3. Ibid., 10, 102, 137.

4. Ibid., 32–34, 142.

5. Dr. Max Freiherr du Prel, ed., Das General Gouvernement (Würzburg: Konrad Triltsch Verlag, 1942), v, viii-xii, 375–391.

6. Ibid., 147.

7. “Die Juden schwingen sich in den Sattel,” Krakauer Zeitung, September 18, 1943, 3; “Jüdisches Parasitentum ohne Maske,” Krakauer Zeitung, September 28, 1943, 5; Hanns Stock, “Fünf Jahre befreites Sudetenland,” Krakauer Zeitung, September 28, 1943, 3.

8. Hans Frank, Dziennik Hansa Franka, vol. 1 (Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Prawnicze, 1956), 35, 71.

9. Ulrich Herbert, Hitler’s Foreign Workers: Enforced Foreign Labor in Germany under the Third Reich, trans. William Templer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 62, 70, 198, 462.

10. Herbert, Hitler’s Foreign Workers, 79–84; Jan Tomasz Gross, Polish Society under German Occupation: The Generalgouvernement, 1939–1944 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979), 79–80.

11. Oskar Schindler Bericht, October 30, 1955, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 15, 1; Oskar Schindler Lebenslauf, October 26, 1966, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 1, 1–2; the General Government took over the Polish State Monopolies for Tobacco, Spirits, Salt, Matches, and the Lottery on November 1, 1939. Du Prel, Das General-Gouvernement, 104–105, 377.

12. Oskar Schindler Bericht, BA(K), 1.

13. Sol Urbach, interview by the author, Delray Beach, Florida, February 15, 2000.

14. “Testimony of Edith Wertheim,” June 20, 1994, T-2956, Fortunoff Archives, Yale University.

15. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 1 (hereafter referred to as Schindler Financial Report 1945, YVA).

16. “Testimony of Edith Wertheim,” November 13, 1964, Martin A. Gosch and Howard Koch, “The Oskar Schindler Story,” Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University, 1B, 9–10.

17. “Testimony of Menachim Stern,” July 15, 1979, T-152, Fortunoff Archives, Yale University.

18. Gross, Polish Society under German Occupation, 109–110; Czesław Madajczyk, Polityka III Rzeszy w Okupowanej Polsce, vol. 2 (Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1970), 67–68.

19. Gross, Polish Society, 110.

20. Ibid., 110–111.

21. Isaiah Trunk, Judenrat: The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe Under Nazi Occupation (New York: Stein & Day, 1977), 64–65; Gross, Polish Society, 94, 100–101; Madajczyk, Polityka III Rzeszy w Okupowanej Polsce, II, 66–67.

22. Eugeniusz Duda, The Jews of Cracow, trans. Ewa Basiura (Kraków: Wydawnictwo ‘Hagada’ and Argona-Jarden Bookshop, 2000), 60–62; Czesław Madajczyk, Polityka III Rzesy w Okupowanej Polsce, vol. 1 (Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1970), 516–519; Gross, Polish Society, 93–96; Trunk, Judenrat, 63–64; Piotrowski, Dziennik Hansa Frank, I, 265–266; the Polish edition of Hans Frank’s diary is more complete than the English version, Stanisław Piotrowski’s Hans Frank’s Diary (Warszawa: Pavstwowe Wydanictwo Naukowe, 1961), 217–218.

23. Jeremy Noakes and Geoffrey Pridham, eds., Nazism: A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts, 1919–1945, vol. 2, Foreign Policy, War and Racial Extermination (New York: Schocken Books, 1988), 1051.

24. Noakes and Pridham, Nazism, 1052–1053; Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, vol. 1 (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985), 191.

25. Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson, “The Middle Ages,” in Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson, ed. A History of the Jewish People (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994), 639; Shmuel Ettinger, “The Modern Period,” in Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994), 762, 807, 811–812.

26. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 1:205–206; efforts were also made in the immediate months after the outbreak of the war to set up ghettos in Piotrków just southwest of Łodź and in Warsaw. Plans for the Warsaw ghetto collapsed after Judenrat leaders appealed to Warsaw’s military commandant, General Karl von Neumann-Neurode.

27. Duda, The Jews of Cracow, 62.

28. Piotrowski, Dziennik Hansa Frank, 266; Aleksander Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie (Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1985), 32; Duda, Jews of Cracow, 62. The Gazeta Żadowska, which was edited by a German Jew, Fritz Seifert, was published from July 23, 1940 until August 30, 1942.

29. Duda, Jews of Cracow, 62.

30. Ibid.

31. Arieh L. Bauminger, The Fighters of the Cracow Ghetto (Jerusalem: Keter Press Enterprises, 1986), 30–31.

32. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 2:668–669, 3:1108; Shmuel Krakowski, “The Fate of Jewish Prisoners of War in the September 1939 Campaign, Yad Vashem Studies, vol. 12 (1977), 316–317. Wächter’s dutiful enforcement of these regulations served him well. He became Governor of Galicia when it was integrated into the General Government after the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. Two years later, Wächter, now an SS-Gruppenführer, became the Chief of Military Administration of German occupied Italy after the collapse of Mussolini’s first regime. Wächter remained in Italy after the war ended and died in Rome in 1949 under the protection of Bishop Alois Hudal, the rector of Santa Maria del Anima and confessor to the German Catholic community in Rome. A year earlier, the controversial Bishop had helped Franz Stangl, the commandant of the Treblinka death camp, escape to Syria. Duda, Jews of Cracow, 62–63; Frank, Dziennik Hansa Franka, 52. Frank cites November 10 as Independence Day in the Polish edition. The editors of the English edition corrected the date. Piotrowski, Hans Frank’s Diary, 49; Trial of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10 (Nuernberg October 1946-April 1949), vol. 12 (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1951), 107; Gitta Sereny, Into That Darkness: An Examination of Conscience (New York: Vintage Books, 1983), 275, 289–290.

33. Duda, Jews of Cracow, 63.

34. Tadeusz Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim (Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1995), 12–13; Malvina Graf, The Kraków Ghetto and the Płaszów Camp (Tallahassee: Florida State University Press, 1989), 35–36.

35. Duda, Jews of Cracow, 63; Emilie Schindler, Where Light and Shadow Meet, trans. Dolores M. Koch (New York: W. W. Norton & Company 1997), 50–51; Robin O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler Within the Context of the Holocaust in German Occupied Poland and Czechoslovakia” (Master’s Thesis, University College, London, September 30 1996), 34. According to Emilie and O’Neil, Thomas Keneally called Amelia “Ingrid” in his novel. See Thomas Keneally, Schindler’s List (New York: Touchstone Books, 1992), 25, 78, 127–128.

36. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 13–14.

37. Anna Pióro and Wiesława Kralivska, Krakowskie Getto (Kraków: Muzeum Pamięci Narodowej “Apteka pod Orłem, 1995), 37–38; Stella Müller-Madej, interview by the author, Kraków, Poland, August 9, 2000.

38. Stella Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, trans. William R. Brand (London: Polish Cultural Foundation, 1997), 12.

39. Ibid., 12–13.

40. Duda, Jews of Cracow, 66; Pióro, Krakowskie Getto, 36; Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 19–20.

41. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 13.

42. “Zbioru fotohgrafii z ‘akcji zydowskiej’ w Krakowie/eksmisje, wysiedlenia, rejestracje, getto.” Starosty Miasta Krakowa/Der Stadthauptmann der Stadt Krakau/ z lat 1939–1945, SMKr 211, Archiwum Państwowe w Krakowie.

43. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 16, 19–23, 33.

44. Trunk, Judenrat, 485–487; Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 16, 19–23; Pióro, Krakowskie Getto, 58–59.

45. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 25; Graf, The Kraków Ghetto and the Płaszow Camp Remembered, 39.

46. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 25; Trunk, Judenrat, 475, 489.

47. Graf, Kraków Ghetto, 39; Trunk, Judenrat, 478, 499–500.

48. Yehuda Bauer, American Jewry and the Holocaust: The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 1939–1945 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1981), 85–86; du Prel, Das General Gouvernement, 311; Weichert’s appointment as chair of the JSS in Kraków and his relationship with Czerniakow and the Warsaw Judenrat is discussed in some depth in The Warsaw Diary of Adam Czerniakow: Prelude to Doom, ed. Raul Hilberg, Stanislaw Staron, and Josef Kermisz, trans. Stanislaw Staron and the staff of Yad Vashem (New York: Stein and Day, 1979), 33, 161, 164–165, 168–169, 174.

49. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 31, 96, 129, 132, 135, 159–163; Bauer, American Jewry and the Holocaust, 90–92, 318–322; Bauminger, Fighters, 33; Jean-Claude Favez, The Red Cross and the Holocaust, ed. and trans. John and Beryl Fletcher (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 143–144.

50. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 74–75.

51. Pióro, Krakowskie Getto, 4043; Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 26; Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 73; Sol Urbach, interview by the author, Flemington, New Jersey, July 15, 2002.

52. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 223; Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 25–26.

53. Pankiewicz, Apteka w getcie Krakowskim, 26–27; Duda, Jews of Cracow, 28.

54. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 13–17.

55. Ibid., 22, 27–29; Gross, Polish Society, 108–109.

56. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 13–14, 40.

57. Pankiewicz, 33, 65–66; Manci Rosner, interview by the author, Hallandale, Florida, March 21, 2000.

58. Christopher R. Browning, Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 61–62; du Prel, Das General Gouvernement, 379; according to Frauendorfer, in the spring of 1940, his office planned to send a half million Poles to work in the Greater Reich. There were already 160,000 Poles being used there as agricultural workers and another 50,000 Poles working in German factories. By the end of 1941, Frauendorfer said that Poles made up 47 percent of the foreign labor force in the Greater Reich. In 1943, Frank proudly noted that the General Government had sent two million workers to the Greater Reich. Piotrowski, Dziennik Hansa Frank, 72–74.

59. Gross, Polish Society, 111; Browning, Nazi Policy, 25, 62–63, 71–73.

60. Pióro, Krakowskie Ghetto, 42.

61. Julius Madritsch, Menschen in Not! Meine Erlebnisse in den Jahren 1940 bis 1944 als Unternehmer im damaligen Generalgouvernement (Vienna: V. Roth, 1962), 6–8; Mila Levinson-Page, interview by the author, Beverly Hills, California, December 2, 2001; Helen Sternlicht Jonas Rosenzweig, interview by the author, Boca Raton, Florida, March 20, 2000.

62. Mietek Pemper, interview by the author, Augsburg, Germany, January 17, 2000; “Oskar Schindler to Dr. Ball-Kaduri,” 21 October 1956, 01/165, Yad Vashem Archives, 1–2.

63. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 230–231.

64. Madritsch, Menschen, 27.

65. Ibid., 6.

66. Ibid., 7–8.

67. Ibid., 9–10.

68. Ibid., 9.

69. Ibid., 9–12.

70. Browning, Nazi Policy, 71–73.

71. Das Protokoll der Wannsee-Konferenz, January 20, 1942 (Berlin: Haus der Wannsee-Konferenz, 2002), 15.

72. Ibid., 15.

73. Browning, Nazi Policies, 75.

74. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 2:524, n. 137, 525–526; Albert Speer, The Slave State: Heinrich Himmler’s Masterplan for SS Supremacy, trans. Joachim Neugroschel (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1981), 257; Browning, Nazi Policy, 73–74; General Georg Thomas, the head of the Armaments Inspectorate in Berlin, who was in a power struggle with Albert Speer, the new Armaments Minister, briefly alludes to the new problems with the SS over labor in his Geschichte der deutschen Wehr- und Rüstungswirtschaft (1918–1943/45), ed. Wolfgang Birkenfeld (Boppard am Rhein: Harald Boldt Verlag, 1966), 357–358.

75. Speer, The Slave State, 257; Browning, Nazi Policy, 76–77; Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, 2:526.

76. Richard Breitman, The Architect of Genocide: Himmler and the Final Solution (New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1991), 235; Gross, Polish Society Under German Occupation, 66–67, n. 22; Browning, Nazi Policies, 77.

77. Browning, Nazi Policies, 77; Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 2:526.

78. Speer, The Slave State, 260; Browning’s translation of the phrase “would retain Jews until the end of the war” is different from Speer’s but is probably more accurate. Browning, Nazi Policies, 77–78.

79. Speer, The Slave State, 260–261.

80. Ibid., 261.

81. Ibid., 262–263.

82. Ibid., 263.

83. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 2:527.

84. Ibid., 2:527–528.

85. Ibid., 2:528; Wolfgang Sofsky, The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp, trans. William Templer (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), 175; “Schindler Financial Report, 1945,” YVA, 3.

86. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 2:529.

87. Yitzhak Arad, Shmuel Krakowski, and Shmuel Spector, eds. The Einsatzgruppen Reports (New York: The Holocaust Library, 1989), v-vi; Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 1:343.

88. Breitman, Architect of Genocide, 192–193.

89. Henry Friedlander, Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 68, 108–109, 111, 237, 243–245, 296–300; Yitzhak Arad, Belzec, Sobibór, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), 17–18.

90. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 3:893, 1219; Daniel Niewyk and Francis Nicosia, The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), 198; Judith Tydor Baumel, “Extermination Camps,” in Walter Laquer and Judith Tydor Baumel, eds. The Holocaust Encyclopedia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), 178; Shmuel Krakowski, “Chełmno,” in Israel Gutman, ed., Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, vol. 1 (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990), 283.

91. Yisrael Gutman, “Auschwitz–An Overview,” in Yisrael Gutman and Michael Berenbaum, eds., Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp (Bloomington: Indiana University Press in Association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1994), 28–30; Raul Hilberg, “Auschwitz and the ‘Final Solution,’” in Gutman and Berenbaum, eds., Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp, 84–85; Franciszek Piper, “Gas Chambers and Crematoria,” in Gutman and Berenbaum, eds., Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp, 157–158; Franciszek Piper, How Many Perished: Jews, Poles, Gypsies… (Kraków: Poligrafia, 1991), 52.

92. Arad, Belzec, Sobibór, Treblinka, 14–15, 370.

93. Ibid., 14–16, 23–26, 126–127.

94. Ibid., 30–34, 333, 341.

95. Ibid., 297–298.

96. Józef Marszałek, Majdanek: The Concentration Camp in Lublin (Warsaw: Inter-press, 1986), 18, 23; the name Majdanek was never used officially. It was taken from the Polish district it bordered, Majdan Tatarski, and was known in official German documents as Kriegsgefangenenlager der Waffen SS in Lublin (KGL Lublin) until 1943 and then as Konzentrationslager der Waffen SS Lublin (KL Lublin).

97. Marszałek, Majdanek, 69, 142. Of those who died at Majdanek from various causes, 100,000 were Poles, 80,000 were Jews, and 50,000 were Soviet citizens. Edward Gryv and Zofia Murawska-Gryv, Majdanek (Lublin: Państwowe Muzeum na Majdanku, 1984), 93–95, 98–99. About a half million prisoners passed through Majdanek.

98. Madritsch, Menschen, 5, 9, 14. Madritsch only mentions the last name of his Polish “collaborators.” The list consists of “Felix Holeczek and [his] brother, the Soltys brothers, the Pajong brothers, Paczesnika, Kleinmann, Gonczarcik, Zbroja, and many others.” In the extensive list of Polish publications on wartime resistance among Poles, only a few of these names crop up, and even then it is not certain if they refer to some of the Poles on Madritsch’s list. See, for example, Tadeusz Wrovski’s Kronika Okupowanego Krakowa (Kraków: Wydawnicto Literackie, 1974), 289, 331 and Aleksander Bieberstein’s Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 113.

99. Madritsch, Menschen, 14.

100. Ibid., Madritsch said that 60 percent of his Jewish workers knew nothing about sewing since most of them had been “physicians, lawyers, engineers, and merchants” before the war.

101. Madritsch, Menschen, 9–10.

102. Ibid., 24; “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 3.

103. Madritsch, Menschen, 2; Harry M. Rabinowitz, Hasidism: The Movement and Its Masters (Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 1988), 318–319; Leo Rosten, The Joys of Yiddish (New York: Pocket Books, 1970), 418–419.

Chapter 5

1. Oskar estimated that he spent a great deal more than the estimated 2.64 million RM to help his Jews, though this excess varied by no more than 10 percent of his actual expenses for his Schindlerjuden. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” July 1945, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 12–13.

2. “Emalia Bilanz für 31 Dezember 1943,” Kraków, May 15, 1944, Lastenausgleicharchiv (Bayreuth), 306 2230a (Oskar Schindler), 1–4 (hereafter referred to as LAG (OS) 306 2230a).

3. “Oskar Schindler Antrag,” March 16, 1954, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 3, 2.

4. “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” October 30, 1955, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 15, 1; “Oskar Schindler Lebenslauf,” 26 October 1966, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 1, 1–2; “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 1; Jan Tomasz Gross, Polish Society under German Occupation: The Generalgouvernement, 1939–1944 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979), 109–110; Czesław Madajczyk, Polityka III Rzeszy w Okupowanej Polsce, vol. 2 (Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1970), 67–68.

5. “Oskar Schindler to Fritz Lang,” July 20, 1951, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, Band 23, 5 (hereafter referred to as “Schindler to Lang,” BA(K)); in 1942, the HSSPF in the General Government became the HSSPF Ost. Włodzimierz Borodziej, Terror und Politik: Die Deutsche Polizei und die Polnische Widerstandsbewegung im Generalgouvernement, 1939–1944 (Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1999), 33.

6. “Schindler to Lang,” BA(K), 5.

7. Ibid., 3; “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 3–4; Roman Kiełkowski, ZlikwidowaN na Miejscu! Z dziejów hitlerowskiej w Krakowie (Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1981), 104–105.

8. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 4.

9. “Aufstellung der in Krakau und Brünnlitz verbliebenen Fabrikgebäude, Maschinen, und Einrichtungen einschl. der Forderungen an das Reich,” May 6, 1945, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 14, 2 (hereafter referred to as “Aufstellung der in Krakau,” May 6, 1945, BA(K)); “Situations-Skizze, mit angrenzenden Industrien für Deutsche Emaliwarenfabrik-Oskar Schindler,” n.d., Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 3, 1 page (hereafter referred to as “Situations-Skizze” Emalia, BA(K)); “Oskar Schindler Teilbescheid unter Vorbehalt,” Der Magistrat Sozialverwaltung-Ausgleichsamt, Stadt Frankfurt am Main, March 5, 1959, 8, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 3 (hereafter referred to as “Oskar Schindler Teilbescheid, March 5, 1959,” BA(K)); “Oskar Schindler Fragebogen,” Regensburg Stadt Ausgleichsamt, April 18, 1957, V 15 591, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 3, 1–3 (hereafter referred to as “Oskar Schindler Fragebogen, BA(K)).

10. “Kurt Müller to Oskar Schindler,” October 30, 1957, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 3, 1–3. Müller was a representative of Siemens-Bauunion Gmbh responding to Schindler’s request for information about the construction of the Siemens built facility at Emalia; “Oskar Schindler, Anlage zu Az. V 15-591,” April 18, 1957, Archives of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (New York), 1 page.

11. “Aufstellung der in Krakau,” May 6, 1945, BA(K), 2; “Oskar Schindler Notarized Compensation Statement,” Regensburg, August 27, 1949, LAG (OS) 306 2230a, 45.

12. “Feuerversicherung, Versicherungsschein Nr. 109 128,” July 10, 1943, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 3, 1–2 and “Abschrift,” February 11, 1944, 1; “Feuerversicherung Versicherungsschein Nr. 109 129,” July 10, 1943, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 3, 1–3, and “Abschrift” February 11, 1944,” 1–2.

13. “Dr. Roland Goryczko to Sad Okręgowy w Krakowie,” January 15, 1940, Akta Rejestru Handlowego przy SHdzie Okregowym w krakowie (akta dotyczHce firmy: Pierwzsa Małopolska Fabryka Naczyv Emailowanych i Wyrobów Blaszanych “Rekord”, Społka z o o. Krakowie), Archiwum Państwowe w Krakowie Oddział III, 2022, III U 5/39, 1–4. This set of court records, 2022 and 2023 will hereafter be referred to as SOKC 2022 or 2023; “Treuhänder für Werke und Gewerbe to Oskar Schindler,” November 13, 1939, SOKC 2022: III U/59, 1–2; “Protokol,” November 14, 1939, SOKC 2022: III U/59, 1–2.

14. Dr. Goryczko hints of this in his September 11, 1941, report to the Polish Trade Court. “Report of Dr. Roland Goryczko,” September 11, 1941, SOKC 2023: III U 5/39, 1–4.

15. “Report of Dr. Roland Goryczko,” September 11, 1941, SOKC 2023: III U 5/39, 1–4; “Dr. Zawisza’s General Report to the Polish Trade Court,” April 18, 1942, SOKC 2023: III U 5/39, 1–4; Dr. Zawisza’s Report to the Polish Trade Court,” August 4, 1942, SOKC 2023: III U5/39, 1–4; “Statement of Judge Dr. Stanisław Zmudny,” September 16, 1942, SOKC 2023: III U 5/39, 1 page; “Dr. Zawisza to the Polish Trade Court,” May 7, 1946, SOKC 2023: III U 5/39, 1–3; “Dr. Zawisza to the Polish Trade Court,” May 31, 1946, SOKC 2023: III U 5/39, 1–2; by 1946, there were 100 złotys to $1. R.L. Bidwell, Currency Conversion Tables; A Hundred Years of Change (London: Rex Collins, 1970), 37.

16. Mietek Pemper, interview by the author, Augsburg, Germany, May 26, 1999.

17. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 1; Sol Urbach, interviews by the author, Delray Beach, Florida, April 13, 1999 and February 15, 2000, and Flemington, N.J., July 15, 2002; “Testimony of Edith Wertheim,” November 13, 1964, Martin A. Gosch and Howard Koch, “The Schindler Story,” Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University, 1B, 9–10.

18. Urbach, interview, July 15, 2002; Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 205–206; Aleksander Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie (Kraków: Wydawnicto Literackie, 1985), 78–79.

19. Urbach, interview, July 15, 2002.

20. “Schindler to Lang,” July 20, 1951, 3; Franciszek Palowski, The Making of Schindler’s List: Behind the Scenes of an Epic Film, trans. Anna and Robert G. Ware (Secaucus, N.J.: Birch Lane Press, 1998), 40; Tadeus Wrovski, Kaźń Polaków przy Ulica Pomorskiej 2 w Krakpowie w Latach 1939–1945 (Kraków; Wydawnictwo “Sport i Turystyka,” 1985), 53–54, 70–71.

21. “Schindler to Lang,” July 20, 1951, 3; Palowski, The Making of Schindler’s List, 40; Thomas Keneally gives a more lively account of Schindler’s arrest and interrogation. However, this was an historical novel and he chose not to include footnotes; consequently, it is difficult to verify his account. My sources, including those by Oskar, Emilie, and Itzhak Stern, do not mention such details. Thomas Keneally, Schindler’s List (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 103–104.

22. “Summary of Interview with Oskar Schindler and Notes re Ahmon Goeth,” November 18, 1964, in Howard Koch and Martin A. Gosch, “The Oskar Schindler Story,” Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University, 7-A, 6–7, 9–10 (hereafter referred to as “Interview with Oskar Schindler,” November 18, 1964, Delbert Mann Papers, Vanderbilt University).

23. “Interview with Oskar Schindler,” November 18, 1964, Delbert Mann Papers, Vanderbilt University, 7–9.

24. Ibid., 7–10.

25. Ibid., 9.

26. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 97–99; Malvina Graf, The Kraków Ghetto and the Płaszów Camp Remembered (Tallahassee: Florida State University, 1989), 43; Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 57–58.

27. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 99–103.

28. Ibid.,103–104.

29. Ibid., 108–109.

30. Ibid., 115.

31. Ibid., 116–119; Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 60–63.

32. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 99–108; Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 63.

33. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 128–129; Bieberstein, Zagłda Żydówska w Krakowie, 63–64.

34. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 130–131; Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydóska w Krakowie, 64–65.

35. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 100–107; Yitzhak Arad, Belzec, Sobibór, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), 72–73, 126–127, 387–389. Arad says that the Germans deported only 5,000 Kraków Jews in June 1942. However, he erroneously lists their deportation dates as June 1–6.

36. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 117–125.

37. “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” BA(K), 2; There were two Lesers and five Reichs listed on the fall 1944 and spring 1945 “Schindler’s Lists.” Jakob Leser was a thirty-one-year-old engine fitter and the twenty-eight-year-old Szulim Leser was listed as a mechanic’s apprentice. There were two Kalman Reichs on the lists (ages thirty-three and thirty), one a metal worker, and the other a mechanic. Jerzy Reich was an eighteen-year-old machine mechanic; the fifty-year-old Emil Reich was listed as a metal press operator. The thirty-one-year-old Mendel Reich was listed initially as a mechanic’s apprentice, but this was scratched out and changed to building contractor on the 1944 list. “Konzentrationslager Groß-Rosen-Arbeitslager Brünnlitz: Namenliste der männlichen Häftlinge,” October 21, 1944, Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w Oświęcimiu, KL Gross-Rosen Zugangs a. Häftlingslisten, ss. 80–92, Sygn., D-Gr-3/1, Nr. 150003, 80–92; “KL Groß-Rosen-AL Brünnlitz/Häftl.-Liste (Männer),” April 18, 1945. Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 12, 1–14.

38. Leon Leyson, interview by the author, Anaheim, California, March 29, 2000.

39. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 135.

40. Ibid., 199–200.

41. Ibid., 139.

42. Yehuda Bauer and Robert Rozett, “Estimated Jewish Losses in the Holocaust,” Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, ed. vol. 4 (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990), 1799. The authors estimate that there were 3.3 million Jews in Poland on the eve of World War II and 3.02 million in the Soviet Union. They add that there were almost 9.8 million Jews in Europe at the time, with 5,860,000 murdered in the Holocaust; Arad, Belzec, Sobibór, Treblinka, 165; Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews vol. 3 (New York: Holmes & Meier), 1985, 1219. Hilberg says that 5.1 million Jews died in the Holocaust, up to 2.7 million killed in the six death camps.

43. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 155–159; Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 71–72.

44. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 159–160; Albert Speer, The Slave State: Heinrich Himmler’s Masterplan for SS Supremacy, trans. Joachim Neugroschel (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1981), 262–263; Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 2, 527–528.

45. “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” BA(K), 1; Julius Madritsch, Menschen in Not! Meine Erlebnisse in den Jahren 1940 bis 1944 als Unternehmer im damaligen Generalgouvernement (Vienna: V. Roth, 1962), 13.

46. Madritsch, Menschen, 13.

47. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 162.

48. Ibid., 154.

49. Ibid., 164–171.

50. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 173–179; Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 73–76; Eugeniusz Duda, The Jews of Cracow, trans. Ewa Basiura (Kraków: Wydawnictwo “Hagada” and Argona-Jarden Jewish Bookshop, 2000), 66–67; Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, 387.

51. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 186, 188, 190–19. Pankiewicz erroenously lists Bełżec as one of the five remaining ghettos; Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 78–79.

52. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 200–206.

53. Arieh L. Bauminger, The Fighters of the Cracow Ghetto (Jerusalem: Keter Press Enterprises, 1986), 37–43, 49–68; Richard C Lukas, Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939–1944 (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1990), 76–77. The Soviet-sponsored Polish Workers Party was formed on January 5, 1942, by Polish communists. Two months later, they formed the People’s Guard (later the Armia Ludowa) as the vanguard of their partisan efforts.

54. Bauminger, Fighters, 72.

55. Ibid., 69–72.

56. Ibid., 69–77; Wrovski, Kronika Okupowanego Krakowa, 240. There is some disagreement on the date of the attack, which some Polish sources put on December 24, 1942.

