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1

Библейские цитаты в русском тексте обычно даются по Синодальному переводу. В отдельных местах в перевод внесены изменения, отражающие понимание текста К. Армстронг. – Прим. пер.

2

Значение глагола religio – «связывать», и римляне исталковывали religio как связь между людьми и богами. – Прим. ред.

3

В авестийском языке санскритские «дэвы» стали «дайвами».

4

Нарамсин (Наран-Суэн) не сын, а внук Саргона. – Прим. ред.

5

Асура – санскритский аналог авестийского понятия «ахура» («владыка»).

1

Лев. 16:21–22

2

René Girard, Violence and the Sacred, trans. Patrick Gregory (Baltimore, 1977), p. 251 (Жирар Р. Насилие и священное. – М.: НЛО, 2010.)

3

Stanislav Andreski, Military Organization in Society (London, 1968); Robert L. O’Connell, Ride of the Second Horseman: The Birth and Death of War (New York and Oxford, 1995), pp. 6–13, 106–10,128–29; O’Connell, Of Arms and Men: A History of War, Weapons and Aggression (New York and Oxford, 1989), pp. 22–25; John Keegan, A History of Warfare (London, 1993), pp. 223–29; Bruce Lincoln, ‘War and Warriors: An Overview’, in Death, War and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology and Practice (Chicago and London, 1991), pp. 138–40; Johan Huizinga, Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture (Boston, 1955 ed.), pp. 89–104 (Хейзинга Й. Homo Ludens. Человек играющий. – СПб.: Издательство Ивана Лимбаха, 2015.); Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2001), p. 90; Malise Ruthven, A Fury for God: The Islamist Attack on America (London, 2002), p. 101; James A. Aho, Religious Mythology and the Art of War: Comparative Religious Symbolisms of Military Violence (Westport, Conn., 1981), pp. xi – xiii, 4–35; Richard English, Terrorism: How to Respond (Oxford and New York, 2009), pp. 27–55

4

Thomas A. Indinopulos & Bryan C. Wilson, eds, What is Religion? Origins, Definitions and Explanations (Leiden, 1998); Wilfred Cantwell Smith, The Meaning and End of Religion: A New Approach to the Religious Traditions of Mankind (New York, 1962); Talal Asad, ‘The Construction of Religion as an Anthropological Category’, in Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam (Baltimore, 1993); Derek Peterson & Darren Walhof, eds, The Invention of Religion: Rethinking Belief in Politics and History (New Brunswick, NJ, & London, 2002); Timothy Fitzgerald, ed., Religion and the Secular: Historical and Colonial Formations (London & Oakville, 2007); Arthur L. Greil & David G. Bromley, eds., Defining Religion: Investigating the Boundaries between the Sacred and Secular (Oxford, 2003); Daniel Dubuisson, The Western Construction of Religion: Myths, Knowledge and Ideology, trans. William Sayers (Baltimore, 1998); William T. Cavanaugh, The Myth of Religious Violence (Oxford, 2009)

5

Dubuisson, Western Construction of Religion, p. 168

6

H. J. Rose, ‘Religion, terms relating to’, in M. Carey, ed., The Oxford Classical Dictionary (Oxford, 1949)

7

Smith, Meaning and End of Religion, pp. 50–68

8

Louis Jacobs, ed., The Jewish Religion: A Companion (Oxford, 1995), p. 418

9

Smith, Meaning and End of Religion, pp. 23–25

10

Ibid., pp. 29–31

11

Ibid., p. 33

12

Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, pp. 72–85

13

Mircea Eliade, The Myth of Eternal Return, Or, Cosmos and History, trans. Willard R. Trask (Princeton, NJ, 1991 ed.), pp. 1–34. (Элиаде М. Миф о вечном возвращении. – М.: Ладомир, 2000.)

14

Ibid., pp. 32–34; Karl Jaspers, The Origin and Goal of History, trans. Michael Bullock (London, 1953), p. 40. (Ясперс К. Смысл и назначение истории. – М.: Республика, 1994.)

15

Paul Gilbert, The Compassionate Mind: A New Approach to Life’s Challenges (London, 2009).

16

P. Broca, ‘Anatomie compare des circonvolutions cérébrales: le grand lobe limbique’, Revue anthropologie, 1, 1868

17

Gilbert, Compassionate Mind, pp. 170–71

18

Mencius, The Book of Mencius, 2A. 6. (Мэн-цзы. – СПб.: Петербургское востоковедение, 1999.)

