Over the Edge of the World

Index

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Abba (god), 252

abortion, 266

Abuleis, Rajah of Ternate, 346

Acurio, Juan de, 392, 393

Adelmo, Santo, 114

Adrian of Utrecht, Cardinal, 30, 310, 311

Africa, 12, 15, 74–75, 232, 236, 238, 331, 376

Age of Discovery, 2, 98, 414

books on travel in, 79–84

classical revival in, 10

concept of autopsis in, 84–85

cosmology of, 2–3, 9–11

Europe’s perception of the world in, 73–79

invention of printing in, 24

maps in, 10–11

Portuguese exploration in, 15–16

Prester John legend in, 76–81, 82

spice trade in, 11–14

Age of Faith, 79, 98

Aguilar, Hernando de, 297

Agulhas current, 383

albacore, 206

albatross, 376

Albo, Francisco, 63, 96, 128, 175, 178, 189, 190, 205, 206–7, 213, 254, 255, 315, 320, 376, 383, 386, 387, 388, 392, 393, 399–400, 401, 403, 423n

Alcazaba, Simón de, 412

Alexander III, Pope, 78

Alexander VI, Pope, 7–9

Alfonso X, King of Spain, 69

alguacil, 115

Almanzor, King of Tidore, 341–44, 346, 347, 350–51, 356–59, 361, 362, 364, 366, 380

Almeida, Francisco de, 18

Alor Strait, 369

Álvares, Sebastián, 50–53

Amaban, Timor, 371

Amazon River, 96

Amazons, legend of, 83, 373

ampolletas (sand clocks), 110

Amsterdam Island, 376

Andes Mountains, 172, 179

Andrew of Bristol, 229

Andrews Bay, 190

anjeo (linen), 107

anticyclones, 383

Antilles, 413

anti-Semitism, 16

António de Lisboa, Santo, 114

apprentices (grumetes), 112

Aranda, Juan de, 29–30, 56

Areche, Juan de, 264

Argensola, Bartolomé Leonardo de, 340

Argentina, 118, 124

Argot, Roland de, 389, 407

Arimaspi tribe, 74

Armada de Moluccas, see Magellan, Ferdinand, expedition of

armor, 247–48

arquebus, 247, 339

Arratia, Juan de, 393

Asia, 12, 13, 75, 81, 176, 213, 223, 232, 236

astrology, 9–10

Atean, 339

Atlantic Ocean, 69–70, 72, 204

Australia, 237, 376

autopsis, concept of, 84–85

Ayamonte, Martín de, 371

Azore Islands, 389

Bacan, 339, 345, 346, 352, 353, 360–61, 362

Bahamas, 76

Bahía Blanca, 128

Bahía de los Patos (Duck Bay), 128

Baibai, 255

Bajau (sea gypsies), 335–36

Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de, 120

Baldaya, Alfonso Gonçalves, 15

Bali, 372

Bandan, 352, 357

Banda Sea, 369

Barassa (seaman), 422n

Barbara, Santa, 114

barber, ship’s, 113

Barbosa, Beatriz, 26, 38, 188, 205, 292, 304–5

in Magellan’s will, 64–66

Barbosa, Diogo, 26, 86–87, 306, 408

Barbosa, Duarte, 26, 62, 94, 102, 140, 141, 314, 373

appointed captain of Victoria, 160

clove trees described by, 345

death of, 296, 297, 305

elected co-commander, 292

Enrique’s confrontation with, 292–93

Magellan’s letter to, 195–96

Barrasa, Diego, 168–69

Barreta, Martín, 264

Barros, João de, 40, 343

Basques, 330–31

Bastião (native pilot), 320

bats (flying foxes), 254

Bautista, Juan, 339

Bay of Toil, 131

Beagle, HMS, 156, 185

Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, 406, 416n

Belgium, 307

Benaconora, 380

Bergen, Hans, 229

Bertoa, 97

betel nut, 227, 249

Bigfeet Indians, see Tehuelche Indians

Bikar, 213

Bikini, 213

Bimini, 76

Birahan Batolach, 338

birds of paradise, 362–63

boars, 334

boatswain (contramaestre), 114

Boemia, Martin de (Martin Behaim), 176

bonito, 206

Book of the Sea (Livro da Marinharia), 96

Borgia, Alfonso, 7

Borja, Rodrigo de, see Alexander VI, Pope

Borneo, 231, 318, 425n

Brazil, 9, 16, 52, 66, 105, 314

discovery of, 96–98

exploration of, 119–21

indigenous tribes of, 98–100

naming of, 97

Brito, António de, 379–82, 429n

Brunei, 320–27, 394

Chinese influence in, 326

end of sojourn in, 332–33

European hostages in, 326–30

junks attacked in, 327–28

royal audience in, 325–26

Burgos, Simón de, 387–88, 407

Burma, 79

Bustamente, Hernando, 113–14, 392, 393, 399–400, 402, 403

Cabaio, 338–39

Cabalizao, 338–39

Cabot, Sebastian, 409, 411

Cabo Tormentosa, 375

Cabral, Pedro Álvares, 96

Caghaian, 318

Caion, 369

Calanoa (native), 316–18

Callistus III, Pope, 7

Calmette, Bernard de, 152

Camanuca, 338–39

Camões, Luis de, 340, 428n

Campos, Juan de, 377

Canal de Todos los Santos, 196, 197

Canary Islands, 85–87, 154, 300

cannibalism, 99, 100–101, 187, 226, 337–38, 369

cannons (lombardas), 246–47

cap (bonete), 107

cape (capote de la mar), 107

Cape Agulhas, 384

Cape Bojador, 14–15

Cape Corrientes, 123

Cape Desire, 200

Cape of Good Hope, 15, 198, 352, 368, 374–75

Cape of the Eleven Thousand Virgins, 175, 194

Cape Saint Augustine, 96

Cape St. Mary, 352

Cape Saint Vincent, 389–90

Cape Santa Maria, 105

Cape Town, 384

Cape Verde Islands, 8–9, 385–89, 406–7

Caphi, 369

captain, position of, 115

caravels, 14–15

Carmona, Diego, 393

Caroline Islands, 218–19

Cartagena, Juan de, 50, 54, 87, 104, 148, 195–96, 255, 283, 298, 300, 301, 304, 305, 421n, 426n

