Poland

INDEX

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Act of Insurrection (1794) 214

Act of Union, Orthodox-Catholic church, Brześć (1596) 139, 140

Acta Henriciana 84, 86, 107-8, 114, 117

Adalbertus, St (Wojciech) 5, 6, 9

Afghanistan 374, 375

Agricultural Society 240-1, 242-3

agriculture 1, 17, 31, 50, 95-6, 120-1, 153-5, 183, 201-2, 240-1, 242-3, 251-2, 262-3, 265, 269, 271-2, 307-8, 369

air force 314, 319

AK (Armia Krajowa) 321, 322-3, 325, 326-9, 331, 332, 333, 336, 342, 344, 363, 367, 390, 407

Alabiano, Garcias 127

Aldobrandini, Cardinal 125

Aleksander, King of Poland 46, 56

Alexander I, Tsar of Russia 221, 224, 225-6, 227, 228

Alexander II, Tsar of Russia 240, 241, 245, 283

Alexander III, Pope 20-1

Alexey, Tsar of Muscovy 147, 154, 155

Algeria 249

Algirdas (Olgierd), Grand Duke of Lithuania 34

Alliance of the Democratic Left (SLD) 389, 391, 392, 394, 398

American Civil War 248-9

American Food Mission 308

Anabaptists 64

Anders, General Władysław 324, 325, 326

Andrew II, King of Hungary 22

Andropov, Yurii 372, 379

Andruszowo, Treaty of (1667) 151

Andrzejewski, Jerzy 360

Anna Jagiellon, Queen of Poland 106, 108, 109, 125

Annibale di Capua, Papal Legate 113

Antall, Jozsef 401

anti-Semitism see Jewish people and culture

Anti-Trinitarians 64; see also Arians

architecture: Baroque 170, 171, 175; Bohemian 52; Burgundian 52; Flemish 52; Franconian 52; German 52; Kraków 52; nineteenth-century 230; Renaissance 94, 96-7, 98, 170; Romanesque 14; Royal Castle 96, 202, 203; seventeenth-century grand country residences 185-6; Stanislavian period 202; Warsaw 52, 202, 230; Zamos 96-8

Arciszewski, Krzysztof 135

Arians 64, 65, 73, 75, 76, 99, 125, 126, 127, 128

Armenians 32, 58, 78, 93, 97, 98

army: AK (Armia Krajowa) 321, 322-3, 325, 326-9, 331, 332, 333, 336, 342, 344, 363, 367, 390, 407; Commonwealth 90, 111-12, 117, 120; ’Current Defence Force’ 90; foreign legions of 220-2, 224-6, 236, 248-9; funding 90, 117, 163; Husaria 134-5; in exile, World War II 319; levee en masse 90, 145; military fashion 170-1; military science 132; partition and 196; Piechota Wybraniecka 133; public attitudes towards 90; ’Quarter Troops’ 90, 132-3; Sejm and 205, 206; size of 90, 121, 233; szlachta and 133, 134; volunteers 133-4; World War II 314, 315-16, 326; see also under individual battle and commander

arts: arcadia, idea of and search for within 98, 101-2, 253-4; Bible translations 54, 99; Catholic Church promotes 53; Commonwealth 98-105; early Polish 98-9; Enlightenment 197-8; fifteenth-century 52-3; influence of Polish arts throughout Europe 102; Italian influence upon 53-4, 85; Jesuit influence upon 128; novel and short story 278-9, 281; painting 202, 280; People’s Republic 346, 352-3, 359-60, 377-8; poets 100-2, 103-4, 131-2, 198, 230, 252-3; political writing 99-100; Positivist Movement 277-80, 281; preoccupation with public affairs and government 99-100; printing presses first used 54, 98, 104; Renaissance 85; Romanticism 252-7, 279; Stanisław Augustus patronises 202-3; theatre 198, 278

Association of Polish Youth (ZMP) 346

astronomy 103

Auerstadt, Battle of (1806) 221

Augustus II, King of Poland 176-7, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182

Augustus III, King of Poland 180, 181, 191, 193

Auschwitz (Oświęcim) 317

Austria xix, 23, 91, 168, 180, 188, 194, 196, 205, 210, 213, 216, 217, 219, 220, 222, 226, 229, 235, 237, 239, 240, 244-5, 248, 256, 265-7, 273, 274, 291, 292, 311

Azerbaijan 404

Bach, General von dem 329

Balcerowicz, Leszek 385, 404

Balkans xx, 138, 141, 248, 401

Baltic area and people 4, 5, 15, 20, 26, 42, 56, 78, 111, 114, 135, 147, 148, 165, 176, 196, 200, 210, 265, 309, 311

Bank of Poland, Warsaw 269

Barefoot Carmelites 127

Baroque style, seventeenth century 170-5

Bartel, Kazimierz 300

Bathory, Andrew 112

Batoh, Battle of (1652) 146, 164

Baudouin, King of Belgium 368

Bavaria 156, 261

Beck, Colonel Józef 311-12

Belarus 399, 400, 402

Belgium 236

Belka, Marek 394

Belorussia xviii, 92, 245, 268, 282, 293, 296, 299, 342

Belvedere Palace 232

Belweder ceramic factory 201

Bełz 172

Bem, General 239, 249

Bembo, Cardinal Pietro 100

Benedictine Order 14, 127

ben Eliezer, Izrael 184

Beresteczko, Battle of (1650) 145

Bereza Kartuska 304

Berg, General 243

Berlin 336, 386

Berling, General Zygmunt 326, 327, 330

Bernard of Clairvaux, St 20-1

Białystok 185, 270, 306

Bielecki, Jan 389

Bielski, Marcin 99

Biernat of Lublin 62-3

Bierut, Bolesław 335, 354, 355

Birże family 63

Bismarck, Otto von 244, 261, 262, 263

Black Madonna of Częstochowa 174

Blandowski, Captain 248

Blue Army 308

Bniński, Piotr 53

Bobrowski, Stefan 243

Bogusław I, Prince of Szczecin 23

Bogusław X, Prince of Szczecin 110

Bohemia 1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 11, 12, 18, 23, 27, 28, 34, 42, 52, 57, 62-3, 64, 110

Bohomolec, Franciszek 198

Bojówki 287, 289, 301

Bolesław I, ’the Brave’, King of Poland 5, 6, 7, 8, 11

Bolesław II, ’the Bold’, King of Poland 11-12, 27

Bolesław III, ’the Wrymouth’, King of Poland 12-13

Bolesław ’the Chaste’, Duke of Kraków 19

Bolesław ’the Pious’, Duke 17

Bolko, Duke of Swidnica 30

Bologna 32, 54, 55, 100, 103

Bolsheviks 291-2, 294-5, 305

Bonaparte see Napoleon Bonaparte

Bona Sforza, Queen of Poland 68, 69

Boner, Jan 60

Boner, Zofia 75

Bór-Komorowski, General Tadeusz 328, 331

Boris Godunov, Tsar of Muscovy 121

Borodino, Battle of (1812) 229

Botero, Giovanni 118

Bourbon dynasty 91, 146, 161, 162, 163, 175, 182, 239

Brandenburg 9, 20, 23, 26, 28, 30, 149, 157, 165, 166, 167, 187

Brandt, Willy 368

Branicki, Jan Klemens 186, 191

Branicki, Ksawery 211

Branicki Palace, Białystok 185-6

Breslau 342

Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918) 291

Bretislav, Duke of Bohemia 9

Brezhnev, Leonid 372, 379

Britain 57, 234, 247, 258, 260, 291, 295, 312, 313, 314, 316, 320, 323, 324, 325, 338

Brzostowski, Paweł 202

Buczacz, Treaty of (1672) 163, 167

Budny, Szymon 64

Bug river 8, 200

Bulgaria 386

Buonaccorsi, Filippo (Callimachus) 53-4, 86

Bureau of National Security 387-8

Burke, Edmund 209

Bush, President George 380, 384

Bush, President George W. 402

Byczyna, Battle of (1588) 135

Bytom 20

Byzantium 56, 297

Bzura river 315

Calvinism 63-4, 65, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76-7, 96, 97, 125, 127, 128, 139

Campo Formio, Treaty of (1797) 220

Canute, King of England, Norway and Denmark 4

Caprivi, Chancellor Leo von 263

Carter, President Jimmy 368, 372

Castellan (Kasztelan) 18, 43-4, 46, 51, 118

Catherine II, ’the Great’, Tsarina of Russia 191, 192, 195, 199, 204, 210-11, 213, 216, 217, 248, 274

Catholic Church 14-15, 27-8, 32, 39, 44, 53, 58-63, 262, 345; Act of Union, Orthodox-Catholic 139, 140; Baroque and 174; bishops 5, 44, 60, 62, 83, 118; Counter-Reformation and 74-5, 125-7; culture and education, role in spread of 14-15; early lack of zeal for 14-15; ’executionist’ movement and 72, 73; finances placed under state supervision 196; Germanisation, takes steps to counter (1285) 27; helps to reunite country, thirteenth century 61-2; increases Polish contact with outside world 32; Jesuits and 127, 128; land ownership 46, 50, 62, 155, 196, 215, 347; legal system and 46; Orthodox Church and 139-40; partition and 242, 261, 262, 263, 273-4; People’s Republic of Poland 335, 338, 345-6, 347, 351, 357, 358-9, 360-1, 366, 368, 378-9, 380, 381, 382; political power 62-3; Reformation and 65-77, 125-7; state religion, enshrined as 208; szlachta and 62-3, 125-6, 129; taxation of 206; Teutonic Order and 61-2; Uniate Church and 139, 140, 274; under early Piast kings 27; see also religion