57. Kiełkowski, ZlikwidowaN na Miejscu, 68.

58. Bauminger, Fighters, 73.

59. A third source claims the attack took place on December 23. Kielkowski, ZlikwidowaN na Miejscu, 68; Wrovski, Kronika Okupowanego Krakowa, 240; Duda, The Jews of Cracow, 67; Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 183–184.

60. “Situations-Skizze” Emalia, BA(K), 1 page; “Verzeichnis jüdischer Arbeiter welche am 25.5.1943 an N.K.F., Deutsche Emaliwarenfabrik, Kistenfabrik und Chmielewski in Krakau überstellt wurden,” Zydowski Instytut Historyczny, Instytut Naukowo-Badawezy, Warsaw, 7–10.

61. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 2:526.

62. “Interview with Oskar Schindler,” November 18, 1964, Delbert Mann Papers, Vanderbilt University, 7-A, 9.

63. Robin O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler Within the Context of the Holocaust in German Occupied Poland and Czechoslovakia” (Master’s Thesis, University College, London, 1996), 64.

64. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 190.

65. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 139; Keneally, Schindler’s List, 190; Urbach, interview, July 15, 2002.

66. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 218.

67. Ibid., 219–223; Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 82–83.

68. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 223–224; Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goeth przed Najwyższym Trybunałem Narodowym, No. 35 (Kraków: Centralna Żydowska Komisja Historyczna przy Centralnym Komitecie Żydów w Polsce, 1947), 25. This is the official transcript of the trial of Amon Göth in Kraków.

69. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 224–230.

70. Ibid., 235–241; Elinor Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy: True Stories of the List Survivors (New York: Plume, 1994), 306.

71. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 242–243.

72. Ibid., 244–245; O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler,” 97–98; Murray Pantirer, interview by the author, Union, New Jersey, August 3, 1999; Urbach, interview, April 13, 1999.

73. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 246–248; Urbach, interview, April 13, 1999; Pantirer, interview, August 3, 1999.

74. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 123–125; Heinz Höhne, The Order of the Death’s Head: The Story of Hitler’s SS, trans. Richard Barry (New York: Ballantine Books), 1971, 302–303.

75. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 125–126; The SS (New York: Time-Life Books, 1989), 95; Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 173–174; Madritsch, Menschen, 5. Madritsch said that Bousko was a sergeant major, not a lieutenant. Letter from Bozenna Rotman to David Crowe, August 18, 2002, 1 page; Keneally, Schindler’s List, 97, 117, 138–139; Mordecai Paldiel, The Path of the Righteous: Gentile Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust (Hoboken, N.J.: KTAV Publishing House, and The Jewish Foundation for Christian Rescuers/ADL, 1993), 5.

76. Madritsch, Menschen, 3, 13, 16–18. Madritsch’s memoir was used by Yad Vashem to investigate Bousko’s efforts saving Jews during the Holocaust.

77. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 126–127.

78. Danuta Czech, Auschwitz Chronicle, 1939–1945: From the Archives of the Auschwitz Memorial and the German Federal Archives (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1990), 352, 354; Duda, The Jews of Cracow, 68.

79. French L. MacLean, The Field Men: The SS Officers Who Led the Einsatzkommandos—the Nazi Mobile Killings Squads (Atglen, Pa.: Schiffer Military History, 1999), 20, 42; Richard Rhodes, Masters of Death: The Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002), 258–262; Concentration Camp in Plaszow, 2. This publication was printed in Kraków though it has no listed author, date of publication, or publisher; Shmuel Spector, “Aktion 1005,” in Israel Gutman, Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, vol. 1 (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990), 11–14; Hilberg, Destruction, 976–979; Leni Yahil, The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 449–450.

80. Douglas Brode, The Films of Steven Spielberg (New York: Kensington Publishing, 2000), 230–231.

81. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 50–51; Erika Rosenberg, ed., Ich, Emilie Schindler: Errinerungen einer Unbeugsamen (München: F.A. Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung GmbH, 2001), 56; Keneally, Schindler’s List, 62–63; Palowski, The Making of Schindler’s List, 37–42, 101.

82. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 126–130.

83. Ibid., 107–108; Palowski, The Making of Schindler’s List, 101.

84. Roma Logocka, The Girl in the Red Coat, trans. Margot Bettauer Dembo (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2002), 1–292.

85. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 130–133; “Schindler’s Survivors,” New York Newsday, March 24, 1994, B49.

86. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 126–130.

87. Ibid., 130.

88. Dr. Moshe Bejski, “Notes on the Banquet in Honor of Oskar Schindler,” May 2, 1962, Tel Aviv, Israel, 27.

89. Kurt Grossmann, Die unbesungenen Helden: Menschen in Deutschlands dunklen Tagen (Frankfurt: Verlag Ullstein GmbH, 1961), 160.

90. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 15–16.

91. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 33.

92. “Georg Pták to Radio Jerusalem,” July 5, 1990, Yad Vashem Archives, M31/20, 152 (hereafter referred to as “Pták to Radio Jerusalem,” YVA M31/20); Keneally, Schindler’s List, 33.

93. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 15–16; Herbert Steinhouse, “The Real Oskar Schindler,” Saturday Night, April 1994, 43–44; Thomas Fensch, Oskar Schindler and His List: The Man, the Book, the Film, the Holocaust and Its Survivors (Forest Dale, Vt.: Paul S. Eriksson, Publisher, 1995), 13; “Pták to Radio Jerusalem,” YVA M31/20; “Svitavy,” in Shmuel Spector and Geoffrey Wigoder, eds., The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust, vol. 3 (New York: New York University Press, 2001), 1270.

94. Ian Kershaw, Hitler: 1936–1945 (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), 562.

Chapter 6

1. “Monika Knauss geb. Göth to Der Spiegel,” Der Spiegel, no. 11 (March 14, 1983):12; Matthias Kessler, Ich muß doch meinen Vater lieben, oder? Die Lebensgeschichte von Monika Göth, Tochter des KZ-Kommandanten aus “Schindlers Liste” (Frankfurt am Main: Eichborn AG, 2002), 251–252.

2. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, August 5, 2002, 35.

3. Kessler, Ich muß doch meiner Vater lieben, oder?, 35–39; Kathryn Knight, “My Father Was the Nazi Officer Who Shot Jews for Fun,” London Daily Mail on Sunday, April 21, 2002, 30.

4. Kessler, Ich muß doch meiner Vater lieben, oder?, 35, 41–42; Louise Potterton, “Daughter to the Devil,” Jerusalem Report, September 9, 2002, 44.

5. Kessler, Ich muß doch meiner Vater lieben, oder?, 103; Knight, “My Father,” 30.

6. Potterton, “Daughter to the Devil,” 44; Knight, “My Father,” 30; Kessler, Ich muß doch meiner Vater lieben, oder?, 35.

7. Potterton, “Daughter to the Devil,” 44.

8. Kessler, Ich muß doch meiner Vater lieben, oder?, 142–144.

9. Ibid., 144–145; Potterton, “Daughter to the Devil,” 44.

10. Kessler, Ich muß doch meiner Vater lieben, oder?, 101–102; Potterton, “Daughter to the Devil,” 44.

11. Knight, “My Father,” 30.

12. Ibid.

13. Kessler, Ich muß doch meiner Vater lieven, oder?, 165–168.

14. Potterton, “Daughter to the Devil,” 44.

15. Kessler, Ich muß doch meiner Vater lieber, oder?, 147–149; Potterton, “Daughter to the Devil,” 44.

16. Jon Blair, interview, Sony Pictures Classics, February 8, 1996, http://www.sonypictures.com/classics/annefrank/misc/interview.html, 1.

17. Ruth Kalder, interview by Jon Blair, Schindler, Thames Television Production, 1983; Ruth Rosensweig, interview by the author, Boca Raton, Florida, March 20, 2000.

18. Ibid.

19. Kessler, Ich muß doch meiner Vater lieben, oder?, 200–206.

20. Ibid., 22–24, 29–30; Potterton, “Daughter to the Devil,” 44.

21. Kessler, Ich muß doch meiner Vater lieben, oder?, 10, 244–245; Potterton, “Daughter to the Devil,” 44.

22. Emilie Schindler, Where Light and Shadow Meet: A Memoir (New York: W.W. Norton, 1996), 59.

23. Tom Segev, Soldiers of Evil: The Commandants of the Nazi Concentration Camps, trans. Haim Watzman (New York: McGraw Hill, 1987), 151.

24. Heinz Höhne, The Order of the Death’s Head: The Story of Hitler’s SS, trans. Richard Barry (New York: Ballantine Books, 1971), 150–154.

25. “Lebenslauf of Amon Leopold Göth,” Personal-Akte, PA Nr. G 886, Göth, Amon-Leopold, SS-Nr. 43 673, Der Reichsführer-SS, SS-Personalhauptamt, BDC (Berlin Documentation Center) SS-Offiziere, Bundesarchiv (Berlin), 1 (hereafter referred to as “Lebenslauf of Amon Leopold Göth,” BA(B)). Future documents from Göth’s SS “Personal Akte” will be cited as “Personal-Akte,” PA Nr G 886, Göth, Amon Leopold, BA(B), preceded by the individual document title and page reference; Elinor J. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy: True Stories of the List Survivors (New York: Plume/Penguin Books, 1994), 164.

26. Segev, Soldiers of Evil, 151.

27. Ibid.

28. Ibid.

29. Ibid., 151–152; Bruce F. Pauley, Hitler and the Forgotten Nazis: A History of Austrian National Socialism (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1981), 36, 38–41.

30. Pauley, Hitler and the Forgotten Nazis, 24–25, 28–29, 32–33.

31. Segev, Soldiers of Evil, 151–152; “Lebenslauf of Amon Göth,” BA(B), 1.

32. “Lebenslauf of Amon Göth,” BA(B), 1; Pauley, Hitler and the Forgotten Nazis, 76.

33. “Lebenslauf of Amon Göth,” BA(B), 1; Pauley, Hitler and the Forgotten Nazis, 64–66, 74–75; Nazi Party Card, Bundesarchiv Zehlendorf, Personal-Akte, PA Nr. G 886, Göth, Amon-Leopold, BA(B), 1 page. Göth’s Party card lists his birth date as December 14, 1905. All other Nazi Party and SS files on Göth, though, list the correct date of his birth, December 11, 1908; Michael H. Kater, The Nazi Party: A Social Profile of Members and Leaders, 1919–1945 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983), 193, 262. The Nazi Party had almost 130,000 members in 1930 and close to 850,000 three years later. There were an estimated 8 million Party members at the end of World War II.

34. “Lebenslauf of Amon Göth,” BA(B), 1.

35. Segev, Soldiers of Evil, 152.

36. Höhne, Order of the Death’s Head, 27–28, 86, 161–162, 166–168, 171; Thomas H. Flaherty, The SS (Alexandria, Va.: Time Life Books, 1989), 29.

37. Höhne, Order of the Death’s Head, 66. Höhne says that an SS-Sturmführer was a captain, but technically an SS-Hauptsturmführer was a captain. See Christopher Ailsby’s SS: Roll of Infamy (Osceola, Wisc.: Motorbooks, 1997), 187, for a complete list of SS ranks and the British and American equivalents.

38. “Lebenslauf of Amon Göth,” BA(B), 1; “Personal-Bericht of Amon Leopold Göth,” January 30, 1941, Personal-Akte, PA Nr. G 886, Göth, Amon Leopold, BA(B), 1–2; “Dienstleistungszeugnis for Oberscharführer Göth, Amon Leopold,” July 14, 1941, Personal Akte, PA Nr. G 886, Göth, Amon Leopold, BA(B), 1 page.

39. Segev, Soldiers of Evil, 152.

40. Gottfried-Karl Kindermann, Hitler’s Defeat in Austria, 1933-1934: Europe’s First Containment of Nazi Expansionism, trans. Sonia Brough and David Taylor (Boulder: West-view Press, 1988), 10.

41. Pauley, Hitler and the Forgotten Nazis, 105–108.

42. Ibid., 109.

43. “Lebenslauf of Amon Göth,” BA(B) 2; Pauley, Hitler and the Forgotten Nazis, 109, 114.

44. Segev, Soldiers of Evil, 152.

45. Pauley, Hitler and the Forgotten Nazis, 131–138, 142, 146; Kindermann, Hitler’s Defeat in Austria, 99–110; Ian Kershaw, Hitler, 1889–1936 Hubris (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 522–523; “Lebenslauf of Amon Göth,” BA(B), 2.

46. “Personal Bericht of Amon Göth,” BA(B), 1–2; Pauley, Hitler and the Forgotten Nazis, 141–142, 144, 146.

47. “Amon Göth to the N.S.D.A.P. Refugee Relief Organization, Berlin,” July 16, 1937, Personal-Akte, PA Nr. G 886, Göth, Amon-Leopold, BA(B), 1–2.

48. Pauley, Hitler and the Forgotten Nazis, 139–140; Segev, Soldiers of Evil, 152.

49. Segev, Soldiers of Evil, 152.

50. Ibid.; Höhne, Order of the Death’s Head, 176–177.

51. Segev, Soldiers of Evil, 152; “Personal Bericht of Amon Göth,” BA(B), 1; “Personalangaben of Göth, Amon Leopold,” 26 July 1941, Personal-Akte, PA Nr. G 886, Göth, Amon-Leopold, BA(B), 1; “Ernennungsvorschlag für SS-Untersturmführer Amon Leopold Göth zum SS-Hauptsturmführer, Höerer SS- u. Polizeiführer Ost, Krakau to SS-Personalhauptamt, Berlin,” July 23, 1943, 1. It is impossible to pinpoint exactly the date of birth of Göth’s daughter from his SS files, which list the month his sons were born and places only an asterik in the spot where a daughter’s date of birth would be listed; one source, Michael Miller, Jeff Chrisman, et al., Axis Biographical Research: An Apolitical Military History Site, http://www.geocities.com/~orion47/, states that Anny Göth gave birth to a daughter in July 1939, who died seven months later. It adds that she later bore two more children. Göth’s SS files state that he had only two sons, born in July 1939 and February 1940. This would mean possibly that Anny gave birth to twins in the summer of 1939.

52. “Personal Bericht of Amon Göth,” BA(B), 2.

53. Alfred C. Mierzejewski, The Collapse of the German War Economy, 1944–1945: Allied Air Power and the German National Railway (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 25, 33; Sybille Steinbacher, “In the Shadow of Auschwitz: The Murder of the Jews of Upper East Silesia,” in Ulrich Herbert, ed., National Socialist Extermination Policies: Contemporary German Perspectives and Controversies (New York: Berghan Books, 2000), 300 n. 31.

54. “SS-Sturmbannführer Otto Winter SS-Personalhauptamt,” October 10, 1941, SS-File of Amon Leopold Göth,” 2, Records of the Reich Leader of the SS and Chief of the German Police, RG 242 (National Archives Collection of Foreign Records Seized, 1941), National Archives of the United States II, College Park, Maryland; all records from this file will hereafter be referred to as “SS-File of Amon Leopold Göth,” Reich Leader SS Collection, RG 242, NA-US II.

55. “Dienstleistungszeugnis for Göth, Amon Leopold,” BA(B), 1 page; Steinbacher, “Shadow of Auschwitz,” 278–280.

56. Dienststelle der Schutzstaffel der NSDAP (SS-Obergruppenführer-SS-Standartenführer), Stand vom 30, Januar 1942, Herausgegeben vom SS-Personalhauptamt (SS Officers List as of January 30, 1942, SS-Standartenführer to SS-Oberstgruppenführer—Assignments and Decorations of the Senior SS Officer Corps) (Atglen, Pa.: Schiffer Military History, 2000), 10; Robert L. Koehl, RKFDV: German Resettlement and Population Policy, 1939–1945 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1957), 56–58; Höhne, Order of the Death’s Head, 351–352.

57. Steinbacher, “In the Shadow of Auschwitz,” 284–286.

58. “Der Höhere SS- und Polizeiführer Ost (Krakau) an den Chef des SS-Personalhauptamtes, Berlin,” June 12, 1942, 1 page. “SS File of Amon Leopold Göth,” Reich Leader SS Collection,” RG 242, NA-US II; “Der Reichsführer-SS, SS-Hauptamt-Amt II, Berlin,” 10 August 1942, “Personal-Akte, PA Nr. G 886, Göth, Amon Leopold,” BA(B), 1 page.

59. Siegfrid J. Pucher, “… in der Bewegung führend tätig:” Odilo GloboOnik-Kämpfer für den ‘Anschluß,’ Vollstrecker des Holocaust (Klagenfurt/Celovac: Drava Verlag, 1997), 38–41, 54–56, 62, 68, 74, 76–77, 79–82, 85; Ailsby, SS: Roll of Infamy, 54; GloboOnik held the Nazi Party’s highest award, the Goldenes Ehrenzeichen der NSDAP, which Hitler gave to only about 650 “stars” in the Nazi firmament. Dienststelle der Schutzstaffel der NSDAP, 13; “Golden Party Badge,” http://www.geocities.com/goldpartypin/ahaward.html, 1.

60. Pucher, “…in der Bewegung führend tätig,” 56–66, 69, 82–89, 104, 109–110; Yitzhak Arad, Belzec, Sobibór, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), 14–15; Włodzimierz Borodziej, Terror und Politik: Die Deutsche Polizei und die Polnische Widerstandsbewegung im Generalgouvernement, 1939–1944 (Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1999), 50 n. 112; Richard Rhodes, Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002), 106–109.

61. Pucher, “…in der Bewegung führend tätig,” 10–11; “SS-Untersturmführer [signature illegible] to Der Reichsführer-SS, SS-Hauptamt-Ergänzungsamt der Waffen-SS, Berlin,” August 12, 1942, Personal-Akte, PA Nr G 886, Göth, Amon Leopold, BA(B), 1 page; Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha przed Najwyższym Trybunałem Narodowym (Kraków: Centralna Żydowska Komisja Historyczna w Polsce, 1947), 25–26, 29; Arad, Belzec, Sobibór, Treblinka, 15–19.

62. Mietek Pemper, interview by the author, Augsburg, Germany, May 26, 1999.

63. Raimund Titsch, interview, Vienna, Austria, November 25, 1964, in Martin A. Gosch and Howard Koch, “The Oskar Schindler Story,” Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University, 8A, 7 (hereafter referred to as Raimund Titsch, interview, November 25, 1964, Delbert Mann Papers, Vanderbilt University).

64. Pucher, “…in der Bewegung führend tätig,” 113–116; Arad, Belzec, Sobibór, Treblinka, 44–45, 54, 119–130; “Dienstlaufbahn des Göth, Amon-Leopold,” Personal-Akte, Nr. 10 022, Göth, Amon Leopold, BA(B), 1 page.

65. Mietek Pemper, interview by Dr. Reich, Augsburg, Germany, October 26, 1996 (hereafter referred to as Pemper-Reich interview, October 26, 1996); Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 77, 84.

66. “Dienstleistungszeugnis of Oberscharführer Göth, Amon Leopold, 1/11,” July 14, 1941, “Personal-Akte, PA Nr. G 886, Göth, Amon Leopold,” BA(B), 1 page; “Personal-Bericht des Göth Amon Leopold, 1/11,” October 10, 1941, “Personal-Akte, PA Nr. G 886, Göth, Amon Leopold, BA(B), 1–2.

67. “Personal Bericht des Göth, Amon Leopold, 1/11,” October 10, 1941, “Personal-Akte, PA Nr. H 886, Göth, Amon Leopold,” BA(B), 1–2.

68. Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 29–36.

69. “Tarnów,” in Shmuel Spector and Geoffrey Wigoder, eds., The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and After the Holocaust, vol. 3 (New York: New York University Press, 2001), 1293–1295; Aharon Weiss, “Tarnów,” in Israel Gutman, ed., Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, vol. 4 (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990), 1451–1452.

70. Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 164; Weiss, “Tarnów,” 1295; “The Tarnów Jewish Trail,” Tarnów City Guide, http://www.tarnow.pl/tarnow/ang/historia/index-szalki.php, 1.

71. Julius Madritsch, Menschen in Not! Meine Erlebnisse in den Jahren 1940 bis 1944 als Unternehmer im damaligen Generalgouvernement (Vienna: V. Roth, 1962), 13.

72. Madritsch, Menschen, 13.

73. “Jakob Sternberg to Yad Vashem, June 11, 1963,” Yad Vashem Archives, Department of the Righteous, File on Julius Madritsch, Raimund Titsch, and Oswald Bosko, 31/21-22-23 (RGD), 1–4 (hereafter referred to as “Sternberg to Yad Vashem” June 11, 1963, YVA).

74. “Sternberg to Yad Vashem, June 11, 1963,” YVA, 3.

75. Photos of Bochnia Ghetto, Nos. 02347, 02348, and 74708, Photographic Archives, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum., Washington, D.C.

76. Madritsch, Menschen, 13, 16.

77. Ibid., 16.

78. Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 161–163, 258.

79. Madritsch, Menschen, 16; Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 34–35, 165–166, 226–230, 257; Danuta Czech, Auschwitz Chronicle, 1939–1945 (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1990), 475, 477–478. The Germans killed immediately 1,845 Jews on the first transport from Bochnia and used the others as slave laborers. “Bochnia,” in Encyclopedia of Jewish Life, 1:160; Joram Kagan, Poland’s Jewish Heritage (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1992), 56; though very little has been written about the Bochnia ghetto, a gruesome collection of photographs that documents German atrocities is housed in the archives of Beit Lohamei Haghetaot (Ghetto Fighters’ House) in Israel; see particularly photo numbers 6726, 6954, 6955, 6956, 6957, 6958, 6960, and 22093.

80. Pemper-Reich interview, October 26, 1996.

81. “Ernennungsvorschlag für SS-Untersturmführer Amon Leopold Göth,” July 23, 1943, 2; “SS-File of Amon Leopold Göth,” Reich Leader SS Collection, RG 242, NA-US II.

82. “Ernennungskunde SS-Untersturmführer Amon Leopold Göth,” July 23, 1943, 1 page, “SS-File of Amon Leopold Göth,” Reich Leader SS Collection, RG 242, NA-US II. Though this document was originally dated July 23, 1943, his promotion and appointment to the Waffen-SS Fachgruppe did not go into effect until August 1. It took about a week after the document was initially prepared for it to go up the chain of command for full approval by the SS Personnel office in Berlin.

83. Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, vol. 3 (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985), 1201–1202, 1219–1220. Hilberg estimates that 5.1 million Jews died in the Holocaust but admits that it is impossible to estimate accurately the actual number of Jewish deaths, which some put as high as 6 million. Using this conservative estimate, he calculated that over 800,000 Jews died of “ghettoization and general deprivation,” 1.3 million in “open air shootings,” and up to 3 million in death and other types of camps. Martin Gilbert estimates that 5.7 million Jews died in the Holocaust in his Macmillan Atlas of the Holocaust (New York: The Macmillan Publishing Co., 1982), 245, and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum’s Historical Atlas of the Holocaust (New York: Macmillan Publishing USA, 1996), 221, estimates that 6 million Jews died in the Shoah; Arad, Belzec, Sobibór, Treblinka, 44–45.

84. Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), Evaluation and Dissemination Section, G-2, Basic Handbook: KL’s (Konzentrationslager) Axis Concentration Camps and Detention Centers Reported As Such in Europe (Middlesex: World War II Investigator Limited, n.d.), 1–3, A1.

85. SHAEF, Basic Handbook: KL’s, 104.

86. Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski, Jews in Poland: A Documentary History (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1993), 127.

87. John Roth, Marilyn Harran, et al., The Holocaust Chronicle (Lincolnwood, Ill.: Publications International Ltd., 2000), 480.

88. Ibid., 496; Danuta Czech, Stanisław Kłodzivski, Aleksander Lasik, Andrzej Strzelecki, Auschwitz, 1940–1940: Central Issues in the History of the Camp, vol. 5 (Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000), 188–189; Czech, Auschwitz Chronicle, 520).

89. Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 35.

90. Ibid., 249, 252–254.

91. Ibid., 271.

92. Ibid., 271–272.

93. Ibid., 35.

94. Jaroslav Zotciak, interview by the author, Kraków, Poland, August 7, 2000; Proces Ludobócjy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 81; Eugeniusz Duda, The Jews of Cracow, trans. Ewa Basiura (Kraków: Wydawnictwo “Hagada” and Argona-Jarden Jewish Bookshop, 2000), 71; Concentration Camp in Plaszow, n.p., n.d., 2, 6.

95. Zotciak, interview, August 7, 2000; Duda, Jews of Krakow, 71.

96. Wolfgang Sofsky, The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp, trans. William Templer (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), 59–61; the most complete set of photographs of Płaszów can be found in the photographic archives of the Beit Lohamei Haghetaot (Ghetto Fighters’ House) Archive in Nahariya, Israel. There is also an excellent collection in the photo archives section of the United States Holocaust Museum in Washington, D.C.

97. Elinor J. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy: True Stories of the List Survivors (New York: Plume/Penguin Books), 398, 409–410; Aleksander Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie (Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1985), 101–102.

98. “Schindler Financial Report, 1945,” YVA, 15; “Oskar Schindler Bericht” (1955), Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 15, 4; Mietek Pemper, interview by the author, Augsburg, Germany, January 17, 2000. Mietek Pemper said that Schindler went first to someone in the Heeresbeschaffungsamt (Army Procurement Office), who in turn negotiated with Maurer. Michael Thad Allen, The Business of Genocide: The SS, Slave Labor, and the Concentration Camps (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 139, 154–155, 157, 182–183; Sofsky, Order of Terror, 40–41.

99. Allen, The Business of Genocide, 138, 179–190, 201.

100. The entire edition of The Main Commission’s journal, Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość, vol. XXXVIII (1995), was dedicated to the fiftieth anniversary of this organization, one of the principal depositories in Poland for war crimes during World War II. In 1991, this organization was reconstituted and now looks at crimes during the Soviet area as well as war crimes during World War II. Joseph Bau, Dear God, Have You Ever Gone Hungry? trans. Shlomo “Sam” Yurman (New York: Arcade Publishing, 1990), 116–117.

101. Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 61–62, 75–77; Pemper, interviews, May 26, 1999, and January 17, 2000.

102. French L. Maclean, The Camp Men: The SS Officers Who Ran the Nazi Concentration Camp System (Atglen, Pa.: Schiffer Military History, 1999), 17; “Jan Sehn to Mieczysław Pemper,” July 8, 1946, List of SS Officers in Kraków-Płaszów,” Bundesarchiv (Berlin) 2M 1402 A.12, 1–2. This list is incomplete, given the constant changeover in concentration camp staff during the latter phases of the war. See, for example, the two investigative “Protokolls” prepared by the Polska Misja Wojskowa Badania Zbrodni Wojennych (Polish War Crimes Mission) for the prosecution of the Płaszów SS men, Anton Schulz and Wilhelm Matle, both of whom are not listed on the Pemper-Sehn list. Bundesarchiv (Berlin), 2M 1402 A. 12.

103. Pemper-Reich interview, October 26, 1996; Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 109.

104. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 410.

105. Ibid., 411.

106. Höhne, Order of the Death’s Head, 493; Sofsky, Order of Terror, 100, 102, 109–110; The Buchenwald Report, trans. and ed. David A. Hackett (Boulder: Westview Press, 1995), 36, 176; SHAEF, Axis Concentration Camps and Detention Centers, 11.

