Османы. Как они построили империю, равную Римской, а затем ее потеряли - читать бесплатно онлайн полную версию книги автора Марк Дэвид Бэр (ч. notes)

Примечания

1

Amos Oz, A Tale of Love and Darkness, trans. Nicholas de Lange (London: Chatto & Windus, 2004), 47.

2

Orhan Pamuk, The White Castle: A Novel, trans. Victoria Holbrook (New York: Vintage, 1998). Первоначально роман был опубликован на турецком языке как Beyaz Kale (Istanbul: Can, 1985). Цитата из этого абзаца приведена на странице 58.

3

Pamuk, The White Castle, 62, 65, 67, 69–70, 82.

4

Pamuk, The White Castle, 143, 151.

5

Pamuk, The White Castle, 155.

6

Те, кто интересуется этой темой, могут прочитать Noel Malcolm, Useful Enemies: Islam and the Ottoman Empire in Western Political Thought, 1450–1750 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019).

7

Franco Cardini, Europe and Islam, trans. Caroline Beamish (New York: Blackwell, 2001), 122, 136. Первоначально опубликованная на итальянском языке в 1999 г. с подзаголовком «История недопонимания», книга была одновременно опубликована в переводе на английский, французский, немецкий и испанский языки два года спустя.

8

The Ottomans: Europe’s Muslim Emperors, directed by Gillian Bancroft, narrated by Rageh Omar (London: BBC Two, 2013); Albert Hourani, ‘How Should We Write the History of the Middle East?’ International Journal of Middle East Studies 23 (1991): 130.

9

Paolo Giovio, writing about Suleiman I in his Commentario addressed to Charles V in 1532, цитируемый в: Malcolm, Useful Enemies, 28.

10

Мое понимание тропов византийской историографии исходит из Averil Cameron, Byzantine Matters (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014).

11

Cemal Kafadar, ‘A Rome of One’s Own: Reflections on Cultural Geography and Identity in the Lands of Rum’, Muqarnas 24 (2007): 7–25, here 9.

12

Benjamin J. Kaplan, Divided by Faith: Religious Conflict and the Practice of Toleration in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2007), 4.

13

Kaplan, Divided by Faith, 10.

14

Francis Osborne, Political Reflections upon the Government of the Turks, 1656, cited in Malcolm, Useful Enemies, 302.

15

Marc Baer and Ussama Makdisi, ‘Tolerance and Conversion in the Ottoman Empire: A Conversation with Marc Baer and Ussama Makdisi’, Comparative Studies in Society & History 51, no. 4 (October 2009): 927–940.

16

Kaplan, Divided by Faith, 8.

17

‘Tolerance and Conversion in the Ottoman Empire’, 930.

18

Sir Paul Rycaut, The History of the Present State of the Ottoman Empire, 4th ed. (London: Printed for John Starkey and Henry Brome, 1675), 147–148.

19

Kaplan, Divided by Faith, 9.

20

David Morgan, Medieval Persia, 1040–1797 (Harlow, UK: Longman, 1988), 64–65.

21

Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, vol. 2, The Expansion of Islam in the Middle Periods (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977), 415.

22

‘Part 2’, Islam: Empire of Faith, directed by Robert Gardner (Arlington, VA: PBS, 2001); Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, 2:405.

23

The Travels of Ibn Battuta: A.D., 1325–1354, trans. and ed. C. Defremery, B. R. Sanguinetti, and H. A. R. Gibb, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962), 446.

24

Aşıkpaşazade, Tevārīh-i Āl-i Osmān, Aşıkpaşazade Tarihi (Istanbul: Matba’a-i Āmire, 1332AH/1913–1914), 3–4.

25

Rudi Paul Lindner, Explorations in Ottoman Prehistory (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007), 15–34.

26

Aşıkpaşazade, Tevārīh-i Āl-i Osmān, 4.

27

Rudi Paul Lindner, Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983), 4.

28

Rudi Paul Lindner, ‘How Mongol Were the Early Ottomans?’, in The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy, ed. Reuven Amitai-Preiss and David Morgan (Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2000), 282–289.

29

Aşıkpaşazade, Tevārīh-i Āl-i Osmān, 9. Для анализа этой истории см: Baki Tezcan, ‘The Memory of the Mongols in Early Ottoman Historiography’, in Writing History at the Ottoman Court: Editing the Past, Fashioning the Future, ed. H. Erdem Çıpa and Emine Fetvacı (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2013), 23–38.