Catholic League 115

Catholic University of Lublin 358

Cecora, Battle of (1620) 144, 163

Cedynia, Battle of (972) 4

Cegielski, Hipolit 264

Celtis, Conrad 54

Central National Committee (1863) 243

Centralizacja 236, 237-8

Centrołew 301

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 61

Charles IX, King of France 106, 108, 115

Charles IX, King of Sweden 114, 122

Charles X Gustavus, King of Sweden 147, 148, 165

Charles XII, King of Sweden 177-8

Charles Robert of Anjou, King of Hungary 28

Chartists 247

Chełm 149

Chełmno 21, 22

Chernenko, Konstantin 379

Chevaux-Legers Polonais 222, 224, 225

Chirac, Jacques 402

Chłapowski, General 233

Chłopicki, General Józef 232

Chmielnicki, Bohdan 144, 145, 146-7, 149, 151

Chmielnik, Battle of (1241) 19

Chocim, Battles of 163, 171

Chodkiewicz, Jan Karol 115, 118, 122, 134

Chopin, Fryderyk 230, 255

Christian National Union (ZChN) 387

Christian V, King of Denmark 177

Christianity, Poland adopts 4; see also Catholic Church; religion

Christ’s Knights of Dobrzyn 21

Chrzanowski, Wiesław 387

Chrzanowski, General Wojciech 239

Church of St John, Gdańsk 65

Churchill, Winston 325, 326, 327, 330, 331

CIA 356

Cimoszewicz, Włodzimierz 391

Cistercian monks 14

Citizens’ Militia (MO) 333, 365, 374, 376, 385

Citizens’ Platform (PO) 393, 394, 395, 396

Clement VII, Pope 60

Clement VIII, Pope 125

Club of the Catholic Intelligentsia (KIK) 359, 371, 397

coal industry 269, 293, 309, 349, 350, 365

Code Napoléon 222

Collegium Nobilium 189

Colonisation Committee 263, 264

Comecon 350, 389

Cominform 336

Commission for National Education 197

Commonwealth, Polish: administrative structure, lack of 93-4; army 89-90, 111-12, 131-5; birth of 80, 81, 82-5; building projects 96-8; culture 94-5, 104; economy 152-7; ethnic groups 92-3, 303; flaws in 249-51; foreign policy 114-17; Lithuania, role in 80, 81, 82; monarchy and 80, 82-5, 90-1, 106-9, 112-20; parliamentary system 80, 82, 88-90; population 92; religion 125-31; size of 92, 303; Ukraine, role in 136-46, 148, 150; urban life 92

Communist Party of the Soviet Union 355, 375

Comte, Auguste 277

concentration camps xviii, 317, 322, 331, 334, 336, 344, 347, 376

Condorcet, Marie Jean, Marquis de 209

Confederate Army, US 249

Confederation, right of 88, 179, 180, 192, 192, 219

Confederation for an Independent Poland (KPN) 387

Confederation of Bar (1768-72) 193-4

Confederation of Targowica 211-13

Confederation of Warsaw 76, 106, 113, 117, 130, 139

Congress Kingdom 226-31, 241, 269

Congress of Vienna, 1814 226

Connor, Dr Bernard 175

Conrad, Joseph 296

Consensus of Sandomierz (1570) 71, 117-18

Consilium Rationis Bellicae (Tarnowski) 132

Constantine, Grand Duke of Russia 227, 230, 232, 241, 243

Constantinople 56, 58, 138

constitution: fifteenth-century developments in 43-5, 47; seventeenth-century problems with 156-62, 186-8; eighteenth-century pressure for reform 189-94, 205-10; 3 May 1791 208-12, 217, 219, 251; 1921 298; 1935 302; 1947 (provisional) 335; 1952 336; 1989 385; Acta Henriciana 84, 86, 107-8, 114, 117; Church’s immunity from taxation and 67, 72, 73; deference to precedent 85-6; ecclesiastical tribunals, jurisdiction annulled 67-8, 73; lacks procedures for correct behaviour 86; monarchy and 84, 86, 90-1, 106-8, 109-10, 112-14, 117; morbus comitialis 157-62; Pacta Conventa 84, 86, 107, 108; pressure for a clearly defined 78, 79; Reformation as a constitutional issue 66-7; religious freedoms and 76-7, 107-8, 139-40, 208; szlachta and 78, 79, 88, 109; tied to opinions of electors 86-7; veto and 87, 181

Cooper, James Fenimore 234

Copernicus (Mikołaj Kopernik) 61, 102-3

Cordoba, Caliphate of 4-5

Corona Regni Polaniae 36

Cortes, Ferdinand 61

Corvinus, King Mattias 42

Cosmas of Prague 9

Cossacks 140-2, 143-9, 151, 152, 154, 162, 165, 178, 184, 224, 225

Council of Constance (1415) 40

Council of Nicea (AD 235) 64

Council of Trent 74, 99

Counter-Reformation 57, 74-7, 104, 114, 125-7, 174

courts: appeal 89; castellans 46; county 46; ecclesiastical 46, 67-8, 72, 73; magnates 172-3, 181, 184; manorial 50; Supreme 47, 89; starostas 46

Coxe, Leonard 102

Cranmer, Thomas 70

Crimea 141, 143, 148, 239-40, 242, 245, 249

Crimean War 239-40, 242, 245, 249

Crusades 15

Cudnów, Battle of (1660) 151

culture: Commonwealth 85, 98-105, 128, 131-2; Congress Kingdom 198, 230; early Polish 98-9; Enlightenment 197-203; fifteenth-century 52-3; partition 197-203, 252-7, 277-81; People’s Republic 346, 352-3, 359-60, 377-8; Positivist Movement 277-80, 281; see also arts

’Curzon Line’ 325, 327

Cyrankiewicz, Józef 334, 355

Czacki, Tadeusz 229

Czarniecki, Stefan 148, 157

Czarnkowski, Bishop of Pozna 67

Czartoryska, Princess Konstancja 190

Czartoryski, Prince Adam Jerzy 220-1, 226, 228, 229, 230, 232, 233, 235, 236, 238, 239-40, 242, 251, 255

Czartoryski, Prince Adam Kazimierz 190, 191, 197, 201, 220

Czartoryski, Prince August 182, 190

Czartoryski, Michał 152-3, 190

Czartoryski family 148, 152-3, 157, 190, 201, 255; see also Familia

Czartoryski party/faction 236, 251, 255

Czech Brethren 64

Czech Republic 402, 404

Czecho-Slovak state 293

Czechoslovakia 336, 363, 386

Czechowicz, Marcin 64

Czech people 3, 4, 9, 28, 64

Częstochowa monastery 148

Dąbrowa Basin 269, 270

Dąbrowski, General Jan 215, 220, 221, 224

Dąbrowski, Jarosław 242, 254, 276, 381

Dąbski, Jan 296

d’Alembert, Jean 197

Dantyszek, Jan 61

Danzig, Free City of 304, 309, 311, 312

Darwin, Charles 277

Daszyński, Ignacy 292

Dekert, Jan 201, 207

Delegatura 321, 323, 328, 332, 333

Dembiński, General Henryk 239

Democratic Union (UD) 389

Democrats 237, 252, 287

Denikin, General Anton 294

Denisko, Colonel Joachim 219

Denmark 4, 20, 23, 30, 111, 149, 157, 165

Deutscher Ostmark Verein 264

Diderot, Denis 197

Diebitsch, General Ivan 233, 234

diplomatic missions, Polish 152-3

Długosz, Jan 37, 47, 52-3

Dmitry, Tsar 121-2

Dmowski, Roman 286, 288, 291, 310

Dnieper River xix, 142, 151, 204

Dniester River 163

Dobrava, Princess 4

Doenhoff, Stanisław 182

Dominican Order 126

Drohojowski, Bishop of Kujavia 65

Drucki-Lubecki, Prince Franciszek 232, 269

Drzymała, Michał 264

Duma, Russian 288, 297

Dumouriez, Colonel Charles François193

Dupont de Nemours, Pierre-Samuel 197

Dutch Mennonites 64

Dutch settlements 50, 64

Dwernicki, General Józef 233

Dygat, Stanisław 360

Działyński, Adam Tytus 229

Dzierżyński, Feliks 284

ecclesiastical courts 46, 67-8, 72, 73

economy: agriculture see agriculture; banks 201, 213, 264; Commonwealth 152-7; fiscal 31-2, 48-50, 156; imports and exports 48, 153, 154, 156, 201, 270, 271, 309, 364, 365, 373; industry 200-1, 269-71, 293, 308, 309, 349-51, 365; partition 200-2, 213, 264, 269-71; People’s Republic 349-51, 363, 364-5, 366, 368-9, 370-1, 373-4, 376, 377, 378, 380, 381; Polish Republic 307-9; royal mint 200, 215; seventeenthcentury 152-7; Third Republic 385, 386, 389, 390-1; taxation 67, 72, 73, 117, 156, 206; treasury 196, 215; World War II and 338; zloty 377, 405

education: Catholic Church’s role in 14; Commission for National Education (1773) 197; decline in seventeenth century 159; Jesuits and 144, 159, 189, 197; partition 274-5; People’s Republic 351-2, 373; Polish Republic 309-10; Russianisation 274-5; schools 14, 100, 197, 199; universities 32, 100-1, 127-8, 197, 229, 309, 358, 359; World War II 318, 321

Edward IV, King of England 70

Elbe, River 3, 8

Elbląg (Elbing) 23, 51, 92, 155, 364

elections, Duma 288, 297

elections, Polish kings 84-5, 106-9, 112-13, 136, 162, 163, 175-6, 180, 191

elections, Polish parliamentary: 1922 298-9; 1928 300-1; 1930 301; 1935 302; 1938 302; 1947 335; 1957 358; 1989 382-4; 1990 388; 1991 389, 396, 397; 1993 382, 391; presidential (1995) 392; 1997 392-3; presidential (2000) 393; 2001 393-4; 2005 394; 2007 396; presidential (2005) 394-5

Elert, Piotr 131

Elizabeth of Habsburg, Queen of Poland 55, 68

emigration: Jews 345; Poles 263, 267, 306, 345, 356, 367, 395

émigrés, Polish 213, 251-2, 253-4, 276, 277, 360, 367, 373, 399

Engels, Friedrich 239, 247

Enlightenment 189, 197-203, 221

Erasmus 70, 102, 103-4, 125

Eric, King of Sweden and Denmark 4

Eric XIV, King of Sweden 113

Estonia 389

ethnic minorities within Poland 1-2, 9-10, 15, 17, 92-3, 104-5, 110, 218-19, 303-4, 322, 339-40, 342-5; see also Jewish people and culture