107. Pemper-Reich interview, October 26, 1996; Allen, The Business of Genocide, 251; Sofsky, Order of Terror, 48–52; the observations about the physical structure of the camp are based on the detailed map of the camp given to me by Jarosłav Zotciak. There is also a detailed written description of the camp’s structure in Bieberstein’s Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 103–113, which substantiates the accuracy of the Zotciak map and, one suspects, was used in creating it.

108. Sofsky, Order of Terror, 50, 130–131, 145.

109. Ibid., 49.

110. Ibid.

111. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 108; Zotciak map.

112. Zotciak map; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 398.

113. Pemper-Reich interview, October 26, 1996; Allen, The Business of Genocide, 178, 205; MacLean, The Camp Men, 202.

114. Dr. Moshe Bejski, interview by the author, Tel Aviv, Israel, May 17, 1999; Pemper-Reich interview, October 26, 1996; Pemper, interviews, May 26, 1999, and January 17, 2000.

115. Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999.

116. Ibid., May 26, 1999 and January 17, 2000.

117. Pemper-Reich interview, October 26, 1996.

118. Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999. Mietek Pemper also served as a translator for the Auschwitz war crimes trials in 1947 and the trial of Dr. Josef Bühler, the state secretary of the General Government and its representative at the Wannsee Conference, the following year; Pemper-Reich interview, October 26, 1996.

119. Pemper-Reich interview, October 26, 1996.

120. Ibid.

121. Ibid.

122. Pemper, interview, January 17, 2000.

123. Pemper-Reich interview, October 26, 1996; Pemper, interview, January 17, 2000; Sofsky, Order of Terror, 102.

124. Pemper-Reich Interview, October 26, 1996.

125. “Mietek Pemper to Oskar Schindler,” July 27, 1969, 1–2. BA 1/24.

126. Allen, The Business of Genocide, 95.

127. Ibid., 140.

128. “Stern Report 1956,” Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164 ; Allen, Business of Genocide, 157, 242, n. 7.

129. “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 26–27; Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 3:81; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Historical Atlas of the Holocaust (New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1996), 63. Four towns in Poland are named Janów. The one mentioned by the Ukrainian guard was possibly the one near Lemberg, which had a ghetto where some armaments work was done before the SS ordered the entire ghetto burned to the ground in late 1942. It is also possible that the guard was talking about the DAW Janówska forced labor camp in the suburbs of Lemberg.

130. “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 27.

131. Ibid., 27.

132. Pemper-Reich interview, October 26, 1996.

133. Ibid.

134. Ibid.

135. “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 27–28.

136. Ibid., 28.

137. Ibid.; Pemper-Reich interview, October 26, 1996.

138. “Selbst Schindler’s List konnte nicht das Schlimmste zeigen,” Süddeutsche Zeitung, January 27, 1997, 3; Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 75.

139. Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 53, 38–39; Claudia Keller and Stefan Braun, “Ohne Führung fressen sich die Menschen gegenseitig auf: Mietek Pemper im Gespräch mit Claudia Keller und Stefan Braun,” in Schindlers Koffer: Berichte aus dem Leben eines Lebensretters (Stuttgart: Stuttgarter Zeitung, 1999), 37–38; Helen Sternlicht Jonas Rosenzweig, interview by the author, Boca Raton, Florida, March 20, 2000; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 162, 377; Stella Müller-Madej, interview by the author, Kraków, Poland, August 9, 2000.

140. Raimund Titsch, interview, November 25, 1964, Delbert Mann Papers, Vanderbilt University.

141. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 350.

142. For Henry Slamovich’s brief statement about Göth during his trial, see Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 370.

143. Sofsky, Order of Terror, 105.

144. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 185.

145. Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 60; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 75, 87–88.

146. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 101–102.

147. Ibid., 102.

148. Ibid., 186, 360.

149. Ibid.; “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 20.

150. Helen [Hirsch] Horowitz, interview, Tel Aviv, Israel, December 3, 1964, in Martin A. Gosch and Howard Koch, “The Oskar Schindler Story,” Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University, 10-B, 2 (hereafter referred to as Interview with Helen [Hirsch] Horowitz, December 3, 1964, Delbert Mann Papers, Vanderbilt University).

151. Ibid., 3–4.

152. Ibid., 3.

153. Ibid., 5.

154. Ibid., 8–9.

155. Ibid., 9–10.

156. Izak (Itzhak) Stern, interview, Tel Aviv, Israel, November 29, 1954, in Martin A. Gosch and Howard Koch, “The Oskar Schindler Story,” Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University, 11A, 10–11.

157. Rosenzweig, interview, March 20, 2000.

158. Ibid.

159. Pemper, interviews, May 26, 1999, and May 26, 2000.

160. Rosenzweig, interview, March 20, 2000.

161. Ibid.

162. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 59.

163. Rosenzweig, interview, March 20, 2000.

164. Ibid.

165. Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 62.

166. Ibid., 57, 69, 91.

167. Ibid., Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 87.

168. Ibid., 60.

169. Ibid.

170. Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 78.

171. Ibid., 78–79; Franciszek Piper, “Gas Chambers and Crematoria,” in Yisrael Gutman and Michael Berenbaum, eds., Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994), 164.

172. Biberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 140; at his 1947 Einsatzgruppen trial, Paul Blobel, who commanded Sonderkommando 4a and later Sonderkommando 1005 units, stated that he preferred not to use Genickschußspezialisten. Instead, he used large execution squads where each man was relieved after an hour of killing. “Affadavit of Paul Blobel,” June 6, 1947, Office of Chief of Counsel for War Crimes, U.S. Army, No. 3824, International Military Tribunal at Nuernberg in John Mendelsohn and Donald S. Detwiler, eds. The Holocaust, vol. 10, The Einsatzgruppen or Murder Commandos (New York: Garland Publishing, 1982), 128.

173. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 398.

174. Piper, “Gas Chambers and Crematoria,” 163.

175. Breitman, Architect of Genocide, 211.

176. Arad, Belzec, Sobibór, Treblinka, 170–171; Piper, “Gas Chambers and Crematoria,” 163; Rhodes, Masters of Death, 258–260.

177. Michael A. Musmanno, Justice: The Eichmann Kommandos (London: Peter Davies, 1961), 145–155; MacLean, The Field Men, 42; Shmuel Spector, “Paul Blobel,” in Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 1:220.

178. Shmuel Spector, “Aktion 1005,” Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 1:14; Francisco Wichter, interview by the author, Buenos Aires, Argentina, May 17, 2001.

179. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 320–321.

180. Ibid., 410–411.

Chapter 7

1. Claudia Keller and Stefan Braun, “Ohne Führung fressen sich die Menschen gegenseitig auf; Mietek Pemper im Gespräch mit Claudia Keller und Stefan Braun,” in Schindlers Koffer: Berichte aus dem Leben eines Lebensretters (Stuttgart: Stuttgarter Zeitung, 1999), 39.

2. Ibid., 39.

3. Ibid., 38–39.

4. Peter Steiner, The Deserts of Bohemia: Czech Fiction and Its Social Context (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000), 27.

5. Steiner, Deserts, 44.

6. Ibid., 44.

7. Ibid., 67–68.

8. Helen Sternlicht Jonas Rosenzweig, interview by the author, Boca Raton, Florida, March 20, 2000.

9. Oskar Schindler, interview by Martin Gosch, November 18, 1974, Paris, France, Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University, 7-B, 6.

10. Sternlicht Jonas Rosenzweig, interview, March 20, 2000.

11. Michael Thad Allen, The Business of Genocide: The SS, Slave Labor, and the Concentration Camps (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 95, 140.

12. Allen, The Business of Genocide, 173, 175; after the war, Speer claimed that Schieber was “Himmler’s confidential agent in my ministry.” Albert Speer, The Slave State: Heinrich Himmler’s Masterplan for SS Supremacy, trans. Joachim Neugroschel (London: Weidenfeld, 1981), 16. Yet it should be remembered that many educated Germans had honorary SS ranks. Moreover, according to Michael Thad Allen, Schieber was extremely loyal to Speer and there is nothing to indicate that he was an SS spy. Allen, The Business of Genocide, 174.

13. Allen, The Business of Genocide, 176.

14. Ibid., 189.

15. Wolfgang Sofsky, The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp, trans. William Templer (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), 40–41; Allen, The Business of Genocide, 139, 154–155, 157, 182–183.

16. Allen, The Business of Genocide, 182–188.

17. Ibid., 199.

18. Ibid., 198–199.

19. Sofsky, Order of Terror, 178; Allen, The Business of Genocide, 156–157. Speer considered Kammler “a relentless but capable robot.” Speer, Slave State, 236.

20. Allen, The Business of Genocide, 202–203, 206; Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 109; Elinor J. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy: True Stories of the List Survivors (New York: Plume/Penguin Books), 199, 185.

21. Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, vol. 2 (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985), 528.

22. Speer, Slave State, 257, 261, 265–267, 269, 273, 275–280; “Stern Report 1956,” Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 56; Mietek Pemper, interview by Dr. Reich, Augsburg, Germany, October 26, 1996 (hereafter referred to as Pemper-Reich interview, October 26, 1996).

23. Sofsky, Order of Terror, 181.

24. Allen, The Business of Genocide, 241–242.

25. “Oskar Schindler Financial Report 1945,” July 1945, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 3–4.

26. Pemper-Reich interview, October 26, 1996.

27. Julius Madritsch, Menschen in Not! Meine Erlebnisse in den Jahren 1940 bis 1944 als Unternehmer im damaligen Generalgouvernement (Vienna: V. Roth, 1962), 20.

28. Ibid., 20–21.

29. Ibid., 25.

30. Ibid., 22.

31. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 3–4; Madritsch, Menschen, 24.

32. Madritsch, Menschen, 24.

33. From March 1943 until October 1944 Madritsch paid the SS Zł 10 million ($3,187,500) for food and subsistence. Schindler claimed he spent over Zł 4 million ($1.25 million) on similar costs between 1942 and 1944 in Kraków and RM 750,000 ($282,000) in Brünnlitz. Madritsch, Menschen, 24, and “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 4, 9–12.

34. Raimund Titsch, interview by Martin Gosch, November 25, 1964, Vienna, Austria, Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University, 8-A, 6.

35. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 1–2.

36. “Stern Report 1956,” Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 24 (hereafter referred to as “Stern Report 1956,” YVA); Keller and Braun, Ohne Führung fressen sich die Menschen gegenseitig auf, 39.

37. Die Bekenntnisse des Herrn X, Budapest, November 1943, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 18, 3–4 (hereafter referred to as Die Bekenntnisse des Herrn X, BA(K)).

38. “Situation’s-Skizze mit angrenzenden Industrieen für Deutsche Emailwarenfabrik Oskar Schindler,” n.d., Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 3, 1 page. Another neighboring factory that housed Jews in Schindler’s sub-camp was the Krakauer Drahtgitter Fabrik (Kraków Wire Gauze Factory); “Verzeichnis jüdischer Arbeiter welche am 25.5.1943 an N.K.F., Deutsche Emailwarenfabrik, Kistenfabrik und Chmielewski in Krakau überstellt wurden,” Zydowski Instytut Historyczny, Instytut Naukowo-Badawezy, Warsaw, 7–10. The Schindler Jews on this list are Hirsch Danzig, Wigdor Dortheimer, Motie Geller, Bernhard Goldstein, Wolf Horowitz, Jerzy Scheck, and Dawid Urbach.

39. Sol Urbach, interview by the author, Flemington, New Jersey, February 15, 2000.

40. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 2.

41. “Aufstellung Krakau und Brünnlitz,” May 6, 1944, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 14, 3–4; “Müller (Siemens) to Oskar Schindler,” October 10, 1957, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 3, 1 page; Urbach, interview, March 21, 2003.

42. Karl Friedrich von Siemens, the head of Siemens at this time, joined with thirty-seven other German industrial leaders to voice support for the Nazis after their setback in the November 1932 Reichstag elections. Joseph Borkin, The Crime and Punishment of I.G. Farben (New York: Pocket Books, 1978), 70–71; Siemens, for example, had representatives on Heinrich Himmler’s special business support group, “Friends of the Reichsführer SS.” Membership in this group, which involved significant contributions to the SS, insured one, hopefully, of protection “from SS encroachment” and special considerations when it came to SS contracts. Heinz Höhne, The Order of the Death’s Head: The Story of Hitler’s SS, trans. Richard Barry (New York: Ballantine Books, 1971), 158–159; Allen, The Business of Genocide, 72; “Dr. Frank Wittendorfer, Head of the Siemens Archives, Munich, Germany, to David Crowe,” March 21, 2003; in a letter to me on March 31, 2003, Alexander Görbing of Walter Bau-AG, informed me that they were unable to find any documents on Oskar Schindler’s dealings with Siemens-AG in the files of Dyckerhoff & Widman; Benjamin B. Ferencz, Less than Slaves: Jewish Forced Labor and the Quest for Compensation (Bloomington: Indiana University Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C., 2002), 28, 117, 119, 125; Aleksander Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie (Kraków: Wydawnicto Literackie, 1985), 111.

43. Ferencz, Less than Slaves, 127; Stuart Eizenstat, Imperfect Justice: Looted Assets, Slave Labor, and the Unfinished Business of World War II (New York: Public Affairs, 2003), 209–210; John Authers and Richard Wolfee, The Victim’s Fortune: Inside the Epic Battle over the Debts of the Holocaust (New York: HarperCollins, 2002), 189–191, 194–195, 218; “Germany Unveils Holocaust Fund,” BBC News Online, February 16, 1999, 1; Tony Cuczka, “German Firms Announce Fund for Holocaust Claims,” Associated Press, February 16, 1999, 1–2, LexisNexis; “German Firms Agree to Fund Holocaust-era Victims,” February 16, 1999, Jewish Telegraph Agency, Jewish Bulletin of Northern California Online, 1–2, LexisNexis; Roger Boyes, “Bonn Tackled on Hitler Slaves Cash,” Times (London), March 10, 1999; 1 page, LexisNexis; “Australians File US Suit on Naziera Forced Labor,” Agence France Presse, April 14, 1999, 1 page, LexisNexis; David E. Sanger, “German Companies Offer $3.3 Billion in Slave-Labor Suit,” New York Times, October 8, 1999, 1 page, LexisNexis; despite its role in supporting the Nazi dictatorship, Siemens has suffered little in postwar Germany and plays the same dominant role in the German electrical engineering field as it did before World War II. Neil Gregor, Daimler-Benz in the Third Reich (New Haven: Yale Univesity Press, 1998), 3; the use of slave labor by Siemens during the war, particularly the question of reparations, is glossed over in its “official” company history, Wilfried Feldenkirchen, Siemens, 1918–1945 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1999), 237–240.

44. “Julius Lomnitz to the United Restitution Office, London,” October 29, 1953, Archives of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, New York, Oskar Schindler Collection, 1 page; Urbach, interview, March 21, 2003; Die Bekenntnisse des Herrn X, YVA, 4.

45. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 2.

46. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 104–105; Robert-Jan Van Pelt, “A Site in Search of a Mission,” in Yisrael Gutman and Michael Berenbaum, eds., Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1994), 119, 126–127.

47. Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, przed Najwyższym Trybunałem Narodowym (Kraków: Centralna Żydowska Komisja Historyczna w Polsce, 1947), 63–64.

48. Urbach, interview, March 21, 2003.

49. Madritsch, Menschen, 23; “Testimony of Rabbi Menashe Levertov,” in Martin Gosch and Howard Koch, “The Oskar Schindler Story,” Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University, 1-A, 12.

50. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 2–3.

51. Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 273–274; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 351.

52. Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 278–279.

53. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 305; “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 24.

54. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 387.

55. Ibid., 261, 429.

56. Urbach, interview, February 15, 2000.

57. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 350–351.

58. Ibid., 429; “Testimony of Edith Wertheim,” in Martin A. Gosch and Howard Koch, “The Oskar Schindler Story,” Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University, 2-A, 2.

59. “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” October 30, 1955, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 15, 2; Thomas Keneally, Schindler’s List (New York: Touchstone Books, 1992), 213–214.

60. “Oskar Schindler Bericht 1955,” BA(K), 2.

61. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 225.

62. “Oskar Schindler Bericht, 1955,” BA(K), 2–3.

63. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 102.

64. Ibid.

65. Ibid.

66. Ibid.

67. Ibid., 294–295.

68. Ibid., 294–295, 297–299.

69. Ibid., 305.

70. Ibid.

71. Ibid., 200.

72. Emilie Schindler, Where Light and Shadow Meet: A Memoir, trans. Dolores M. Koch (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996), 59–60.

73. Franciszek Palowski, The Making of Schindler’s List: Behind the Scenes of an Epic Film, trans. Anna and Robert G. Ware (Secaucus, N.J.: Birch Lane Press Books, 1998), 40.

74. “Oskar Schindler to Fritz Lang,” July 20, 1951, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, Band 23, 2; “Josef Aue Protokol,” August 6, 1946, and October 17, 1946, M.j. II/1.-7219/46, Oblastní státní bezpečnosti v Mor. OstravZ, Ministerstvu vnitra Archiv (Prague), 2, 6–7.

75. “Schindler to Lang,” July 20, 1951, BA(K) 2.

76. David Kahn, Hitler’s Spies: German Military Intelligence in World War II (New York: Macmillan, 1978), 240, 242.

77. Ibid., 100; Donald M. McKale, The Swastika Outside Germany (Kent: Kent State University Press, 1977), 45–46, 116, 177–180.

78. Franz von Papen, Memoirs, trans. Brian Connell (New York: E. Dutton & Company, 1953), 489; McKale, Swastika Outside Germany, 108, 115–116, 172; Heinz Höhne, Canaris, trans. J. Maxwell Brownjohn (New York: Doubleday & Company, 1979), 489.

79. Kahn, Hitler’s Spies, 60–61.

80.Walter Schellenberg, The Labyrinth: Memoirs of Walter Schellenberg: Hitler’s Chief of Counterintelligence, trans. Louis Hagen (New York: Da Capo Press, 2000), 140–143.

81. Gerhard L. Weinberg, The Foreign Policy of Hitler’s Germany: Starting World War II, 1937–1939 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 591.

82. Von Papen, Memoirs, 481.

83. McKale, Swastika Outside Germany, 172–173.

84. “Schindler to Lang,” July 20, 1951, BA(K) 3.

85. Kahn, Hitler’s Spies, 243, 248.

86. “Schindler to Lang,” July 20, 1951, BA(K) 3.

87. Ibid., 3–4.

88. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 30, 55–56, 83–84.

89. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 6.

90. Alex Weissberg, Desperate Mission: Joel Brand’s Story as Told by Alex Weissberg, trans. Constantine FitzGibbon and Andrew Foster-Melliar (New York: Criterion Books, 1958), 36.

91. “Oskar Schindler Bericht, 1955,” BA(K), 3; Weissberg, Desperate Mission, 16–18, 20.

92. Weissberg, Desperate Mission, 30, 33–34; Andrew J. Janos, The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary, 1825–1945 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), 302–307; Randolph L. Braham, “The Holocaust in Hungary: A Retrospective Analysis,” in Michael Berenbaum and Abraham J. Peck, eds., The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined (Bloomington: Indiana University Press in association with the Untied States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1998), 432.

93. Yehuda Bauer, American Jewry and the Holocaust: The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 1939–1945 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1981), 385–386.

94.Weissberg, Desperate Mission, 33.

95. Stanford J. Shaw, Turkey and the Holocaust: Turkey’s Role in Rescuing Turkish and European Jewry from Nazi Persecution, 1933–1945 (New York: New York University Press, 1993), 256.

96. Ibid., 257, 270, 271, 275.

97. Ibid., 272–273.

98. Ibid., 273–276.

99. Ibid., 275–276.

100. “Interview with Hansi Brand,” Martin A. Gosch and Howard Koch, “The Story of Oskar Schindler,” 12-A, 12, 12-B, 1, Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University.

101. Resz~e Kasztner, Der Bericht des Jüdischen Rettungskomitees aus Budapest (Self-published by the author, 1946), 14.

102. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 7; Weissberg, Desperate Mission, 37; Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 16, 149; Dr. Kasztner says in his Der Bericht des jüdischen Rettungskomitees aus Budapest: 1942–1945 (Budapest: Private manuscript published by the author, 1946), 14, that Sedlacek made only three trips to Kraków.

103. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 153.

104.Weissberg, Desperate Mission, 37; “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 6.

105. Die Bekenntnisse des Herrn X, BA(K), 1, 7.

106. Ibid., 1; “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 7.

107. Die Bekenntnisse des Herrn X BA(K), 1.

108. Ibid.

109. Ibid.

110. Ibid.

111. Ibid.

112. Ibid.

113. Ibid.

114. Christopher R. Browning, Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 86–87.

115. Die Bekenntnisse des Herrn X, BA(K), 2.

116. Ibid.; Jeremy Noakes and Geoffrey Pridham, Nazism: A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts, 1919–1945, vol. 2 (New York: Schocken Books, 1988), 1087 n. 1; Omer Bartov, Hitler’s Army: Soldiers, Nazis, and War in the Third Reich (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 84–88. Though the Commissar Order (Kommissarbefehl) did not contain specific instructions to murder Jews, each unit commander was allowed freely to interpret whom his troops could murder under this order, resulting in the deaths of many Jewish POWs and others.

117. Hamburg Institute for Social Research, The German Army and Genocide: Crimes Against War Prisoners, Jews, and Other Civilians, 1939–1944 (New York: The New Press, 1999), 7. This is the English edition guidebook for the Hamburg Institute’s controversial exhibit that was supposed to appear in the United States. However, the controversy over it in Germany, combined with the discovery that some of the photos were inaccurately described, resulted in the cancellation of the exhibit in New York and, ultimately, the United States. The German edition of the guidebook, Vernichtungskrieg. Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941 bis 1944 (Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 1996), is less descriptive than the English edition and covers only the period from 1941 to 1944.

118. Die Bekenntnisse des Herrn X, BA(K), 3.

119. Ibid.

120. Ibid., 3–4.

121. Ibid., 4.

122. Ibid.

123. Ibid.

124. Ibid.

125. Ibid.

126. Ibid.

127. Bauer, American Jewry and the Holocaust, 85–86, 90–92, 318–322; Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 31, 96, 129, 132, 135, 159–163.

128. Die Bekenntnisse des Herrn X, BA(K), 4.

129. Ibid., 4–5.

130. Ibid., 5.

131. Ibid.

132. Ibid.

133. Ibid.

134. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 3.

135. Ibid.

136. Die Bekenntnisse des Herrn X, BA(K), 5; Danuta Czech, Auschwitz Chronicle, 1939–1945 (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1990), 556–557; the most thorough investigation of the Katyv massacres in English is Allen Paul’s Katyv: The Untold Story of Stalin’s Polish Massacre (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1991), 114.

137. Die Bekenntnisse des Herrn X, BA(K), 5–6.

138. Ibid., 6.

139. Ibid.

140. Abraham J. Edelheit & Hershel Edelheit, History of the Holocaust: A Handbook and Dictionary (Boulder: Westview Press, 1994), 295.

141. Die Bekenntnisse des Herrn X, BA(K), 6.

142. Ibid.

143. Ibid.

144. “Oskar Schindler Bericht, 1955,” BA(K), 3.

145. Die Bekenntnisse des Herrn X, BA(K), 6.

146. Ibid.

147. Ibid., 6–7; Paul, Katyv, 270–274.

148. Israel Gutman, Resistance: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994), 254; Ruta Sakowska, “The Warsaw Ghetto,” in The Warsaw Ghetto: The 45th Anniversary of the Uprising (Warsaw: Interpress, 1988), 10; “Stroop to Krueger,” Warsaw, 24 May 1943, in The Stroop Report, trans. Sybil Milton (New York: Pantheon Books, 1979), 2 pages.

149. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 7.

150. Ibid.; Breitman, Official Secrets, 200–201; Shaw, Turkey and the Holocaust, 291; Bauer, American Jewry and the Holocaust, 406.

151. Richard Breitman, Official Secrets: What the Nazis Planned, What the British and Americans Knew (New York: Hill & Wang, 1998), 137–154.

152. “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 25; Weissberg, Dangerous Mission, 36–37; Kasztner, Der Bericht des jüdischen Rettungskomitees aus Budapest: 1942–1945, 14.

153.Weissberg, Desperate Mission, 33–34.

154. Ibid., 30.

155. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 7; Weissberg, Desperate Mission, 36.

156. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 7.

157. Ibid.

158. “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 25.

159. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 220–224.

160. “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 25.

161. Ibid.

162. Ibid.

163.Weissberg, Desperate Mission, 96–97.

164. Breitman, Official Secrets, 204–205.

Chapter 8

1. Schindler’s List, Steven Spielberg, Director, Universal/MCA and Amblin Entertainment (1993) (hereafter referred to as Schindler’s List (1993)).

2. Ibid.

3. Thomas Keneally, Schindler’s List (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 278–279.

4. Schindler’s List (1993).

5. Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha przed Najwyżym Trybunałem Narodowym (Kraków: Centralna Żydowska Komisja Historyczna w Polsce, 1947), 62–63.

6. Ibid., 282–283.

7. Heinz Höhne, The Order of the Death’s Head: The Story of Hitler’s SS (New York: Ballantine Books, 1977), 433.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid.; for a more in-depth look at the career of Franke-Gricksch, particularly his interests in ideological issues and as they related to the Holocaust, see Charles W. Sydnor, Jr., Soldiers of Destruction: The SS Death’s Head Division, 1933–1945 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), 85 n. 28, 315–316, 337–338.

10. Höhne, Order of the Death’s Head, 433; Wolfgang Sofsky, The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp, trans. William Templer (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), 105, 112.

11. Sofsky, Order of Terror, 113.

12. Höhne, Order of the Death’s Head, 433.

13. Sofsky, Order of Terror, 40–41; Michael Thad Allen, The Business of Genocide: The SS, Slave Labor, and the Concentration Camps (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 139, 154–155, 157, 182–183.

14. Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 63–64.

15. Ibid., 64–65.

16. Randolph L. Braham, “The Holocaust in Hungary: A Retrospective Analysis,” in Michael Berenbaum and Abraham J. Peck, eds., The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined (Bloomington: Indiana University Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1998), 434–436. Braham correctly concludes that Eichmann’s commandos alone could not have implemented the Final Solution of Hungarian Jewry with such quick efficiency. It succeeded because of considerable support from Hungarian fascists and the failure of the Horthy regime to do more to save the country’s Jews; Randolph L. Braham, “Hungarian Jews,” in Yisrael Gutman and Michael Berenbaum, eds., Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp (Bloomington: Indiana University Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1994), 462–465; Randolph L. Braham is the foremost scholar on the Holocaust in Hungary. His classic work is The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary, 2 vols. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981).

17. Braham, “Hungarian Jews,” 466; Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 45.

18. Ana Novac, The Beautiful Days of My Youth: My Six Months in Auschwitz and Plaszow, trans. George L. Newman (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1997), 52–53.

19. Ibid., 56.

20. Ibid., 84–85, 88–89, 98–101.

21. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 259–260.

22. Aleksander Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie (Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1985), 138–139; Murray Pantirer, interview by the author, Union, New Jersey, August 3, 1999; Elinor Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy: True Stories of the List Survivors (New York: Plume Books, 1994), 186.

23. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 138–139; Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 65–66.

24. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 139. The children saved were Romek Ferber, the brother of a Jewish clerk; Wilek Schnitzer, the son of a supervisor in Madritsch’s sewing factory; Zbyszek Gross, the son of one of the camp’s Jewish physicians, Dr. Leon Gross; Genek Gunter, the child of a camp Kapo; Rysiek Horowitz, the son of another Kapo; Marysia Finkelstein, the stepdaughter of a Kapo; Ewa Ratz, the child of a camp servant; and Marcel Gruner, the son of a Kapo. Although it is difficult to determine the nature of the influence that each of these Jewish leaders had on Chilowicz, many of the few children saved on May 14 were part of larger family groupings that appeared on the two “Schindler’s Lists.” This included the Ferber, Gross, Gruner, Horowitz, and Ratz families.