appointed to expedition, 46–47, 55

court-martial of, 152–53

in Easter Mutiny, 136, 138, 143, 302

marooned, 170–71

mutinous plots and acts of, 88, 92, 93–95, 102, 136, 138, 143, 152–53, 302

Carvalho, João Lopes, 168, 178, 294, 296, 320, 327, 344

appointed captain of Trinidad, 366

in Brazil sojourn, 97, 104–5

bribery incident and, 328

death of, 376–77

dismissed as Captain-General, 330

elected Captain-General, 314

harem of, 329, 350

as pilot, 95–96

Casa de Contratación (House of Commerce), 26–27, 37, 42, 50, 59–61, 87, 113, 332, 407, 408, 410

San Antonio investigation and report of, 299–303

School of Navigation of, 331

Castroverde (lawyer), 300

Catherine, Saint, 51

Cauiao, 338–39

Cavit, 338

Cebu, 253, 255, 315

barter practices of, 267

burial customs of, 264–65

European names taken in, 271

expedition’s arrival in, 256–59

idols destroyed in, 273, 274–75

language of, 267–68

and Magellan’s authoritarianism, 272–73

May 1 massacre in, 294–97, 305

religious conversions in, 259–60, 268–72

sexual temptations of, 263–64

sick man incident in, 273–74

Celestial Spouse (goddess), 235

Cervantes, Miguel de, 117

Chamorros Indians, 223–28, 337

first encounter with, 223–25

navigation system of, 229–31

society of, 226–28

stolen skiff incident and, 228–29

chants, of seamen, 109

Charlemagne, 307–8, 310

Charles I, King of Spain, 11, 23, 24, 29–30, 33, 36, 37, 41–42, 46, 53, 59, 84, 93, 132, 133, 134, 145, 146, 148, 150, 176, 188, 191, 251, 269, 276, 304, 357, 358, 375, 406, 409

background of, 25

Elcano’s audience with, 399–400

Elcano’s letter to, 395–97

elected Holy Roman Emperor, 310

final instructions to Magellan of, 48–50, 349

follow-up expeditions ordered by, 410–12

imperial ambition of, 307–8

letter to King Manuel by, 48

Magellan’s contract with, 34–35

Magellan’s correspondence with, 44–45

Maximilian’s report to, 403

and return of San Antonio, 299

and return of Victoria, 397–99

Treaty of Saragossa and, 412–13

Valladolid capital of, 399–400

Charles Islands, 194

Chau Ju Kuo, 244

Cheai, 338–39

Cheaua, 338–39

Chechili (prince of Ternate), 360

Cheleule (devil), 166

Cheng Ho, 232–38

Chiericati, Andrea, 62

Chile, 202, 208, 413

China, 12, 13, 79–80, 81, 177, 202, 318

Brunei’s trade with, 326

legendary customs of, 373–74, 428n

Ming dynasty of, 233, 237

Treasure Fleets of, 232, 233–38, 326, 424n

Christmas Island, 213

Cimbonbon, 334, 363

cinnamon, 336–37, 341, 350

Clare, Saint, 130

cleanliness, on ships, 107

clothing, on ships, 107

cloves (Syzygium aromatica), 333, 336, 341, 342, 343–45, 346, 350, 351, 352, 391, 398, 400–401

harvesting of, 354–55

Coca, Antonio de, 55, 95, 104, 137, 147

coconuts, 240–41

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, ix, 79, 376

collagen, 216

Colmenero, Antonio Hernández de, 393

colondrini (flying fish), 206

Columbus, Christopher, 8, 11, 23–24, 27–28, 29, 32, 69, 76, 86, 119, 169–70, 202, 232, 362, 391

Concepción, 36, 55, 93, 95, 97, 113, 135, 160, 168, 182, 183, 189–90, 193, 205, 301, 363

deliberate burning of, 313–14

in Easter Mutiny, 136, 138, 141–43

condors, 184–85

Confucianism, 237

Constantinople, fall of, 13

Consulado del Mare (maritime code), 115–16

cooks, cooking, 114

Copernicus, 9

Corco, Guillermo, 377

Coriolis force, 209, 383

Cortés, Hernando, 411

cosmology, 2–3, 9–11

crocodiles, 334

crossbows, 247

Croy, Guillaume de, 30

Crusades, 77

da Costa, Álvaro, 40–41

da Gama, Vasco, 15–16, 31, 215–16, 238, 375, 407

Darién, 364, 378

Darwin, Charles, 156, 185, 186–87, 202

Dawson Island, 189

dead reckoning, 205–6, 410

Decades of the Newe Worlde or West India (Eden), 120–21

defecation, at sea, 111

de Mafra, Ginés, 134–35, 140, 142–43, 159, 200, 201, 202, 218–19, 220, 224–25, 245, 276, 282–83, 295, 366, 377, 378, 379, 407, 408, 420n