European Union 392, 393, 401, 402, 404, 405, 408

executionist movement 71-2, 73, 79, 98, 112

exile, Poles 249, 251-7, 271, 276, 278, 284, 335, 338-9, 356, 388

exports, Polish 48, 153, 154, 156, 201, 270, 271, 309, 364, 365, 373

Ezofowicz, Abraham 60

Ezofowicz, Michał 60-1

Falanga Party 307

Falimirz, Stefan 99

Familia 190, 191, 192, 196, 199, 205, 251

Feodor I, Tsar 138

Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor 56

Firlej, Jan 75

Firlej family 75, 119

Flying University, Warsaw 368

Foreign Legion, French 236

foreign policy: Commonwealth 114-17, 164-8; Congress Kingdom 227; Polish Republic 311-12; public opinion affects 89-90; Third Republic 398-404; Vasa kings 114-16

Forge, the 207

France xxi, 57, 85, 91, 136, 156, 161, 162, 165, 167, 178-9, 193, 209, 211, 213, 220, 221-6, 234, 247, 248, 258, 260, 276, 291, 312, 313, 314, 316, 319, 338

Francis I, King of France 61

Francis II, Emperor of Austria 211

Franciscan monks 61

Franco-Prussian War (1870) 261

François Louis de Bourbon, Prince de Conti 175, 176

Frank, Hans 316

Frank, Jakub 185

Frankfurt Parliament 238, 239, 260

Frederick Augustus of Saxony, Duke of Warsaw 208, 221

Frederick II, Emperor 22

Frederick II, ’the Great’, King of Prussia 192, 194, 195, 210

Frederick III, Elector of Brandenburg 179

Frederick IV, King of Denmark 177

Frederick William II, King of Prussia 210, 211-13, 215

Frederick William IV, King of Prussia 260

Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg 166

Fredro, Andrzej 160

Freedom and Independence (WiN) 333

French Revolution (1789) 85, 209, 211, 220

Friederika, Sofia Augusta 191

Frycz-Modrzewski, Andrzej 99-100

Fyodor I, Tsar of Muscovy 112, 121

Galicia 210, 220, 222, 226, 237, 244, 251, 267, 268, 273, 274, 284, 290, 293, 307, 342

Galician Economic Association 266

Gallus 5-6, 9, 14

Garibaldi, Giuseppe 242, 244, 247, 248

Gazeta Wyborcza 387, 390

Gdańsk 20, 26, 39, 48, 51, 52, 65, 92, 109-10, 126, 148, 149, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 180, 190, 210, 293, 315, 363, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 377

Gdynia 309, 363

Gedroyc, Jerzy 399

Gedroyc, Bishop Melchior 60

Generalgouvernement 316, 318, 340

Geometria (Grzepski) 99, 102

Georgia 404

Geremek, Bronisław 371, 381

Germany xviii, xxi, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 15, 17, 20, 26-7, 71, 78, 92, 154, 165, 184, 226, 401-2, 403; Anschluss 311-12; army 313, 316-18, 320-32, 339-46; border with Poland, 1919 293, 311; Catholicism in 1; Cold War xviii, 355, 374, 374, 386; 1848 238, 239; founding myth 1; Frankfurt Parliament 238, 239, 260; German Kingdom of Poland 292; influence within Poland 27, 30, 104, 110; invasion of Poland, 1939 312-13, 314-16; Luftwaffe 314, 329; March of Brandenburg 26; Nazism, rise of 304, 311; occupation of Poland, World War II 316-18, 320-32, 339-46; Reichstag, Polish deputies in 261, 263-4, 297; reunification 401, 402; revanchism 361; Third Republic and 401-2, 403; unification of 261; Wehrmacht 313, 316, 318, 326; World War I 289, 290, 291, 308, 311; World War II 312-13, 314-32

Giełgud, General Antoni 233

Gierek, Edward 362, 364, 365-6, 368, 370-1, 372, 373

Girey, Mehmet 148

Głowacki, Aleksander 279

Gniński, Jan 153

Gniew, Battle of (1656) 135

Gniezno 3, 5, 8, 9, 11, 30, 31, 34, 261

Gołuchowski, Agenor 267

Gomułka, Władysław 323, 335, 336, 354, 356, 357, 358, 360, 361, 362-3, 364

Gorbachev, Mikhail 379, 382

Górnicki, Łukasz 99

Grabski, Stanisław 296

Grabski, Władysław 308

Grand Armée 224, 255

Grand Council (consilium maius) 44

Gregory IX, Pope 22

Grochów, Battle of (1831) 233

Grodno 201, 213, 216

GROM 402

Gromyko, Andrei 372

Grottger, Artur 280

Grunwald, Battle of (1410) 38, 40

Grzegorz of Sanok, Archbishop of Lwów 53

Grzepski, Stanisław 99, 102

Guardians of the National Laws 209

Guizot, François 256

Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden 115, 165

Guyuk, Khan 31

Guzów, Battle of 118

Habsburg dynasty 37, 39, 42, 43, 55, 56, 57, 60, 79, 91, 110, 112, 113, 115, 149, 161, 165, 166-7, 179, 234, 267, 292, 297, 307

Haller, General Józef 291, 302

Hanbury-Williams, Sir Charles 190-1

Havel, Vaclav 400-1

Henri III, King of France 108-9; see also Henryk II (de Valois), King of Poland

Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor 8

Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor 12

Henry V, King of England 42

Henry VII, King of England 57

Henry VIII, King of England 57, 61, 68, 69, 70

Henryk II (de Valois), King of Poland (Henri III of France) 106-9, 146

Henryk of Sandomierz, Prince 15

Henryk ’the Pious’, Duke of Kraków 19

Henryk Probus of Silesia, Duke 27

Herbert, Zbigniew 360

Hertzberg, Count 209-10

Hitler, Adolf 311, 312, 314, 316, 323, 325, 327, 331

Hlond, Augustyn, Archbishop of Gniezno 347

Hoene-Wroński, Józef Maria 254

Hohenzollern, Albrecht von 39, 110-11, 165

Hohenzollern dynasty 110-11, 165, 291

Holy Roman Empire 5-6, 8, 11, 12, 79, 111, 179, 249

Hosius, Cardinal Stanisław 74, 111

Hundred Years’ War 30

Hungary 8, 11, 12, 19, 21-2, 28, 42, 52, 56, 57, 94, 95, 109, 110, 141, 152, 167, 168, 184, 220, 239, 249, 357, 386, 400

Hus, Jan 40

Hussein Pasha of Silistria, Grand Vizir 163, 171

Hussite movement 40, 62-3

Huta Bankowa 269

Iliński, Aleksander 249

IMF (International Monetary Fund) 404

Impressionism 280

industry 200-1, 269-71, 293, 308, 309, 365

Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) 407

Institute of Social Sciences 352

Instytut Literacki 367

Insurrection: 1794 213, 215, 216; 1830 232-5, 242, 249, 250, 260; 1848 237-9, 276; 1863 242, 243-6, 250, 260-1, 276, 279, 282

Iogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania 35, 37; see also Władysław Jagiello

Iran 372

Iraq 402

Isaac ben Abraham of Troki 65

Israel 361, 401

Italy xxi, 4, 6, 14, 32, 54, 55, 85, 94, 96-8, 100, 101, 103, 170, 236, 247, 248, 254, 291, 312

Ius Teutonicum 17

Ivan IV ’the Terrible’, Tsar 80, 106, 107, 111, 121

Ivanov, General 333

Iwaszkiewicz, Jarosław 360

Jabłonowska, Anna 173

Jadwiga, Queen of Poland 35-6, 37, 38, 39-40, 44, 53

Jagiellon dynasty 34, 37, 38-57, 58, 76, 78, 79-80, 82, 86, 106, 107, 110, 119, 208, 209

Jagiellon University 54, 55, 98, 99, 102, 127, 197, 207, 276-7, 280, 406; see also Kraków: University

Jam Zapolski, Treaty of (1582) 112

Jan III, Prince of Opole 110

Jan III, King of Poland 163-5, 167-8, 172, 175, 176; see also Sobieski, Jan

Jan Kazimierz (Vasa), King of Poland 116, 146-7, 148, 149, 151, 157, 160-2, 166, 178

Jan Olbracht, King of Poland 45-6, 55-6

Janicki, Klemens 100

Jaruzelski, General Wojciech 372, 374-5, 376-7, 378, 379, 380, 381, 384, 386, 388

Jasiński, Colonel Jakub 214

Jassy, peace of (1792) 210

Jaworów, Treaty of (1675) 167

Jaworzno concentration camp 336

Jena, Battle of (1806) 221

Jesuits 74, 112, 113, 121, 122, 125, 127-9, 131, 138, 139, 144, 159, 184, 185, 189, 197

Jewish Socialist Union 286

Jewlaszewski of Nowogródek, Judge Teodor 125

Jewish people and culture 128, 156, 215, 245, 299, 303, 304, 305-6; under Austrian rule 266, 268; Charter (1551) sets up state within state 93; Commonwealth 93, 104; communes (Kahal) 93; converts to Catholicism 60-1, 158; converts to Judaism 65; degradation of community, seventeenth century 184-5; emancipation and integration of 209; fiscal, legal and political institutions 31-2; flee plague (1348) 31; ghettos 318, 324; Hasidism 184-5; insurrection (1794) and 215, 216; Jedwabne 340; Karaites 65, 93; within Lithuania 282; national assembly (Vaad Arba Aracot) 93; Polish anti-Semitism and 284, 285, 306-7, 359; Polish Republic 303, 305-7; political parties, Polish and 286; poverty of 184; under Prussian rule 265; Reformation and 64-5, 67; religious texts 104; Russian 283-4; under Russian rule 218; Statute of Kalisz (1264) and 17; taxation of 156; tycoons 270; within Ukraine 140, 282-3; within Warsaw 215; welcomed into Poland 31, 58; World War II 318, 321-2, 324, 339, 340-1, 344-5