25. Stella Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List (London: Polish Cultural Foundation, 1997), 123–124.

26. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 124.

27. Ibid., 124–125.

28. Joseph Bau, Dear God, Have You Ever Gone Hungry? Memoirs by Joseph Bau, trans. Shlomo “Sam” Yurman (New York: Arcade Publishing, 1996), 114.

29. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 125–126.

30. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 163.

31. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 132.

32. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 139; Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 66–67, 92; Danuta Czech, Auschwitz Chronicle, 1939–1945 (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1990), 625.

33. Julius Madritsch, Menschen in Not! Meine Erlebnisse in den Jahren 1940 bis 1944 als Unternehmer im damaligen Generalgouvernement (Vienna: V. Roth, 1962), 25.

34. Alfred C. Mierzejewski, The Collapse of the German War Economy, 1944–1945: Allied Power and the German National Railway (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 17–20; R. J. Overy, War and Economy and the Third Reich (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), 113, 117; Christopher R. Browning, Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 85–86; Albert Speer, The Slave State: Heinrich Himmler’s Masterplan for SS Supremacy, trans. Joachim Neugroschel (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1981), 276–277.

35. Ulrich Herbert, Hitler’s Foreign Workers: Enforced Foreign Labor in Germany Under the Third Reich, trans. William Templer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 278–279, 281–282, 298. By the summer of 1944, there were more than 2.7 million Soviets working as forced laborers in the Reich and almost 1.7 million Poles.

36. Speer, The Slave State, 278, 280–281.

37. Sol Urbach, interview by the author, Delray Beach, Florida, February 15, 2000.

38. “Oskar Schindler Financial Report 1945,” July 1945, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 9.

39. Urbach, interview, February 15, 2000; Keneally, Schindler’s List, 288.

40. Urbach, interview, February 15, 2000; Harald Hutterberger (Republik Österreich, Bundesministerium für Inneres) to David M. Crowe, 20 October 2000, 1 page; “10. August 1944 vom KL. Plaszow,” Archiv der KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen, Abschrift Häftlingszugangsbuch (E/13/1), 42-121; Konnilyn G. Feig, Hitler’s Death Camps: The Sanity of Madness (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1979), 124.

41. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 187, 437.

42. “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” October 30, 1955, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 15, 3; Abraham Zuckerman, A Voice in the Chorus: Memories of a Teenager Saved by Schindler (Stamford, Conn.: Long-meadow Press, 1991), 86–87.

43. Abraham Zuckerman and Murray Pantirer, interview by the author, Union, New Jersey, August 3, 1999; Abraham Zuckerman also discusses the train incident in his memoirs, A Voice in the Chorus, 85–87.

44. Murray Finder, interview by the author, Delray Beach, Florida, March 19, 2000.

45. Zuckerman and Pantirer, interview, August 3, 1999; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 186–187; “Testimony of Al Bukiet,” March 29, 1995, Fortunoff Archives, T-2831, Yale University.

46. “Stern Report 1956,” Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 30.

47. Mietek Pemper, interview by the author, Augsburg, Germany, May 26, 1999.

48. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 62–63.

49. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 12–13.

50. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 341.

51. Francisco Wichter, interview by the author, Buenos Aires, Argentina, May 17, 2001; Jitka Gruntová, Legendy a fakta o Oskaru Schindlerovi (Praha: Vydalo nokladatelstvín Naåe vojsko, 2002), 144–145; Ian V. Hogs, German Artillery of World War Two (London: Greenhill Books, 2002), 189–192.

52. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 62–63.

53. Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999.

54. “Oskar Schindler Bericht 1955,” BA(K), 24; Volker Zimmermann, Die Sudetendeutschen im NS-Staat: Politik und Stimmung der Bevölkerung im Reichsgau Sudeten-land (1938–1945) (Essen: Klartext Verlag, 1999), 141, 460.

55. “Oskar Schindler Bericht 1955,” BA(K), 3; Zimmermann, Die Sudetendeutschen im NS Staat, 387–395; Rudolph Höss, Death Dealer: The Memoirs of the SS Kommandant at Auschwitz, ed. Steven Paskuly, trans. Andrew Pollinger (New York: Da Capo Press, 1996), 229–230; Andrew Konieczny, “Organisation Schmelt,” in Israel Gutman, ed., Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, vol. 3 (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990), 1093–1095.

56. Jan Kopeckü, Historie textilního závodu v BrnZnci (Svitavy: Grafickou úpravu a obálku navrhl Lad. Vejda, 1965), 22–24. This is an excellent history of textile manufacture in BrnZnec and particularly of the Löw-Beer family; Jitka Gruntová, Oskar Schindler: Ledgenda a Fakta (Brno: Barrister & Principal, 1997), 43–44; “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 8.

57. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 8.

58. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 83–84; “Oskar Schindler Bericht 1955,” BA(K), 4.

59. “Oskar Schindler Bericht 1955,” BA(K), 4; “Oskar Schindler to Fritz Lang,” July 20, 1951, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 23, 3; “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 15; Sofsky, Order of Terror, 181.

60. “Oskar Schindler Bericht 1955,” BA(K), 4.

61. Ibid.; Danuta Czech, Auschwitz Chronicle, 1939–1945 (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1990), 728, 731, 733, 738–739, 744–745; the three hundred women in the Freudenthal sub-camp worked for the Emmerich Machold company that made “vitaminized juices.” The three Auschwitz sub-camps in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia—Freudenthal, SvZtlá, and Brno—were the most distant in the Auschwitz network. Tadeusz Iwaszko, Helena Kubica, Franciszek Piper, Irena Strzelecka, and Andrzej Strzelecki, Auschwitz 1940–1945, vol. 2, The Prisoners: Their Life and Work (Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000), 117, 120.

62. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 9–10.

63. Primo Levi, The Drowned and the Saved, trans. Raymond Rosenthal (New York: Summit Books, 1988), 41–42; Browning, Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers, 102.

64. Primo Levi, Survival in Auschwitz: The Nazi Assault on Humanity, translated by Stuart Woolf (New York: Collier Books, 1961), 82–83; Browning, Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers, 102.

65. Sofsky, Order of Terror, 145–149; Levi, Survival in Auschwitz, 83.

66. Proces Ludubócjy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 71–72.

67. Levi, The Drowned and the Saved, 40.

68. Isaiah Trunk, Judenrat: The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe under Nazi Occupation (New York: Stein and Day, 1977), 573.

69. Levi, Survival in Auschwitz, 83.

70. Malvina Graf, The Kraków Ghetto and the Płaszów Camp Remembered (Tallahassee: Florida State University Press, 1989), 115, 117, 121.

71. Ibid., 121.

72. Ibid., 115.

73. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 139.

74. Spielberg, Schindler’s List (1993).

75. Sofsky, Order of Terror, 145.

76. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 161–162.

77. Ibid., 429.

78. Zuckerman, A Voice in the Chorus, 66–67.

79. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 89.

80. Ibid.

81. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 142.

82. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 236.

83. Ibid., 332–333.

84. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 89.

85. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 142.

86. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 89.

87. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 142.

88. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 89–90.

89. Mietek Pemper, interview by Dr. Reich, Augsburg, Germany, October 26, 1996; Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 60.

90. Madritsch, Menschen, 24.

91. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 142.

92. Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 62.

93. Ibid., 76–77.

94. Ibid., 77, 93; Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 142.

95. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 271–272; Proces Ludubójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 92.

96. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 168.

97. Ibid., 132.

98. Ibid., 132–133.

99. Ibid., 114; Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 142.

100. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 140.

101. Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 92.

102. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 133.

103. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 140.

104. Ibid., 141.

105. Israel Gutman, Resistance: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1994), 152–153.

106. Stella Müller-Madej, interview by the author, Kraków, Poland, August 9, 2000; Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 139–140; Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 141.

107. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 141.

108. Ibid.

109. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 140.

110. Ibid., 142.

111. Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 71.

112. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 133, 161; Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 141.

113. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 411.

114. Höhne, Order of the Death’s Head, 261; Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985), 2:528.

115. Speer, The Slave State, 39.

116. Richard Breitman, The Architect of Genocide: Himmler and the Final Solution (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), 34; Peter Padfield, Himmler: Reichsführer-SS (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1990), 100–105.

117. “Testimony of Guenther Reinecke,” August 8, 1946, International Military Tribunal in Session at Nuremberg, Germany, The Trial of German Major War Criminals: Proceedings of the International Military Tribunal Sitting at Nuremberg Germany, part 20, 29 July, 1946 to 8 August, 1946 (London: H.M. Attorney General by His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1949), 340 (hereafter referred to as Trial of Major War Criminals, part 20); see Hannsjoachim W. Koch’s In the Name of the Volk: Political Justice in Hitler’s Germany (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1997), 53, 86–125, for a discussion of what he calls a “complete capitulation of the judiciary in general and the VGH [Volksgerichtshof; Volk Court] in particular Himmler’s SS state,” particularly as it related to Nazi Germany’s broadly defined Kriegsstrafrecht dealing with espionage and partisans. Though this statement is in reference to questions of espionage and other broadly defined anti-German acts, it does capture the spirit of the growing power of the SS autonomous legal authority, particularly in the occupied territories.

118. Höhne, Order of the Death’s Head, 14, 169, 242–243, 362; Hans Frank, Dziennik Hansa Frank, ed. and trans. Stanislaw Piotrowska (Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Prawnicze, 1956), 21–22; Trial of the Major War Criminals, part 20, 334.

119. Höhne, Order of the Death’s Head, 434.

120. Ibid.

121.Włodziemierz Borodziej, Terror und Politik: Die deutsche Polizei und die polnische Widerstandsbewegung im Generalgouvernement, 1939–1944 (Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1999), 175; Gerald Reitlinger, The SS: Alibi of a Nation, 1922–1945 (New York: Da Capo Press, 1981), 170–174, 375–377; Padfield, Himmler, 442, 524–525, 527, 538; Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 3:966.

122. Reitlinger, Alibi of a Nation, 173–174; Höhne, Order of the Death’s Head, 434; Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 3:1093; Christian Zentner and Friedemann Bedürftig, eds., The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich, trans. Amy Hackett (New York: Da Capo Press, 1997), 200.

123. Höhne, Order of the Death’s Head, 435.

124. “Testimony of Georg Konrad Morgen,” August 7–8, 1946, Trial of the Major War Criminals, part 20, 380, 393, 395; Höhne, Order of the Death’s Head, 435–436.

125. Tom Segev, Soldiers of Evil: The Commandants of the Nazi Concentration Camps, trans. Haim Watzman (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1987), 144–145. The first escape, in March, involved two hundred Soviet POWs; the second, in April, involved fewer prisoners but resulted in the death of four guards. Józef Marszałek, Majdanek: The Concentration Camp in Lublin (Warsaw: Interpress, 1986), 39, 170–171.

126. David A. Hackett, ed. and trans., The Buchenwald Report (Boulder: Westview Press, 1995), 335–341; “Testimony of Georg Konrad Morgen,” August 7, 1946, Trial of the Major War Criminals, part 20, 381; Höhne, Order of the Death’s Head, 436–438; Segev, Soldiers of Evil, 154; Drexel A. Sprechter, Inside the Nuremberg Trial: A Prosecutor’s Comprehensive Account, vol. 2 (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1999), 1188–1190.

127. Hackett, The Buchenwald Report, 126, 341. Another prisoner, Jan Robert, echoed Heymann’s statement about how SS officers feared Morgen.

128. Drexel A. Sprecher, Inside the Nuremberg Trial: A Prosecutor’s Comprehensive Account, vol. 1 (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1999), 99–100. Only three of the six accused organizations were declared criminal at the end of the trial: the Nazi Leadership Corps, the SD and the Gestapo, and the SS. The SA, the Reich Cabinet, the General Staff, and the High Command were declared not to be criminal organizations. Telford Taylor, The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1992), 583–587; Christopher Ailsby, SS: Roll of Infamy (London: Motorbooks International, 1997), 121.

129. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 4; Tadeusz Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim (Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1995), 278–279; Tadeusz Wrovski, Kronika Okupowanego Krakowa (Kraków: Wydawnicto Literackie, 1974), 220.

130. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 280.

131. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 5.

132. Ibid.

133. SS-Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt, A V/2/5/Ni./Schf. Memo on Amon Göth to SS-Personalhauptamt, II 8, Berlin-Charlottenburg 4, April 14, 1944, Personal-Akte, PA Nr. G 886, Göth, Amon Leopold, SS-Nr 43 673, Der Reichsführer-SS, SS-Personalhauptamt, BDC (Berlin Documentation Center), Bundesarchiv (Berlin), 1 page; future documents from Göth’s SS “Personal Akte” will be cited as “Personal-Akte,” PA Nr G 886, Göth, Amon Leopold, BA(B), preceded by the individual document title and page reference.

134. Dr. Adolf Katz to WVHA,” April 26, 1944, Personal-Akte, PA Nr G 886, Göth, Amon Leopold, SS-Offiziere, BA(B), 1 page.

135. Sydnor, Soldiers of Destruction, 324–326.

136. SS-Personalhauptamt II/8 En./We., June 9, 1944, Personal-Akte, PA Nr 886, Göth, Amon Leopold, BA(B), 1 page; Göth’s Certificate of Discharge from the HSSPF Ost was issued on 23 June 1944. “Dr. Katz Memorandum,” June 23, 1944, Personal-Akte, PA Nr 886, Göth, Amon Leopold, BA(B), 1 page; one document in Göth’s SS file shows that the date of his transfer became effective on April 20, 1944. Personalverfügung Hauptsturmführer Amon Leopold Göth, Der Reichsführer SS-Personalhauptamt, Amt II a 1 a Za/Sch., September 26, 1944, SS-Files of Amon Leopold Göth, 1 page; records of the Reich Leader of the SS and Chief of the German Police, RG 242 (National Archives Collection of Foreign Records Seized, 1941-), National Archives of the United States II, College Park, Maryland.

137. “Aktennotiz,” I2a, K/Mü., August 31, 1944, Personal-Akte, PA Nr 886, Göth, Amon Leopold, BA(B), 1 page.

138. “Hans Stauber to Heinrich Himmler,” August 18, 1944, in Personal-Akte, PA Nr 886, Göth, Amon Leopold, BA(B), 1–2.

139. Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 70.

140. Howard Koch and Martin A. Gosch, “Summary of Interview with Oskar Schindler and Notes re Ahmon Goeth,” in “The Oskar Schindler Story,” 6-B, 3-4 in Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University (hereafter referred to as Koch and Gosch, “Summary of Interview with Oskar Schindler,” Delbert Mann Papers, Vanderbilt University).

141. “HSSPF Koppe to SS-Standartenfuehrer Brandt,” September 6, 1944, Personal-Akte, PA Nr 886, Göth, Amon Leopold, BA(B), 1 page.

142. Proces Ludobócja Amona Leopolda Goetha, 69–70; Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999.

143. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 68.

144. Ibid.

145. Höhne, Order of the Death’s Head, 435.

146. Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999.

147. Ibid.; Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 149;

148. Joseph Bau, Dear God, Have You Ever Gone Hungry? Memoirs by Joseph Bau, trans. Shlomo “Sam” Yurman (New York: Arcade Publishing, 1998), 118.

149. Müller-Madej, interview, August 9, 2000; Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 63, 110. There is no one by the name of Huth on the list of Płaszów officers that

Mietek Pemper prepared for the Polish court in the summer of 1946; there is, however, an SS-Unterscharführer Rolf Lüth on the list. See “Jan Sehn to Mieczysław Pemper, July 8, 1946, ‘List of SS Officers in Kraków-Płaszów,’” Bundesarchiv (Berlin) 2M 1402 A.12, 1.

150. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 102, 104, 111, 116; Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999.

151. Bau, Dear God, 121.

152. Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999; Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 71.

153. Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 70.

154. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 141.

155. Höhe, Order of the Death’s Head, 433.

156. Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 71.

157. Ibid.

158. Koch and Gosch, “Summary of Interview with Oskar Schindler,” Delbert Mann Papers, Vanderbilt University, 6-B, 4–5.

159. Ibid., 4–6.

160. Ibid., 6–7.

161. Ibid., 7–9.

162. Ibid.

163. Ibid., 9–10.

164. Ibid., 10–11.

165. Ibid., 7-A, 1–2.

166. Ibid., 2–3.

167. “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” October 30, 1955, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 15, 4; Dr. Moshe Bejski, interview by the author, Tel Aviv, Israel, May 17, 1999; Dr. Moshe Bejski, “Notes on the Banquet in Honor of Oskar Schindler,” May 2, 1962, Tel Aviv, Israel, 37–38; “Stern Report 1956,” Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 30–31; Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999; “Kriminalpolizei Bericht-Oskar Schindler Ge. 28.4. 1908 in Zwittau/Sudetenland, Frankfurt/M, Am Hauptbahnhof 4/63,” March 18, 1963, Frankfurt/Main, West Germany, Zentrale Stelle der Landesjustizverwaltung (ZSL), Ludwigsburg, Germany, 1–3.

168. “Oskar Schindler Bericht, 1955,” BA(K), 4.

169. Ibid.; Bejski, “Notes on the Oskar Schindler Banquet,” May 2, 1962, 37.

170. Höhne, Order of the Death’s Head, 436–438.

171. Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999.

172. Koch and Gosch, “Summary of Interview with Oskar Schindler,” Papers of Delbert Mann, Vanderbilt University, 6-B, 1.

173. Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 286–287.

Chapter 9

1. Thomas Keneally, Schindler’s List (New York: Touchstone Books, 1992), 292.

2. Ibid., 290.

3. Elinor J. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy: True Stories of the List Survivors (New York: Penguin Books, 1994), 430.

4. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 291–292.

5. Dr. Moshe Bejski, interview by the author, Tel Aviv, Israel, May 17, 1999.

6. Mietek Pemper, interview by the author, Augsburg, Germany, May 26, 1999.

7. Dr. Aleksander Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie (Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1985), 145.

8. Rena Ferber Finder, interview by the author, Boca Raton, Florida, March 19, 2000. The first transport from Kraków to Auschwitz in 1943 was on January 19. Auschwitz

records indicate that all the Jews on that transport were murdered soon after their arrival. It is possible that Moses Ferber was on that transport. Danuta Czech, Auschwitz Chronicle, 1939–1945 (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1990), 308.

9. Finder, interview, March 19, 2000.

10. Sol Urbach, interview by the author, Delray Beach, Florida, April 13, 1999.

11. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 166.

12. Ibid., 133, 282.

13. Ibid., 166, 306, 340.

14. Ibid., 166.

15. Ibid., 423.

16. “Hans Stauber to Heinrich Himmler,” August 18, 1944, in Personal-Akte, Nr 886, Göth, Amon Leopold, SS-Nr 43 673, Der Reichsführer-SS, SS Personalhauptamt, BDC (Berlin Documentation Center) Bundesarchiv (Berlin), 2.

17. Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999.

18. “Oskar Schindler Financial Report 1945,” July 1945, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 8.

19. “Oskar Schindler to Dr. K. J. Ball-Kaduri,” September 9, 1956, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 5; Oskar Schindler to Dr. K. J. Ball-Kaduri, October 21, 1956, Yad Vashem Archives, Department of the Righteous, 1.

20. “Schindler to Dr. Ball-Kaduri,” October 21, 1956, YVA (DR), 1; Martin A. Gosch and Howard Koch, interview with Raimund Titsch, November 25, 1964, Vienna, Austria, 8-A, 9, Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University (hereafter referred to as “Interview with Riamund Titsch,” November 25, 1964, Delbert Mann Papers, Vanderbilt University).

21. “Schindler to Dr. Ball-Kaduri,” October 21, 1956, YVA (DR), 1–2.

22. “Interview with Raimund Titsch,” November 25, 1964, Delbert Mann Papers, Vanderbilt University, 3.

23. “Schindler to Dr. Ball-Kaduri,” October 21, 1956, YVA (DR), 1-2; “Interview with Raimund Titsch,” November 25, 1964, Delbert Mann Papers, Vanderbilt University, 9–10.

24. “Raimund Titsch to Marcel Goldberg: Madritsch List,” October 1944, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, Miscellaneous Files, 1 page (hereafter referred to as “Madritsch List,” BA(K); “Interview with Raimund Titsch,” November 25, 1964, Delbert Mann Papers, Vanderbilt University, 1).

25. Tadeusz Wrovski, Kronika Okupowanego Krakowa (Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1974), 356–363; Czech, Auschwitz Chronicle, 680, 684; Julius Madritsch, Menschen in Not! Meine Erlebnisse in den Jahren 1940 bis 1944 als Unternehmer im damaligen Generalgouvernement (Vienna: V. Roth, 1962), 39.

26.Wrovski, Kronika, 372; Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 145. Bieberstein says there were 550 men and 156 women remaining in the camp after the major October transports.

27. Mietek Pemper, interview by the author, Augsburg, Germany, January 17, 2000.

28. Madritsch, Menschen, 26.

29. Ibid., 25.

30. Pemper, interview, January 17, 2000.

31. Madritsch, Menschen, 22, 25–27.

32. Ibid., 28.

33. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 111–114, 264.

34. Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999; Helen Sternlicht Jonas Rosenzweig, interview by the author, Boca Raton, Florida, March 20, 2000.

35. The closest Oskar Schindler ever came to publishing an account of his wartime experiences was the testimony he provided Kurt R. Grossmann in Die unbesungenen Helden: Menschen in Deutschlands dunklen Tagen (Frankfurt/Berlin/Wien: Verlag Ullstein GmbH,

1957), 147–161. This essentially the same account found in his 1945 “Financial Report” and in his 1956 story for Yad Vashem.

36. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 133.

37. “Interview with Raimund Titsch,” November 25, 1964, Delbert Mann Papers, Vanderbilt University, 1–2.

38. Pemper, interview, January 17, 2000; Francisco Wichter, interview by the author, Buenos Aires, Argentina, May 17, 2001.

39. Michael Thad Allen, The Business of Genocide: The SS, Slave Labor, and the Concentration Camps (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 167, 170, 213, 255; Wolfgang Sofsky, The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp, trans. William Templer (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), 183, 323–324 n. 10; Shmuel Spector, “Budzyv,” in Israel Gutman, ed., Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, vol. 1 (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990), 259–260; Jósef Abzug, “Budzyv: Sadyzm. Tortury skazavców. ‘Czarni,” in Michał M. Borwicz, Nella Rost, and Józef Wulf, eds., Dokumenty Zbrodni i Męczevstwa (Kraków: Wojewódzkiej Żydowskiej Komisji Historycznej w Krakowie, 1945), 72–75.

40. Francisco Wichter, Undécimo Mandamiento: Testimonio del sobreviviente argentino de la lista de Schindler (Buenos Aires: Grupo Editorial Agora, 1998), 88–90; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 422.

41. Allen, The Business of Genocide, 232–233; Albert Speer, The Slave State: Heinrich Himmler’s Masterplan for SS Supremacy, trans. Joachim Neugroschel (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1981), 235–237.

42. Pemper, interview, January 17, 2000; Czesław Madajczyk, Polityka III Rzeszy w Okupowanej Polsce, vol. 1 (Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1970), 579; Małgorzata Międzobrodzka, “Jews in Wieliczka during the Nazi Occupation,” Muzeum Up Krakowskich Wieliczka (Cracow Salt-Works Museum), http://www.muzeum.wieliczka.pl/en/Zydzi.html, 2 pages; David Donald, ed., Warplanes of the Luftwaffe: Combat Aircraft of Hitler’s Luftwaffe, 1939–1945 (New York: Barnes and Noble, 2000), 128–134; Rondall R. Rice, “Bombing Auschwitz: U.S. Fifteenth Air Force and the Military Aspects of a Possible Attack,” in Michael J. Neufeld and Michael Berenbaum, eds., The Bombing of Auschwitz: Should the Allies Have Attempted It? (New York: St. Martin’s Press in Association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2000), 167–168; Wichter, interview, May 17, 2001; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 422.

43.Wichter, interview, May 17, 2001.

44. Spector, “Budzyv,” 260.

45. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 422.

46. “Madritsch List,” BA(K), 1 page; “Namenliste der männlichen Häftlinge,” Konzentrationslager Groß-Rosen-Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, October 21, 1944, Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w Oświęcimiu, 13 pages (hereafter referred to as “Namenliste der männlichen Häftlinge,” October 21, 1944, Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau); “Namenliste der weiblichen Häftlinge,” Konzentrationslager Groß-Rosen-Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, October 22, 1944, Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau, (hereafter referred to as “Namenliste der weiblichen Häftlinge,” October 22, 1944, Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau); “KL Groß Rosen-AL Brünnlitz (Frauenlager)-Namenliste,” November 12, 1944, Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w Oświęcimiu, 4 pages (hereafter referred to as “KL Groß Rosen-AL Brünnlist (Frauenlager)-Namenliste,” November 12, 1944, Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau); “Interview with Raimund Titsch,” Delbert Mann Papers, Vanderbilt University, 5–6.

47. Bejski, interview, May 17, 1999.

48. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 40.

49. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 145, 150.

50. Joseph Bau, Dear God, Have You Ever Gone Hungry? trans. Shlomo “Sam” Yurman (New York: Arcade Publishing, 1998), 158.

51. Hadasah Bau, interview by the author, Winnipeg, Canada, November 15, 2000; Bau, Dear God, 223.

52. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 149.

53. Ibid.

54. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 351, 437.

55. Ibid., 412–413.

56. Magdalena Kunicka-Wrzykowska, Indeks imienny Więżniów obozu w Płaszowie, Ministerstwo Sprawiećliowości, Archiwum Głównej Komisji Badania Zbrodni Hiterlowskich w Polsce, Okręgowa Komisja Badania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu-Instytut Pamięci Narodowej w Krakowie, Kraków, Poland.

57. “Namenliste der weiblichen Häftlinge,” October 22, 1944, Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau; “Namenliste des Häftlingszuganges vom AL Golleschau (KL Auschwitz am 29. Januar 1945,” Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau (hereafter referred to as “Namenliste des Häftlingszuganges vom AL Golleschau,” January 29, 1945, Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau); “Namenliste der am 2.2.1945 vom Amtsgerichtsgefängnis Landskron zum Arbeitslager Brünnlitz überstellten Häftlinge,” February 2, 1945, Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau (hereafter referred to as “Namenliste Landskron-Brünnlitz,” February 2, 1945, Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau); “Namenliste des Häftlingszuganges am 11.4.45 vom AL Geppersdorf (KL Gr. Ro.),” Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau (hereafter referred to as “Namenliste Geppersdorf-Brünnlitz,” April 11, 1945, Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau; Aleksandra Kobielec, Filia Obozu Koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz (Wałbrzych: Państwowe Muzeum Groß-Rosen, 1991), 14–44. There is also a German translation of this work, Aleksandra Kobielec, Außenlager des Konzentrationslagers Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz (Wałbrzych: Państwowe Muzeum Groß-Rosen, 1991); “Schindler’s List: Name Index with Line and List Number,” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives, RG-20.003ł01, USHMM Registry GR0306, 8 pages (hereafter referred to as “Schindler’s List: Name Index,” USHMM Archives, RG-20.003ł01/GR0306); “Notes of Dr. Moshe Bejski on the Banquet in Honor of Oskar Schindler, May 2, 1962,” 21; “Stern Report 1956,” Yad Vashem Archives 01/164, 35.