De Magalhãis (crusader), 17

Dias, Bartolomeu, 15, 37, 375

Díaz, Diego, 137

dorado (fish), 206

Drake, Francis, 181, 413

Duck Bay (Bahía de los Patos), 128

Eannes, Gil, 15

Easter Mutiny, 134–44, 159, 400, 420n

Cartagena in, 136, 138, 143, 302

Concepción recaptured in, 142–43

Elcano in, 136, 137–38, 141

Elorriaga’s death in, 136–38

Espinosa in, 140–41, 377

Magellan’s knowledge of, 135–36

Mendoza in, 135, 138, 140

onset of, 136–37

pardons in, 402–3

punishments given after, 144–51

Quesada executed in, 152

Quesada’s role in, 136–39, 141–43, 301–2

San Antonio in, 136–43, 301, 302

Trinidad in, 135–36, 138–39, 141, 143, 302

Victoria recaptured in, 139–41

Eden, Richard, 120–21, 212

Elcano, Juan Sebastián, 151, 292–93, 313, 314, 343, 364, 409

appointed captain of Victoria, 330, 336, 366

background of, 330–32

death of, 411

in Easter Mutiny, 136, 137–38, 141

fate of, 402

in follow-up expeditions, 410–11

in homeward voyage, 369–72, 374–75, 382, 384–90, 391, 392

inquiry testimony of, 400–403

King Charles’s audience with, 397–400

letter to King Charles by, 395–97

elephants, 324, 326

elephant seals, 184, 376, 420n

Elizabeth Island, 189

Elorriaga, Juan de, 136–37, 138

England, 8, 406

Eniwetok, 213

Enrique (slave), 31, 244, 246, 257, 277, 314, 424n

background of, 242–43

co-commander’s confrontation with, 292–93

expedition betrayed by, 293–97

as interpreter, 257–58, 263

Escalante de Mendoza, Juan de, 72

Escovar, Anton de, 283

Espinosa, Gonzalo Gómez de, 94, 140, 141, 294, 297, 314, 343, 347, 366, 376, 402, 429n

appointed captain of Trinidad, 330

in attempted voyage home, 376–81, 382

in Easter Mutiny, 140–41, 377

fate of, 407–9

Ethiopia, 87

eugenol (aromatic oil), 354

Evangelists (rock formation), 202

Expeleta, León, 297

eyeglasses, 326

falcones (guns), 247

Faleiro, Francisco, 22, 23, 29, 307

Faleiro, Ruy, 22, 23, 29, 34, 38, 40, 41, 47, 48, 56, 61, 104, 132, 148

fate of, 307

removed from expedition, 52–54, 57

Feneso, Guillermo, 297

Ferdinand II, King of Spain, 7–8, 11, 16, 24, 25, 27–28, 29, 76, 119, 120, 148, 269, 331