John III, King of Sweden 106, 113, 114

John of Luxembourg, King of Bohemia 30, 32

John Paul II, Pope (Karol Wojtyla) xviii, 369, 370, 378, 380-1, 407-8

Joselewicz, Colonel Berek 215

Joseph II, Emperor of Austria 210, 266

Kaczyński, Jarosław 387-8, 389

Kaczyński, Lech 387-8, 393, 394-5, 396

Kadlłubek, Wincenty, Bishop of Kraków 27

Kakowski, Archbishop Aleksander 292

Kalisz 14, 52

Kamieniec Podolski 138, 148, 162, 163, 167, 178, 193

Kania, Stanisław 372, 376

Kara Mustapha, Grand Vizir 167-8

Karaites 65, 93

Karlowitz, Treaty of (1699) 178

Kashubians 265

Katherine of Habsburg, Queen of Poland 69

Katherine Jagiellon, Queen of Sweden 113

Katowice 354, 357-8, 378

Katyn massacre 324, 373, 400

Kaunitz, Chancellor 210

Kazimierz I, Prince of Poland 9, 11

Kazimierz III, ’the Great’, King of Poland 30-2, 35, 43-4, 46, 53, 55

Kazimierz IV, King of Poland 42, 44-5, 53, 55, 56, 57, 86

Kellogg, Vernon 308

Kerensky, Alexander 291

KGB 372, 379

Khan, Genghis 19

Khrushchev, Nikita 355

Kielce 344

Kiev 8, 11, 34, 35, 138, 139, 144, 145, 147, 149, 282-3, 295

Kiliński, Jan 214

Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria 226

Kingdom of Poland: German 292-3; Russian 268-76

Kircholm, Battle of (1605) 134

Kisiel, Adam 144

Kisielewski, Stefan 360

Kiszczak, General Czesław 379, 381-4, 386

Kleeberg, General Franciszek 315

Klushino, Battle of (1610) 134

Kniaziewicz, General Karol 220

Knighthood of Christ (Sword Brothers) 21, 23, 34

Kochanowski, Jan 100-1, 104

Kohl, Helmut 402

Kołakowski, Leszek 360

Kołłątaj, Hugo 206, 207, 208, 209, 213, 215

Kolbe, Maciej 53

Kolbuszowa 201

Kołobrzeg 5

Komensky, Jan Amos 128

Konarski, Stanisław 189-90

Koniecpolski, Hetman Stanisław 115, 142, 143, 144

Konopnicka, Maria 278

Konrad of Mazovia, Duke of Kraków 21, 22

Konwicki, Tadeusz 360

Korfanty, Wojciech 265, 298

Korzec 201

Kościuszko, General Tadeusz 211, 213-14, 215-16, 217, 220, 229, 254

Kossuth, Lajos 239

Kostka, Stanisław, St 125

Kosygin, Alexei 366

Kowno 55

Koziełł-Poklewski, Alfons 271

Kraków 37, 56, 148, 222; academic/traditionalist nature of 349; architecture 52; Austrian army bombards (1848) 239; bishops of 5, 12, 27-8; as capital city of Poland 11, 14, 26, 28, 33; Cathedral 31; Duchy of 14, 15-16; dukes of 19; ethnic groups within 26, 92; Lords of 34, 35, 86; Palatine of 51, 104-5, 117, 119; paramilitary training school within 289; population numbers 51, 155; printing in 98, 104, 358; Republic of 226, 239, 267; Rifleman’s Union 289; Socialist Republic of 237; St Mary’s Church 20; Tatar raids on 19, 20; theatres in 278; Town Hall 125; university 32, 40, 53, 100, 276-7, 309 see also Jagiellon University; Władysław ’the Short’ crowned in 28

Krasicki, Ignacy 198

Krasiński, Adam 193

Krasiński, Zygmunt 255, 256, 257, 278

Kreza, Marcin 76

Kromer, Marcin 74, 99

Kronenberg, Leopold 240, 243

Krowicki, Marcin 66

Krukowiecki, General Jan 235

Krzemieniec High School 229, 235

Krzycki, Bishop Andrzej 61, 103-4

Krzyżanowski, General 248-9

Kujavia, Bishop of 176

Kukiel, Marian 289

Kultura 367, 399

Kulturkampf 261-2

Kuroń, Jacek 360, 371, 378, 380, 384, 385

Kutrzeba, General Tadeusz 315

Kwaśniewski, Aleksander 392, 393, 402, 403

Lanckorona, Battle of 193

Land Bank 263

Land Credit Society 266, 269

land ownership 48-50, 89, 94, 97, 140, 156, 158, 183, 193, 202, 215, 240, 243-4, 245, 250-1, 261, 263, 264, 266, 269, 272, 298, 308, 316, 317, 333, 340, 344

Land Purchase Bank 264

Langiewicz, Marian 244

Lannes, Marshal Jean 233

Łaski Jan, Archbishop 60, 61, 70

Latvia 20, 21, 389

Law and Justice Party (PiS) 393, 394, 395, 398

Łazewska, Dorota 67

League of Nations 293, 306

League of Polish Families (LPR) 393, 394, 395, 396

Ledóchowski, Bishop Mieczysław 262

legal system: appeal court 89; castellans’ courts 46; codified (1776) 196-7; county courts 46; ecclesiastical courts 46, 67-8, 72, 73; elective courts 46; ’executionist’ movement 71-2, 73; Ius Polonicum 16, 17; Kazimierz codifies 31; king gives up role as supreme court of appeal (1518) 89; ’Magdeburg Law’ 17, 32; Neminem captivabimus nisi iure victum 44, 55; Nihil novi 46; People’s Republic 351; Privilege of Nieszawa (1454) 45; Republic’s system of 307; starosties 46, 72-3; Statute of Piotrków 31; Statute of Wi lica 31; Supreme Crown Court 46

Legion of the Vistula 222, 224, 225

Lelewel, Joachim 230, 251

Lem, Stanisław 360

Lemberg Assembly 266

Lemberg University 229

Lemkos 343

Lenin, V.I. 285, 294

Leopold II, Emperor of Germany 210, 211

Lepper, Andrzej 390, 393-4, 395, 396

Leszczyński, Rafał 173

Leszczyński, Stanisław see Stanisław I, King of Poland 177-8, 180, 190

Leszczyński family 63, 128, 160

Leszek ’the White’, Duke of Kraków 15

Leszno 63, 127, 128

literature: Arcadia, search for in 98, 101-2, 253-4; Bible translations 54, 99; Catholic Church promotes 53; Commonwealth 85, 98-104; early Polish 98-9; Enlightenment 197-8; fifteenth-century 52-3; influence of Polish throughout Europe 102; Italian influence upon 53-4, 85; Jesuit influence upon 128; languages, use of see languages; novel and short story 278-9, 281; People’s Republic 346, 352-3, 359-60, 377-8; poets 100-2, 131-2, 198, 230, 252-3, 255; Polish Republic 310; Positivist Movement 277-80, 281; preoccupation with public affairs and government 99-100; printing presses first used 54, 98, 104; Renaissance 85; Romanticism 252-7, 279; sielanki theme 101-2; Stanisław Augustus patronises 202-3; theatre 198, 278; Third Republic 406-7; uniformity of spelling and grammar established 99; universities and 53

Lithuania xviii, 15, 20, 23, 35, 37, 38, 39, 42, 45, 54-5, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 69, 75, 76, 78, 79-80, 81, 82, 92, 107, 109, 111, 120, 122, 136, 147, 148, 159-60, 177, 179, 187, 213, 224, 236, 253, 268, 282, 292, 294, 312, 339, 342, 389, 399, 400

Livonia 111, 112, 114, 115, 122, 131, 148, 158, 180

Lloyd George, David 295

Locarno Conference, 1925 311

Lódz 269-70, 271, 287, 318, 357

Louis XIV, King of France 167

Louis XV, King of France 180, 182

Louis d’Anjou, King of Hungary and Poland 35, 86

Louis Jagiellon, King of Hungary and Bohemia 56, 110

Louis, Victor 202

Louis-Philippe, King of the French 234, 237, 256

Louise-Marie, Queen of Poland 146, 152, 162

Łubieński, Konstanty 361

Łubieński, Maciej 144

Lublin 20, 37, 51, 62-3, 65, 67, 80, 104, 155, 177, 182, 292, 309, 327, 332

Lubomirska, Elżbieta 182

Lubomirski, Marshal Jerzy 157, 161, 169

Lubomirski, Marshal Stanisław Herakliusz 104-5, 119, 169-70

Lubomirski, Zdzisław 292

Lubomirski family 104-5, 119, 129, 146, 157, 160

Lubusz 23

Łuck 54, 58, 149

Łukasiewicz, Ignacy 280

Łukasiński, Major Walerian 230

Luksemburg, Róża 284

Lunéville, Treaty of (1801) 220

Luria, Solomon 65

Lusatians 2

Luther, Martin 61, 63, 64, 66, 69, 110, 111

Lutherans 65, 73, 96, 114, 125, 139

Luxembourg dynasty 42

Lwów 51, 53, 71, 92, 93, 142, 148, 155, 158, 185, 237, 239, 266, 273, 278, 289, 292, 294, 305, 309, 315, 342

Maciejewski, Stanisław 70

Mąaczyński, Jan 99

Madaliński, General Józef 213

magnates 12, 128; Confederation of Bar, role in 193, 194; constitution and 109, 146, 129, 186; insurrection (1794) and 215; Jesuits and 129; Krakow Lords 33; land ownership 51, 182-4; monarchy, relationship with 109, 119-20, 146, 148, 157, 162, 181, 193; parliamentary system and 159-60, 162, 186, 196; Patriots 205; peasants and 50; private towns 155, 157; starosties and 72-3; supplement income with lucrative or influential public office 51