19

Walter Burkert, Homo Necans: The Anthropology of Greek Sacrificial Ritual, trans. Peter Bing (Berkeley, Los Angeles & London, 1983), pp. 16–22

20

Mircea Eliade, A History of Religious Ideas, 3 vols, trans. Willard R. Trask (Chicago & London, 1978, 1982, 1985), 1, pp. 7–8, 24 (Элиаде М. История веры и религиозных идей. – М.: Академический проект, 2014.); Joseph Campbell, Historical Atlas of World Mythologies, 2 vols (New York, 1988), 1, pp. 48–49; Campbell, & Bill Moyers, The Power of Myth (New York, 1988), pp. 70–72, 85–87

21

André Leroi-Gourhan, Treasures of Prehistoric Art (New York, n. d.), p. 112

22

Jill Cook, The Swimming Reindeer (London, 2010)

23

Neil MacGregor, A History of the World in 100 Objects (London, 2001), p. 22. (Макгрегор. История мира в 100 предметах. – М.: Эксмо, 2012.)

24

Ibid., p. 24

25

J. Ortega y Gasset, Meditations on Hunting (New York, 1985), p. 3

26

Walter Burkert, Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1980), pp. 54–56; Burkert, Homo Necans, pp. 42–45

27

O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, p. 33

28

Chris Hedges, War is a Force That Gives Us Meaning (New York, 2003 ed.), p. 10

29

Theodore Nadelson, Trained to Kill: Soldiers at War (Baltimore, 2005), p. 64

30

Ibid., pp. 68–69

31

Hedges, War is a Force, p. 3

32

I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Human Ethology (New York, 1989), p. 405

33

Lt. Col. Dave Grossman, On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society, rev. ed. (New York, 2009), pp. 3–4

34

Joanna Bourke, An Intimate History of Killing: Face to Face Killing in Twentieth- Century Warfare (New York, 1999), p. 67

35

Peter Jay, Road to Riches or The Wealth of Man (London, 2000), pp. 35–36

36

K. J. Wenke, Patterns of Prehistory: Humankind’s First Three Million Years (New York, 1961), p. 130; John Keegan, A History of Warfare (London, 1993), pp. 120–21; O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, p. 35

37

M. H. Fried, The Evolution of Political Society: An Essay in Political Anthropology (New York, 1967), pp. 101–02; C. McCalley, ‘Conference Archives’, in J. Harris, ed., The Anthropology of War (Cambridge, UK, 1990), p. 11

38

Lenski, Power and Privilege: A Theory of Social Stratification (Chapel Hill and London, 1966), pp. 189–90

39

O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 57–58

40

J. L. Angel, ‘Paleoecology, Pleodeography and Health’, in S. Polgar, ed., Population, Ecology and Social Evolution (The Hague, 1975); David Rindos, The Origins of Agriculture: An Evolutionary Perspective (Orlando, Fla., 1984), pp. 186–87

41

E. O. James, The Ancient Gods: The History and Diffusion of Religion in the Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean (London, 1960), p. 89; S. H. Hooke, Middle Eastern Mythology: From the Assyrians to the Hebrews (Harmondsworth, UK, 1963), p. 83

42

K. W. Kenyon, Digging up Jericho: The Results of the Jericho Excavations, 1953–1956 (New York, 1957)

43

Jacob Bronowski, The Ascent of Man (Boston, 1973), pp. 86–88; J. Mellaert, ‘Early Urban Communities in the Near East, 9000 to 3400 BCE’, in P. Mooney, ed., The Origins of Civilization (Oxford, 1979), pp. 22–25; P. Dorell, ‘The Uniqueness of Jericho’, in R. Morrey & P. Parr, eds, Archaeology in the Levant: Essays for Kathleen Kenyon (Warminster, UK, 1978)

44

Robert Eisen, The Peace and Violence of Judaism: From the Bible to Modern Zionism (Oxford, 2011), p. 12

45

World Council of Churches, Violence, Nonviolence, and the Struggle for Social Justice (Geneva, 1972), p. 6

46

Gerhard E. Lenski, Power and Privilege, pp. 105–14; O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, p. 28; E. O. Wilson, On Human Nature (Cambridge, Mass., 1978), p. 140; M. Ehrenburg, Women in Prehistory (London, 1989), p. 38