Fernandes, Antonio, 137

Filipinos, 239–45

Catholicism and, 250–53

food preparation by, 317

gold trade and, 254

religious beliefs of, 252

see also Philippines; specific tribes

Finé, Oronce, 413

flying fish (colondrini), 206

flying foxes (bats), 254

flying gurnard, 206

Fonseca, Juan Rodríguez de, 27, 32, 35, 56–57, 87, 94, 95, 153, 300, 304–5, 306

Magellan’s authority undermined by, 54–56

power of, 27–28

food, 57–59, 116

Fortunate Islands, 85

Fountain of Youth, 75–76, 82

France, 8, 13, 98, 307

Francis I, King of France, 308, 310, 404

Frederick, Emperor of the Romans, 77

Froes, Estêvão, 119–20

Froward Reach, 189–90

Fuegian Indians, 186–87

Fugger, House of, 37–38, 120, 308, 412

funeral rites, Javanese, 372

Gallego, Antonio, 283

Gallego, Vasco Gomes (Vasquito), 174, 182, 189, 389, 393

galleys, 14

Galvão, Antonio, 118–19, 344

Garcia, Nuño, 54

Gargantua and Pantagruel (Rabelais), 84

Gatigan, 254

Genghis Khan, 80–81

genital stretching, see palang

geography, 3, 9

Germany, 25, 120, 307

Gilolo, 348, 359, 378

Ginovés, Antonio, 92, 103

Giogi, 369

glaciers, 180–81, 184

Gois, Luis Alfonso de, 297

Gomes, Estêvão, 187–92, 195, 201, 298, 302–3, 305–6

Gómez, Francisco, 283

Good Hope (rock formation), 202

grumetes (apprentices), 112

Guadalquivir River, 1–2, 68–69, 72, 310, 390, 391

Guadiana River conference, 409–10

Guam, 219–23, 230, 387, 424n

guanacos, 163, 164–65, 166, 422n

Guaraní Indians, 99–102

Guerra, Gerónimo, 136, 191–92, 298, 303, 305–6

Guinea, 87, 298

gunners, 113

gunpowder, 246, 323–24, 339

guns (falcones), 247

halberds, 247

Hans of Aachen, 393

Hapsburg, House of, 308

hardtack, 58, 59, 91

Haro, Cristóbal de, 37–38, 119, 191, 298, 299, 391, 412, 429n

Haro, Diego de, 391

Hawaiian Islands, 222

Henry (the Navigator), Prince of Portugal, 14–15, 18, 25, 118–19, 389

Heredia, Sancho de, 297

Hernández, Diego, 136–37

Herodotus, 74

Herrera y Tordesillas, Antonio de, 76

Heyerdahl, Thor, 218

Hispaniola, 9

Holy Roman Empire, 307

Charles I elected emperor of, 310

creation of, 307–8

Homonhon Island, 239, 241, 242

homosexuality, 92–93, 103, 300, 419n

House of Commerce, see Casa de Contratación

House of Fugger, 37–38, 120, 308, 412

Huelva, Juan Rodríguez de, 393

Humabon, King of Cebu, 257–59, 262–63, 268–69, 275, 281, 286

Enrique’s conspiracy with, 292–94, 297

Magellan and, 258–59, 262–63, 272–74

religious conversion of, 268–69

Hydra (constellation), 207

India, 3, 12, 16, 18, 30, 74, 75, 77–78, 81–82, 333, 351

Treasure Fleet in, 235–36

Indian Ocean, 13, 216, 232

Indian Ocean High, 383

indulgences, papal, 309

infanticide, 266

Inquisition, 7, 108, 145

torture practices of, 145–46, 148, 150

international date line, 386–87

Isabel, Queen of Portugal, 34

Isabella I, Queen of Spain, 7–8, 11, 16, 24, 25, 27–28, 29, 269

Isla de los Tiburones (Shark Island), 219

Islam, 12, 77, 333

Islas de los Ladrones (Islands of the Thieves), 229, 378, 379

Italy, 13, 307, 404

Iussu, King of Gilolo, 353

Jakiol Bay, 369

Japan, 231, 378

Java:

funeral rites of, 372

palang practice of, 372–73

Jews, 7

Portugal’s expulsion of, 16

João I, King of Portugal, 14

João II, King of Portugal, 15, 18

João III, King of Portugal, 404, 406, 412

Joãozito (Brazilian son of Carvalho), 104

John the Giant (Tehuelche Indian), 166, 169–70, 390

Juana the Mad, Queen of Spain, 271, 307, 310–11

Juan Fernández Islands, 208, 213

Judicibus, Martín de, 393

Julius II, Pope, 9

Junta Santa de las Communidades, 310–11

Karakitang, 339

Karkaralong island group, 338–39

killer whales, 376

Kima, 339

King, C. G., 217

Kolambu, Rajah, 244

Komo, 378

Kon Tiki, 218

Laigoma, 369

Lantern (Chinese constellation), 235

Lapu Lapu, King of Mactan, 275–76, 278, 294

modern monument honoring, 286–87

las Casas, Bartolomé de, 32–33

Leo X, Pope, 62

Charles I and, 309–10

Raphael’s portrait of, 308–9

Leonor, princess of Portugal, 22–23, 34–35, 41, 42

leprosy, 372

Leyte, 244

Limasawa, 244, 254–55, 257, 258, 259, 269, 317

Lind, James, 216–17

linen (anjeo), 107

linguistics, 209–10

Lipan, 338–39

Lisboa, João de, 119–20, 175

Little Ice Age, 12–13, 78

Livro da Marinharia (Book of the Sea), 96

Loaysa, Francisco García Jofre de, 410–11

Lomas Bay, 182

lombardas (cannons), 246–47

Lorosa, Pedro Alfonso de, 347, 351–53, 360, 381

Lusíads, The (Camõos), 340, 428n–29n

Luther, Martin, 309

Luxembourg, 307

Luzon, 231, 328

mace, 337, 352, 356

Mactan, 255, 315, 394, 400

monument on, 286–87

village burned in, 272–73

Mactan, Battle of, 276–84, 305

assessment of, 283–84

Magellan’s death in, 252–53

Madagascar, 375

Madrid, Francisco de, 297

Magalhães, Rodrigo de, 17

Magallanes, Martín de, 385

Magdalen Sound, 189–90

Magellan, Diogo, 18

Magellan, Ferdinand:

assessments of, 284–85, 413–14

authoritarianism of, 70, 151–52, 272–74

background of, 17–18

bravery of, 19

death of, 282–83

in emigration to Spain, 23–25, 26

in India, 18–19

King Manuel’s conflicts with, 20–23

leadership style of, 70, 127, 134, 151–52

marriage of, 26

monument to, 286–87

in Moroccan campaign, 19–21

name of, 17–18

navigational skill of, 201–2

nepotism of, 160

post-expedition reputation of, 406–7

religious zeal of, 259–60, 267, 272–74

secrecy of, 70–71

Spanish language and, 44, 46

torture practiced by, 145–50

treason charge against, 41

will of, 64–66

Magellan, Ferdinand, expedition of:

achievement of, 391–92

allotment of profits from, 349

Aranda removed from, 56–57

assessments of, 394, 413–14

captains of, 55

Charles’s instructions for, 48–50

chronicles and accounts of, 62–64

common language and idiom of, 108–9

costs and financing of, 37–38

crew composition in, 59–60, 108–17

daily routine in, 206–7

departure of, 68, 72–73

desertions from, 371, 378

division of labor in, 109–11

Elcano’s account of, 395–97

Enrique’s betrayal of, 293–97

Faleiro’s removal from, 52–54, 57

flags incident and, 45–46

follow-up expeditions to, 410–412

hierarchy of officers in, 114–15

leadership elections in, 291–92, 314

life at sea in, 106–8

Magellan’s authority as issue in, 38–39, 46–48, 50, 54–56, 92, 93–94

Magellan’s proposals of, 21–23, 30–33

Magellan’s sailing orders for, 71–72

maps of, 53–54

Maximilian’s report on, 403

medical supplies in, 113–14

mutinous officers in, 86–88, 91–95

nationality issue in, 28–29

navigational instruments of, 53–54

nepotism in, 54–55, 160

outfitting of, 44–45, 153–54

phantom crew members of, 114

planned route of, 31–33, 52

Portuguese pursuit of, 86–88, 351–53, 377, 379–80

provisioning of, 57–59, 86–87, 102, 118

reduced rations in, 91, 133–34

religious observances in, 70, 102–3, 110–11, 134–35, 170, 207

royal contract for, 34–35

in search of Moluccas, 315, 318–20, 332, 335, 337–39

secrecy of, 70–71

ships of, 36

signaling system of, 71–72

social structure of, 109–11

sodomy incident in, 92–93, 300

solar eclipse observed in, 173

stranded landing parties in, 129–30, 131

twenty-four-hour gain in, 386–87

watch system of, 72

weapons carried by, 246–48

weather encountered by, 85, 88–89, 91, 117, 123, 129–31, 173, 178, 182–83, 200–201, 213, 369–70, 375, 378, 383