Magyars 42

Małachowski, Stanisław 205, 207, 222

Malinowski, Joseph ben Mardoch 65

Małopolska (Lesser Poland) 11, 16, 19, 32, 34, 35, 45, 61, 62, 100, 154, 213

March of Brandenburg 26

Marchlewski, Julian 284

Marchocki, Ścibor 202

Marcinkiewicz, Kazimierz 395, 404

Marcinkowski, Karol 277

Maritime Commission 135

Marshall Aid 350

Marx, Karl 217, 248

Marxism xx, 351, 352, 354, 358

Mary I, Queen of England 70

Matejko, Jan 280

Mątwy, Battle of (1666) 161

Maximilian I of Habsburg, Archduke 110, 113, 114

Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor 109

Mazarin, Cardinal Jules 146

Mazepa, Ivan 178

Mazovia 16, 20, 21, 26, 30, 43, 45, 61, 62, 67, 71, 92, 154, 158, 307

Mazowiecki, Tadeusz 384, 385, 386, 388, 389

Mazurians 265

Mazzini, Giuseppe 236, 247, 254

Mecklenburg 9, 20

Mehmet IV, Sultan of Turkey 162-3

Melanchthon, Philipp 99

Meller, Stefan 395

Mendelson, Stanisław 284

Mennonites 64

Messner, Zbigniew 380

Metternich, Prince Klemens von 256, 266

Michelet, Jules 254

Michnik, Adam 360, 363, 371, 378, 380, 387, 390

Mickiewicz, Adam 230, 239, 252-5, 257, 278, 352, 361

Miełęcin concentration camp 336

Mielecki, Hetman Mikołaj 111

Mielżyński family 229

Mierosławski, Ludwik 238, 239, 242, 244

Mieszko I, Duke of Poland 3, 4-5, 6, 8, 61

Mieszko II, King of Poland 8-9

Mikołajczyk, Stanisław 319, 325, 326, 327, 330, 332, 334

Miłosz, Czesław 360, 373

Military Council of National Defence (WRON) 379

Mill, John Stuart 277

Miller, Leszek 394

mining 51, 156, 268, 269, 376

Ministry of Public Safety 351, 354

Mniszech, Barbara 75

Mniszech, Jerzy 121

Mniszech, Maryna 121, 122, 123

Moczar, General Mieczysław 358, 360, 361, 362

Moczulski, Leszek 387

Modzelewski, Karol 360, 372

Mohacs, Battle of (1526) 56, 110

Moldavia 56, 78, 95, 132, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 204, 219, 404

Molotov, Viacheslav 312, 324, 328

monarchy 45-6, 82-5; Commonwealth 84-6; contract between subjects and 90-1; 1791 constitution and 209; effect of election upon mindset of monarch 156, 157; election of first Commonwealth monarch 84-5; election of monarch (1573) 106-9; election of monarch (1587) 112-13; election of monarch (1632) 136; election of monarch (1669) 162; election of monarch (1673) 163; election of monarch (1696) 175-6; election of monarch (1733) 180; election of monarch (1764) 191; election of monarch, first 84-5; election procedure, attempt to tighten up 113-14; mutinies against (1606 and 1665) 90; oath of loyalty to subjects 90; precedent and 85-6; release clause 90-1, 117-18, 193; source of power in appointments of senior officers 118-19, 157

monasteries 14, 61, 126, 148

Monluc, Jean de, Bishop of Valence 107

Moravia 2, 8, 19

Morges Front 302

Morsztyn, Jan Andrzej 169

Moryson, Fynes 103

Mościcki, Ignacy 300, 301, 302, 319

Moscow 129, 138, 139, 143, 153, 330

Movement for the Defence of Human and Civil Rights (ROPCiO) 368, 371, 397

Mrożek, Sławomir 360

Mścisław 149

Murad II, Sultan of Turkey 56

Murat, Marshal Joachim 221

Muravyov, General 245-6

Muscovy 23, 56-7, 80, 104, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 121, 122, 124, 141, 143, 144, 147, 148, 149, 151, 154, 158, 165, 177, 178, 187

museums 203, 229, 309, 338

music 93, 102, 131, 169, 171, 172, 202, 230, 352, 353

Muslims 39, 128

Nagy, Imre 357

Napoleon III, Emperor of the French 240, 242, 245

Napoleon Bonaparte 220, 222-3, 224, 225, 228, 229

Naruszewicz, Adam, Bishop of Smolensk 198, 203

Narutowicz, Gabriel 299

Narva, Battle of 177

Natanson, Jakub 280

National Armed Forces (NSZ) 322-3

National Assembly 45

National Committee 243, 244, 245, 291

National Council 213, 232, 319

National Democratic Party 286, 288, 296, 300-1, 302, 305, 307

National League 286-7

nationalism: German 260 see also Nazism; Lithuanian 282, 400; Polish 279, 284-5, 406; Ukrainian 274, 283, 403

National Theatre 198

Nations, Battle of the (1813) 224

NATO 355, 392, 404

Natolin group 356, 358

navy, Polish 115, 135, 314, 319

Nazi-Soviet partition of Poland, 1939 316-17

Nazism 304, 311, 339, 408

Nencki, Marceli 280

Netherlands 149, 153, 165, 205

New Culture 352

Nicholas I, Tsar of Russia 230-1, 232-3, 235, 238, 240, 283

Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia 274, 286, 287-8, 289

NKVD 324, 333, 342, 400

nobility see szlachta

Non-Party Bloc of Cooperation with the Government (BBWR) 300-1

Non-Party Bloc of Support for Reform 391

Northern War, 1700-21 177-9, 180-1

Norway 23

Novgorod 23, 35

Novosiltsev, Nikolai 227, 228, 231

Nowa Huta 349

NSZ (National Armed Forces) 333

Nullo, Francesco 244

Ochab, Edward 355

October Revolution (1917) 366

Oder river 9, 11, 12, 26

Ogiński, Prince Michał Kazimierz 200-1, 205

oil production 268, 280, 309, 394

Okulicki, General Leopold 332, 333

Oleksy, Józef 391, 392

Oleśnica, Jan of 51

Oleśnicki, Cardinal Zbigniew 44, 51

Oleśnicki family 44, 51, 63

Oliwa, Treaty of (1660) 166

Olszewski, Jan 372, 389, 390

Olszewski, Karol 280

Opalińska, Zofia 143, 169-70

Opaliński, Krzysztof 136, 152

Operation Barbarossa 323

Operation Vistula 343, 400

Orhanizatsiia Ukrainskykh Natsionalistiv (OUN) 304, 341, 342

ORMO (Volunteer Reserve of the Citizens’ Militia) 361, 387

Orsza, Battle of (1514) 111

Orthodox Church 42, 58, 65-6, 127, 131, 138-9, 144, 145, 149, 185, 192, 274

Orzechowski, Stanisław 66, 82, 99

Orzeszkowa, Eliza 278

Osóbka-Morawski, Edward 327, 332-3

Ossolineum 229

Ossoliński, Chancellor Jerzy 129, 130, 143, 144, 145, 152

Ossoliński, Józef 229

Ossoliński, Krzysztof 130

Ostrogski, Hetman 111

Ostrogski, Prince Konstanty 138

Ostrogski family 111, 138

Ostrołęka, Battle of (1831) 239

Ostroróg, Jan 55, 99

Oświęcim 317

Otrepiev, Grishka 121

Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor 3, 4

Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor 4

Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor 5, 11

Ottoman army and culture 170, 175, 249

Otwinowski, Erazm 67, 68

Oxenstierna, Axel 115

OZN (Camp of National Unity) 302

Pacta Conventa 84, 86, 107, 108

Paderewski, Ignacy Jan 290-1, 292, 302, 319

Padua 96, 97, 100, 101, 103

Paine, Thomas 209

painting, Polish 202, 280

Palatines (Wojewoda) 8, 18, 43-4, 45, 89, 118, 121

Palmerston, Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount 239-40

Panufnik, Andrzej 353

Papacy 4, 5, 11-12, 28, 58, 66-7, 69, 121, 216

Paris 32, 53, 54, 107, 152, 180, 185, 190, 206, 207, 209, 210, 213, 219, 224, 234, 236, 237, 238, 245, 247, 248, 255, 276, 291, 292, 293, 294, 305, 319, 367, 399, 402

Paris Commune 248, 276

parliamentary system: class distinctions, sharpens 88; constitution and see constitution; elections see elections; Polish Republic 299-303; Sejm see Sejm; Senate see Senate; szlachta and see szlachta; Third Republic 386, 389, 390-1, 396, 398, 408; under-representation of the towns within 88; veto 87, 181, 186-7, 191, 192, 198, 209

partition, Polish xix; 1772 194-7, 205; 1793 211-13; 1795 216; Nazi-Soviet, 1939 316-17

Pasha, Iskander 142

Paskevich, General Ivan 233, 234-5

Patkul, Johann 176

Patriotic Movement for National Regeneration 377

Patriotic Society, Warsaw 230

Paul I, Tsar of Russia 217

Paul IV, Pope 70

Paul V, Pope 122

Pawłak, Waldemar 391

peasants 16-17; co-operatives 202, 240; councils 89; emancipation 271-2; farmers on szlachta estates 48; free villages (’Dutch settlements’) 50; lack of national consciousness 250; manorial courts and 50; parties 267, 284; People’s Republic 347-8; prevented from moving to towns (1496) 48; property relationship with landowners 48-50, 183-4, 201-2, 251-2, 271-2; under Prussian rule 263; Sejm increases labour-rents (1520) 50; Sejm, representation in 89; szlachta and 48, 94; tenancies, eighteenth-century reform in 201-2