58. “Schindler’s List: Name Index,” USHMM Archives, RG-20.003ł01/GR0306, 8 pages.

59. Paul B. Jaskot, The Architecture of Oppression: The SS, Forced Labor and the Nazi Monumental Building Economy (London: Routledge, 2000), 70, 74–75.

60. Aahron Weiss, “Categories of Camps: Their Character and Role in the Execution of the ‘Final Solution of the Jewish Question,’” in Yisrael Gutman and Avital Saf, eds., The Nazi Concentration Camps (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1984), 132; Shmuel Krakowski, “Death Marches in the Period of the Evacuation of the Camps,” in Gutman and Saf, Nazi Concentration Camps, 479, 482; Alfred Konieczny, “Groß-Rosen,” in Gutman, Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, vol. 2, 623–626; Wilfried Feldenkirchen, Siemens, 1918–1945 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1999), 168, 364.

61. French L. Maclean, The Camp Men: The SS Officers Who Ran the Nazi Concentration Camp System (Atglen, Pa.: Schiffer Military History, 1999), 100; “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 10; Karin Orth, “Ich habe mich nie getarnt: Brücke und Kontinuitäten in der Lebensgeschichte des KZ-Kommandanten Johannes Hassebroek,” Sozialwissenschaftliche Informationen 24, no. 2 (April-June 1995), 145–150.

62. Allen, The Business of Genocide, 8–10, 125–126, 185; Henry Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 68, 142, 149. The name T4 came from the address in Berlin where the “euthanasia” program was headquartered, Tiergarten Straße 4; The State Museum of Groß Rosen, 1–7.

63. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 149–150; Kobielec, Filia Obozu Koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, 3.

64. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 210–211, 237.

65. Leon Leyson, interview by the author, Anaheim, California, March 29, 2000; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 90, 401; Wichter, interview, May 17, 2001.

66. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 149–150; Wichter, interview, May 17, 2001; Kobielec, Filia Obozu Koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, 3.

67. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 150; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 423; Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999.

68. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 150; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 237, 413; Kobielec, Filia Obozu Koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, 3.

69. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 150; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 133–134; Konieczny, Filia Obozu Koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, 623. Sadistic German criminal prisoners ran Block 4 of the camp and were now prominent in the new “Auschwitz” camp; The State Museum of Groß-Rosen (Rogoznica: The Groß-Rosen Muzeum in Rogoznica, n.d.), 8; Kobielec, Filia Obozu Koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, 4.

70.Wichter, interview, May 17, 2001; Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 150.

71. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 150; Kobielec, Filia Obozu Koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, 4.

72. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 301; Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 150.

73. “Namenliste der männlichen Häftlinge,” October 21, 1944, Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau, 2–13.

74. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 322–323; Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999.

75. “Namenliste der männlichen Häftlinge,” October 21, 1944, Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau, 3, 6, 7, 9.

76. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 134, 238; Wichter, interview, May 17, 2001.

77. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 238.

78. Ibid., 170, 250; Wichter, interview, May 17, 2001.

79. Schindler’s List, Steven Spielberg, director, Universal/MCA and Amblin Entertainment (1993) (hereafter referred to as Schindler’s List (1993)); Keneally, Schindler’s List, 301–302.

80. “Oskar Schindler Lebenslauf,” 26 October 1966, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 1, 2; “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 9; Kobielec, Filia Obozu Koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, 5.

81. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 144; Czech, Auschwitz Chronicle, 737; Irena Strzelecka, “Women,” in Yisrael Gutman and Michael Berenbaum, eds. Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp (Bloomington: Indiana University Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1994), 399; Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999.

82. Sternlicht Jonas Rosenzweig, interview, March 20, 2000.

83. Finder, interview, March 19, 2000; Stella Müller-Madej, interview by the author, Kraków, Poland, August 9, 2000; Stella Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, trans. William R. Brand (London: Polish Cultural Foundation, 1997), 163, 165.

84. Czech, Auschwitz Chronicle, 737, 816, 818; Irena Strzelecka and Piotr Setkiewicz, “The Construction, Expansion and Development of the Camp and Its Branches,” in Aleksander Lasik, Franciszek Piper, Piotr Setkiewicz, and Irena Strzelecka, eds., Auschwitz, 1940–1945: Central Issues in the History of the Camp, vol. 1, The Establishment and Organization of the Camp, trans. William Brand (Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000), 88; Aleksander Lasik, “The Auschwitz SS Garrison,” in Lasik et al., Auschwitz, 1940–1945, 1:284–285; Irena Strzelecka, “Women in the Auschwitz Concentration Camp,” in Tadeusz Iwaszko et al., eds., Auschwitz 1940–1945: Central Issues in the History of the Camp, vol. 2, The Prisoners: Their Life and Work, trans. William Brand (Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000), 175–176; Aleksander Lasik, “Structure and Character of the Camp SS Administration,” in Franciszek Piper and Teresa Swiebocka, eds., Auschwitz: Nazi Death Camp (Oświęcim: The Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum, 1996), 49; The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, KL Auschwitz Seen by the SS: Rudolf, Pery Broad, Johann Paul Kremer, trans. Constantine Fitzgibbon, Krystyna Michalik, and Zbigniew Bezwivski (Oświęcim: The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 1997), 244.

85. Strzelecka, “Women,” 399–400; Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 167.

86. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 167–168.

87. Ibid., 168.

88. Finder, interview, March 19, 2000; Sternlicht Jonas Rosenzweig, interview, March 20, 2000; Müller-Madej, interview, August 9, 2000; Strzelecka, “Women,” 400; “Testimony of Halina Silber,” June 26, 1994, Fortunoff Archives, Yale University, HVT 2747.

89. Czech, Auschwitz Chronicle, 747.

90. “KL Groß Rosen-AL (Frauenlager)-Namenliste,” November 12, 1944, Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau.

91. Müller-Madej, interview, August 9, 2000; Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999; Kobielec, Filia Obozu Koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, 5; “Testimony of Tushia Zilbering,” n.d., Fortunoff Archives, Yale University, T-3175.

92. Müller-Madej, interview, August 9, 2000; Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 171–172; Manci Rosner, interview by the author, Hallandale, Florida, March 21, 2000; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 14–15; “Testimony of Genia Weinstein,” January 20, 1994, Fortunoff Archives, Yale University, T-2259.

93. Czech, Auschwitz Chronicle, 738.

94. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 115, 132; Irena Strzelecka, “Experiments,” in Piper and Swiebocka, Auschwitz: Nazi Death Camp, 94–95.

95. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 115, 134.

96. Ibid., 359.

97. Ibid., 361–362.

98. Ibid., 362, 364.

99. Ibid., 362.

100. Ibid.

101. Ibid., 13–14, 14–15; Rosner, interview, March 21, 2000.

102. Schindler’s List (1993).

103. Ibid.

104. Ibid.

105. Ibid.

106. Ibid.

107. Ibid.

108. Ibid.

109. Ibid.

110. Ibid.

111. Ibid.

112. Howard Koch and Martin A. Gosch, “Summary of Interview with Oskar Schindler and Notes re Ahmon [Amon] Goeth,” 7-A, 2–3, Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University.

113. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 9.

114. “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” October 30, 1955, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 15, 4 (hereafter referred to as “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” October 30, 1955, BA(K)).

115. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 318.

116. Ibid., 318.

117. Aleksander Lasik, “Rudolf Höss: Manager of Crime,” in Gutman and Berenbaum, Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp, 294–295.

118. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 318.

119. Bejski, interview, May 17, 1999.

120. Dr. Moshe Bejske, “Notes on the Oskar Schindler Banquet, May 2, 1962, Tel Aviv, Israel,” 37–38.

121. “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 30–31.

122. Ibid., 31.

123. Ibid.

124. “Oskar Schindler to Dr. K. J. Ball-Kaduri, September 9, 1956,” Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 5.

125. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 152.

126. Emilie Schindler, Where Light and Shadow Meet: A Memoir, trans. Doris M. Koch (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996), 65.

127. Ibid., 65–66.

128. Ibid., 66.

129. Ibid.

130. Ibid., 66, 68–69.

131. Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999.

132. “Kriminalpolizei Bericht-Oskar Schindler ge. 28.4.1908 in Zwittau/Sudetenland, Frankfurt/M., Am Hauptbahnhof 4/63,” March 18, 1963, Frankfurt/Main, West Germany, Zentrale Stelle der Landesjustizverwaltung (ZSL), Ludwigsburg, Germany, 2–3; for more on these investigations into war crimes charges after World War II, see Orth, “Ich habe mich nie getarnt,” 145–150, and Tom Segev, Soldiers of Evil: The Commandants of the Nazi Concentration Camps, trans. Haim Watzman (New York: McGraw-Hill), 1987, 181–182.

133. “Kriminalpolizei Bericht-Oskar Schindler,” March 18, 1963, ZSL, Ludwigsburg, 1; “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” October 30, 1955, BA(K), 4.

134. Aleksander Lasik, “Structure and Character of the Camp SS Administration,” in Piper and Swiebocka, Auschwitz: Nazi Death Camp, 46, 109; KL Auschwitz Seen by the SS, 250–251; Aleksander Lasik, “The Apprehension and Punishment of the Auschwitz Camp Staff,” in Danuta Czech, Stanisław Kłodziłski, Aleksander Lasik, and Andrzej Strzelecki, eds., Auschwitz 1940–1945: Central Issues in the History of the Camp, vol. 5, Epilogue (Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000), 115; Rudolph Höss, Death Dealer: The Memoirs of the SS Kommandant at Auschwitz, ed. Steven Paskuly, trans. Andrew Pollinger (New York: Da Capo Press, 1996), 320.

135. Höss, Death Dealer, 318–319.

136. Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999; Czech, Auschwitz Chronicle, 743–744; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 90–91, 438–439.

137. Czech, Auschwitz Chronicle, 744.

138. Ibid.

139. Andrzej Strzelecki, “Evacuation, Liquidation and Liberation of the Camp,” in Piper and Swiebocka, Auschwitz: Nazi Death Camp, 269–270.

140. Emilie Schindler, Light and Shadow, 92.

Chapter 10

1. Elinor Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy: True Stories of the List Survivors (New York: Penguin Books, 1994), 170.

2. Stella Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, trans. William R. Brand (London: Polish Cultural Foundation, 1997), 185, 194–199.

3. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 204.

4. Ibid., 204–205.

5. Ibid., 205–206.

6. Ibid., 206–207.

7. Ibid., 208.

8. Emilie Schindler, Where Light and Shadow Meet: A Memoir, trans. Dolores M. Koch (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996), 69.

9. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 208–209.

10. Ibid., 209–210.

11. Ibid., 213.

12. “Oskar Schindler Financial Report 1945,” July 1945, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 2, 10 (hereafter referred as “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA).

13. Ibid., 10.

14. “Oskar Schindler Lebenslauf,” October 26, 1966, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 1, 1; Aleksandra Kobielec said that Brünnlitz’s SS contingent consisted of “40 SS guards and 4 female attendants.” See her Filia Obozu Koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz (Wałbrzych: Państwowe Muzeum Groß-Rosen, 1991), 6, 8.

15. Scholars differ on the amounts German businesses had to pay the SS for slave laborers. Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, vol. 2 (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985), 528; Wolfgang Sofsky, The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp, trans. William Templer (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), 175; Albert Speer, The Slave State: Heinrich Himmler’s Masterplan for SS Supremacy, trans. Joachim Neugroschel (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1981), 36 and 36 n. 50; Eugen Kogon, The Theory and Practice of Hell: The German Concentration Camps and the System Behind Them, trans. Heinz Norden (New York: Berkley Publishing Corporation, 1975), 93; “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 2, 11–12; “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” October 30, 1955, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 15, 2 (hereafter referred to as “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” October 30, 1955, BA(K)).

16. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 1, 4, 12.

17. “Aufstellung der in Brünnlitz verbliebenen Maschinen und Einrichtungen einschl. der Forderungen an das Reich,” Räumung auf Grund des Befehls der Rüstungs-Inspektion, Troppau (Zwittau) vom 6. Mai 1945, Lastenausgleicharchiv (Bayreuth), 1/306 2230a (Oskar Schindler), 1–8 (hereafter referred to as “Aufstellung der in Brünnlitz,” LAG (B), 1/306 2230a (OS)). Though this document was dated May 6, 1945, it was actually prepared later by Schindler while he lived in Regensburg, Germany.

18. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 13.

19. Ibid., 11.

20. “Oskar Schindler to Fritz Lang,” July 20, 1951, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 28, 5 (hereafter referred to as “Schindler to Lang,” July 20, 1951, BA(K)); “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 11.

21. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 10.

22. Ibid., 10–11.

23. Ibid., 11; “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” October 30, 1955, 5; Jitka Gruntová, Legendy a fakta o oskaru Schindlerovi (Praha: Vydalo nakladatelstvín Naåe vojsko, 2002), 133, 136–137.

24. Vitka BrnZnec, brochure prepared by Vitka BrnZnec, 4 pages.

25. “SS-Bekleidungslager Brünnlitz: Krakau im September 1944,” in Records of Nazi Concentration Camps, 1939–1945, RG-04.006M, Reel 8: Dachau-Flossenbürg-Groß-Rosen, No. 12, “Request for information by Judge Stanislaw Zmuda about Jewish labor in camps and transport of Jewish prisoners to Czechoslovakia and response with plan of Brunnlitz camp November 1947.” Judge Zmuda’s request was part of the Polish government’s ongoing war crimes investigation and prosecution efforts after World War II.

26. Petr Henzl, interview by the author, BrZnenec, Czech Republic, June 29, 1998; Petr Henzl gave me a copy of this unpublished plan during our visit on June 29, 1998; “Textilní Továrna Arona-Jakuba Löw Beera”; Mietek Pemper, interview by the author, Augsburg, Germany, January 17, 2000.

27. “Aufstellung der in Brünnlitz von 6 Mai 1945,” LAG (B), 1/306 2230a (OS), 4, 8; Sol Urbach, interview by the author, Flemington, New Jersey, April 13, 1999.

28. Kobielec, Filia Obozu Koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, 5–6, 8; Aleksander Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie (Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1985), 151.

29. Sofsky, Order of Terror, 206.

30. “Stern Report 1956,” Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 32 (hereafter referred to as “Stern Report 1956,” YVA).

31. Sofsky, Order of Terror, 208–210.

32. Ibid., 206; Paul Berben, Dachau, 1933–1945: The Official History (London: Comité International de Dachau, 1975), 107–108.

33. Jacob Sternberg said that the prisoners were “tormented by lice” when they got to Brünnlitz. “Notes of Dr. Moshe Bejski on the Banquet in Honor of Oskar Schindler,” May 2, 1962, Tel Aviv, Israel, 4, 7–8; Kobielec, Filia Obozu Koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, 6; Sofsky, Order of Terror, 211.

34. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 152; Itzhak Stern said that Brünnlitz had “six doctors for 1000 Jews in the camp, some young physicians, and 6–8 nurses,” “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 32.

35. Kobielec, Filia Obozu Koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, 10; Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 152.

36. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 211, 267–268.

37. Gisella Perl, “A Doctor in Auschwitz,” in Carol Rittner and John K. Roth, eds., Different Voices: Women and the Holocaust (New York; Paragon House, 1993), 104, 114.

38. “Oskar Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 5.

39. “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 32.

40. Thomas Keneally, Schindler’s List (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), 353–354.

41. Shmuel Krakowski, “The Satellite Camps,” in Yisrael Gutman and Michael Berenbaum, eds., Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp (Bloomington: Indiana University Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1994), 42–43, 53.

42. Irena Strzelecka and Piotr Setkiewicz, “The Construction, Expansion and Development of the Camp and Its Branches,” in Aleksander Lasik et al., eds., Auschwitz 1940–1945: Central Issues in the History of the Camp, vol. 1, The Establishment and Organization of the Camp (Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000), 118; Franciszek Piper, “The Exploitation of Prisoner Labor,” in Tadeusz Iwaszko et al., eds., Auschwitz 1940–1945: Central Issues in the History of the Camp, vol. 2, The Prisoners: Their Life and Work (Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000), 102; Franciszek Piper, “Exploitation of Prisoner Labor,” in Franciszek Piper and Teresa Swiebocka, eds., Auschwitz: Nazi Death Camp (Oświęcim: The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 1996), 116; Krakowski, “The Satellite Camps,” 53.

43. Piper, “Exploitation of Prisoner Labor,” 102; Irena Strzelecka, “Hospitals at Auschwitz Concentration Camp,” in Tadeusz Iwaszko et al., eds., Auschwitz 1940–1945: Central Issues in the History of the Camp, vol. 2, The Prisoners: Their Life and Work (Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000), 325.

44. Danuta Czech, ed., Auschwitz Chronicle, 1939–1945 (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1990), 796.

45. “Golleschauer Frachtbrief,” January 22, 1945, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 2 pages; Andrzy Strzelecki, “The Liquidation of the Camp,” in Danuta Czech, et al,Auschwitz 1940–1945: Central Issues in the History of the Camp, vol. 5 (Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000), 31; Piper, “Exploitation of Prisoner Labor,” 117, 120. The three hundred women in the Freudenthal sub-camp worked at the Emmerich Machold plant making “vitaminized juices.”

46. “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 35.

47. “Oskar Schindler Bericht, “ October 30, 1955, BA(K), 4.

48. “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 34; Schindler, Light and Shadow, 89–90.

49. “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 34–35.

50. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 89–90.

51. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 13–14.

52. Pemper, interview, January 17, 2000; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 224.

53. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 90.

54. “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 34.

55. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 153; Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 228; Murray Pantirer, interview by the author, Union, New Jersey, August 3, 1999.

56. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 224.

57. Czech, Auschwitz Chronicle, 796–797; “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 13–14; “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” October 30, 1955, BA(K), 4; Schindler, Light and Shadow, 90; Pemper, interview, January 17, 2000; Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 153.

58. “Namenliste des Häftlingszuganges vom AL Golleschau (KL Auschwitz) am 29. Januar 1945,” Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w Oświęcimiu, 2 pages.

59. “Namenliste der am 2.2.45 vom Amtsgerichtsgefängnis Landskron zum Arbeitslager Brünnlitz überstellten Häftlinge.” Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz w Oświęcimiu, 1 page.

60. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 14.

61. Howard Koch and Martin A. Gosch, “The Testimony of Rabbi Menashe Levertov,” November 13, 1965, New York, Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University, 1-B, 4–6. Rabbi Levertov said that Oskar rescued him from the Mauthausen transport in August 1944 by telling the SS guards that Levertov was “one of his best workers.”

62. Henzl, interview, June 29, 1998; Keneally, Schindler’s List, 357.

63. Francisco Wichter, interview by the author, Buenos Aires, Argentina, May 17, 2001; Keneally, Schindler’s List, 357–358.

64. Jitka Gruntová, interview by the author, Březova nad Svitavou, Czech Republic, June 27, 1998; Radoslav Fikejz, interview by the author, Svitavy, Czech Republic, June 27, 1998; Gruntová, Legendy a fakta o Oskaru Schindlerovi, 152.

65. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 357; Kobielec, Filia Obozu Koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, 11. To further complicate matters, Bogdan Cybulski interviewed Czech researchers who claimed that fifty-eight people died in Brünnlitz during the last months of the war; “KL Groß Rosen-AL Brünnlitz (Frauenlager)-Namenliste,” November 12, 1944, Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birekenau w Oświęcimiu, 1–2.

66. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 356–357.

67. “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” October 30, 1955, BA(K), 4; Kurt R. Grossmann, Die unbesungenen Helden: Menschen in Deutschlands dunklen Tagen (Frankfurt/M: Zeitgeschichte, 1961), 156; Schindler, Light and Shadow, 92.

68. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 91; “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” October 30, 1955, BA(K), 4.

69. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 11; “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” October 30, 1955, BA(K), 4; “Johann Kompan to “‘Religo’ Comité pour l’assistance la Populaston juife papée per la guerre,” n.d., 1, private papers of Margarete Kompan-Bazzanella, Trazegnies, Belgium (hereafter referred to as “Kompan to Comité”).

70. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 152.

71. Robin O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler Within the Context of the Holocaust in German Occupied Poland and Czechoslovakia” (Master’s Thesis, University College, London, September 30, 1996), 159.

72. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 12.

73. Ibid.; Dr. Moshe Bejski, interview by the author, Tel Aviv, Israel, May 17, 1999.

74. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 86–87.

75. Sol Urbach, interview by the author, Delray Beach, Florida, July 4, 2003; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 223.

76. “Alfred Rozenfryd to J. F. Daubek,” May 18, 1945, BrnZnec, Czechoslovakia, 1 page, private collection of David M. Crowe; Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 152; Urbach, interview, July 4, 2003.

77. “Kompan to Comité,” 1.

78. “Stefan Pemper Bestätigung,” July 14, 1945, BrnZnec, Czechoslovakia, 1 page, private papers of Margarete Kompan-Bazzanella, Trazgnies, Belgium.

79. “Certified Translation from the Polish,” Brünnlitz, May 18, 1945, 2 pages; this document also includes the original Polish statement in support of Johann Kompan, private papers of Margarete Kompan-Bazzanella, Trazegnies, Belgium.

80. “Statement of Alexander Goldwasser for the Jewish Committee of Vienna,” July 23, 1946, 1 page, private papers of Margarete Kompan-Bazzanella; “Goldwasser to Johann and Aloisa Kompan,” December 13, 1949, 1 page, private papers of Margarete Kompan-Bazzanella; “Michael Kohn for the Jewish Committee of Vienna to the Jewish Committee of Innsbruck,” July 23, 1946, 1 page, private papers of Margarete Kompan-Bazzanella; Yehuda Bauer, American Jewry and the Holocaust: The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 1939–1945 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1982), 97, 221, 283.

81. “Kompan to Comité,” 2.

82. Jean-Claude Favez, The Red Cross and the Holocaust, ed. and trans. John and Beryl Fletcher (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 103–104.

83. Kobielec, Filia obozu koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, 9–10.

84. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 211.

85. Ibid., 91–92; Bejski, “Notes on the Oskar Schindler Banquet,” 14.

86. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 218, 220, 222.

87. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 238, 296–297.

88. Ibid., 414.

89. Bejski, “Notes on the Oskar Schindler Banquet,” 26.

90. Leon Leyson, interview by the author, Anaheim, California, March 29, 2000; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 92.

91. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 229, 242, 245.

92. Heinz Höhne, The Order of the Death’s Head: The Story of Hitler’s SS (New York: Ballantine Books, 1977), 436–438; Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999; Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha (Kraków: Centralna Żydowska Komisja Historyczna w Polsce, 1947), 286–287.

93. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 227.

94. Rena Ferber Finder, interview by the author, Boca Raton, Florida, March 19, 2000.

95. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 224.

96. Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999; Bieberstein, Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 287.

97. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 220.

98. Ibid., 223.

99. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 11.

100. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 353; Kobielec, Filia Obozu Koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, 6 n. 11.

101. Bejski, “Notes on the Oskar Schindler Banquet,” 20; Kobielec Filia Obozu Koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, 6 n. 11.

102. “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 33; Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 213.

103. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 153.

104. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 226–227.

105. Ibid., 229.

106. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 10–11; Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 223, 227.

107. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 153–154; Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 219–220, 240.

108. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 240–241.

109. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 13.

110. “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 31.

111. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 13.

112. “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 32.

113. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 135, 223, 297.

114. Ibid., 283, 401, 423–424.

115. Bejski, “Notes on the Oskar Schindler Banquet,” 13.

116. Kobielec, Filia Obozu Koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, 9.

117. Bejski, “Notes on the Oskar Schindler Banquet,” 12.

118. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 219.

119. Ibid., 219.

120. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 212.

121. The Fifth Book of Moses Called Deuteronomy (London: F. Kiernan, 1902), 22.

122. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 212.

123. Ibid.

124. Ibid., 341.

125. Ibid., 351, 355.

126. Earl F. Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin: The German Defeat in the East (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1968), 463, 465–466; Radomír Luža, The Transfer of the Sudeten Germans; A Study of Czech-German Relations, 1933–1962 (New York: New York University Press, 1964), 258–260; John Keegan, ed., HarperCollins Atlas of the Second World War (London; HarperCollins, 1997), 186–187.

127. “Namenliste des Häftlingszuganges am 11.4.45 vom AL Geppersdorf (KL Gr.Ro.),” Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau, 2 pages. There is little information available on Geppersdorf; it is mentioned briefly in Martin Weinmann’s Das nationalsozialistische Lagersystem (Frankfurt am Main: Zweitausendeins, 1990), 643, and states that Geppersdorf, which was opened in the fall of 1940, used from three hundred to five hundred Jewish workers to work for firms building the Reichs-Autobahn, the vast German interstate highway system. This account, which is based upon information provided by the International Tracing Service, today a part of the International Committee for the Red Cross, states that Geppersdorf was closed in the spring of 1942 and its prisoners were shipped to other camps; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 401; Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 240.

128. “Schindler Bericht,” October 30, 1955, 5; Sven Steenberg, Vlasov (New York; Alfred A. Knopf, 1970), 180–181, 187, 193–194, 195–202.

129. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 243.

130. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 363.

131. Kobeliec, Filia Obozu Koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, 12.

132. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 362; Pemper, interview, January 17, 2000.

133. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 362–363.

134. Karin Orth, “‘Ich habe mich nie getarnt: Brüche und Kontinuitäten in der Lebensgeschichte des KZ-Kommandanten Johannes Hassebroek,” Sozialwissenschaftliche Informationen, vol. 24, no. 2 (April-June 1995), 149; Isabell Sprenger, “Das KZ-Groß-Rosen in der letzten Kriegsphase,” in Ulrich Herbert, Karin Orth, und Christoph Dieckmann, editors, Die nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager, Band II: Entwicklung und Struktur (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 2002), 1123–1124; Anthony Bevor, The Fall of Berlin 1945 (New York: Viking, 2002), 291–292.

135. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 244.

136. “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 37.

137. Ibid.

138. Ibid.

139. Ibid., 38.

140. Ibid.

141. Ibid., 38–39.

142. Ibid., 39–40.

143. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 244.

144. “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 36.

145. Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie, 154; Kobielec, Filia obozu koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, 12; Christopher Chant, ed., Hitler’s Generals (London: Salamander Books, 1998), 192–195.

146. “Stern Report, 1956,” YVA, 36; Bejski, interview, May 17, 1999.

147. “Schindler Bericht,” October 30, 1955, BA(K), 5; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 224; Kobielec, Filia obozu koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, 12, said that the secret Schindler defense group went under the name “Zakonspirowane PiHtki (Secret Friday).

148. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 224–225, 268; Howard Koch and Martin A. Gosch, “Testimony of Lewis Fagin,” November 14, 1964, New York, Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University, 4-A, 10.

149. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 225, 268.

150. “Testimony of Leopold Page, 1992,” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives, RG-50.042ł0022, 15.

151. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 225.

152. Bejski, “Notes on the Oskar Schindler Banquet,” 14.

153. “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 37.

154. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 251.

155. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 14; “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” October 30, 1955, YVA, 5; Pemper, interview, January 17, 2003; Finder, interview, March 19, 2000; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 225.

156. Ian Kershaw, Hitler, vol. 2, 1936–1945 Nemesis (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), 826, 827–828, 831–832.

157. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 245.

158. Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999; “Oskar Schindler to Fritz Lang,” July 20, 1951, BA(K).

159. “Sto Lat,” The University of Texas, College of Liberal Arts, http://www.utexas.edu/courses/sla323/stolat.htm.

160. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 364.