30

Lindner, Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia, 1–38.

31

Арабский путешественник X в. из первых рук рассказал о том, что тюркские женщины-огузы были настолько беззаботны, что могли легко обнажиться в присутствии незнакомцев. Ibn Fadlān, Ibn Fadlān and the Land of Darkness: Arab Travellers in the Far North, trans. Paul Lunde and Caroline Stone (London: Penguin, 2012), 12.

32

The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the 14th Century, ed. Ross E. Dunn (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 168.

33

Colin Imber, The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 252–253.

34

Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, 2:207, 211–214.

35

Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, 2:239.

36

Данный параграф основан на данных: Claude Addas, Quest for the Red Sulphur: The Life of Ibn ‘Arabī, trans. Peter Kingsley (New York: Islamic Texts Society, 1993), 65–66, 98; Alexander D. Knysh, Ibn ‘Arabi in the Later Islamic Tradition: The Making of a Polemical Image in Medieval Islam (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999), 13, 110; Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, 2:227–230, 239–241; and Michael Chodkiewicz, Seal of the Saints: Prophethood and Sainthood in the Doctrine of Ibn ‘Arabi, trans. Liadain Sherrard (Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, 1993).

37

Ahmet Yaşar Ocak, ‘Kutb ve isyan: Osmanlı Mehdici (Mesiyanik) hareketlerinin ideolojik arkaplanı üzerine bazi düşünceler’, Toplum ve Bilim 83, Osmanlı: Muktedirler ve Mâdunlar (Kış 1999–2000): 48–56.

38

Andrew Peacock, ‘Sufis and the Seljuk Court in Mongol Anatolia: Politics and Patronage in the Works of Jalal al-Din Rumi and Sultan Walad’, in The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East, ed. A. C. S. Peacock and Sara Nur Yıldız (London: I.B. Tauris, 2012), 206–226.

39

Мое понимание дервишей в этот период в значительной степени основано на информаци Ahmet T. Karamustafa, God’s Unruly Friends: Dervish Groups in the Islamic Middle Period, 1200–1550 (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1994).

40

Lewis, Rumi, 149–151.

41

Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, 2:498.

42

Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, s.v. ‘Baba Ilyas-i Horasani’, by Ahmet Yaşar Ocak, first published online 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_24265.

43

Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, s.v. ‘Bektaş, Hacı’, by Thierry Zarcone, first published online 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_24009.

44

Velâyetnâme, ed. H. Duran, Ankara, 2007, 282–290 (fols. 58a–60a), cited in Zeynep Yürekli, Architecture and Hagiography in the Ottoman Empire: The Politics of Bektashi Shrines in the Classical Age (London: Routledge, 2012), 32.

45

Yürekli, Architecture and Hagiography in the Ottoman Empire, 107.

46

Vilâyet-nâme: Manâkıb-ı Hünkâr Hacı Bektâş-ı Velî, ed. Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı (Istanbul, 1958), 71–75, cited in Cemal Kafadar, Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 30.

47

Aşıkpaşazade, Tevārīh-i Āl-i Osmān, 6.

48

The Book of Dede Korkut, trans. Geoffrey Lewis (New York: Penguin, 1972), 40–41.

49

Lindner, Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia, 37–38.

50

Kemal Silay, ‘Introduction’, in Tac’d-Din Ibrahim Bin Hizir Ahmedi, History of the Kings of the Ottoman Lineage and Their Holy Raids [Ghaza] Against the Infidels, trans. Kemal Silay, ed. Şinasi Tekin and Gönül Alpay Tekin (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), vii – xix.

51

Ahmedi, History of the Kings of the Ottoman Lineage, 1; Quoted in Pál Fodor, ‘Ahmedī’s Dāsitān as a Source of Early Ottoman History’, Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hung. XXXVIII, no. 1–2 (1984): 41–54, here 47.

52

Ahmedi, History of the Kings of the Ottoman Lineage, 3–4.

53

Ahmedi, History of the Kings of the Ottoman Lineage, 4.

54

Kafadar, Between Two Worlds, 76–78.

55

Mehmed Neşri, Kitab-i cihan-nüma, Neşri tarihi, ed. Faik Reşat Unat and Mehmed Köymen (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1949), 78–79 and 92–95.