47

A. R. Radcliffe, The Andaman Islanders (New York, 1948), p. 43

48

Ibid., p. 177

49

John H. Kautsky, The Politics of the Aristocratic Empire, 2nd ed. (New Brunswick and London, 1997), p. 374

50

Ibid., p. 177

51

Keegan, History of Warfare, pp. 384–86; John Haldon, Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World (London and New York, 2005), pp. 10–11

52

Bruce Lincoln, ‘The Role of Religion in Achmenean Imperialism’, in Nicole Brisch, ed., Religion and Power: Divine Kingship in the Ancient World and Beyond (Chicago, 2008)

53

Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence

54

Эпос о Гильгамеше, 1.2.26. Здесь и далее, за исключением оговоренных случаев, см.: английский перевод: Stephen Mitchell, trans., The Epic of Gilgamesh: A New English Version (New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, 2004). [Здесь и далее перевод И. Дьяконова. Цит. по изд.: Эпос о Гильгамеше («О все видавшем»). – СПб.: Наука, 2006. – Прим. пер.]

55

Ibid., 1.1.16–18

56

Ibid., 1.2.8–10

57

Древнейшие из сохранившихся текстов относятся к концу III тыс. до н. э. Старовавилонский эпос соединяет их в одном произведении (ок. 1700 г. до н. э.). Поэма Син-Леке (ок. 1200 г. до н. э.) представляет стандартный вариант, на котором основано большинство современных переводов

58

Эпос о Гильгамеше, 1.2.23. см.: перевод Митчелла и поправки в: Andrew George, trans., The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian Epic Poem in Akkadian and Sumerian (London, 1999)

59

George, Epic of Gilgamesh, p. xlvi

60

John Keegan, A History of Warfare (London, 1993), pp. 126–30; Robert L. O’Connell, Ride of the Second Horseman: The Birth and Death of War (New York and Oxford, 1995), pp. 88–89

61

R. M. Adams, Heartlands of Cities: Surveys of Ancient Settlements and Land Use on the Central Floodplains of the Euphrates (Chicago, 1981), pp. 60, 244; William H. McNeill, Plagues and People (London, 1994), p. 47

62

McNeill, Plagues and People, pp. 54–55

63

Gerhard E. Lenski, Power and Privilege: A Theory of Social Stratification (Chapel Hill and London, 1966), p. 228

64

A. L. Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization (Chicago, 1977), pp. 82–83; O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 93–95

65

Samuel N. Kramer, Sumerian Mythology: A Study of the Spiritual and Literary Achievement of the Third Millennium BC (Philadelphia, 1944), p. 118. [Цит. по изд.: Крамер С. История начинается в Шумере. – М.: Наука, 1965. – Прим. пер.]

66

Ibid., с. 145. [Цит. по изд.: Крамер С. История начинается в Шумере. – М.: Наука, 1965. – Прим. пер.]

67

Gottwald, The Politics of Ancient Israel (Louisville, 2001), pp. 118–19

68

O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 91–92

69

Georges Dumézil, The Destiny of the Warrior, trans. Alf Hiltebeitel (Chicago and London, 1969), p. 3

70

Thorkild Jacobsen, ‘The Cosmos as State’, in H. and H. A. Frankfort, eds, The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man: An Essay on Speculative Thought in the Ancient Near East (Chicago, 1946), pp. 148–51

71

Эпос о Гильгамеше, 1.2.1

72

Более подробно об этом см.: мою книгу: Армстронг К. Краткая история мифа. – М.: Открытый мир, 2005.

73

Jacobsen, ‘Cosmos as State’, pp. 145–48; 186–97; George, Epic of Gilgamesh, pp. xxxvii – xxxviii

74

Jacobsen, ‘Cosmos as State’, pp. 186–91; Tammi J. Schneider, An Introduction to Ancient Mesopotamian Religion (Grand Rapids, Mich. & Cambridge, UK, 2011), pp. 66–79; George, Epic of Gilgamesh, pp. xxxviii – xxxix

75

Schneider, Introduction, p. 5; Jacobsen, ‘Cosmos as State’ p. 203

76

John Kautsky, The Politics of Aristocratic Empire, 2nd. ed., pp. 15–16; 107

77

Thomas Merton, Faith and Violence (Notre Dame, Ind., 1968), pp. 7–8

78

Walter Benjamin, ‘Theses on the Philosophy of History’, in Illuminations (London, 1999), p. 248

79

Max Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, trans. A. M. Henderson & Talcott Parsons (New York, 1947), pp. 341–48

80

Эпос о Гильгамеше, 1.2.24–26

81

Сказание об Атрахасисе, 1.1. Здесь и далее см.: английский перевод в: Stephanie Dalley, Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others (Oxford and New York, 1989), p. 10. [Здесь и далее перевод В. Афанасьевой. Цит. по изд.: Я открою тебе сокровенное слово: литература Вавилонии и Ассирии / Сост. В. Афанасьева и И. Дьяконова. – М.: Художественная литература, 1981. – Прим. пер.]