Peasant Commonwealth of Pawłów (1769) 202

Peasant Party 267, 284

People’s Army (AL) 323

People’s Party 284, 319, 396

People’s Republic of Poland: aristocracy 346; art and literature 352-3, 354, 377-8; birth of 336; censorship 352; Citizens’ Militia 333, 361, 365, 374, 376, 387, 385; Communist Party 323, 334, 336, 346-7, 355, 356, 375, 382, 384, 386, 389, 392; criminal justice system 351; economy 347-51, 363, 364-5, 366, 368-9, 370-1, 373-4, 376, 377, 378, 380, 381; education 351-2, 373; ethnic groups within 342-5; family unit 351; industry 349-51; informers 351; peasants in 347-8; Poznań demonstrations (1956) 355-6, 396; press 346; purges 347; religion in 336, 345, 347, 357-8, 362, 378; Sejm 346; Stalin’s death and 354-5; ’thaw’ (1953-59) 354-9; trade unions 351; unrest within 355-7, 361-2, 363-4, 365, 366, 367-9, 371-84

Peter I, ’the Great’, Tsar 176-7, 178, 179, 180

Petliura, Ataman Symon 294

Petrycy, Sebastian 89

Philip II, King of Spain 113

Piast dynasty 3-35, 43, 45, 53, 110, 208, 345

Piattoli, Scipione 208, 209

Pieracki, Colonel Bronisław 304

Piłsudski, Józef, Marshal 285, 286-7, 289, 291, 292, 293, 294, 296, 298, 299, 300-1, 302, 303-4, 305, 310, 311, 391

Pińczów 63

Pińsk 305, 306

Piotrków 31, 45

Pius IX, Pope 256

Plague (1348) (Black Death) 31, 52

Płock 14

Płowce, Battle of (1331) 30

Podolia 158, 163, 184, 235, 295

poetry, Polish 100-2, 131-2, 198, 230, 252-3, 255

Polanie 1, 2, 3, 11

Polesie Defence Group 315

Polish Air Force 314, 319

Polish Brethren 64, 128

Polish Communist Party 323, 334, 336, 355, 346-7, 356, 375, 382, 384, 386, 389, 392

Polish Corridor 312

Polish Democratic Society 236-8, 251-2

Polish Enlightenment 197-203

Polish language 3, 52, 99, 103-4, 105, 218

Polish League 286

Polish Legions 220-2, 224-6, 236, 248-9

Polish Liberation Committee 327

Polish Military Organisation (POW) 290

Polish National Council 213, 232, 319

Polish Navy 39, 115, 135, 314, 319

Polish People’s Party (PSL Piast) 298, 300, 334-5, 391, 394

Polish Republic 297-313; agriculture 308; birth of 297-9; divided between Soviet Union and Germany (1939) 316-17; economy 308-9; education 309-10; elections see elections; ethnic groups within 303-7; foreign policy 311-12; German occupation of 317-18, 320-32, 339-46; Germany invades 312-13, 314-16; Hitler threatens 311-13; identity, problem of 310; independence gained (1918) 291-6, 297; industry 308; inherits divided structures of differing states 307-8; literature and art 310; parliamentary instability within 299-303; size of 303

’Polish Question’ 247-57

Polish Socialist Party (PPS) 284, 285, 286, 287, 288-9, 300, 301, 305, 327, 335, 336

Polish Women’s League 352

Polish Workers’ Party (PPR) 323, 334-5, 336; subsequently Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR)

Polish-Soviet Friendship Society 352

political parties, birth of 284-7, 288-9; see also under individual party name

Polonus, Benedictus 31

Polotsk 111, 112, 139

Poltava, Battle of 178

Pomerania 2, 4, 11, 12, 15, 20, 21, 26, 30, 110, 115, 147, 148, 238, 261, 265, 293, 315, 316, 342

Poniatowski, Józef 211

Poniatowski, Stanisław 190

Poniński, Adam 196

Popieluszko, Father Jerzy 379

population, Polish: fourteenth century 31, 52; fifteenth century 52; seventeenth century 154-5; eighteenth century 201; Commonwealth 92; Congress Kingdom 226; decrease during World War II 339

Posen, Grand Duchy of 226, 238, 239, 260

Positivist Movement 277-80, 281, 286

Possevino, Antonio 112

Potemkin, Prince 204

Potocki, Antoni Protazy 201

Potocki, Feliks 211

Potocki, Franciszek 191

Potocki, Ignacy 205, 206, 208, 213

Potocki, Józef 175

Potocki, Mikołaj 143, 144

Potocki, Stanisław 205, 222, 229, 230

Potocki, Stanisław Rewera 147

Potocki, Stefan 144

Potocki family 119, 160, 181, 200

Poznań 14, 28, 51, 52, 55, 67, 136, 155, 221, 238, 238, 260, 261, 264, 265, 355, 357, 396

Poznań Society of Friends and Learning 229-30, 235

Poznania 237, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 268, 277, 278, 290, 304, 307, 309, 315, 316

PPS (Polish Socialist Party) 284, 285, 286, 287, 288-9, 300, 301, 305, 327, 334-5, 336

Prawda 277-8

Principality of Rus 8

Pripet River 200

Privilege of Cienia (1228) 16

Privilege of Nieszawa (1454) 45

Privy Council (consilium secretum) 44

Protestant Church of Prussia 273, 347

Protestant Union, 1608 115

Protestantism 63-4, 66, 69, 71, 74, 77, 115, 165, 273, 347

Prussia xx, 15, 20, 21, 22-3, 34, 38, 78, 157, 179, 188, 194, 204, 205, 209-10, 211, 213, 215-16, 217, 221, 222, 226, 229, 235, 240, 248, 256, 259-66, 273, 297; Congress Kingdom and 226, 229; Crusades against 21, 23, 38, 39; Ducal 165-6, 167; Franco-Prussian War, 1870 261; Landtag 261; Marienburg 26, 30, 39; partitions of Poland and xix, 194, 195, 196, 212, 216, 259-66; unification of Germany and 261

Przemysł 71, 149

Przemysł II, King of Poland 27

Przypkowski, Samuel 126

Psie Pole, Battle of 12

PSL (Polish People’s Party) 298, 300, 334-5, 391, 394

Pułaski, Józef 193

Pułaski, Kazimierz 193

purges 274, 336, 347, 357-8, 362, 378

PZPR (Polish United Workers’ Party) 335, 375, 382, 384, 386, 389, 392

Quakers 126

Raczkiewicz, President Władysław 319

Raczyński, Edward 229

Radio Free Europe 356, 359

Radio Marya 405

Radom 396

Radziwiłł, Antoni 260

Radziwilłł, Barbara 68-9, 70, 78

Radziwiłł, Janusz 117, 145, 146, 147, 148, 160

Radziwiłł, Karol 171, 173, 191, 193

Radziwiłł, Michał 233

Radziwiłł, Mikołaj Sierotka 74-5

Radziwiłł, Mikołaj, ’the Black’ 79-80, 97, 111, 112

Radziwiłł, Mikołaj, ’the Red’ 79

Radziwiłł family 63, 129, 146, 147, 160, 181, 200

RAF 316, 330

Raków Arian Academy 64, 127, 129

Rakowski, Mieczysław 381, 382-4

Ramorino, General Girolamo 233

Reagan, President Ronald 374, 376, 379

Red Army 295, 305, 323, 326, 327, 328, 331, 333, 334, 344

’Reds’ (1863) 242-3

Reformation 57-77, 82, 104, 106, 110-11, 174

Reichstag 261, 263-4, 297

Rej of Nagłowice, Mikołaj 67-8, 100, 102

religion 4, 5; Act of Union, Orthodox-Catholic 139; Arians see Arians; bishops, power of 5, 44, 60, 83, 118; Calvinism see Calvinism; Catholic Church see Catholic Church; Christianity, Poland adopts 4; Counter-Reformation 57, 74-7, 104, 114, 125-7, 174; Crusades 20-3, 30, 35, 38-40, 48, 52, 62, 103, 110-11, 165, 253, 264; debate of the sixteenth century 59; ecclesiastical courts 46, 67-8, 73; Jews and see Jews ; Lithuania and see Lithuania; monasteries see monasteries; Muslims see Muslims; Orthodox religion see Orthodox Church; pagans 3, 20, 21; Papacy see Papacy; partition 273-4; People’s Republic 345, 347; Polanie 3; Protestantism see Protestantism; Reformation 63-77; religious freedom 76-7, 107-8, 113-14, 117, 130-1, 139-40; Uniate Church 139, 140, 274

Renaissance 85, 94, 96-7, 98, 170

Reszka, Stanisław 102

Reymont, Władysław 281

Ribbentrop, Joachim von 312

Ribbentrop-Molotov pact (1939) 324, 340, 341, 403

Rifleman’s Unions 289

Rokossovsky, Marshal 336, 357

Roman Empire 1, 4, 6, 14, 85, 94

Romania 312, 315, 386

Romanov, Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich 123

Romantic Movement 252-7, 279

Rome 1, 4, 6, 14, 94

Roosevelt, President Franklin D. 325, 326, 327, 330, 331

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 197, 205

Rowecki, General Stefan 325

Royal Castle, Wawel 78, 96, 125, 202, 203, 208, 316

Różewicz, Tadeusz 360

Rügen, island of 12

Russia xviii, xix, 23, 34, 80, 138, 143, 176-7, 179-80, 184, 188, 190, 191, 193, 195, 196, 198, 212, 217, 221, 237, 240, 256; 1794 Polish uprising and 213-16; 1830 uprising and 232-3; 1831 Polish uprising and 232-7, 251, 260; 1848 Polish uprising and 237-8, 250; 1863 Polish uprising and 243-6; Civil War 291-2, 294-5; Confederation of Bar and 193-4; Congress Kingdom and 226, 227-8, 229, 230-1, 241; Convention on Poland (1797) xix; Crimean War 239, 240; Decembrist coup (1825) 230; Halicz, principality of 28, 33; industrial revolution within 271; Jews and 184, 283-4; Kingdom of Poland, Russian 268-75; Moscow, siege of (1618) 129; Napoleon and 221, 222, 224, 225-6; partitions of Poland and xix, 194, 195, 196, 205, 211-13, 217; post-1989 relationship with Poland 399, 400, 403-4; revolution (1905) 287-8; revolution (1917) 291; Russo-Japanese war 287; Tatars and 19-20; Turkey and 204-5, 210, 211; ’Vistula Province’ and 245-6; Vladimir, principality of 28, 33; World War II 316