161. “Schindler Speech in Brünnlitz on May 8, 1945,” Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164 (hereafter referred to as “Schindler Speech in Brünnlitz on May 8, 1945,” YVA); Schindler’s List, Steven Spielberg, Director, Universal/MCA and Amblin Entertainment (1993) (hereafter referred to as Schindler’s List (1993)).

162. “Schindler Speech in Brünnlitz on May 8, 1945,” YVA.

163. Ibid.; “Brothers! Letter of Schindler Jews,” Brünnlitz, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, May 8, 1945, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/1643 (150015). Kurt Klein also provided me with his own translation of Schindler’s May 8, 1945, speech.

164. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 368.

165. Schindler’s List (1993).

166. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 212.

167. Bejski, “Notes on the Oskar Schindler Banquet,” 16–17.

168. Schindler’s List (1993); Bejski, interview, May 17, 1999.

169. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 368, 374, 375.

170. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 13; “Aufstellung der in Brünnlitz,” LAG(B), 1/306 2230a (OS), 8.

171. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 100–101.

172. “Testimony of Lewis Fagin,” November 14, 1964, Delbert Mann Papers, Vanderbilt University, 4-A, 11.

Chapter 11

1. Schindler’s List, Steven Spielberg director, Universal/MCA and Amblin Entertainment (1993) (hereafter referred to as Schindler’s List (1993)).

2. Aleksander Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie (Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1985), 155.

3. Elinor Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy: True Stories of the List Survivors (New York: Plume Books, 1994), 92, 213, 401.

4. “Testimony of Bernard Goldberg,” December 7, 1989,” Fortunoff Archives, T-3084, Yale University.

5. Stella Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List (London: Polish Cultural Foundation, 1997), 248–250; Anthony Bevor, The Fall of Berlin 1945 (New York: Viking, 2002), 28–32, 409–410; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 363.

6. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 247; “Testimony of Bernard Goldberg,” Fortunoff Archives, T-3084; Harry Blum, interview by the author, Miami Beach, Florida, April 27, 2001; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 225.

7. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 213.

8. Ibid., 136.

9. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 251.

10. “Autograph Book of Sol Urbach,” May 7, 1945, private collection of Sol Urbach.

11. Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, Rev. ed., vol. 3 (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985), 1212; Michael C. Steinlauf, “Poland,” in David S. Wyman, ed., and Charles H. Rosenzveig, project director, The World Reacts to the Holocaust (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 109.

12. Steinlauf, “Poland,” 112–113.

13. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 269–270; Yisrael Gutman and Shmuel Krakowski, Unequal Victims: Poles and Jews During World War II (New York: Holocaust Library, 1986), 370–372; Bernard D. Weinryb, “Poland,” in Peter Meyer et al., eds., The Jews in the Soviet Satellites (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1953), 252–253.

14. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 261–263.

15. Ibid., 265–266.

16. Ibid., 266–270.

17. Niusia Bronisława Karakulska, interview by the author, Kraków, Poland, August 8, 2000; Franciszek Palowski, The Making of Schindler’s List: Behind the Scenes of an Epic Film, trans. Anna and Robert G. Ware (Secaucus, N.J.: Birch Lane Press, 1998), 55, 63, 94, 113–122, 154, 157.

18. Francisco Wichter, interview by the author, Buenos Aires, Argentina, May 17, 2001, and May 22, 2001; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 364.

19. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 363–364.

20. Ibid., 364.

21.Wichter, interview, May 17, 2001, and May 22, 2001.

22. “Oskar Schindler to Fritz Lang,” July 20, 1951, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 23, 6; Emilie Schindler, Where Light and Shadow Meet: A Memoir, trans. Dolores M. Koch (New York: W.W. Norton, 1996), 100; Christopher Duffy, Red Storm on the Reich: The Soviet March on Germany, 1945 (Edison, N.J.: Castle Books, 2002), 294–297.

23. “Schindler to Lang,” July 20, 1951, 6; Schindler, Light and Shadow, 103.

24. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 103; “Schindler to Lang,” BA(K), 4; “Schindler Protokol,” July 23, 1938, Zapravodajská ú redna pri policejnim ředitelství Praha, 200–299–50, 1; Keneally, Schindler’s List, 39.

25. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 103–104; Dr. Marjory Zerin, “Notes on Klein/Emilie Schindler Reunion,” May 12, 1994, 4, private collection of Dr. Marjory Zerin.

26. “Schindler to Lang,” BA(K), 6.

27. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 104.

28. Ibid., 105–106; Zerin, “Notes on Klein/Emilie Schindler Reunion,” 4.

29. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 108; Zerin, “Notes on Klein/Emilie Schindler Reunion,” 4.

30. “Schindler to Lang,” BA(K), 6.

31. Kurt Klein, interview by the author, Greensboro, North Carolina, January 11, 1998; “Schindler to Lang,” BA(K), 6; “Richard Rechen to Kurt Klein,” April 21, 1987, 1 page, private collection of Esther Rechen.

32. “Rechen to Klein,” April 21, 1987; Duffy, Red Storm on the Reich, 294–295.

33. “In Memoriam, Kurt Klein, 1920–2002,” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 1, no. 1 (Summer 2002): 8.

34. Gerda Klein Weissmann and Kurt Klein, The Hours After: Letters of Love and Longing in War’s Aftermath (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000), 4–7; Gerda Weissmann Klein, All But My Life: A Memoir (New York: Hill and Wang, 1995), 4, 166, 182, 214–221; Martin Weinmann, Anne Kaiser, and Ursula Krause-Schmitt, eds., Das nationalsozialistische Lagersystem (CCP) (Frankfurt am Main: Zweitausendeins, 1990), 277, 579.

35. Klein, interview, January 11, 1998.

36. Marjory Zerin, “The Jew Who Saved Schindler,” Jerusalem Report (June 2, 1994): 36.

37. Klein, interview, January 11, 1998; Zerin, “The Jew Who Saved Schindler,” 35–36.

38. “Schindler to Lang,” BA(K), 6; “Rechen to Klein,” April 21, 1987.

39. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 110–111.

40. “Rechen to Klein;” April 27, 1987; Zerin, “The Jew Who Saved Schindler,” 36; “Schindler to Lang,” BA(K), 6.

41. “Schindler to Lang,” BA(K), 6.

42. Ibid. For more on the changing French occupation zone in Germany at that time see Earl F. Ziemke, The U.S. Army in the Occupation of Germany, 1944–1946 (Washington,

D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army, 1975), 307–308; Dennis L. Bark and David R. Gress, A History of West Germany, vol. 1, From Shadow to Substance, 1945–1963 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989), 60.

43. “Schindler to Lang,” BA(K), 6.

44. French Interrogation Report: Leopold Degen,” June 9, 1945, Konstanz, Germany, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 4 pages; “French Interrogation Report: Eduard Heuberger,” June 9, 1945, Konstanz, Germany, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 5 pages.

45. “Memorandum of Captaine Robert Monheit, Aumonier Militaire Israélite,” August 27, 1945, Strasbourg, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 26, 1 page.

46. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 111–112.

47. Schindler to Lang, BA(K), 6; “Oskar Schindler Financial Report, 1945,” July 1945, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 1.

48. “Schindler to Lang,” BA(K), 6; Schindler, Light and Shadowe, 111.

49. Radomír Luža, The Transfer of the Sudeten Germans: A Study of Czech-German Relations, 1933–1962 (New York: New York University Press, 1964), 126, 270–271; about 300,000 Czechs had acquired Reich citizenship during the war. Chad Bryant, “Either German or Czech: Fixing Nationality in Bohemia and Moravia, 1939–1946, Slavic Review 61, no. 4 (Winter 2002): 699.

50. Oskar Schindler: Legenda a Fakta (Brno: Barrister & Principle, 1997), 159, and Jitka Gruntová, Legenda a fakta o Oskar Schindlerovi (Prague: Naåe vojsko, 2002), 247; “No Place for Schindler on Czech List,” RFE/RL Newsline 6, no. 31, pt. 2 (February 15, 2002): 1 page.

51. Ronald M. Smelser, “The Expulsion of the Sudeten Germans, 1945–1952,” Nationalities Papers 24, no. 1, (1996): 86–89.

52. Ziemke, Occupation of Germany, 1944–1946, 380.

53. Bark and Gress, A History of West Germany, 1:74–75; Ziemke, Occupation of Germany, 1944–1946, 381–382.

54. Ziemke, Occupation of Germany, 1944–1946, 384.

55. Bark and Gress, A History of West Germany, 1:75–76; “Oskar Schindler’s Nazi Party Application,” NSDAP-Mitgliedkartei, Berlin Documentation Center, Bundesarchiv (Berlin), 1–2.

56. “Brothers! Letter of Schindler Jews,” Brünnlitz, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, May 8, 1945, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/1643 (150015), 2 pages; FIR, Leopold Degen, June 9, 1945, YVA, 4 pages; FIR Eduard Heuberger, June 9, 1945, YVA, 5 pages; “Monheit Memorandum, August 24, 12945, BA(K), 1 page; “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 15 pages; “Memorandum to UNNRA,” September 3, 1945, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 1 page; “Leib Salpeter to Zionist Organizations and Societies,” September 30, 1945, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, Band 1, No. 1, 1 page; “Schindlerjuden Statement,” October 12, 1945, Lager 67, Hert, Austria, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 1 page.

57. “Schindler to Lang,” July 20, 1951, BA(K), 7.

58. “Oskar Schindler to M.W. Beckelman,” July 21, 1953, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Oskar Schindler Collection, Archives of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, (Jerusalem), 3; “Schindler to Lang,” July 20, 1951, BA(K), 6; Herbert Steinhouse to Thomas Keneally and Steven Spielberg, March 1994, Herbert and Tobe Steinhouse Collection, Montreal, Canada, 2.

59. Steinhouse to Keneally and Spielberg, March 1994, 2; Schindler, Light and Shadow, 112–114.

60. Ibid., 114–115; Christoph Stopka, “Ich bin Frau Schindler,” Bunte (1994), 25.

61. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 114–115; Stopka, “Ich bin Frau Schindler,” 25.

62. James Rice, “The Breakers: Oskar Schindler and the Holocaust,” unpublished manuscript (April 28, 1994), 2, James Rice Collection, San Francisco and Washington, D.C.; “James Rice to Eli Rock,” AJJDC, Munich, September 25, 1945, James Rice Collection, San Francisco and Washington, D.C.

63. Mietek Pemper, interview by the author, Augsburg, Germany, January 17, 2000; “Salpeter and Markus Memorandum: Oskar Schindler,” October 5, 1946, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 3 pages.

64. “Dr. Rsez~e Kasztner to Oskar Schindler,” January 17, 1947, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 23, 1–2.

65. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 117.

66. “Dr. Akiba Kohane to Samuel L. Haber,” July 9, 1948, Munich, Germany, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page.

67. “Dr. I. Schwarzbart to Dir. Oskar Schindler,” August 29, 1947, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 1 page.

68. “Rosalie Westreich to A.J.D.C. Paris,” December 28, 1947, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page; “Dr. George Weis to H. [Herbert] Katzki,” January 9, 1948, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page; Ted Feder, interview by the author, New York, New York, April 24, 1997.

69. “Kohane to Haber,” July 9, 1948, AJJDC Archives (J), 2; “Samuel L. Haber to M. [Moses] Beckelman,” November 4, 1948, Munich, Germany, American Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page.

70. “Schindler Financial Report,” July 1945, 12; “Kohane to Haber,” July 9, 1948, AJJDC Archives (J), 3.

71. Kohane to Haber, July 9, 1948, AJJDC Archives (J), 3; “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” October 30, 1955, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 15, 3; Die Bekenntnisse des Herrn X, Budapest, November 1943, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 18, 1–6; Dr. Resz~e Kasztner, Der Bericht des jüdischen Rettungskomitees aus Budapest: 1942–1945 (Budapest: Private manuscript published by the author, 1946), 14; Alex Weissberg, Desperate Mission: Joel Brand’s Story As Told by Alex Weissberg, trans. Constantine FitzGibbon and Andrew Foster-Melliar (New York: Criterion Books, 1958), 37.

72. Dr. Kurt Wehle to Dr. Joseph J. Schwartz,” December 22, 1948, Paris, France, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1.

73. “Wehle to Schwartz,” December 22, 1948, AJJDC Archives (J), 1–2; “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 7; Weissberg, Desperate Mission, 37; “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 7; Kastzner, Der Bericht des jüdischen Rettungskomitees aus Budapest, 14.

74. “Wehle to Schwartz,” December 22, 1948, AJJDC Archives (J), 2.

75. Ibid.

76. Ibid., 3.

77. Ibid., 3–4.

78. Dr. Moshe Bejski, interview by the author, Tel Aviv, Israel, May 17, 1999; Die Bekenntnisse des Herrn X (Budapest, November 1943), 7 pages, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, Band 1, No. 18; Kasztner, Der Bericht des jüdischen Rettungskomitees aus Budapest, 14; Weissberg, Desperate Mission, 36–37.

79. “Bescheinigung.” Jewish Community-Jüdische Gemeinde, Regensburg, Germany, May 5, 1948, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 1 page.

80. Mark Wyman, DPs: Europe’s Displaced Persons, 1945–1951 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998), 129; Yehuda Bauer, “Joint Distribution Committee,” in Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, ed. Israel Gutman, vol. 2 (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990), 755.

81. “Evelyn M. Morrissey to Accounting Department,” February 1, 1949, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (New York), 1 page; “Joint Cable to Joseph J. Schwartz,” January 17, 1949, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (New York), 1 page.

82. “M. W. Beckelman to J. B. Lightman, January 29, 1949, American Jewish Joint Distribution Archives (Jerusalem), 1–2.

83. “Lightman to Jacob [Jack] Lightman,” February 22, 1949, American Jewish Joint Distribution Archives (Jerusalem), 1.

84. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 117; M. W. Beckelman to Amy Zahl, April 29, 1949, 1, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem).

85. “Beckelman to Zahl,” April 29, 1949, AJJDC Archives (J), 1.

86. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 117; Stopka, “Ich bin Frau Schindler,” 24.

87. “Oskar Schindler to Walter Pollack,” December 10, 1964, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, Band 1, No. 24, 1 page.

88. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 131; Graciela La Rocca, interview by the author, San Vicente, Argentina, May 24, 2001.

89. “J. B. Lightman to M. W. Beckelman,” March 17, 1949, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1; “Herbert Steinhouse to Dr. Joseph J. Schwartz,” April 6, 1949, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page; “Beckelman to Zahl,” April 29, 1949, AJJDC Archives (J), 1; “M. W. Beckelman to C. Jordan,” July 12, 1950, American Jewish Joint Distribution Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page.

90. “Hyman Gottlieb to Evelyn M. Morrissey,” November 30, 1949, American Jewish Joint Distribution Archives (New York), 2; “Morrissey to Hyman Gottlieb,” January 20, 1950, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (New York), 1 page; “Hyman Gottlieb to JDC New York,” March 13, 1950, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (New York), 1.

91. “Jacob Levy to Oskar Schindler,” February 25, 1948, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, Band 1, No. 23, 1 page; “Jacob Levy to J. Schwartz,” January 13, 1949, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page; “Jacob Levy to M. W. Beckelmann,” February 3, 1949, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page.

92. “Oskar Schindler to A.J. Levy,” November 16, 1948, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 23, 1.

93. “Schindler to Levy,” November 16, 1948, BA(K), 1–2.

94. Ibid., 1–3.

95. Herbert Steinhouse, “The Real Oskar Schindler,” Saturday Night 109, no. 3 (April 1994): 43–44; Tobe Steinhouse, interview by the author, Montreal, Canada, February 12, 2004.

96. Dr. Bejski became a member of the Righteous Gentile committee in 1966. “Unique Reception in Paris,” Jewish Chronicle (1949), Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164; Steinhouse, “The Real Oskar Schindler,” 49; Steinhouse, interview, February 12, 2004.

97. Steinhouse, “The Real Oskar Schindler,” 49.

Chapter 12

1. Paul Mendes-Flohr and Jehuda Reinharz, eds. The Jew in the Modern World: A Documentary History, 2d ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 705, 707, 716; Calvin Sims, “Jewish Graves in Argentina Are Smashed; 3rd Time in ’96,” New York Times (October 22, 1996), A4; Anthony Faiola, “Exiting Argentina by Bloodline,” Washington Post (January 13, 2002), A17, A20; Miriam Jordan, “As Prospects Dim in Argentina, Its Jews Hear the Call of Israel,” Wall Street Journal (January 31, 2002), A1, A8; Larry Rohter, “Iran Blew Up Jewish Center in Argentina, Defector Says,” New York Times (July 22, 2002), A1, A6; Elio Kapszuk and Damián Lejzorowicz, eds., Shalom Buenos Aires (Buenos Aires: Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, 2001), 287.

2. “Languages of Argentina” (September 16, 2003), Ethnologue.com, 1.

3. Roberto Aleman, interview by the author, Buenos Aires, Argentina, May 21, 2001; Uki Goñi, The Real Odessa: How Péron Brought the Nazi War Criminals to Argentina (London: Granata Books, 2002), 63; James Woodall, “J’accuse: The Other Dirty War,” Financial Times (January 26/January 27, 2002), Weekend, 4; Nathaniel C. Nash, “Argentina Files Show Huge Effort to Harbor Nazis,” New York Times (December 14, 1993), A4.

4. Christoph Stoph, “Ich bin Frau Schindler,” Bunte (1994): 24.

5. “Oskar Schindler to Fritz Lang,” July 20, 1951, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 23, Band 1, 7.

6. “Hyman Gottlieb to JDC New York,” January 12, 1950, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (New York), 1 page; “Account Oskar Schindler,” June 19, 1950, American Jewish Joint Distribution Archives (New York), 1–2; “Summary File on Oskar Schindler,” October 1, 1954, American Jewish Joint Distribution Archives (New York), 1 page.

7. Emilie Schindler, Where Light and Shadow Meet: A Memoir, trans. Dolores M. Koch (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997), 127.

8. “Hyman Gottlieb to JDC New York,” September 28, 1950, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (New York), 1 page; “Hyman Gottlieb to JDC New York,” December 27, 1950, American Jewish Joint Distribution Archives (New York), 1 page; Juan Alonso, “Una lista de reclamos,” Noticias (June 12, 1999), 101.

9. “Document of Incorporation: Oscar Schindler y Compania, Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada,” March 16, 1953. Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, N 1493, No.1, Band 1, 5.

10. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 127.

11. Paul Armony, “Entrevista con la Sra. Emilie Schindler,” Toldot, No. 12 (Aogost 2000), 15.

12. The Conference on Jewish Material Claims against Germany, Claims Conference: 1998 Annual Report with 1999 Highlights (New York: The Conference on Jewish Material Claims against Germany, 1998), 1, 7.

13. “B. F. Pollack to Moses W. Beckelman,” July 27, 1953, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1–2.

14. “Oskar Schindler to M. W. Beckelman,” July 21, 1953, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 3.

15. “Beglaubigte Abschrift von Oskar Schindler,” October 3, 1949, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 1, 1–2; “Staatskommissariat to Oskar Schindler,” February 2, 1948, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 1, 1 page; “Karl Gnath to Oskar Schindler,” September 9, 1949, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 1, 1 page.

16. “Schindler to Beckelman,” July 21, 1953, AJJDC Archives (J), 2.

17. “Benjamin B. Ferencz to M. Beckelman,” American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page; Benjamin B. Ferencz, Less Than Slaves; Jewish Forced Labor and the Question for Compensation (Bloomington: Indiana University Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2002), 37; for more on U.S.Military Government laws in occupied Germany, see Earl F. Ziemke, The U.S. Army in the Occupation of Germany (Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, 1975).

18. “Ferencz to Beckelman,” August 4, 1953, AJJDC Archives (J), 1 page.

19. “Beckelman Cable to Joint Fund (Argentine),” July 31, 1953, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page; “M. W. Beckelman to B. F. Pollack,” August 4, 1953, American Jewish Joint Distribution Archives (Jerusalem), 1.

20. “Beckelman to Pollack,” August 4, 1953, AJJDC Archives (J), 1–2.

21. Ibid., August 8, 1.

22. Ibid., August 18, 1953, 1–2.

23. Ibid., September 4, 1953, 1.

24. Ferencz, Less than Slaves, 46–47; “Bericht of Dr. Katzenstein from F. A. Stadler,” August 12, 1953, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1–2.

25. “Benjamin B. Ferencz to Moses W. Beckelman,” August 25, 1953, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page.

26. Yehuda Bauer, American Jewry and the Holocaust: The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 1939–1945 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1981), 180, 202; “Charles H. Jordan to Samuel L. Haber,” September 9, 1953, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page; “Samuel L. Haber to C. Jordan,” September 14, 1953,” American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page; “Charles H. Jordan to B. F. Pollack,” October 14, 1953, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page.

27. “Antoni Korzeniowski to American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, Paris,” October 30, 1951, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page.

28. “Oskar Schindler to Moses A. Leavitt,” September 21, 1954, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (New York), 1 page; “Moses A. Leavitt to Morris Laub,” September 23, 1954, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (New York), 1 page; “Morris Laub File Memorandum: Oskar Schindler, October 14, 1954, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (New York), 1 page; “Felix Tronik, Accounting Letter No. 267/54: Loan to Mr. Oskar Schindler,” American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page; “Felix Tronik, Accounting Letter No. 332/55: Loan to Mr. Oskar Schindler,” March 14, 1955, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (New York), 1 page. This letter also contains the formal six page mortgage agreement signed and notarized on November 24, 1954; “Felix Tronik Accounting Letter No. 722; Loan to Mr. Oskar Schindler, Buenos Aires,” October 11, 1956, American Jewish Joint Distribution Archives (New York), 1 page.

29. Claudia Keller and Stefan Braun, “Schindlers Koffer (3): Als Unternehmer nach dem Krieg gescheitert,” Stuttgarter Zeitung (October 22, 1999), 6.

30. Keller and Braun, “Schindlers Koffer (3),” 6.

31. “Oskar Schindler to Itzhak Stern,” April 16, 1956, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, N 1493, No.1, Band 25, 3.

32. Claudia Keller and Stefan Braun, Schindlers Koffer: Berichte aus dem Leben eines Lebensretters (Stuttgart: Stuttgarter Zeitung, 1999), 41.

33. “Oskar Schindler to Itzhak Stern,” November 20, 1956, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, N 1493, No.1, Band 25, 1 page.

34. “Schindlerjuden to Herrn Director Nelson and Herrn Moses A. Leavitt,” January 23, 1957, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 17, 2 pages. This letter was then translated into English and re-dated January 28, 1957. See “Schindlerjuden to Mr. Nelson and Moses A. Leavitt,” January 28, 1957, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (New York), 1–2.

35. “Sidney Nelson to Dorothy Speiser,” March 28, 1957, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (New York), 1–2.

36. “Moses A. Leavitt to Sidney Nelson,” April 26, 1957, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (New York), 1 page; “Beate Pollock to Oskar Schindler,” July 22, 1957, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No.1, Band 4, 1–2.

37. “Oskar Schindler to Moses A. Leavitt,” May 11, 1957, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (New York), 1 page.

38. “Dr. Nahum Goldmann to Felix von Eckhardt,” May 9, 1957, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (New York), 1 page; “Schindler to Leavitt,” May 11, 1957, AJJDC Archives (NY), 1 page; for more on Heuss and his career, see Charles Williams, Adenauer: The Father of the New Germany (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2000), 335, 345–348, 366, 395–396, 399–400, 452–453, 464.

39. “Stadtoberinspektor Heller to Dr. H. Wolf, United Restitution Office, München,” March 30, 1955, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No.1, Band 3, 1 page; “Oskar Schindler to Dr. H. Wolf, United Restitution Office, München,” April 28, 1957, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1483, No.1, Band 3, 1 page.

40. “Dr. Maximo Biedermann, et al., to Dr. Theodor Heuss,” May 3, 1957, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (New York), 1–3.

41. “Oskar Schindler File, No. 4167,” October 3, 1957, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (New York), 1 page; Friedl Reifer to Mr. Charles H. Jordan,” August 13, 1957, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1.

42. “Reifer to Jordan,” August 13, 1957, JDC Archives (J), 2; “Charles H. Jordan to Mr. Saul Kagan,” August 14, 1957, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page.

43. “Unsigned Letter to the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, Buenos Aires,” December 13, 1957, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (New York), 1–2; “Sidney Nelson to Dorothy Speiser,” December 24, 1957, American Jewish Joint Distribution Archives (New York), 1 page; Emanuel Perlmutter, “Jews Here Honor Hitler Arms Aide,” New York Times (June 26, 1957), 4. Copies of all of these articles can be found scattered throughout the Oskar Schindler collection at the Bundesarchiv in Koblenz. Unfortunately, many of them are undated and without page numbers.

44. “Fred Ziegellaub to Charles H. Jordan,” January 14, 1958, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page; “Charles H. Jordan to Fred Ziegellaub,” January 21, 1958, American Jewish Joint Distribution Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page; “Friedl Reifer to Dr. E. Katzenstein,” March 7, 1958, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page; “Saul Kagan to Dr. Ernst Katzenstein,” March 13, 1958, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page; “Fred Ziegellaub to Charles H. Jordan,” March 28, 1958, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page; “Charles H. Jordan to Fred Ziegellaub,” April 2, 1958, American Jewish Joint Distribution Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page.

45. This is the sum that Oskar initially claimed and presented to Joint officials in Buenos Aires in 1953. His detailed breakdown of wartime losses was then forwarded by Julius Lomnitz, the director of Joint Operations in Latin America, to URO officials in London. “Julius Lomnitz to United Restitution Office, London,” October 29, 1953, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (New York), 3 pages and Emalia factory plans. Similar documents can be found in Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1/ Band 3; “Der Lastenausgleich—was er war und was er heute noch ist.” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, February 24, 1996, n.p.; “Aufstellung derin Brünnlitz verliebenen Maschinen und Einrichtungen einschl. der Forderungen an das Reich, Räumung auf Grund des Befehls der Rüstungs-Inspektion, Troppau (Zwittau) vom 6. Mai 1945,” Lastenausgleicharchiv (Bayreuth), 306 2230a (Oskar Schindler), 8; “Ausgleichsamt 55.31: Erfüllungsübersicht, Oskar Schindler 40333,” June 21, 1976, Lastenausgleicharchiv (Bayreuth), 306 2230a (Oskar Schindler), 1 page; Oskar Schindler’s Lebenslauf, October 10, 1966, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908-1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 1, 2.

46. Mietek Pemper, interview by the author, Augsburg, Germany, January 17, 2000.

47. Pemper, interviews, May 26, 1999, and January 17, 2000.

48. Ibid., interview, May 26, 1999; Keller and Braun, Schindlers Koffer, 41.

49. Pemper, interviews, May 26, 1999, and January 17, 2000; Keller and Braun, Schindlers Koffer, 42.

50. “Dr. Alexander Besser to Oskar Schindler,” January 31, 1958, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No.1, Band 1, 1–3; Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999; “Dr. Alexander Besser to Benjamin Mayer,” January 31, 1958, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 1, 1–2; “Oskar Schindler to Benjamin Mayer,” February 9, 1958, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 23, 2 pages; “Dr. Hans Pietsch, Aktenverwerk,” September 20, 1958, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 2, 1–6; “Dr. Hans Pietsch, Aktennotiz: Exposée betreffend Fa. Schindler in Kemanth [sic],” November 16, 1958, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No.1, Band 2, 1–8; “Dr. Alexander Besser to Oskar Schindler,” November 26, 1958, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 2, 1 page; “Dr. Hans Petsch to Oskar Schindler,” December 10, 1958, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 2, 1 page; “Dr. Hans Pietsch, Aktennotiz,” January 30, 1959, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 2, 1–4; “Dr. Hans Petsch, Aktennotiz: Betr.: Vorhaben Oskar Schindler, Kemnath-Stadt,” February 18, 1959, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 2, 1–5; “Dr. Hans Pietsch to Oskar Schindler,” February 27, 1959, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 2, 1 page; “Oskar Schindler, Aktennotiz. Betr.: Errichtung einer Kartonagenfabrik von Oskar Schindler in Kemnath/Opf.,” March 20, 1959, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 2, 1–3.