82

Ibid., 1.38–39

83

Ibid., 1.146–149

84

Ibid., 1.177–179

85

Ibid., 1.180

86

Ibid. 2.5.16–18. (Армстронг соединяет два эпизода – чумы и голода: по наступленье третьего года черты людей исказил голод. По наступленье четвертого года короткими стали их длинные ноги. – Прим. пер.)

87

Ibid., 3.7

88

W. G. Lambert & A. R. Millard, Atra-Hasis: The Babylonian Story of the Flood (Oxford, 1969), pp. 31–39.

89

Schneider, Ancient Mesopotamian Religion, p. 45

90

Keegan, History of Warfare, p. 128

91

Эпос о Гильгамеше, 3.26–27 (старовавилонская версия)

92

Ibid., 1.4.47.–1.5.3

93

Ibid., 3.1.19–20 (старовавилонская версия)

94

O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 96–97

95

A. L. Oppenheimer, ‘Trade in the Ancient Near East’, International Congress of Economic History, 5, 1976

96

Kautsky, Politics of Aristocratic Empires, p. 178

97

Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions (Boston, 1973), pp. 41, 45; выделено мной. (Веблен Т. Теория праздного класса. – М.: Либроком, 2015.)

98

Ibid., p. 30

99

Эпос о Гильгамеше, 3.3.5–7 (старовавилонская версия)

100

Kautsky, Politics of Aristocratic Empires, pp. 170–72, 346

101

Эпос о Гильгамеше, 3.4.10, 13–15 (старовавилонская версия)

102

Ibid., 3.4.6–8, 23–25

103

Ibid., 3.2.10

104

Chris Hedges, War is a Force That Gives Us Meaning (New York, 2003), p. 21

105

Эпос о Гильгамеше, 5.31–32 (старовавилонская версия)

106

Ibid., 7.303–305

107

R. Cribb, Nomads and Archaeology (Cambridge, UK, 1999), pp. 18, 136, 215

108

O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 67–68

109

K. C. Chang, The Archaeology of Ancient China (New Haven, 1968), pp. 152–54

110

O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 77–78

111

Ibid.

112

Тацит. О происхождении германцев и местоположении Германии, 14 [Перевод А. Бобович. Цит. по изд.: Тацит К. Сочинения в двух томах. Т. 1. Анналы. Малые произведения. – Л.: Наука, 1969. – Прим. пер.]. см.: Kautsky, Politics of Aristocratic Empires, p. 178

113

Veblen, Theory of the Leisure Class, p. 45

114

Bruce Lincoln, ‘Indo-European Religions: An Introduction’, in Death, War and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology and Practice (Chicago and London, 1991), pp. 1–10

115

Mary Boyce, ‘Priests, Cattle and Men’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 1988, pp. 508–26.

116

См., напр., зороастрийский богослужебный текст Ясна 30:7c; 32; 49: 4b; 50: 7a; 30: 106; 44: 4d; 51:96; Bruce Lincoln, ‘Warriors and Non-Herdsmen: A Response to Mary Boyce’, in Death, War and Sacrifice, pp. 147–60

117

Lincoln, ‘Indo-European Religions’, pp. 10–13

118

Ibid., p. 12

119

Bruce Lincoln, ‘War and Warriors: An Overview’, in Death, War and Sacrifice, pp. 138–40

120

Гомер, Илиада XII 310–315. см.: английский перевод: Richard Lattimore, The Iliad of Homer (Chicago and London, 1951). [Перевод Н. Гнедича. Здесь и далее цит. по: Гомер. Илиада. – М.: Правда, 1984. – Прим. пер.]