Russian National Liberation Army (RONA) 329

Russian Social Democratic Party 286

Russo-Japanese war (1904-05) 287

Ruthene boyars 78

Rzewuski, Seweryn 211

Salza, Grand Master Hermann von 22-3

San River 8

Sandomierz 14, 16, 20, 71, 117-18, 121, 129

Sanguszko, Prince Roman 236

Santok 26

Sapieha, Adam Stefan 347

Sapieha, Hetman 168

Sapieha, Jan Piotr 122

Sapieha family 177, 193

Sarbiewski, Maciej Kazimierz 131

Sarmatians 1-2, 47, 94, 95, 96, 164, 170-1, 175, 199, 264

Saxons 2, 176, 181, 191, 196

Saxony 177, 178, 179, 196

Schmidt, Helmut 368

Schönbrunn, Treaty of 222

Schroeder, Gerhard 403

Second Polish Corps 325

Sejm 44, 57, 62, 63, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 76, 79, 80, 82, 83, 86, 88, 89-90, 93, 112, 163; 1496 50; 1555 proposes Church of Poland 68, 70; 1558 debate on death of Zygmunt Augustus 82; 1563 decrees inspection of starosties 73; 1573 Convocation 83, 84, 106-7; 1589 attempt to reinforce religious freedoms 113-14; 1658 discusses parliamentary reform 161; 1703 177; 1703-10, not summoned 180-1; 1712 ’Dumb Sejm’ 179; 1764, Convocation, 191, 192, 200; 1767 192-3; 1773 ratifies treaties of partition 196; 1775 200; 1780 197; 1788, Great 205-6, 207, 251; 1789 appoints commission to prepare a new constitution 206; 1818 228; 1820 228; 1825 228; 1919 297-8; army and 90; birth of 43; broken up by use of veto 181; combines with Sejm of Lithuania, 1569 80; Confederation of Warsaw (1573) and 76, 83, 84, 106-7, 113, 117, 130, 139; Congress Kingdom 226-7, 228; court of appeal function, assumes Supreme (1578) 89; debate on influence of Church in society 62; decisions published in Polish not Latin, 1543 103; degree of representation 47; election of monarch (Election Sejm) (1573) 83-4; election of monarch (1493) 45; election of monarch (1501) 46; election of monarch, Commonwealth method of 80, 82-5; foreign policy, public opinion affects 89-90; labour-rent, increases (1520) 50; loses control over foreign affairs 115-16; morbus comitialis 158; Nihil novi, passes 46; peasant representat ion in 89; People’s Republic 346; Permanent Council, abolishes (1789) 206; prevents peasants from moving to towns 50; Protestants within 63; regional viewpoints obstruct national legislation 158; szlachta dominate 47; takes over all legislative functions 47; taxation 156, 206; Third Republic 386, 389, 390-1; towns, under-representation of in 88-9

sejmik courts 46

sejmiks 45, 46, 67, 87, 187, 191, 197

Self-Defence (Samoobrona) 390, 394, 395, 396

Senate 45, 62, 63, 73, 80, 82, 106, 117, 118, 144, 149, 157, 168, 229, 298, 299

Senatus Consulta 157, 186, 187, 188

Serbia 400

Shah of Iran 368

Shakespeare, William 131

shipyard workers 363-4, 371

Shuisky, Dmitry 123

Shuisky, Ivan 112

Shuisky, Tsar Vasily 112, 122-3

Siberia 154, 246, 251, 285, 316

Sich, Cossack headquarters 140, 141-2

Siciński, Władysław 160

Sieniawska, Urszula 172

Sieniawska, Zofia 181, 182

Sieniawski, Adam Mikołaj 182

Sienieński, Jan 127

Sienkiewiczk, Henryk 278, 290

Sigismund, John, Elector of Brandenburg 166

Sigismund of Luxembourg 37

Sigismund Vasa, Prince of Sweden 112, 113

Sikorski, Radosław 396

Sikorski, General Władysław 289, 299, 302, 319, 324, 325

Silesia 2, 11, 16, 17, 19, 26, 28, 30, 34, 110, 113, 148, 238, 265, 293, 307, 312, 316, 357, 362

Siwiec, Ryszard 363

Skallon, Georgii 288

Skarga, Piotr 74, 75, 139

Skłodowska-Curie, Maria 280

Skrzynecki, General Jan 233, 234

Skubiszewski, Krzysztof 385, 399, 400

Sławek, Walery 301

Słowacki, Juliusz 255, 257, 352

Slavs 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 21, 26, 42, 58, 94, 110, 251

Slenzanie 2, 5

Slovakia 1, 400

Śmigły-Rydz, Edward 301, 302

Smolensk 80, 122, 123-4

Sobieski, Jakub 131, 175-6

Sobieski, Hetman Jan 162, 163-4, 169, 171; see also Jan III, King

Sobieski, Marek 117

Sobieski family 98, 172

Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland (SDKP) 284

Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL) 284

Social Democratic Party of Poland (SdRP) 386, 389

Society for National Education 286

Society for Scientific Assistance, Poznań 277

Society of Friends of Learning 206-7

Solidarity (Solidarność) xviii, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 380, 381, 390, 391, 392, 393, 397

Somo Sierra, charge of (1808) 225

Sosnkowski, General Kazimierz 289, 325

Soviet Union: disintegration of xx, 379-84, 385-6; Nazi-Soviet partition of Poland (1939) 316-17; negotiations over Poland (1943) 325-7, 332-3; non-aggression pact with Poland (1932) 311; occupation of Poland post-1944 332-7, 338, 339, 342-53, 354-83; Polish frontier 325, 326; Politburo 372, 376-7; Stalin and see Stalin, Joseph; Ukraine and 304; Warsaw Pact and 355; World War II 311-12, 316, 323-5

Sozzini, Fausto 64, 75, 127

Spain 113, 153, 248, 249

Spree, River 26

’Springtime of the Nations’ (1848) 237-9, 250, 276

Stadion, Count 266

Stadnicka, Maryanna 172

Stalin, Joseph 256, 274, 304, 312, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 330, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 342, 343, 354, 355, 356, 357, 378, 401, 403

Stalingrad, Battle of 325, 329, 341

Stalinogród 354

Stanisław I, King of Poland 177-8, 180, 190

Stanisław II Augustus, King of Poland 191, 198, 202, 204, 205, 206, 208-9, 211-13, 215, 216-17, 222, 224, 230

Stanisław, Bishop of Kraków 12, 27

Stanisław of Skarbimierz 86

Stargard 26

starosties 44, 46, 72-3, 90, 97, 118-19, 156

Starosty of Bełz 83, 97

Staszic, Stanisław 206-7, 217, 269

State Economic Planning Commission 348

Statute of Kalisz (1264) 17

Statute of Košice (1374) 35

Statute of Piotrków 32

Statute of Wiślica 32

Stephen (Bathory), King of Poland 106, 109-10, 111-12, 127, 133

Stojeński, Piotr 99

Stoss, Viet 52

strikes 262, 267, 302, 309, 311, 336, 363-4, 365, 371, 374, 376, 377, 380, 381, 390, 393

Stroop, SS Brigadeführer Jurgen 324

Students’ Solidarity Committee, Kraków 368

Suchocka, Hanna 390, 391

Suleiman ’the Magnificent’ 56

Svatopolk, Prince 8

Svidrigaila, Grand Duke 40

Sweden 4, 23, 30, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 128, 135, 147-9, 154, 155, 157, 160-1, 163, 165, 166, 167, 176, 177, 178, 204, 205

Swedish war (1655) 128

Światło, Colonel Józef 354, 355

Świętochowski, Aleksander 277

Sylvester I, Pope 5

Synod of Łęczyca (1285) 27

Szaniawski, Józef Kalasanty 229

Szczecin 26, 110, 357, 363, 371

Szczekociny, Battle of 215

Szkoła Rycerska 191

szlachta (gentry) 16, 45, 47, 56, 58, 60, 62, 63, 67, 71, 75-6, 78-9, 80, 84, 88, 90, 93, 94, 95, 96, 148, 157; adopt Lithuanians as brothers in chivalry 40; Calvinism and 63; Catholic Church, relationship with 62; characteristics of 47, 94-5; clothing 94-5; Commonwealth 88, 90, 93-6; constitution and 78, 79, 186; culture and outlook 94; deprived of legal immunities and political prerogatives (1776) 197; election of monarch and 82, 83; estates 48; foreign travel 96; government by consensus, principle established 43; hospitality 95; land ownership 50-1, 182-4; Latin and 104; law forbidding engagement in commerce 200; levée en masse, wish to perpetuate idea of 90; origins of 47; peasantry and 94, 271-2; promotes economic interest by political means 50; Reformation and 63, 67, 71; regulates admission to its own ranks 88; revolutionary tendencies 250-1; Roman civilisation, reverence for 94; Sarmatian myth and 94, 96; Sejm and 43, 47, 107; 1791 constitution and 211; sixteenth century 78-9, 88, 90, 94-5, 95-6; starosties enrage 73; taxation 206; trade and 48; in Ukraine 140; wealth of 95-6