51. “Aktennotiz zur Besprechung beim hessischen Innenministerium, Wiesbaden Luisenstraße-Referant Herr Gilfert, Erdgeschoß, Zimmer 29 in Sachen Lastenausgleichsanspruch Oskar Schindler, Frank/Main, Arndtstraße 46,” August 24, 1959, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, Band 1, No. 1, 1–4; Pemper, interview, January 17, 2000; “Abschrift Nr./59 Urkundenrolle,” n.d., Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, Band 1, No. 1, 1–4.

52. “Verpfändungserklärung,” November 6, 1961, Lastenausgleicharchiv (Bayreuth), 30 62230b (Oskar Schindler), 1 page; “Auszugsweise beglaubigte Abschrift: Hans Kuhn and Oskar Schindler,” January 10, 1962, Lastenausgleicharchiv (Bayreuth), 30 62230b (Oskar Schindler), 1–3; Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999.

53. Keller and Braun, “Schindlers Koffer (3),” 6.

54. “Erhard Knechtel to David M. Crowe,” May 13, 2000, 2.

55. Keller and Braun, “Schindler’s Koffer (3),” 6.

56. Ludmilla Page, interview by the author, Beverly Hills, California, November 28, 2001.

57. “Schindler’s Survivors,” New York Newsday, March 23, 1994, B29.

58. Page, interview, November 28, 2001; “Leopold Page-Shopkeeper-Philosopher,” Beverly Hills City Directory: Golden Anniversary (Beverly Hills: City of Beverly Hills, n.d.), 64.

59. Page, interview, November 28, 2001; Patrick McGilligan, Fritz Lang: The Nature of the Beast (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997), 159, 178, 198–199, 473.

60. “Oskar Schindler to Lily Latté,” June 1951, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 28, 1 page.

61. Page, interview, November 28, 2001; McGilligan, Fritz Lang, 159, 178, 198–199, 473.

62. McGilligan, Fritz Lang, 373, 377, 498–499.

63. Ibid., 327–328.

64. Ibid., 11, 158, 169–172, 176–177, 179–180, 288, 350, 475.

65. Ibid., 178.

66. “Oskar Schindler to Leopold Page,” February 14, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 21, 1.

67. Ned Comstock, interview by the author, Los Angeles, California, March 14, 2000; McGilligan, Fritz Lang, 509; “Oskar Schindler to Fritz Lang,” July 20, 1951, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, Band 1, No. 28, 8 pages.

68. “Kurt Grossmann to Oskar Schindler,” July 18, 1956, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 23, 1 page; “Kurt Grossmann to Oskar Schindler,” September 4, 1956, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 23, 2 pages; “Oskar Schindler to Kurt Grossmann,” April 6, 1957, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 23, 1 page; “Kurt Grossmann to Oskar Schindler, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 23, 1 page; “Kurt R. Grossmann to Herrn Rechtsanwalt Dr. Georg Krauss,” June 26, 1957, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 23, 1 page; “Kurt R. Grossmann to Herrn Hermann Proebst,” June 26, 1957, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 26, 1 page; “Kurt R. Grossmann to Herrn Richard Kirn,” June 26, 1957, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 26, 1 page. What is interesting about these last two letters, which were to the editors of the Süddeutsche Zeitung and the Frankfurter Neue Presse, is that they were written on The Jewish Agency for Palestine letterhead. Grossmann normally used his own personal stationery for such letters; Kurt Grossman, Die unbesungenen Helden: Menschen in Deutschlands dunklen Tagen (Berlin: Ullstein, 1957), 147. The first edition of this book was published by Arani-Verlags in Berlin in 1957; the Kurt Richard Grossman Papers, 1913–1973, are located at the Hoover Institution Archives at Stanford University. The entire finding aid for this large collection is available online.

69. “Oskar Schindler to Itzhak Stern,” August 6, 1956, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, Band 1, No. 25, 1 page; “Itzhak Stern to Oskar Schindler,” August 25, 1956, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, Band 1, No. 25, 1–2; “Dr. Ball-Kaduri to Oskar Schindler,” October 1, 1956, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, Band 1, No. 25, 1 page; “Oskar Schindler to Itzhak Stern,” October 22, 1956, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Band 1, No. 25, 1 page; “Itzhak Stern to Oskar Schindler,” October 25, 1956, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, Band 1, No. 25, 1–2; “Oskar Schindler to Itzhak Stern,” November 20, 1956, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, Band 1, No. 20, 1 page; “Stern Report 1956,” December 1956, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 40 pages.

70. Benny Morris, Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001 (New York: Vintage Books, 2001), 282–296.

71. “Oskar Schindler to Itzhak Stern,” April 16, 1956, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, Band 1, No. 25, 3.

72. “Oskar Schindler to Itzhak Stern,” November 20, 1956, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, Band 1, No. 25, 1 page.

73. “Natan Wurzel to Julius Wiener (in Hebrew),” May 21, 1955, Yad Vashem Archives, M 31/30, 1.

74. “Oskar Schindler to Leib Salpeter, Itzhak Stern, Rabiner Levertov, Dr. N. Stern, Edel Elsner Henek Licht, and Others,” April 1955, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 23, 1–8.

75. “Wypis Pierwszy. Akt Norarialny,” Numer Repertorium: 371/39, March 17, 1939, SOK, RH 401-RHB XII 35, “Rekord,” 5; “Gutman and Glajtman to Reczyvski,” July 10, 1939, SOKC 2022: III U 5/39, 235–236; “Natan Wurzel to Dr. Zbigniew Reczyvski,” July 30, 1939, SOKC 2022; U 5/39, 1 page; “Natan Wurzel to Dr. Zbigniew Reczyvski,” August 8, 1939, SOKC 2022: III U 5/39, 1 page; “Natan Wurzel to Wolf Gleitman, I Michałman,” August 9, 1939, SOKC 2022: III U 5/39, 1 page.

76. “Stanislaw Frühling to Sad Okręgowy w Krakowy,” September 1, 1939, SOKC 2022: III U 5/39, 244–245; “Dr. Bolesław Zawisza to Sad Okręgowy w Krakowy,” August 4, 1942, SOKC 2023: III U 5/39, 1–2 and “Odpis,” July 24, 1942, 1 page, and “Odpis,” August 3, 1942, 1 page.

77. “Schindler to Salpeter et al.,” April 1955, BA(K), 2–3.

78. Ibid., 4; “Testimony of Julius Wiener Before Messrs. Shatkai and Landau, in the Presence of Mr. Alkalai (in Hebrew),” August 6, 1963, Jerusalem, Yad Vashem Archives, M 31/30 (RGD), 1–3; “Testimony of Esther Schwartz in the Matter of Oskar Schindler (in Hebrew),” 1963, Yad Vashem Archives, M 31/30 (RGD), 2–3.

79. “Testimony of Julius Weiner,” October 10, 1956, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 4–5.

80. “Testimony of Julius Wiener (in Hebrew),” October 10, 1956, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 1–2; “Testimony of Esther Schwartz,” 1963, YVA, 1; “Testimony of Julius Wiener,” August 6, 1963, YVA, 1; “Testimony of Natan Wurzel (in Hebrew),” November 26, 1956, Yad Vashem Archives, M 31/30 (RGD), 1.

81. “Testimony of Julius Wiener,” October 10, 1956, YVA, 1; “Testimony of Julius Wiener,” August 6, 1963, YVA, 1; “Testimony of Esther Schwartz,” YVA, 1.

82. “Oskar Schindler to Salpeter et al.,” April 1955, BA(K), 2.

83. Martin Gilbert, The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2003), xv; Mordecai Paldiel, The Path of the Righteous: Gentile Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust (Hoboken, N.J.: KTAV Publishing House in conjunction with The Jewish Foundation for Christian Rescuers/ADL, 1993), 4–5.

84. James Cameron, “The Good German Schindler,” Daily Mail, December 11, 1961, 8.

85. Dr. Moshe Bejski, interview by the author, Tel Aviv, Israel, May 17, 1999; “The Enterprising Committee of the Work Camp Survivors: Oskar Schindler in Brünnlitz to Mr. Aryeh Leon Kubovy (in Hebrew),” December 10, 1961, Yad Vashem Archives, 4 pages.

86. “The Enterprising Committee to Mr. Kubovy,” December 10, 1961, YVA, 1; Bejski, interview, May 17, 1999.

87. “The Enterprising Committee to Mr. Kubovy,” December 10, 1961, YVA, 2.

88. Ibid., 2.

89. Alexander B. Rossino, Hitler Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology, and Atrocity (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2003), 92; Isaiah Trunk, Judenrat: The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe Under Nazi Occupation (New York: Stein and Day, 1977), 62–64.

90. “The Enterprising Committee to Mr. Kubovy,” December 10, 1961, YVA, 2–3.

91. Ibid., 3.

92. Ibid., 4.

93. Dr. Mordecai Paldiel, interview by the author, Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, Israel, May 12, 1999.

94. Gideon Hausner, Justice in Jerusalem (New York: Holocaust Library, 1968), 305–446. Hausner was the Attorney General of Israel at the time of the Eichmann trial and prosecuted the State of Israel’s case against Eichmann; State of Israel, Ministry of Justice, The Trial of Adolf Eichmann: Record of Proceedings in the District Court of Jerusalem, vol. 1 (Jerusalem: Israel State Archives and Yad Vashem, 1992), 343–355.

95. “The Good German Schindler,” Daily Mail (London), December 11, 1961, 8.

96. Paldiel, interview, May 12, 1999; Bejski, interview, May 17, 1999; “Dr. Mordecai Paldiel to David M. Crowe,” January 19, 2004, 1 page.

97. “Dr. Moshe Bejski to Oskar Schindler,” April 11, 1962, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 23, 1 page.

98. “Oskar Schindler-wybawca 1100 Żydów entuzjastrycznie powitany w Lud,” Izraelskie Nowiny I Kurier, April 29, 1962, 1.

99. “Bewegender Empfang für Herrn Schindler in Israel,” Deutsche Presse Agentur, May 1, 1962.

100. Paldiel, interview, May 12, 1999; “National Remembers Six Million: Eleven ‘Righteous Gentiles,’ Jerusalem Post, May 2, 1962, 3.

101. “Jakob Sternberg to Ha’aretz,” May 13, 1962, n.p.

102. Bejski, interview, May 17, 1999.

103. Dr. Moshe Bejski, “Notes on the Banquet in Honor of Oskar Schindler,” May 2, 1962, Tel Aviv, Israel, 1–5.

104. Ibid., 5–7.

105. Ibid., 7–9.

106. Ibid., 9–12; excerpts of this transcript, including Dr. Bejski’s remarks, can be found in an article he published, “Oskar Schindler and Schindler’s List,” edited by Aharon Weiss, Yad Vashem Studies, vol. 24 (Jerusalem 1994), 317–348. This article also includes a copy of the eulogy that Dr. Bejski delivered at Oskar’s funeral in Jerusalem on October 28, 1974.

107. Bejski, “Notes on the Oskar Schindler Banquet,” 12–13.

108. Ibid., 12–16.

109. Ibid., 16–17.

110. Ibid., 18–19.

111. Ibid., 19–26.

112. Ibid., 27–29.

113. Ibid., 30–31.

114. Ibid., 31–37.

115. Ibid., 37–42. Itzhak Stern made a point of correcting Dr. Bejski’s original quote, “There are three definitions in three stages: a man, a person, a human being. I think there should be an additional one, Schindler,” when he met Martin Gosch and Howard Koch in Tel Aviv in 1964. Martin A. Gosch and Howard Koch, “Interview with Itzhak Stern,” November 29, 1964, Tel Aviv, Israel, Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University, 10-A, 10. Leo Rosten explains this folk saying more clearly in his The Joys of Yiddish (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1970), 237. “Mensh, Mensch: 1. A human being. 2. An upright, honorable, decent person. 3. Someone of consequence; someone to admire and emulate; someone of noble character.”

116. “Strong Accusations against Oskar Schindler (in Hebrew),” Ha’aretz, May 2, 1962, n.p. There was also an article, “Schwere Anklagen gegen Oscar Schindler,” in German on the controversy surrounding Schindler that was based on the Ha’aretz article in Yad Vashem’s collection on Schindler. However, as it is only a clipping, it is difficult to determine its origin. See Yad Vashem Archives (RGD), M 31/30, 519 and Bundesarchivs (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 33, 1 page; Bejski, interview, May 17, 1999.

117. Paldiel, Path of the Righteous, 5–6.

118. Ibid.

119. Paldiel, interview, May 12, 1999.

120. “Testimony of Julius Wiener,” August 6, 1963, YVA, 1–2; “Testimony of Esther Schwartz,” 1963, YVA, 1–3; “Testimony of Mrs. Simah Hertmann (Gelcer) before Shatkai and Landau, in the Presence of Alkalai and Wiener (in Hebrew),” August 28, 1963, Yad Vashem Archives, M 31/30, 1–2; Jakob Sternberg to Oskar Schindler, February 25, 1964, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908-1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 1, 1 page); “Dr. Mordecai Paldiel to David M. Crowe,” January 19, 2004.

121. “Statement of Moshe Landau and A.L. Kubovy to Oskar Schindler, December 24, 1963,” Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 21, 1 page.

122. “Official Citation Given to Oskar Schindler by the Government of Israel,” December 24, 1963, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 17, 1 page.

123. “Dr. Mordecai Paldiel to David M. Crowe,” January 20, 2004, and January 21, 2004.

124. Jakob Sternberg to Oskar Schindler, November 1, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908-1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 25, 1 page; “Dr. Mordecai Paldiel to David M. Crowe,” Jan. 20, 2004.

125. Bejski, interview, May 17, 1999.

126. Paldiel, interview, May 12, 1962, and May 13, 1999; “Dr. Mordecai Paldiel to David M. Crowe,” January 20, 2004.

127. Dr. Mordecai Paldiel to David M. Crowe,” January 21, 2004.

128. “Oskar Schindler to My Very Honored and Dear Friends,” June 22, 1962, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908-1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 28, 2.

Chapter 13

1. Peter Gorlinsky, “‘Vater Courage’ bliebt unvergessen—aber wie steht es mit ‘Mutter Courage,’” Argentinisches Tageblatt, January 30, 1963, 2.

2. Emilie Schindler, Where Light and Shadow Meet: Memoirs, trans. Dolores M. Koch (New York: W.W. Norton, 1997), 135–136.

3. Ibid., 135.

4. Ibid., 138.

5. Graciela La Rocca, interview by the author, San Vicente, Argentina, May 24, 2001; in her memoirs, Light and Shadow, 134, Emilie mentioned that her meals consisted of “tangerines [she] picked in the orchard, some bread, and lots of coffee.”

6.Walter Pollack to Leopold Page, February 20, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908-1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 26, 1 page; Schindler, Light and Shadow, 134.

7. “Walter Pollack to Oskar Schindler,” July 9, 1962, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 1; Rocca, interview, May 24, 2001.

8. Peter Gorkinsky, “Vater Courage bleibt unvergessen—aber wie steht es Mutter Courage,” Argentinisches Tageblatt, January 30, 1963, 2.

9. Ibid., 2.

10. Ibid.

11. Juan C. Caro to the Editor, The Jerusalem Post, December 21, 1982, n.p.; “Walter Pollack to Oskar Schindler,” July 7, 1964, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 1; Monica Caro, Ilse Chwat, and Ilse Wartensleben, interviews by the author, Buenos Aires, Argentina, May 18, 2001; Erika Rosenberg, ed., Ich, Emilie Schindler: Erinnerungen einer Unbeugsamen (Munich: Herbig, 2001), 218.

12. Joseph Wulf, “Licht in der Finsternis,” Bayerischer Rundfunk Production, September 9 and 12, 1960, 13–16. Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 18, 22 pages; “Annie Capell to Oskar Schindler,” July 18, 1962, August 13, 1962, and September 22, 1962, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 28, 1 page; “Contract between Oskar Schindler and George Marton,” November 3, 1962, Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 28, 2 pages; “Oskar Schindler to Annie Capell,” November 3, 1962, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 28, 1 page; “Peter V. Herald to Oskar Schindler,” October 16, 1962, Bundesarchiv (Koblernz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 18, 1 page. Included with the letter were two copies, in English, of an 11-page synopsis that Herald had written on Schindler’s actions during the war.

13. “Anton Calleia to Oskar Schindler,” August 20, 1963, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 22, 1 page.

14. Robert Parrella, “Jews Move to Help German Who Saved 1,200,” New York Herald Tribune, November 23, 1963, 1.

15. A. H. Weiler, “Biography,” New York Times, November 8, 1964, n.p.; Natan Gurdus, “Gregory Peck Odtworzy PostaN Oskara Schindlera,” n.d., Nowiny I Kurier, n.p. This is a clipping from Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 30, 1 page; Philip K. Scheuer, “Burton Possibility for Schindler Epic,” Los Angeles Times, December 22, 1964, n.p. This article is part of a collection of articles on Oskar Schindler, Martin Gosch, and the film, To the Last Hour, that I discovered in the archives of the Academy of Motion Pictures, Arts and Sciences in Beverly Hills, California. All subsequent articles from this archive will be cited as Archives of the Academy of Motion Pictures, Arts and Sciences.

16. “Leopold Page to Martin Gosch,” May 1, 1964, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 28, 1–3.

17. Ibid., 3–5.

18. “Irving Glovin to Oskar Schindler,” June 1, 1964, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 23, 2 pages.

19. “Leopold Page to Oskar Schindler,” June 3, 1964, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 4 pages.

20. “Moshe Bejski to Oskar Schindler,” July 16, 1964, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 22, 3.

21. “Mietek Pemper to Oskar Schindler,” August 4, 1964, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 2 pages; “Oskar Schindler to Moshe Bejski,” August 19, 1964, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 22, 1 page; “Oskar Schindler to Walter Pollack,” October 9, 1964, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 1.

22. “Oskar Schindler to Leopold Page,” October 5, 1964, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 1 page.

23. Ibid., 2.

24. Ibid., 1–2.

25. “Oskar Schindler to Walter Pollack,” October 9, 1964, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 2 pages.

26. “Walter Pollack to Leopold Page,” February 2, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 26, 1 page; “Walter Pollack to Oskar Schindler,” October 19, 1964, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 2 pages.

27. “Leopold Page to Oskar Schindler,” October 19, 1964, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 2 pages.

28. “Irving Glovin to Oskar Schindler,” October 19, 1964, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 28, 2 pages.

29. Howard Koch, As Time Goes By: Memoirs of a Writer (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979), 1–9, 71–84, 96–108, 163–170, 178–192, 210–220; “Arthur I. Weinberg to Benjamin Melniker, MGM,” October 9, 1964, 3 pages, Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University.

30. “Martin Gosch to Oskar Schindler,” October 26, 1964, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 28, 2 pages.

31. “Oskar Schindler to Moshe Bejski,” October 30, 1964, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 22, 1 page.

32. “Moshe Bejski to Oskar Schindler,” November 5, 1964, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 22, 1.

33. “Martin A. Gosch to Maurice Silverstein and Delbert Mann,” October 28, 1964, 1 page, Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collection Library, Vanderbilt University.

34. “Martin A. Gosch to Syl Lamont,” November 9, 1964, 1 page, Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University.

35. Robert A. Fiore to David M. Crowe, March 7, 2000; Ian Fleming, The Diamond Smugglers (New York: Dell, 1957), 84–97.

36. Robert J. Fiore to David M. Crowe, March 7, 2000; Robert J. Fiore to David M. Crowe, February 10, 2004; “Würdigung Fiore Verdienste um die deutsch-amerikanische Freundschaft,” Kronberger Bote, January 22, 2004, n.p.

37. Fiore to Crowe, March 7, 2000; Robert J. Fiore to David M. Crowe, August 13, 2003.

38. “Oskar Schindler to Martin Gosch,” November 13, 1964, Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 28, 3 pages; “Jakob Sternberg to Oskar Schindler,” December 15, 1964, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 1, 1 page; “Leopold Page to Martin Gosch,” November 13, 1964, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 28, 5 pages.

39. “Oskar Schindler to Moshe Bejski,” December 24, 1964, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 22, 1 page; “Oskar Schindler to Leopold Page,” December 24, 1964, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 1 page; “Oskar Schindler to Martin Gosch,” December 28, 1964, Ami Staehr Collection, Stuttgart, Germany, 1 page.

40. “Oskar Schindler to Walter Pollack,” December 30, 1964, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 1 page.

41. “Oskar Schindler to Moshe Bejski,” December 30, 1964, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 22, 1 page.

42. Uri Kaisari, “Real Heroes and Heroes with Makeup,” Ma’ariv, January 7, 1965, n.p.; “Gosch Evades Poland’s Fog and Bureaucrats,” Variety Weekly, January 20, 1965, n.p. Archives of the Academy of Motion Pictures, Arts, and Sciences; “Schindler to Page,” October 5, BA(K), 2.

43. Gurdus, “Gregory Peck Odtworzy PostaN Oskara Schindlera,” n.p.

44. “Martin Gosch to Oskar Schindler,” January 15, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 28, 1; “Gosch Evades Poland’s Fog and Bureaucrats,” January 20, 1965, n.p.

45. “Martin Gosch to Oskar Schindler,” January 25, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 2, 2 pages.

46. “Martin A. Gosch to Oskar Schindler,” February 9, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 28, 1; “Martin A. Gosch to Dr. Hans Joachim Lange,” February 9, 1965, 1 page, Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University.

47. “Gosch to Schindler,” February 9, 1965, BA(K), 1.

48. “To the Last Hour, Factual Story of a Living Man: Extension of Remarks of Hon. James C. Corman,” Congressional Record-Appendix (February 24, 1965), A796.

49. “Martin A. Gosch to Dan Terrell,” February 26, 1965, Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University, 1–2.

50. “Martin A. Gosch to Delbert Mann,” January 14, 1965, 8 pages, Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University.

51. Howard Koch, “Script for To the Last Hour,” Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University, 1–86.

52. Koch, “Script for To the Last Hour,” Delbert Mann Papers, Vanderbilt University, 87–89.

53. Ibid., 101–104.

54. Ibid., 104, 115–120.

55. Ibid., 120–125.

56. Ibid., 126–130.

57. “Oskar Schindler to Walter Pollack,” February 14, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 21, 2 pages.

58. “Oskar Schindler to Leopold Page,” February 14, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 21, 1; “Leopold Page to Oskar Schindler,” February 28, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 2 pages; Ludmilla Page, interview by the author, Beverly Hills, California, November 28, 2001.

59. “Oskar Schindler to Dr. Moshe Bejski,” March 31, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No.1, Band 22, 2; “Leopold Page to Oskar Schindler,” February 28, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 2 pages.

60. “Oskar Schindler to Dr. Moshe Bejski,” March 31, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 22, 1; “Dr. Moshe Bejski to Oskar Schindler,” March 27, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 22, 1 page.

61. “Irving Glovin to Oskar Schindler,” March 17, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 23, 3 pages.

62. “Oskar Schindler to Walter Pollack,” December 10, 1964, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 1 page; “Walter Pollack to Oskar Schindler,” January 10, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 1 page.

63. “Oskar Schindler to Walter Pollack,” December 20, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 1–2; “Walter Pollack to Oskar Schindler,” December 30, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Kolbenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 2; “Oskar Schindler to Walter Pollack,” January 27, 1966, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 1 page.

64. “Walter Pollack to Oskar Schindler,” April 5, 1965, Bundesarchiv Koblenz, Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 1.

65. “Oskar Schindler to Walter Pollack,” March 31, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 2 pages; “Oskar Schindler to Irving Glovin,” March 31, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 23, 2 pages; Oskar Schindler to Leopold Page, March 10, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 1 page.

66. “Leopold Page to Oskar Schindler,” February 28, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 1.

67. “Oskar Schindler to Leopold Page,” March 10, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 1 page; “Walter Pollack to Oskar Schindler,” April 5, 1965, Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 1; “Beate Pollack to Oskar Schindler,” April 5, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 1 page; “Emilie Schindler to Irving Glovin,” April 5, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 26, 1 page; “Emilie Schindler to Leopold Page,” April 5, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 26, 1 page; “Irving Glovin to Walter Pollack,” January 25, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1975, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 26, 1 page; “Walter Pollack to Leopold Page,” March 15, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 26, 1 page.

68. Helmut Schmitz, “Wie ein großzügiger Habenichts zur Ehrenrente kam: Ein Blick in die Akte Oskar Schindler der hessischen Staatskanzlei deckt die Wege deutscher Bürokratie auf,” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, March 1, 1994, n.p.

69. “Professor C. Ruter to David M. Crowe,” December 22, 2003, 1 page; “Professor C. F. Ruter to David M. Crowe,” January 26, 2004, 1 page.

70. “Oskar Schindler in dem Ermittlungsverfahren gegen Martin Fellenz,” June 16, 1962, BKB-Stelle Flensburg, 2 Js 117/63, aus Zst 206 AR 225/63, Zentrale Stelle der Landesjustizverwaltungen, Ludwigsburg, 5 pages; Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (New York: Penguin Books, 1977), 16; Albert Speer, The Slave State: Heinrich Himmler’s Masterplan for SS Supremacy, translated by Joachim Neugroschel (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1981), 258.

71. Karen Orth, Die Konzentrationslager-SS: Sozialstrukturelle Analysen und biographische Studien (Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, 2000), 290–291; Tom Segev, Soldiers of Evil: The Commandants of the Nazi Concentration Camps, trans. Haim Watzman (New York: McGraw Hill, 1987), 181–182; “Kriminalpolizei und Oskar Schindler,” March 13, 1963, aus FSK 405 AR 3681/65, Zentrale Stelle der Landesjustizverwaltungen, Ludwigsburg, 3 pages.

72. “Oskar Schindler to Dr. Moshe Bejski,” May 2, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 22, 1 page.

73. “Martin A. Gosch to Oskar Schindler,” October 13, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 28, 2 pages; “Oskar Schindler to Martin Gosch,” November 28, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 28, 2 pages.

74. “Oskar Schindler to Walter Pollack,” December 20, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 1.

75. “Der Staatssekretär des Auswärtigen Amts to President Dr. Heinrich Lübke,” February 17, 1965, in “Vorschlagsliste Nr. 115/65 für die Verleihung des Verdienstordens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland,” October 26, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), 3–4; “Stadtrat Dr. Wilhelm Fay to Oskar Schindler,” December 31, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 19, 1 page; “Martin A. Gosch to Oskar Schindler,” January 20, 1966, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, 3.

76. “Dr. Moshe Bejski to Martin A. Gosch,” December 22, 1965, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 28, 2 pages; “Oskar Schindler to Martin A. Gosch,” January 19, 1966, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 29, 2 pages; for more on Schindler’s continued financial problems at this time, see “Joachim Kügler to Dr. Otto Toepper,” December 19, 1966, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 1, 3 pages; “Landkreis Düsseldorf-Mettmann to Oskar Schindler,” September 19, 1968, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 1, 2 pages.

77. “Martin A. Gosch to Oskar Schindler,” January 20, 1966, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 28, 3 pages.

78. “Dr. Moshe Bejski to Oskar Schindler,” February 19, 1966, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 22, 2 pages.