121

Lincoln, ‘War and Warriors’, p. 143

122

Georges Dumézil, The Destiny of the Warrior, trans. Alf Hiltebeitel (Chicago and London, 1969), pp. 64–74

123

Илиада ХХ 490–494

124

Илиада ХХ: 495–503; Seth L. Schein, The Mortal Hero: An Introduction to Homer’s Iliad (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London), pp. 145–46

125

Lincoln, ‘Indo-European Religions’, p. 4

126

Dumézil, Destiny of the Warrior, pp. 106–07

127

Илиада IV 482–488

128

Одиссея XI 488–491. см.: английский перевод в: Walter Shewring, Homer: The Odyssey (Oxford and New York, 1980). [Перевод В. Жуковского. Цит. по: Гомер. Илиада, Одиссея. – М.: Художественная литература, 1967. – Прим. пер.]

129

James Mellaart, The Neolithic of the Near East (London, 1975), pp. 119, 167, 206–07; O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 74–81

130

J. N. Postgate, Early Mesopotamia: Society and Economy at the Dawn of History (London, 1992), p. 251.

131

O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 132–42

132

Keegan, History of Warfare, pp. 130–31

133

John Romer, People of the Nile: Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt (New York, 1982), p. 115

134

Keegan, History of Warfare, pp. 133–35

135

Yigal Yadin, The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands, 2 vols (New York, 1963), I, pp. 134–35; Robert Adams, The Evolution of Urban Society: Early Mesopotamia and Prehispanic Mexico (Chicago, 1966), p. 149

136

Kramer, Sumerian Mythology, p. 123

137

Ibid., p. 120

138

Kautsky, Politics of Aristocratic Empires, p. 108; ср. Carlo M. Cipolla, Before the Industrial Revolution: European Society and Economy, 1000–1700 (New York, 1976), pp. 129–30, 151

139

Robert L. O’Connell, Of Arms and Men: A History of War: Weapons and Aggression (New York, p. 38); Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 100–01; William H. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force and Society since AD 1000 (Chicago, 1982), pp. 2–3; Schneider, Ancient Mesopotamian Religion, pp. 22–23; A. L. Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia, pp. 153–54; Gwendolyn Leick, Mesopotamia: The Invention of the City (London, 2001), pp. 85–108

140

Joseph A. Schumpeter, Imperialism and Social Classes: Two Essays (New York, 1955), p. 25: Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State (London, 1974), p. 32. (Андерсон П. Родословная абсолютистского государства. – М.: Территория будущего, 2010.)

141

Anderson, Lineages, p. 31

142

Kautsky, Politics of Aristocratic Empires, pp. 148–52

143

Marc Bloch, Feudal Society (Chicago, 1961), p. 298. (Блок М. Феодальное общество. – М.: Издательство имени Сабашниковых, 2003.)

144

Leick, Mesopotamia, p. 95. Морем «наверху» и морем «внизу» названы соответственно Средиземное море и Персидский залив

145

Ibid., p. 100

146

Кодекс Хаммурапи, введение. См. J. B. Pritchard, ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (Princeton, 1969), p. 164. [Цит. по: Хрестоматия по истории Древнего Востока. Ч. I / Под ред. М. А. Коростовцева, И. С. Кацнельсона, В. И. Кузищина. – М.: Высшая школа, 1980. – Прим. пер.]

147

См. F. C. Frensham, Social Justice in Ancient Israel and in the Ancient Near East (Minneapolis, 1995), p. 193

148

Кодекс Хаммурапи, заключение; выделено мной. см.: Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts, p. 178

149

Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization (Chicago and London, 1974), 3 vols, 1, pp. 108–10

150

Schneider, Ancient Mesopotamian Religion, pp. 105–06. Смысл и этимология слова «Акиту» не известны; Jacobsen, ‘Cosmos as State’, p. 169

151

N. K. Sanders, ed. and trans., ‘The Babylonian Creation Hymn’, in Poems of Heaven and Hell from Ancient Mesopotamia (London, 1971), pp. 44–60

152

Jonathan Z. Smith, ‘A Pearl of Great Price and a Cargo of Yams: A Study in Situational Incongruity’, in Jonathan Z. Smith, Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown (Chicago and London, 1982), pp. 90–96; Mircea Eliade, A History of Religious Ideas, trans. Willard R. Trask, 3 vols, (Chicago, 1978), 1, pp. 72–76; Sanders, ‘Babylonian Creation Hymn’, pp. 47–51

153

Smith, ‘Pearl of Great Price’, p. 91

154

Sanders, ‘Babylonian Creation’, p. 73. [Перевод. В. Афанасьевой. Цит. по: Я открою тебе сокровенное слово… – М.: Художественная литература, 1981. – Прим. пер.]