Szymborska, Wisława 407

Szymonowicz, Szymon 101-2

Talmudic academy, Lublin 65

Tarnów, Jan of 51

Tarnowski, Jan Amor 51, 67

Tarnowski, Jan Amor, Hetman 132

Tarnowski family 51, 119

TASS 372-3, 375

Tasso, Torquato 102, 104, 169

Tatars 19-20, 22, 27, 34, 35, 38, 39, 57, 58, 78, 90, 104, 105, 131, 132, 135, 141, 143, 144, 145, 148, 154, 158, 162, 163, 164, 165, 170, 171

taxation 67, 72, 73, 117, 155, 156, 206

Tehran Conference (1943) 326

Tempest plan 326-7, 332

Templars 21-2, 23-6, 30, 34-5, 38-40, 48, 52, 62, 103, 110-11, 165, 253, 264

Tenczyński family 119

Tepper, Piotr Fergusson 201

Terlecki, Cyryl, Bishop of Łuck 138-9

Teutonic Knights 21-2, 23-6, 30, 34-5, 38-40, 48, 52, 62, 103, 110-11, 165, 253, 264

textile industry 201, 269-70, 309

Thatcher, Margaret 376

theatre, Polish 198, 278

Third Republic: birth of 384, 385; elections 382, 386, 388, 389, 390-3, 394-5, 396, 397, 404-7, 408; European Union and 385, 392, 393, 401, 402, 404, 405, 408; flaws in mechanisms of democracy 396-8; former areas of Commonwealth, approach to 399-400; foreign policy 398-404; former communists, influence within 386-7, 389-90, 391-2, 393-4, 397-8; Germany, relations with 401-2, 403; informers/former communists, approach towards 390, 391, 395, 407; Iraq War, role in 402; Jews within 401; literature and art 406-7; NATO and 392, 402, 404; organised crime 392, 394; police force 259, 385, 386, 408; privatisation 391-2; Russia, relations with 389, 399, 400, 403-4; Sejm 386, 389, 390-1, 396, 398, 408; Wałęesa government 388-9, 390-1

Thirty Years’ War 115, 136, 165, 166

Toruń 51, 89, 103, 139, 155, 192

Toruń, Treaty of (1466) 39

towns and cities: ethnic groups within 17, 51-2; growth of 14, 17, 51, 201; Jewish communities within 93; languages within 52; populations of 51, 155; private towns put pressure on 155; Sejm, representation in 88, 89, 155; separation from rest of country 17; taxation 155; see also under individual town and city name

trade unions 336, 351; see also Solidarity

Traugutt, Romuald 245

Trawiński, Florian 276

Treaty of Bautzen (1018) 8

Treaty of Pereiaslav (1654) 147

Trentowski, Bronisław 254

Troki 55, 58

Trzciana, Battle of (1629) 135

Tudor, Mary 69, 74

Tukhachevsky, Mikhail 295, 296

Tusk, Donald 394-5, 396

Turkey 42, 56, 57, 60, 94, 104-5, 131, 132, 135, 140, 141, 142, 143, 146, 152, 153, 158, 163, 164, 165, 167, 168, 170-1, 178, 193, 204-5, 210, 211, 247, 249

Tygodnik Powszechny 358-9

Tymiński, Stan 388

Tyniec 14

Tyszkiewicz, Samuel 122

Tyzenhaus, Antoni 201

UB (Urząd Bezpieczeństwa) 333, 334, 344, 351, 354

Uchański, Bishop 66

Ugedey, Khan 19

Ukraine xviii, 80, 120, 132, 136-46, 149, 151, 162, 178, 187, 193, 245, 266, 268, 274, 282-3, 292, 294, 295, 299, 303-4, 310, 339, 340, 341, 342-3, 389, 399, 400, 402, 403, 404

Ukrayinska Povstanska Armiya (UPA) 341, 342, 343

Ulyanov, Alexander 285

Umiński, Colonel 224

UNDO 304, 341

Uniate Church 139, 140, 274

Union of Active Struggle 289

Union of Brześć, 1596 139, 140

Union of Freedom (UW) 393

Union of Hadziacz (1658) 149

Union of Lublin (1569) 80, 130, 136

Union of Polish Patriots 327

Union of Polish Youth (ZMP) 352

United Nations 357

United States 249, 263, 267, 291, 325, 330, 356, 402, 404

universities 32, 96, 97, 100-1, 103, 127-8, 197, 203, 229, 230, 235, 252, 306, 309, 358, 359, 361

University of Lwów 306

University of Padua 96, 97, 100, 101, 103

University of Warsaw 203, 235, 309, 361

University of Wilno 229, 230, 235, 252

University of Zamość 97, 127

Urban, Jerzy 391

Uzbekistan 324

Vaclav II, King of Bohemia and Poland 26

Varna, Battle of (1444) 42, 55, 56

Vasily III, Tsar 111

Vatican 111, 236; see also Papacy

Venice, Republic of 52

Verdum 172

Versailles settlement (1918) 311

Vienna 135, 168, 225, 239

Vikings 1, 2

Vislanie 2

Vistula river 2, 5, 14, 31, 47-8, 64, 194, 196, 200, 210, 220, 245-6, 315, 328, 329

Volhynia 236, 295, 341, 399, 400

Voltaire 65, 180, 197

Vyšehrad group 401

Vytautas, Grand Duke 38, 40

Wajda, Andrzej 360, 407

Wałęsa, Lech 371, 372, 375, 378, 380, 381, 384, 388-9, 390, 391, 392, 393, 400, 403

Walentynowicz, Anna 371

War of the Polish Succession 180

War of the Spanish Succession 179

Warmia (Ermland) 39, 61, 103, 198

Warsaw 107, 117, 143, 146, 186; Academy of Arts 203; Academy of Sciences 203; architecture 52, 202, 230; arts in 278, 310; Battle of (1656) 149; Castle 163, 166; Cathedral 109; City Committee 242, 243, 321; civic buildings 202; Duchy of 221-2, 224, 229; fall of (1939) 320; French Revolution, effect of within 210; ghettos 318, 324; industry in 270; Insurrect ion (1794) 213; Jews in 306, 318, 324; library, public reference 190; metallurgical industry 271; musical centre 202; Patriotic Society 230, 251; Polytechnic 235; population numbers 155, 201; Red Army in 295; Royal Mint 200; Stanisław Augustus abducted in 193; theatres in 278; Treaty of 179-80; University 203, 235, 309, 361; World War II 315

Warsaw Main School 275, 279

Warsaw Pact 355, 384, 389

Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra 353

Warsaw Uprising (1945) 330-2, 373, 403

Warta river 200

Waryński, Ludwik 284

Wawrzecki, Tomasz 216

Wehrmacht 313, 316, 318, 326

West Germany 355

Western Gubernias 274, 285, 305

White Mountain, Battle of the (1620) 115

Wieliczka 31

Wielkopolska (Greater Poland) 11, 16, 19, 27, 31, 43, 45, 62, 92, 100, 120, 147, 154, 158, 183, 212, 215, 260

Wielopolski, Aleksander 241, 243

Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany 264

Wilhelm of Habsburg 37, 39

Willis, Nathan Parker 234

Wilno 55, 58, 60, 104, 111, 125, 127, 128, 138, 155, 160, 177, 197, 214, 224, 228, 229, 230, 235, 252, 282, 286, 292, 296, 309, 327

Wilson, President Woodrow 291

Wincenty of Kielce 27

Wiśniowiecki, Prince Jarema Michał 138, 140, 162

Wiśniowiecki, Prince Konstanty 121, 144, 145

Wiśniowiecki, Michał Korybut 162, 163

Witos, Wincenty 298, 299, 300, 302

Władysław I, ’the Short’, King of Poland 28, 29, 30, 43, 310

Władysław, Herman, Prince of Poland 12

Władysław II Jagiello, King of Poland 37, 38, 39-40, 42, 44, 54-5, 190

Władysław III, King of Poland and Hungary 42, 44, 56

Władysław IV (Vasa), King of Poland 116, 123, 124, 131, 136, 142, 143, 144, 146, 152, 156, 166

Władysław, Duke of Wielkopolska 12, 14, 16

Władysław, King of Bohemia and Hungary 42, 110

Włodkowic, Paweł 40, 85-6

Wojciechowski, President Stanisław 299, 300

Wola, Warsaw 83

Wolski, Piotr 109

Worcell, Stanisław 252

Workers’ Defence Committee (KOR) 367-8, 371, 397

Workers’ Union 288

World Bank 404

World War I xx, 289-93, 308

World War II xvii, 313, 314-32, 338-44, 373, 375, 399

Writers’ Union 352

Wróblewski, Zygmunt 280

Wrocław 5, 12, 14, 26

Wujek mine, Silesia 376

Wybicki, Józef 197, 206, 219, 220

Wycliffe, John 40

Wyhowski, Jan 149

Wyszyński, Cardinal Stefan 347, 357, 368

Yalta Conference (1945) 332, 402

Yaqub, Ibrahim Ibn 3

Yegorov, Aleksandr 295

Young Italy 236

Yushchenko, Viktor 403

Zajączek, General Józef 220, 227

Załuski, Bishop Andrzej 189-90

Załuski, Józef 190

Zamość 96-8, 127, 148

Zamoyski, Andrzej 240, 241, 242-3

Zamoyski, Andrzej, Chancellor 196, 197, 201-2

Zamoyski, Jan 83, 97, 98, 109, 112, 113, 114, 117, 138, 192

Zamoyski, Stanisław 229

Zamoyski, Tomasz 105

Zamoyski family 83, 97, 98, 109, 112, 113, 114, 117, 138, 160

Zaolzie 312

Zapolska, Gabriela 278

Zaporozhian Army 140, 141-2, 144

Zbaraski, Prince Krzysztof 138, 152

Zborów, Battle of (1649) 145

Zborowski, Hetman Jan 108

Zebrzydowski, Mikołaj 117, 129, 161

Żegota 322

Żeromski, Stefan 280

Zevi, Shabbetai 185

Złotoryia 19

zloty 377, 405

Znak 358-9

Żółkiew 98

Żółkiewski, Field-Hetman Stanisław 117, 118, 123, 132, 134, 142, 163

Żółkiewski family 98

ZOMO (Motorised Units of the Citizens’ Militia) 365, 374, 376

ZSL (United People’s Party) 336

Zygmunt I, ’the Old’, King of Poland 57, 66, 68, 79, 89, 96, 110, 111

Zygmunt II Augustus, King of Poland 60, 68-9, 70, 76, 78, 79, 82, 97, 99, 106, 113, 135

Zygmunt III (Vasa), King of Poland 112-19, 121, 122, 123-4, 128, 131, 135, 136, 156, 165, 166