79. “Leopold Page to Oskar Schindler,” March 30, 1966, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 4 pages; “Dr. Moshe Bejski to Oskar Schindler,” April 22, 1966, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 22, 1 page; “Dr. Moshe A. Bejski to Oskar Schindler,” August 29, 1966, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 22, No. 1, 2.

80. “Mietek Pemper to Oskar Schindler,” October 10, 1966, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 1; “Oskar Schindler to Dr. Moshe Bejski,” January 12, 1967, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 22, 1 page; Joseph Borkin, The Crime and Punishment of I. G. Farben (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979), 54–55, 172–198, 202–203.

81. “Oskar Schindler to Leopold Page,” April 14, 1967, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 1 page; “Martin A. Gosch to The Right Honorable Earl of Harewood,” April 18, 1967, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 28, 2 pages.

82. “Oskar Schindler to Martin A. Gosch,” January 30, 1967, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 23, 1; Schmitz, “Wie ein großzügiger Habenichts zur Ehrenrente kam,” n.p.; “Graf Yorck von Wartenburg to Oskar Schindler,” July 3, 1966, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 1 page; “Der Bundesminister der Finanzen to Oskar Schindler,” II a/1-AF 2262-60/68, September 11, 1968, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 22, 1 page.

83. “Izak Stern to Herrn Ge. Sekretär Honig,” September 30, 1966,” Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 21, 2 pages; “Camille R. Honig to Oskar Schindler,” October 10, 1966, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 21, 2 pages.

84. Jewish Chronicle Reporter, “Martin Buber’s Name ‘Exploited,’” Jewish Chronicle, August 23, 1968, 18; “Oskar Schindler to Martin A. Gosch,” January 30, 1967, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 23, 1; “Moshe Bejski to Oskar Schindler,” February 9, 1967, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 22, 1.

85. “Oskar Schindler to Martin Gosch,” March 6, 1967, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 23, 1 page.

86. “Martin A. Gosch to Sir Keith Joseph,” March 27, 1967, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 21, 1 page; “Martin A. Gosch to Axel Springer,” March 28, 1967, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 21, 2 pages; “Martin A. Gosch to the Earl of Harewood,” March 28, 1967, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 21, 2 pages; “Martin A. Gosch to Camille Honig,” March 27, 1967, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 21, 1 page.

87. “Martin A. Gosch to Axel Springer,” March 28, 1967, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 21, 1; “Martin A. Gosch to The Very Reverend Stefan Schmidt, S.J.,” March 28, 1967, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 21, 2 pages.

88. “Camille Honig to Dr. Moshe Bejski and Jakob Sternberg,” March 27, 1966, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 21, 1 page.

89. “Oskar Schindler to Dr. Moshe Bejski,” April 14, 1967, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 22, 1 page; “Oskar Schindler to Leopold Page,” April 14, 1967, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 1 page; “J. Ruter to David M. Crowe,” December 22, 2003, 1 page; “Martin A. Gosch to The Right Honorable Earl of Harewood,” April 18, 1967, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 28, 2 pages.

90. “Camille Honig to Oskar Schindler,” April 19, 1967, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 21, 8 pages.

91. “Martin A. Gosch to Oskar Schindler,” April 19, 1967, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 21, 2 pages.

92. “Dr. Moshe A. Bejski to Leopold Page,” November 29, 1967, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 22, 5 pages.

93. “Martin A. Gosch to Dr. Irene Weinrowsky,” January 19, 1967, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 28, 1; “Oskar Schindler to Dr. Moshe Bejski,” March 3, 1968, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 22, 1 page; “Martin A. Gosch to Oskar Schindler,” March 3, 1968, Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 30, 1; “Moshe A. Bejski to Oskar Schindler,” January 17, 1974, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, Band 1, No. 22, 1.

94. “Oskar Schindler to Dr. Moshe Bejski,” December 10, 1967, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 22, 1–2; Jewish Chronicle Reporter, “Martin Buber’s Name ‘Exploited,’” Jewish Chronicle, August 23, 1968, 18.

95. “Oskar Schindler to Dr. Moshe Bejski,” February 16, 1968, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 22, 1 page; “Oskar Schindler to Leopold Page,” February 24, 1968, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 2 pages; “Oskar Schindler to Walter Pollack,” April 6, 1968, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No.1, Band 24, 1; “Oskar Schindler to Martin Gosch,” April 8, 1968, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 23, 1 page; “Martin A. Gosch to Oskar Schindler,” April 18, 1968, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 23, 1; “Leopold Page to Oskar Schindler,” April 20, 1968, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 4, 2 pages; “Oskar Schindler to Leopold Page,” June 10, 1968, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 1; “Oskar Schindler to Dr. Moshe Bejski,” June 10, 1968, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 22, 1; “Dr. Moshe Bejski to Oskar Schindler,” July 4, 1968, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 22, 2 pages.

96. “Päpstlicher Orden für Rettung von Juden,” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, October 25, 1968, 5; “Oskar Schindler to Walter Pollack,” January 23, 1969, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 2 pages; “Oskar Schindler to Dr. Moshe Bejski,” June 10, 1968, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 22, 2.

97. Press Release, Oskar Schindler Survivors Fund, January 5, 1969, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 4, 1–3; “Leopold Page Address,” January 5, 1969, Temple Beth Am, Los Angeles, California, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 4, 2 pages; “Schindler Jews Remember Savior,” January 6, 1969, Los Angeles Herald Examiner, A-3; Tom Tugend, “Holocaust Survivors Thank German Savior,” Jewish Heritage, January 9, 1969, 1, 6.

98. Press Release, Oskar Schindler’s Survivors Fund, January 5, 1969, 3–4; “Mr. Oskar Schindler’s Address,” January 5, 1969, Temple Beth Am, Los Angeles, California, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 30, 2 pages; “‘Schindler Jews Remember Savior,” A-3; Tugend, “Holocaust Survivors Thank German Savior,” 1, 6.

99. Dr. Dieter Trautwein,” interview by the author, Frankfurt, Germany, December 17, 1998; Dieter Trautwein, Oskar Schindler, …immer neue Geschichten: Begegnungen mit dem Retter von mehr als 1200 Juden (Frankfurt: Societäts-Verlag, 2000), 16–28; “Oskar Schindler to Dr. Moshe Bejski,” June 4, 1967, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band, 22, 1.

100. “Schindler to Bejski,” June 10, 1968, BA(K), 1.

101. Trautwein, interview, May 25, 1999; “Oskar Schindler to Leopold Page,” March 1, 1969, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 2, 1, 2.

102. “Oskar Schindler to Dr. Mose Bejski,” June 10, 1968, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 22, 1.

Chapter 14

1. Chris Staehr and Tina Staehr, interview by the author, Stuttgart, Germany, October 22, 2000, and October 31–November 1, 2003.

2. “Dr. Lotte Schiffler to Oskar Schindler,” June 22, 1970, Private Collection of Ami Staehr, Stuttgart, Germany.

3. Staehr and Staehr, interview, October 22, 2000.

4. Dieter Trautwein, interview by the author, Frankfurt, Germany, December 17, 1998.

5. “Lotte Schiffler to Oskar Schindler,” August 4, 1970, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 27, 1 page.

6. “Prof. Drs. Kleinsorg and Risemeyer to Dr. Heinrich Staehr,” October 11, 1974, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 8, 1; Oskar’s favorite drink was “Doornkaat” schnaps. Staehr and Staehr, interview, October 22, 2000.

7. “Klara Sternberg to Ami Staehr,” February 3, 1973, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 27, 1–2.

8. Staehr and Staehr, interviews, October 22, 2000, and October 31–November 1, 2003.

9. “Janek (Jakob) Sternberg to Oskar Schindler,” October 11, 1969, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schiindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 25, 1 page; “Lotte Schiffler to Oskar Schindler,” April 23, 1970, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 1 page; “Lottie Schiffler to Oskar Schindler,” August 17, 1973, Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 22, 1 page.

10. Diary of Ami Staehr, Ami Staehr Collection, Stuttgart. The pages of Ami’s diary are unnumbered; Staehr and Staehr, interviews, October 2, 2000, and October 31-November 1, 2003.

11. “Oskar Schindler Autopsy Report: Drs. H. Kleinsorg and Rosemeyer,” Innere Abteilung St.-Bernard-Krankenhaus, Hildesheim, Germany,” October 11, 1974, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1980–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 8, 1.

12. “Oskar Schindler to Walter Pollack,” June 22, 1970, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 1; “Oskar Schindler to Murray Pantirer,” June 4, 1972, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 1 page; “Oskar Schindler to Leopold Page,” June 4, 1972, Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 1 page; “Oskar Schindler to Leopold Page,” October 30, 1972, Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 1 page; “Dr. Moshe Bejski to Oskar Schindler,” August 27, 1973, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 22, 1; Staehr and Staehr, interview, October 22, 2000.

13. “Dr. James C. Osborne, MD, FACP, to David M. Crowe,” February 19, 2004.

14. “Oskar Schindler Autopsy Report,” October 11, 1974, BA(K), 1; “Dr. James Osborne to David M. Crowe,” February 19, 2004; Diary of Ami Staehr, December 8, 1973–January 14, 1974.

15. “Testimony of Oskar Schindler,” Der Untersuchungsrichter bei dem Landgericht, 10 Vus 6/65, July 26, 1972, aus 206AR 2622/65 Z st, Zentrale Stelle der Landesjustizverwaltung, Ludwigsburg, 1.

16. “Lotte Schiffler to Oskar Schindler,” October 31, 1971, Ami Staehr Collection, Stuttgart, Germany, 1 page; Claudia Keller and Stefan Braun, “Schindler’s Koffer (5): Späte Orden und Ehren für den notleidenden Retter,” Stuttgarter Zeitung, October 25, 1999, 5.

17. Irving Spiegel, “Jews Here Honor West German Who Rescued 1,400 in Nazi Era,” New York Times, January 9, 1972, 24.

18. Murray Pantirer and Abraham Zuckerman, interview by the author, Union, New Jersey, August 3, 1999; “Felicia Kobylanski to Abraham Zuckerman and Murray Pantirer,” July 26, 1999, 2 pages, private papers of Abraham Zuckerman; “Professor Menahen Ben-Sasson to Abraham Zuckerman,” April 22, 1999, 2 pages, private papers of Abraham Zuckerman.

19. “Eliyahu Honig to Oskar Schindler,” April 18, 1974, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 23, 1 page.

20. Howard M. Sachar, A History of Israel from the Rise of Zionism to Our Time, 2d ed. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996), 755–756.

21. Golda Meir, My Life (New York: G. Putnam’s Sons, 1975), 429.

22. Martin Gilbert, Israel: A History (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1998), 440–441.

23. “Gideon Hausner and Dr. Chaim Pazner, Yad Vashem, to Oskar Schindler,” October 12, 1973, M 31/20, Yad Vashem Archives, 2 pages.

24. Trautwein, interview, December 17, 1998; “Dr. Moshe Bejski to Oskar Schindler,” November 21, 1973, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 22, 1; “Dr. Moshe Bejski to Annemarie Staehr,” November 22, 1973, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 22, 1; Meir, My Life, 453.

25. Trautwein, interviews, December 17, 1998, and May 25, 1999; “Dr. Lotte Schiffer to Oskar Schindler,” March 20, 1970, Ami Staehr Collection, Stuttgart, Germany, 1; “Dr. Lotte Schiffler to Oskar Schindler,” April 10, 1974, Ami Staehr Collection, Stuttgart, Germany, 1; “Bishop Walther Kampe to Oskar Schindler,” August 1, 1974, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 23, 1 page; Dieter Kittlauß, “Dr. Charlotte Schiffler (1909–1992): Stadtälteste von Frankfurt und Großmutter des Hedwig-Dransfeld-Hauses in Bendorf,” http://www.wkutsche.de, 11 pages.

26. Trautwein, interview, December 17, 1998; “Klara Sternberg to Oskar Schindler,” August 22, 1970, Ami Staehr Collection, 1 page; “Jakob Sternberg to Dr. Lotte Schiffler,” September 29, 1972, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 26, 2 pages.

27. Trautwein, interviews, December 17, 1998, and May 25, 1999.

28. Dr. Moshe Bejski, interview by the author, Tel Aviv, Israel, May 17, 1999.

29. Bejski, interview, May 17, 1999; “Dr. Lotte Schiffler to Oskar Schindler,” December 22, 1970, Ami Staehr Collection, Stuttgart, Germany; “Erhard Knechtel to David M. Crowe,” Wiesbaden, Germany, May 13, 2000, 3 pages.

30. “Jakob Sternberg to Oskar Schindler,” December 19, 1972, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 23, 1 page.

31. “Lotte Schiffler to Oskar Schindler,” May 17, 1974, Ami Staehr Collection, 1 page; “Lotte Schiffler to Oskar Schindler,” April 10, 1974, Ami Staehr Collection, 1.

32. “Diary of Ami Staehr,” Ami Staehr Collection; Staehr and Staehr, interview, October 22, 2000.

33. “Diary of Ami Staehr,” Ami Staehr Collection; “Dr. Lotte Schiffler to Ami Staehr,” August 24, 1974, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 26, 1 page; “Dr. James C. Osborne to David M. Crowe,” February 19, 2004, 2.

34. Ami Staehr to Dr. Moshe Bejski and Mrs. Dr. Stern,” October 7, 1974, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1874, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 28, 2 pages.

35. “Prof. Drs. Kleinsorg and Risemeyer to Dr. Heinrich Staehr,” October 11, 1974, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 8, 2 pages.

36. “Diary of Ami Staehr,” Ami Staehr Collection; “Ami Staehr to Traude Ferrari,” December 12, 1974, Ami Staehr Collection, 1.

37. “Ami Staehr to Dr. Moshe Bejski,” November 9, 1974, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 22, 1–2.

38. “Ami Staehr to Traude Ferrari,” December 12, 1974, 1–2; Staehr and Staehr, interviews, October 22, 2000, and October 31-November 1, 2003.

39. Staehr and Staehr, interviews, October 22, 2000, and October 31-November 1, 2003.

40. “Ami Staehr to Traude Ferrari,” December 12, 1974, 2.

41. Bejski, interview, May 17, 1999; Trautwein, interview, May 25, 1999.

42. Bejski, interview, May 17, 1999; Ernie Meyer, “Saving Jewish Lives Was ‘a Moral Obligation,’” Jerusalem Post, October 29, 1974, n.p.; Dieter Trautwein, Oskar Schindler… immer neue Geschichten: Begegnungen mit dem Retter von mehr als 1200 Juden (Frankfurt: Societäts Verlag, 2000), 86–88.

43. “Sermon of Dr. Dieter Trautwein,” October 16, 1974, 1. Private papers of Dr. Dieter Trautwein. There is also a copy of his sermon in his Oskar Schindler, 88–90.

44. “Sermon of Dr. Dieter Trautwein,” October 16, 1974.

45. Ibid.

46. Ibid.

47. “Speech by Richard Rechen for Oskar’s Schindler Requiem Mass,” October 19, 1974, Frankfurt Germany, Private Papers of Kurt Klein. It can also be found in Dr. Dieter Trautwein’s Oskar Schindler… immer neue Geschichten, 91.

48. “Diary of Ami Staehr”; Ami Staehr said that it cost over DM 20,000 ($8,333) to ship his body to Israel, but Helmut Schmitz said that the cost was DM 10,000 ($4,166). The difference might have involved the costs of the caskets, embalming, and other funeral costs. The State of Hesse paid for its portion of the costs out of lottery proceeds. “Ami Staehr to Traude Ferrari,” December 12, 1974, BA(K), 1; Helmut Schmitz, “Wie ein großzügiger Habenichts zur Ehrenrente kam,” Süddeutsche Zeitung, March 1, 1994, 3.

49. “Ami Staehr to Traude Ferrari,” December 12, 1974, BA(K), 1; Bejski, interview, May 17, 1999; Trautwein, Oskar Schindler, 109.

50. Bejski, interview, May 17, 1999.

51. Joseph Waksman, “It is a Mitzvah (Commandment) to Accompany Him on His Last Journey—Even in a Church,” Ha’aretz, October 29, 1974, n.p.

52. Moshe Bejski, “Oskar Schindler and Schindler’s List,” Yad Vashem Studies, vol. 24, ed. Aharon Weiss (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1994), 345–346.

53. Bejski, “Oskar Schindler and Schindler’s List,” 346–347.

54. Ibid., 347–348.

55. “Ami Staehr to Traude Ferrari,” December 12, 1974, 1–2.

56. The original inscription on the gravestone was done in copper which was stolen by thieves, which had nothing to do with Schindler. This was later replaced with a new tombstone top with black lettering. Dr. Mordecai Paldiel, interview by the author, Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, Israel, May 12, 1999.

57. “Vollmacht Emilie Schindler,” January 22, 1976, Lastenausgleicharchiv (Bayreuth), 306 2230 D (OS), 1 page; Ausgleichsamt 55.31: Erfüllungsübersicht: Oskar Schindler, June 21, 1976, Lastenausgleicharchiv (Bayreuth), 403333, 1 page.

58. “Reinhard Albrecht to Dr. Moshe Bejski,” July 21, 1975, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1975, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 18, 1–5; “Die Juden nennen Ihn ‘Vater Courage,’ Private Papers of Dr. Dieter Trautwein, Frankfurt, Germany, 12 pages, hereafter referred to as “Script for Vater Courage, Trautwein Papers”; Dr. Trautwein also discusses the production of the documentary in some depth in his Oskar Schindler, 111–121.

59. “Dr. Lotte Schiffler to Ami Staehr,” March 14, 1975, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 18, 1 page.

60. “Albrecht to Bejski,” July 21, 1975, BA(K), 3–5.

61. Trautwein, Oskar Schindler, 111–113; script for Vater Courage, Trautwein Papers.

62. Script for Vater Courage, Trautwein Papers, 1–8.

63. Ibid., 8–9.

64. Ibid., 10–12.

65. “Poldek Pfefferberg,” Lest We Forget, http://www.oskarschindler.com/19.htm, 2; Ian Freer, The Complete Spielberg (London: Virgin Publishing Ltd., 2001), 223.

66. “Noah’s Ark of Oskar Schindler,” Ma’arev (Israel), November 5, 1982, 21.

67. Joseph McBride, Steven Spielberg: A Biography (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), 424–425; “Thomas Keneally to David M. Crowe,” February 2, 2004; “Poldek Pfefferberg, Lest We Forget, 2; Freer, Spielberg, 223–224.

68. Ackermann Gemeinde Hessen, Zur Erinnerung an Oskar Schindler dem unvergeßlichen Lebensretter 1200 verfolgter Juden: Dokumentation der Gedenkstunden zum 10.Todestag am 14. Oktober 1984 in Frankfurt am Main (Frankfurt: Geschäftsstelle der Ackermann-Gemeinde Diözese Limburg, 1985), 1–52.

69. Ackermann Gemeinde Hessen, Zur Erinnerung an Oskar Schindler, 4–9.

70. Ibid., 11–18.

71. Ibid., 20–23.

72. Erika Rosenberg, ed. Ich, Emilie Schindler: Erinnerungen einer Unbeugsamen (Munich; F. A. Herbig, 2001), 162.

73. “Bernard Scheuer to Emilie Schindler,” June 12, 1983, in Rosenberg, Ich, Emilie Schindler, 163–165.

74. Ibid., September 16, 1983, 166.

75. Christoph Elflein, “Schindlers Last: Die Witwe des Judenretters ging beim Kinoerfolg leer aus. Ihre Erbin will nun Millionen von Universal,” Focus, No. 23, 2002, 58.

76. “Ami Staehr to Traude Ferrari,” May 30, 1985, Ami Staehr Collection, Stuttgart, Germany, 1 page.

77. “Traude Ferrari to Ami Staehr,” June 30, 1985, Ami Staehr Collection, Stuttgart, Germany, 1 page.

78. Jürgen Dahlkamp, “Die letzte Gefährtin,” Der Spiegel, No. 43, 1999, 116.

79. Staehr and Staehr, interviews, October 20, 2000, and October 31-November 1, 2003.

80. Terrence Rafferty, “Polanski and the Landscape of Aloneness,” New York Times, January 26, 2003, Section 2, 1; McBride, Steven Spielberg, 426–427; Freer, Spielberg, 223–224.

81. John Baxter, Steven Spielberg: The Unauthorized Biography (London: HarperCollins, 1996), 392–393; Bernard Weinraub, “For Spielberg, an Anniversary Full of Urgency,” New York Times, March 9, 2004, B1, B4.

82.Weinraub, “For Spielberg,” B1, B4; Daisy Miller, interview by the author, Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation, Universal Studios, Los Angeles, California, March 28, 2000; Stryk Thomas, interview by the author, Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation, Universal Studios, Los Angeles, California, March 28, 2000; Peter Gumbel, “Making History: Steven Spielberg’s Oral History of the Holocaust Survivors Has Videotaped 50,000 Interviews. Now Comes the Hard Part,” Wall Street Journal, March 22, 1999, R9; Ralph Blumenthal, “To Point, Click and Never Forget,” New York Times, January 13, 2001, A17, A22.

83. Corinna Honan, “Interview with Emilie Schindler,” Daily Mail (London), December 24, 1993, 22–23; Yoav Limor, “Schindler’s List: The Version that Spielberg Did Not Know,” Ma’ariv, December 28, 1993, 4–5.

84. Honan, “Emilie Schindler,” 22–23.

85. Ibid., 25; Christoph Stopka, “Ich bin Frau Schindler,” Bunte (1994), 23.

86. Katherine Ellison, Times-Picayune (New Orleans), February 6, 1994, A16.

87. Stopka, “Ich bin Frau Schindler,” 24.

88. Ibid., 23–24.

89. Emilie Schindler, Where Light and Shadow Meet, trans. Dolores M. Koch (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997), 143.

90. Ibid., 142.

91. Ibid., 144–145.

92. Ibid., 144.

93. Ibid., 146–147.

94. Ibid., 147–151.

95. Ibid., 155–158.

96. “Memorial Service to Oskar Schindler,” August 3, 1993, Yad Vashem Archives, 2 pages. Later, a much more elegant monument was erected to Oskar in a park just across the street from his boyhood home; Oskar Schindler: Retter und Lebemann, ZDF Mainz, 1994.

97. Staehr and Staehr, interviews, October 22, 2000, and October 31-November 1, 2003.

98. Ibid.

99. Ibid.

100. Claudia Keller and Stefan Braun, interview by the author, Berlin, Germany, January 13, 2000, and November 1, 2003; Staehr and Staehr, interviews, October 22, 1999, and October 31-November 1, 2003.

101. Staehr and Staehr, interviews, October 22, 2000, and October 31-November 1, 2003; Claudia Keller and Stefan Braun, Schindlers Koffer: Berichte aus dem Leben eines Lebensretters (Stuttgart: Stuttgarter Zeitung, 1999), 1–77.

102. Ingrid Eißele, “Schindlers Liste gehört mir,” Stern 43 (1999): 19; Jürgen Dahlkamp, Der Spiegel 43 (1999): 116–117; Staehr and Staehr, interviews, October 22, 2000, and October 31-November 1, 2003.

103. Staehr and Staehr, interviews, October 22, 1999, and October 31-November 1, 2003.

104. Ibid.

105. Ibid.; Keller and Braun, interview, November 1, 2003.

106. Landgericht Stuttgart Beschluß, “In dem Verfahren, Emilie Schindler gegen Christian Staehr und Fa. Stuttgarter Verlagsgesellschaft Eberle GmbH & Co.,” November 11, 1999, 3 pages, Ami Staehr Collection, Stuttgart, Germany; “Dr. Jur. Tilo. Bodendorf to Christian Staehr,” December 21, 1999, 2 pages, Ami Staehr Collection; “Witwe von Oskar Schindler klagt zum zweiten Mai-Streit um Ansprüche aus Urheberrecht,” April 25, 2001, Stuttgarter Zeitung, http://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de, 1 page.

107. “Witwe von Oskar Schindler klagt zum zweiten Mai-Streit um Ansprüche aus Urheberrecht,” 1–2; “Witwe hat wenig Aussicht auf Schadenersatz-Richter: Zeitung hat nicht schuldhaft gehandelt,” April 27, 2004, 1–2, http://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de; “Streit und Schindlers Koffer beigelegt: Witwe soll 25,000 Mark erhalten,” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, June 27, 2001, 9; Wulf Reimer, “Vergleich für Schindlers Koffer,” Süddeutsche Zeitung, April 28, 2001, 12.

108. “David M. Crowe to Dr. Uwe Vorkötter,” May 7, 2001; “Dr. Uwe Vorkötter to David M. Crowe,” May 8, 1002; “Witwe hat wenig Aussicht auf Schadenersatz,” Sttutgarter Zeitung, April 27, 2001, 2; Elias Zviklich, interview by the author, Buenos Aires, Argentina, May 21, 2001; “Streit um Schindlers Koffer beigelegt,” 9; “Einigung über Nachlaß-Dokumente,” Süddeutsche Zeitung, June 20, 2001, 20; “Streit um Schindlers Koffer beigelegt,” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, June 27, 2001, 9.

109. Monika Caro, Ilse Chwat, and Ilse Wartensleben, interview by the author, Buenos Aires, Argentina, May 18, 2001.

110. Emilie Schindler, interview by the author, Buenos Aires, Argentina, May 22, 2001.

111. Dr. Alfredo May, interview by the author, Buenos Aires, Argentina, May 24, 2001.

112. Linda Diebel, “A Tale of Intrigue, Feuds, Hollywood Tycoons, Widow’s Book Accuses Oskar Schindler of Being a ‘Coward.’ ‘It Pains Me to See Emilie So Alone But That Is How Life Goes’: The Complex Friendship of an Author and Schindler’s Widow,” Toronto Star, July 8, 2001, NEO1.

113. Uta Rasche, “Schindlers lange Schatten: Das Leben seiner Frau blieb im Dunkeln,” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, October 28, 1999, 67; “Die Frau in Schindlers Schatten,” Welt am Sonntag, October 15, 2000, 36; “Die Stimme Emilie Schindlers,” November 13, 2003, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 59.

114. Diebel, “A Tale of Intrigue, Feuds, Hollywood Tycoons,” NEO1.

115. Ibid.

116. Ibid.

117. Caro, Chwat, and Wartensleben, interview, May 18, 2001.

118. Diebel, “A Tale of Intrigue, Feuds, Hollywood Tycoons,” NEO1; Caro, Chwat, and Wartensleben, interview, May 18, 2001.

119. Diebel, “A Tale of Intrigue, Feuds, Hollywood Tycoons,” NEO1; Rosenberg, Ich, Emilie Schindler, 217–218.

120. Diebel, “A Tale of Intrigue, Feuds, Hollywood Tycoons,” NEO1.

121. Rosenberg, Ich, Oskar Schindler, 221–222; Gernot Wolfram, “Reise zum späten Ruhm,” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, July 13, 2001, 11.

122. Rosenberg, Ich, Emilie Schindler, 222–226; “Bavaria Offers Retirement Home to Schindler’s Widow, Who Says She Wants to Return to Germany,” July 16, 2001, Associated Press, Lexus Nexus, 1 page.

123. Derek Scully, “The Forgotten Schindler,” Irish Times, July 28, 2001, 61; Kate Connolly, “Schindler’s Widow Left to Die in Bitterness and Poverty,” Observer (London), July 29, 2001, 3.

124. Dr. Eva Habel, interview by the author, Munich, Germany, October 27, 2003.

125. “Francisco Wichter to David M. Crowe,” Buenos Aires, Argentina, July 27, 2001, 7 pages.