155

Ibid.

156

Ibid., p. 79

157

O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 141–42

158

Leick, Mesopotamia, pp. 198–216

159

A. K. Grayson, Assyrian Royal Inscriptions, 2 vols (Wiesbaden, 1972, 1976), 1, pp. 80–81

160

H. W. F. Saggs, The Might That Was Assyria (London, 1984), pp. 48–49; Дьяконов И. // Ancient Mesopotamia: Socio-economic history: A collection of studies by Soviet scholars. – Moscow, 1969, pp. 221–22

161

Grayson, Assyrian Royal Inscriptions, pp. 123–24

162

Saggs, Might That Was Assyria, p. 62

163

Ibid., p. 61

164

Песнь о невинном страдальце, 76. см.: Jacobsen, ‘Cosmos as State’, pp. 212–14. [Перевод В. Шилейко. Цит. по: Ассиро-вавилонский эпос / Сост. В. В. Емельянов. – СПб.: Наука, 2007. – Прим пер.]

165

Ясна 46. Norman Cohn, Cosmos, Chaos and the World to Come: The Ancient Roots of Apocalyptic Faith (New Haven and London, 1993), p. 77; Mary Boyce, Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd ed. (London and New York), p. xliii (Бойс М. Зороастрийцы. Верования и обычаи. – М.: Наука, 1987.); Peter Clark, Zoroastrians: An Introduction to an Ancient Faith (Brighton and Portland, Oreg., 1998), p. 19

166

Ясна 30

167

Boyce, Zoroastrians, pp. 23–24

168

Lincoln, ‘Warriors and Non-Herdsmen’, p. 153

169

Ясна 44

170

Lincoln, ‘Warriors and Non-Herdsmen’, p. 158

171

Jarrod L. Whitaker, Strong Arms and Drinking Strength: Masculinity, Violence and the Body in Ancient India (Oxford, 2011), pp. 152–53

172

Ригведа, III 32: 1–4, 9–11. см.: английский перевод: Ralph T. Griffith, The Rig Veda (London, 1992). [Перевод Т. Елизаренковой. Цит. по: Ригведа. Мандалы I–IV. – М.: Наука, 1999. – Прим. пер.]

173

Edwin Bryant, The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Debate (Oxford and New York, 2001); Colin Renfrew, The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins (London, 1987); Romila Thapar, Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2002), pp. 105–07

174

Whitaker, Strong Arms, pp. 3–5; Wendy Doniger, The Hindus: An Alternative History (Oxford, 2009), pp. 111–13.

175

Louis Renou, Religions of Ancient India (London, 1953), p. 20; Michael Witzel, ‘Vedas and Upanishads’, in Gavin Flood, ed., Blackwell Companion to Hinduism (Oxford, 2003), pp. 70–71; J. C. Heesterman, ‘Ritual, Revelation and the Axial Age’, in S. N. Eisenstadt, ed., The Origins and Diversity of Axial Age Civilizations (Albany, NY, 1986), p. 398

176

J. C. Heesterman, ‘Ritual, Revelation and the Axial Age’, pp. 396–98; Heesterman, The Inner Conflict of Tradition: Essays on Indian Ritual, Kingship and Society (Chicago and London, 1985), p. 206; John Keay, India: A History (London, 2000), pp. 31–33; Thapar, Early India, pp. 126–30

177

Ригведа, 1.32.5

178

Шатапатха Брахмана (ШБ), 6.8.11. см.: английский перевод в: J. C. Heesterman, The Broken World of Sacrifice: An Essay in Ancient Indian Religion (Chicago and London, 1993), p. 123

179

Ригведа, 8.16.1; 8.95.6; 10.38.4

180

Whitaker, Strong Arms, pp. 3–5; 16–23; Catherine Bell, Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice (New York, 1992), pp. 180–81, 221

181

Renou, Religions of Ancient India, p. 6; Witzel, ‘Vedas and Upanishads’, p. 73

182

Whitaker, Strong Arms, pp. 115–17

183

Ср. Ригведа, 2.22.4

184

Ригведа, 3.31; 10.62.2

185

Witzel, ‘Vedas and Upanishads’, p. 72

186

Doniger, Hindus, p. 114

187

Heesterman, ‘Ritual and Revelation, ’ p. 403

188

ШБ 7.1.1.1–4, см.: Mircea Eliade, The Myth of the Eternal Return or Cosmos and History, trans. Willard R. Trask (Princeton, 1974), pp. 10–11