wildlife encountered in, 128–30, 184–85, 206, 254, 334, 376, 420n

Magellan, Rodrigo, 26, 65–66

Magellanic Clouds, 207, 414

Ma Ho, see Cheng Ho

Ma Huan, 235

Makian, 339

Malacca, 237, 242–43, 352

Malua, 370

Maluco, 369

Maluku, 338

Mandeville, John, 79, 81–83, 89, 98

Manobos tribe, 337–38

Manuel (crew member), 407

Manuel (servant), 347

Manuel I, Emperor of Constantinople, 77

Manuel I, King of Portugal, 15, 16, 18, 19, 34–35, 37, 52, 119, 352–53

Charles I’s letter to, 48

Magellan family persecuted by, 66–67

Magellan’s conflicts with, 20–23

subversion of Magellan’s expedition by, 40–42, 44, 50

Mansur, al-, see Almanzor

maps, 35, 96, 118–19, 199

in Age of Discovery, 10–11

Chinese, 234–35

of Pacific Ocean, 177

portolan, 10–11

secrecy of, 24–25

Strait of Magellan depicted in, 175–77, 184, 413

“T in O,” 75

Mare, 362, 363

Marguerite, Archduchess of Austria, 398–99

Maria, Queen of Portugal, 34

Mariana Islands, 222

Mariana Trench, 204

maritime code (Consulado del Mare), 115–16

Marquesa Islands, 213

Marshall Islands, 213

Martín, Francisco, 297

Martínez de Leiva, Sancho, 61

Martyr, Peter, 28, 75–76, 120, 414

master, position of, 115

Maxentius, Emperor of Rome, 51

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, 308, 310

Maximilian of Transylvania, 146, 362

report of, 403

May 1 massacre, 294–97, 305

Meau, 339

medical supplies, 113–14

Medici family, 308

Melanesia, 223

Méndez, Martín, 197, 343, 388–89, 402, 407

elected captain-general, 330

Mendoza, Juan de Escalante de, 116

Mendoza, Luis de, 55, 93, 94–95, 135, 152, 195, 297, 300

death of, 140

drawn and quartered, 144–45

in Easter Mutiny, 135, 138, 140

Meneses, Tristão de, 351

Mercator, Gerardus, 413

Mesquita, Alda de, 17

Mesquita, Álvaro de, 61, 104, 135, 136, 138, 142, 143, 147, 148, 160, 182, 188–89, 301, 314, 408

fate of, 402–3

San Antonio mutiny and, 190–92, 298, 300, 302–3, 305–6

Milky Way, 182, 207

Mindanao, 231, 315–16, 335, 337–39

Ming dynasty, 233, 237

Molino, Luis de, 137, 152, 377

Moluccas (Spice Islands), 17, 34, 35, 70, 82, 119, 127, 132, 133, 177, 203, 205, 213, 219, 229, 241, 257, 299, 339–67

arrival in, 339–40

departure from, 363–67

islands of, 339–40

local politics in, 343–44, 346–47, 356–59

Portuguese attitude toward, 342–43

recording of commercial transactions in, 345

search for, 315, 318–20, 322–23, 332, 335, 337–39

Serrão’s sojourn in, 30–31

sexual customs of, 347–49

Spanish-Portuguese rivalry and, 342–43

trade, trade pacts in, 343–44, 349–51

Trinidad’s return to, 379–80

Varthema’s visit to, 332–33

Victoria’s departure from, 363, 364–69

volcanoes of, 340, 344

women of, 347–48

see also specific islands and tribes

Mongolia, 80

Monoripa, 335

Moors, 7, 69, 318, 327, 362–63, 369, 399

Morales, Hernando, 147, 149–50

Morga, Antonio, 425n–26n

Morison, Samuel Eliot, 181, 319

Morocco, 19

Morotai, 378

Moses and Aaron, legend of, 235–36

Motir, 339, 353

Mount of Christ, 161

Mozambique, 15–16, 236

Muhammad, 12

nagha (mythical serpent), 374

Natural History (Pliny the Elder), 74, 334

Navarro, Lope, 220, 221

navigation:

celestial, 208, 230

Chamorros system of, 229–31

Chinese method of, 234–35

by dead reckoning, 205–6, 410

Negritos, 315–16

Netherlands, 16, 307, 398

Newen Zeytung auss Presillg Landt (“News from the Land of Brazil”), 120

New World, 8, 11, 24, 27, 202, 213, 391

Nicholas the Greek, 393

Nieto, Rodrigo, 283

Noli, Antonio da, 8

Noli, Bartolomeo da, 8

Normandia, Ricarte de, 389

Noronha, Fernão de, 97

Norway, 181

Nova Scotia, 181

Nubecula Major and Minor (Magellanic Clouds), 207

Nuestra Señora de Montserrat, 114

nutmeg, 216, 337, 352

Pigafetta’s description of, 355–56

Nuza, 338–39

oceans, origin of, 205

Order of Santiago, 26, 44

outrigger canoe, see proa

Pacific Ocean, 10, 178, 184, 190, 394, 413

in contemporary maps, 177

course in, 213, 424n

crew morale in, 255

first encounter with, 200, 201–2

first landfall in, 218

Guam landfall and layover in, 219–23

navigation of, 229–30

scale of, 204–5

scurvy outbreak in, 213–14

trade winds of, 208–9, 230

page, position of, 109–10, 206

Paginsara, 339

palang (genital stretching), 265–67, 314, 425n–26n

Javanese practice of, 372–73

Palawan, 319–20

Panama, 120, 176

pants (zaragüelles), 107

Papua, Rajah, 348

Para, 339

Paranaguá Bay, 105, 117

pasamuros (guns), 247

Patagonia, derivation of name, 166

Patagonian giants, see John the Giant; Paul the Giant; Tehuelche Indians

Patagonian Strait, see Strait of Magellan

Paul the Giant (Tehuelche Indian), 209–12

penguins, 128–29

pepper, 337, 370

Peter Gonzalez, Saint, 89

Petrucci, Cardinal, 309

Philip I, King of Spain, 119, 307

Philip II, King of Spain, 239

Philippa, Queen of Portugal, 14

Philippines:

coconut use in, 240–41

Easter mass in, 250–51

landfall in, 231–32

naming of, 248

women of, 248–49

see also Filipinos; specific islands and tribes

Philippine Sea, 378

phyllium (walking leaves), 334–35

Pigafetta, Antonio, 87, 89, 90, 96, 97, 121, 130, 158, 176, 182, 190, 193, 194, 200, 222, 223, 229, 235, 253, 254, 292–93, 332, 333, 335, 337, 338, 339, 340, 364, 366, 369, 399, 401, 403, 416n

on accomplishments of expedition, 390–91

astronomical observations of, 207–8

in Brunei layover, 321–27, 329

on Canary Islands layover, 85–86

in Cebu layover, 257–58, 262, 269–72

on Chamorros Indians, 225, 226–28

Chinese customs described by, 373–74, 428n

cloves described by, 354

on departure from Seville, 68–69

Easter mass described by, 250–51

Easter Mutiny and, 137, 146

in fall into sea, 242

Filipino natives observed by, 316–20

historical record of, 403–6

in homebound voyage, 369–71, 373, 375, 383–86, 389, 392, 393

joins expedition, 61–63

language interests of, 209–11, 267–68, 316, 349

in Mactan battle, 277, 279–82

Magellan eulogized by, 282–83, 285

on Magellan-Gomes relationship, 188

on Magellan’s secrecy, 70–71

May 1 massacre observed by, 294–96

in Moluccas layover, 342, 346, 347–49, 353, 358, 361, 362–63

narrative published by, 405–6

nutmeg described by, 355–56

on Pacific passage, 205–6, 218, 219

in Philippines layover, 239–41, 248–50

post-Magellan role of, 314–15

in Rio de Janeiro layover, 100–103

scurvy symptoms described by, 214–15

sexual customs observed by, 265–67, 373, 425n

sick man incident and, 274

in Strait of Magellan, 175, 194–95

Tehuelche Indians described by, 161–67, 421n–22n

wildlife observed by, 128–29, 206

pilot, position of, 115

Pinzón, Vicente Yáñez, 96, 119

playing cards, 108

Pliny the Elder, 73–75, 81, 129, 334

Polo, Marco, 62, 79–81, 86, 108

polygamy, 266

Polynesia, 223

Ponce de León, Juan, 75–76

porcelain, 326

Port Elizabeth, 382

portolan charts, 10–11

Port Saint Julian, 132–71, 192, 195–96, 201, 206, 285–86, 334, 420n

Cartagena marooned in, 170–71

crew resentments and, 133–34, 161–62

Magellan-Barbosa letter and, 195–96

mutiny in, see Easter Mutiny

refitting of ships in, 153–54

religious observances in, 134–35, 170

San Antonio mutineers on, 301–4

Santiago wreck and ordeal in, 155–60

secular inquisition in, 147–49, 150

Tehuelche Indians encountered in, 162–69, 421n–22n

winter in, 160–61

Portugal, 139, 238

discovery of Brazil and, 96–98

expedition pursued by, 86–88, 351–53, 377, 379–80

exploration by, 15–16

in Guadiana River conference, 409–10

in India, 18–19

Jews expelled from, 16

in Morocco, 19–20

papal division of world and, 7–9

Spain’s family ties with, 34–35, 41, 42

Spain’s rivalry with, 8–9, 11, 24, 34–35, 42, 44, 48, 246, 342–43, 391–92, 409–10, 412–13

spice trade and, 14, 17, 30–31, 342–43, 352–53, 377

Treaty of Saragossa and, 412–13

Treaty of Tordesillas and, 8–9, 11

Prester John, 76–81, 82

Pretty, Francis, 181

proa (outrigger canoe), 223, 224, 225, 231, 256

structure of, 228–29

Ptolemy, Claudius, 10, 32, 387

Puerto de las Muelas, 57

Puerto Rico, 76

Pulaoan, 335

pullover (sayuelo), 107

pumps, ship, 109

Punzorol, Juan Bautista, 376

qianxingban (measuring instrument), 234

Quesada, Gaspar de, 55, 93, 94, 135, 148, 160, 195, 304, 421n

in Easter Mutiny, 136–39, 141–43, 301–2

execution of, 152

Rabelais, François, 83–84

Raphael, 308–9

Rebêlo, Cristóvão, 61, 65, 94, 257, 277, 314

death of, 282–83

Recalde, Juan López de, 300, 303, 304

Reformation, 308–9, 310

Reina, Pero Sánchez de la, 152–53, 170, 171, 196

Renaissance, 74, 76, 414

Revolt of the Castilian Comuneros, 310–11

Rey, El, 120

Ribeira Grande, 386

rifles (versos), 247

“Rime of the Ancient Mariner, The” (Coleridge), ix

Rio de Janeiro, 95, 96, 243

indigenous tribes of, 98–102

layover in, 100–104

Rio de la Isleta, 196

Rio de la Plata, 117–18, 122–23, 411

Rochela, Simón de la, 297

Rodas, Miguel, 392, 393, 402

Rodrigues, Gonçalo, 137

Rodríguez, Juan, 407

Rosmarus, 76

Rota, 221

Royal College of Physicians, 217

Royal Navy, 216, 217

Royal Standard of the Catholic Kings, 269

Rustichello of Pisa, 79

sailors:

life at sea of, 106–8

social structure of, 112–15

St. Catherine’s Wheel, 51

Saint Elmo’s fire, 89–90, 123, 130, 338

Saint Jacob islands, 385

Salamón, Antonio, 92–93, 103

Saldaña, Bartolomé de, 371

Saldanha Bay, 384

Samar, 231, 238, 239

San Antonio, 36, 87–88, 92, 93, 94, 104, 135, 152, 160, 169, 182, 183, 187, 188, 195, 201, 303, 312, 368–69

in Easter Mutiny, 136–43, 301, 302

inquiry into mutiny of, 299–303, 306

mutiny and desertion of, 189–94, 200, 408

in return to Spain, 297–98

Sánchez, Bartolomé, 429n

Sánchez, Miguel, 393

Sánchez, Pedro, 339

sand clocks (ampolletas), 110

Sanguir, 339

Sanlúcar de Barrameda, 69–70, 72, 138, 198, 298, 390, 391, 393, 397

San Martín, Andrés de, 54, 104, 132, 190, 294, 380–81, 423n

death of, 296, 297

Magellan urged to proceed by, 196–99

solar eclipse described by, 173

torture of, 147–49, 150

San Matías Gulf, 124

San Pablo atoll, 218

Santa Cruz River, 156–59, 173–74, 198

Santa Magdalena Island, 193–94

Santa Maria de la Victoria, 61–62

Santandres, Juan de, 393

Santiago, 36, 93, 122, 138, 141, 170, 173, 276

ordeal of crew of, 157–59

wreck of, 156–57

Santiago, Order of, 26, 44

Santiago Island, 385–86, 387

Sanudo, Marin, 404

Saragossa, Treaty of, 412–13

Sarangalong, 339

Sardine River, 189–90, 194

Satyr of the Sea, 76

Sauvage, Chancellor, 30

sayuelo (pullover), 107

Schöner, Johannes, 176–77

Scotland, 181

scurvy, 195, 214–19, 240, 376, 410–11

cure for, 216–17

in da Gama’s voyages, 215–16

deaths from, 264, 378–79, 385

symptoms of, 214–15

sea cucumbers (trepang) 335–36

sea elephants, 184, 376, 420n

sea gypsies (Bajau), 335–36

sea lions, 129, 420n

sea monsters, 76

seasickness, 106

Seilan, 176, 254

Sequeira, Diogo Lopes de, 409

Serrano, Juan Rodríguez, 93, 138, 160, 189, 193, 205, 276

death of, 295–96, 297

elected co-commander, 292

Enrique’s confrontation with, 292–93

Santiago wreck and ordeal and, 155–56, 157

Serrão, Francisco, 30–31, 345–46, 351, 356

death of, 346–47, 427n

Setebos (devil), 165–66, 211

“Seven Voyages of Sinbad the Sailor, The,” 73

Seville, 42–43

civil disorder in, 311–12

San Antonio’s arrival in, 297–98

Victoria’s arrival in, 391–92

Shakespeare, William, 212–13

Shang-tu, 79

Shark Island (Isla de los Tiburones), 219

ship’s barber, 113

shipworms (teredos), 106, 313

Siam, 237, 257

Siao, 339

Sico, 369

Sierra Leone, 87

silk, 326

Silva Téllez, Francisco de, 66–67

Sirapada, Rajah of Brunei, 325–26, 328–29

slave trade, 8

sleeping conditions, 106

Society Islands, 213

Socolopendra, 76

Solis, Juan de, 119–21, 169, 295

South Africa, 382

South Atlantic High, 383

South China Sea, 319

South Equatorial Current, 96

Southern Cross, 182, 207–8, 234

southern right whale, 124

South Land (Terra Australis), 75

Spain, 16, 28, 33, 96, 139, 197, 238, 308, 342, 353

Basques of, 330–31

Charles as Holy Roman Emperor and, 310–11

in Guariana River conference, 409–10

Magellan’s emigration to, 23–25, 26

papal division of world and, 7–9

Portugal’s family ties with, 34–35, 41, 42

Portugal’s rivalry with, 8–9, 11, 24, 34–35, 42, 44, 48, 246, 342–43, 391–92, 409–10, 412–13