56

Aşıkpaşazade, Tevārīh-i Āl-i Osmān, 11, 12, 23–25.

57

Kafadar, Between Two Worlds, 85.

58

Halil Inalcik, ‘Timariotes chrétiens en Albanie au XV siècle d’après un registre de timars Ottoman’, Mitteilungen des Österreichischen Staatsarchivs 4 (1952): 118–138; Halil Inalcik, ‘Stefan Duşan’dan Osmanlı İmparatorluğuna: XV. asırda Rumeli’de hıristiyan sipahiler ve menşeleri’, in Mélanges Fuad Köprülü (Ankara: Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi, 1953): (1954): 104–129; Ahmet Yaşar Ocak, ‘Social, Cultural and Intellectual Life, 1071–1453’, in The Cambridge History of Turkey, vol. 1, Byzantium to Turkey, 1071–1453, ed. Kate Fleet (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 353–422, here 364.

59

Уильям Шекспир. Генрих V, действия 4, сцена 3.

60

Aşıkpaşazade, Tevārīh-i Āl-i Osmān, 13.

61

Aşıkpaşazade, Tevārīh-i Āl-i Osmān, 4–5.

62

Aşıkpaşazade, Tevārīh-i Āl-i Osmān, 15–17; Leslie Peirce, The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), 34–35.

63

Imber, The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650, 254–255.

64

Caroline Finkel, Osman’s Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire (London: John Murray, 2005), 7.

65

Tezcan, ‘The Memory of the Mongols’, 28.

66

Ahmedi, History of the Kings of the Ottoman Lineage, 6.

67

Цитаты из этого параграфа из The Adventures of Ibn Battuta, 151–152.

68

G. Georgiades Arnakis, ‘Gregory Palamas Among the Turks and Documents of His Captivity as Historical Sources’, Speculum: A Journal of Mediaeval Studies 26, no. 1 (January 1951): 104–118, here 106.

69

Arnakis, ‘Gregory Palamas Among the Turks’, 108.

70

Aşıkpaşazade, Tevārīh-i Āl-i Osmān, 36.

71

Lindner, Explorations in Ottoman Prehistory, 35–56.

72

Aşıkpaşazade, Tevārīh-i Āl-i Osmān, 36.

73

Kafadar, Between Two Worlds, 126.

74

Uli Schamiloglu, ‘The Rise of the Ottoman Empire: The Black Death in Medieval Anatolia and Its Impact on Turkish Civilization’, in Views from the Edge: Essays in Honor of Richard W. Bulliet, ed. Neguin Yavari, Lawrence G. Potter, and Jean-Marc Oppenheim (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), 271.

75

Kafadar, Between Two Worlds, 131.

76

Rudi Paul Lindner, ‘Seljuk Mints and Silver Mines’, Turcica 41 (2009): 363–371.

77

Lindner, Explorations in Ottoman Prehistory, 102–116.

78

Kafadar, Between Two Worlds, 131.

79

Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, 2:416.

80

Kafadar, Between Two Worlds, 136–137.

81

Aşıkpaşazade, Tevārīh-i Āl-i Osmān, 36–37. Мы не знаем, что случилось с другими сыновьями Османа.

82

Gagan Sood, ‘Knowledge of the Art of Governance: The Mughal and Ottoman Empires in the Early Seventeenth Century’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 30, no. 2 (2020): 253–282.

83

Heath W. Lowry, ‘Impropriety and Impiety Among the Early Ottoman Sultans (135–1451)’, The Turkish Studies Association Journal 26, no. 2 (2002): 29–38, here 31.

84

Rudi Paul Lindner, ‘Bapheus and Pelekanon’, International Journal of Turkish Studies 13, no. 1–2 (2007): 7–26.

85

Doukas, Decline and Fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Turks: An Annotated Translation of “Historia Turco-Byzantina”, trans. Harry J. Magoulias (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1975), 73.

86

Judith Herrin, Unrivalled Influence: Women and Empire in Byzantium (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013), 314.

87

Speros Vyronis Jr., The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Anatolia and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh to the Fifteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971), 288–402, особенно 348–350 and 402.