Revolt of the Castilian Comuneros in, 310–11

Treaty of Saragossa and, 412–13

Treaty of Tordesillas and, 8–9, 11

Victoria’s return to, 1–2, 390–91

Spanish Inquisition, see Inquisition

Speculum Mundi, 81

Spice Islands, see Moluccas

spice trade, 11–14, 17, 30–31, 342–43, 352–53, 377

star compass, 230

steward, position of, 114

Strait of Magellan, 423n

crew morale and, 184

Darwin’s exploration of, 185–86

Drake’s voyage in, 413

Fuegian Indians of, 186–87

glaciers encountered in, 180–81, 184

Magellan-Gomes conflict in, 187–89

Magellan’s feat of navigation in, 201–3

Magellan’s foreknowledge of, 175–77

maps of, 175–77, 184, 413

naming of, 194

natural splendor of, 178–82, 194–95

San Antonio’s mutiny and desertion in, 189–94, 200

San Martín’s plea to continue in, 196–99

vegetation of, 185

western exit of, 200, 202–3

strappado (torture), 148–49

Suar, 339

sudestadas (coastal storms), 118

Sula, Chief of Mactan, 275–76

Sulach (Xulla), 369

Sulawesi, 338

Suluan, 239, 255

Sulu Sea, 318, 319

Sumatra, 242, 374

Supreme Council of the Indies, 56

syphilis, 371–72, 428n

Szent-Gyorgyi, Albert, 217

Tagulanda, 339

Tahiti, 213

Tatars, 80

Tehuelche Indians, 162–69, 337

belief system of, 165–66

conflicts with, 166–69

language of, 209–11

see also John the Giant; Paul the Giant

Tempest, The (Shakespeare), 212–13

Tenduc, 80–81

Tenerife, Canary Islands, 85–87, 389

teredos (shipworms), 106, 313

Ternate, 30–31, 339, 343, 346–47, 379, 380, 382

Terra Australis (South Land), 75

Thousand and One Nights, The, 73

Tidore, 339, 341, 343, 345, 346, 347, 348, 368, 376, 377, 379

Tierra del Fuego, 179

Timor, 371, 428n

“T in O” maps, 75

Tolosa, Pedro de, 407

Tordesillas, Treaty of, 8–9, 11, 28, 31, 33, 34, 35, 41, 49, 132, 219, 345, 365, 381, 385

Torquemada, Tomás de, 145, 146

Torres, Juan de, 283

torture, practice of, 145–47

strappado, 148–49, 150

Wooden Horse, 149–50

trade winds, 208–9, 230

Travels of Marco Polo, The (Polo), 79–80, 81, 108, 160, 404

Travels of Sir John Mandeville, The (Mandeville), 79, 81–83, 160

Treasure Fleet, 232, 233–38, 326, 424n

destruction of, 236–38

in India, 235–36

maps of, 234–35

ships of, 233–34

signaling system of, 234–35

Treatise of the Scurvy Containing an Inquiry into the Nature, Causes and Cure of That Disease, A (Lind), 217

trepang (sea cucumber), 335–36

Trinidad, 36, 63, 71–72, 92, 94, 95, 96, 103, 115, 121–22, 152, 160, 167, 169, 182, 189, 190, 205, 207, 228, 241, 250, 259, 270, 292, 314, 318, 321, 323, 327, 329, 339, 342, 347, 357, 359, 360

in attempt at homeward voyage, 376–80

Carvalho appointed captain of, 366

damaged hull of, 333–34, 363–65, 367

destruction of, 381, 429n

Easter Mutiny and, 135–36, 138–39, 141, 143, 302

Espinosa appointed captain of, 330

fate of crew of, 381–82

flags incident and, 45–46

parted cables incident and, 130–32

Portuguese capture of, 380–81

Saint Elmo’s fire observed on, 89–90, 123, 130, 338

survivors of, 407–8

Tropic of Capricorn, 133

Turkey, 13

Urdaneta, Andrés, 425

urination, at sea, 111

Valderrama, Father, 137–38, 211, 260, 271, 295, 297

Valladolid, Spain, 399–400

Vargue, Hans, 366, 408

Varthema, Ludovico de, 62, 332–33

Vasconcellos, Bishop, 44

Vatican, 412

Vernal, Johan, 113

versos (rifles), 247

Vespucci, Amerigo, 27, 98, 99–100, 331, 409

Vespucci, Giovanni, 409

Victoria, 36, 55, 95, 135, 174, 182, 190, 193, 195, 197, 205, 220, 297, 314, 321, 327, 369–76, 382–94, 413

in attempt to round Cape of Good Hope, 382–83

Barbosa appointed captain of, 160

Cape Verde layover of, 385–89

in departure from Moluccas, 363, 364–69

desertions from, 371

in Easter Mutiny, 140–141

Elcano appointed captain of, 330, 336, 366

fate of, 413

King Charles’s inquiry into, 400–401

profits from cargo of, 391

in return to Spain, 1–2, 390–91

scurvy outbreak in, 385, 389

ship repairs in, 370–71, 376

shoals struck by, 123–24

sodomy incident in, 92–93, 300

survivors of, 392–94, 402–3, 406–7

Timor layover of, 371–74

Victoria Strait, see Strait of Magellan

Vigo, Gonzalo de, 378

Villalobos (explorer), 239

Villiers de l’Isle-Adam, Philippe, 404

vinegar, 58–59

vitamin C, 216, 217

volcanoes, 340, 344

Voltaire, François-Marie Arouet, 308

walking leaves (phyllium), 334–35

Waugh, W. A., 217

weapons, 246–48

native, 319–20

Weaving Girl (Chinese constellation), 235

Western Sea, see Pacific Ocean

Whirlpool, 76

wildlife, 128–30, 184–85, 206, 254, 334, 376, 420n

williwaws (storms), 183–84, 197, 200–201

wine, 57, 108, 116, 240

Wooden Horse torture, 149–50

“Words of the Patagonian Giants” (Pigafetta), 210

Ximenes de Cisneiros, Cardinal, 29–30

Xulla (Sulach), 369

Yongle, 233

Yucatán, 364

zaragüelles (pants), 107

Zayam, Muley, 19

Zoar, 339

zondas (dry winds), 118

Zubileta, Juan de, 393