88

F. W. Hasluck, Christianity and Islam Under the Sultans, ed. Margaret Hasluck, 2 vols. (New York: Octagon Books, 1973); V. L. Ménage, ‘The Islamization of Anatolia’, in Conversion to Islam, ed. Nehemia Levtzion (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1979), 52‒67; David Shankland, ed., Archaeology, Anthropology and Heritage in the Balkans and Anatolia: The Life and Times of F.W. Hasluck, 2 vols. (Istanbul: Isis, 2013).

89

Этот акт был впервые упомянут в İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, ‘Gazi Orhan Bey vakfıyesi, 724 Rebiülevvel-1324 Mart’, Belleten V (1941): 277–288. Более поздние обсуждения его значения см.: Kafadar, Between Two Worlds, 61; and Finkel, Osman’s Dream, 10.

90

Nikephorus Gregoras, Byzantina Historia, vol. 3, 202.12–203.4, cited in Rustam Shukurov, ‘Byzantine Appropriation of the Orient: Notes on its Principles and Patterns’, in Islam and Christianity in Medieval Anatolia, ed. A. C. S. Peacock, Bruno de Nicola, and Sara Yıldız (London: Routledge, 2015), 180.

91

Tom Papademetriou, Render unto the Sultan: Power, Authority, and the Greek Orthodox Church in the Early Ottoman Centuries (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).

92

Schamiloglu, ‘The Rise of the Ottoman Empire’, 272.

93

Doukas, Decline and Fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Turks, 135.

94

Celia Kerslake, ‘A Critical Edition and Translation of the Introductory Sections and the First Thirteen Chapters of the “Selīmnāme” of Celālzāde Mustafā Çelebi’ (PhD diss., University of Oxford, 1975), 46b.

95

Imber, The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650, 135.

96

‘Kavanin-i Yeniçeriyan-i Dergah-ı Ali’ (The Laws of the Janissaries), in Osmanlı Kanunnameleri 9 (Istanbul, 1996), ed. Ahmed Akgündüz, quoted in Imber, The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650, 136.

97

Inalcik, ‘Timariotes chrétiens en Albanie au XV siècle’; Inalcik, ‘Stefan Duşan’dan Osmanlı İmparatorluğuna’; and Inalcik, ‘Ottoman Methods of Conquest’.

98

Metin Kunt, ‘Transformation of Zimmi into Askeri’, in Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Functioning of a Plural Society, ed. Benjamin Braude and Bernard Lewis (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1982), 1:59.

99

Alexander Lopasic, ‘Islamisation of the Balkans with Special Reference to Bosnia’, Journal of Islamic Studies 5, no. 2 (1994): 163–186.

100

Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, s.v. ‘Booty’, by Rudolph Peters, опубликовано онлайн в 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_25367.

101

Muhammed b. Mahmûd-i Sirvânî, Tuhfe-i Murâdî, ed. Mustafa Argunsah (Ankara, 1999), 73, quoted in Kafadar, ‘A Rome of One’s Own’, 13–14.

102

Konstantin Mihailović, Memoirs of a Janissary, trans. Benjamin Stolz, historical commentary and notes by Svat Soucek (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1975).

103

Sadeddin, Tacü’t-Tevarih (Istanbul, 1279/1862–1863), 1:41.

104

Halil Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age, 1300–1600 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1973), 78.

105

Speros Vryonis, ‘Isidore Glabas and the Turkish Devshirme’, Speculum 31, no. 3 (July 1956): 433–443.

106

Текст доступен на сайте Управления Верховного комиссара Организации Объединенных Наций по правам человека: UN General Assembly, Resolution 260 A, Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, December 9, 1948, www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crimeofgenocide.aspx.

107

Ahmet Akgündüz, Osmanlı kanunnâmeleri ve hukukî tahlilleri, vol. 1, Osmanlı hukukuna giriş ve Fatih devri kanunnameleri (Istanbul: Fey, 1990), 341.

108

Cemal Kafadar, ‘The Question of Ottoman Decline’, Harvard Middle Eastern and Islamic Review 4, no. 1–2 (1997–1998): 30–75, здесь 39.

109

Kemalpaşazade, Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osmân, cited in Ahmet Uğur, The Reign of Sultan Selīm I in the Light of the Selīm-nāme Literature, Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, Bd. 109 (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz, 1985), 354–356.

110

Nicolas Vatin and Gilles Veinstein, Le Sérail ébranlé: Essai sur les morts, dépositions et avènements des sultans ottomans XIVe-XIXe siècle (Paris: Fayard, 2003), 170.