189

Майтраяни-самхита, 4.2.1.23.2; см.: Heesterman, Broken World, pp. 23–24; 134–37

190

ШБ 2.2.2.8–10; Heesterman, Broken World, p. 24

191

Georges Dumézil, The Destiny of the Warrior, trans. Alf Hiltebeitel (Chicago and London, 1970), pp. 76–78

192

John H. Kautsky, The Political Consequences of Modernization (New Brunswick and London, 1997), pp. 25–26

193

Whitaker, Strong Arms, p. 158

194

Louis Renou, ‘Sur la Notion de “brahman” ’, Journal Asiatique, 237 (1949); Jan Gonda, Change and Continuity in Indian Religion (The Hague, 1965), p. 200

195

Ригведа, 1.164.46. Гарутмант – это солнце

196

Ригведа, 10.129. 6–7

197

Jan Gonda, The Vision of the Vedic Poets (The Hague, 1963), p. 18

198

Renou, Religions of Ancient India, pp. 220–25; R. C. Zaehner, Hinduism (London, New York and Toronto, 1962), pp. 219–25

199

Ригведа, 10. 90

200

Ibid., 10.90. [Перевод Т. Елизаренковой. Цит. по: Ригведа. Мандалы IХ – X. – М.: Наука, 1999. – Прим. пер.]

201

Bruce Lincoln, ‘Indo-European Religions: An Introduction’, in Death, War and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology and Practice (Chicago and London, 1991), p. 8

202

Bruce Lincoln, ‘Sacrificial Ideology and Indo-European Society’, in Death, War and Sacrifice, p. 173

203

Thapar, Early India, p. 123

204

Lincoln, ‘Sacrificial Ideology’, pp. 174–75

205

Ibid., pp. 143–47

206

Reinhard Bendix, Kings or People: Power and the Mandate to Rule (Berkeley, 1977), p. 228

207

Max Weber, The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism, trans. and ed. Hans H. Gerth and Don Martindale (Glencoe, Ill., 1951), p. 65

208

Alfred Vogts, A History of Militarism: Civilian and Military, rev. ed. (New York, 1959), p. 42

209

Панчавимша-брахмана (ПБ), 7.7: 9–10, см.: Heesterman, Broken World, p. 62

210

ШБ 6.8.14; Heesterman, ‘Ritual, Revelation and the Axial Age’, p. 402

211

J. C. Heesterman, The Inner Conflict of Tradition: Essays on Indian Ritual, Kingship and Society (Chicago and London, 1993) pp. 68, 84–85

212

Ригведа, 1.162.20–21; ср. английский перевод Гриффитса

213

Таиттирия-самхита (ТС), 6.4.8.1; см.: Heesterman, Inner Conflict, p. 209

214

Таиттирия-брахмана (ТБ), 3.7.7.14; см.: Heesterman, Broken World, p. 34

215

Witzel, ‘Vedas and Upanisads’, p. 82

216

Шатапатха Брахмана, 10.6.5.8; см.: Heesterman, Broken World, p. 57

217

Zaehner, Hinduism, pp. 59–60; Renou, Religions of Ancient India, p. 18; Witzel, ‘Vedas and Upanisads’, p. 81 Brian K. Smith, Reflections on Resemblance, Ritual and Religion (Oxford and New York, 1989), pp. 30–34, 72–81

218

Jonathan Z. Smith, ‘The Bare Facts of Ritual’, in Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown (Chicago and London, 1982), p. 63

219

Doniger, Hindus, pp. 137–42; Gavin Flood, An Introduction to Hinduism (Oxford, 2003), pp. 80–81

220

Thapar, Early India, pp. 150–52

221

Законы Ману, 7.16–22; см.: перевод G. Buhler (Delhi, 1962). [Перевод С. Эльмановича, проверенный и исправленный Г. Ильиным. Цит. по: Законы Ману. – М.: Наука, 1992. – Прим. пер.]

222

Thapar, Early India, pp. 147–49; Doniger, Hindus, pp. 165–66.

223

Thapar, Early India, p. 138.

224

Hermann Kulke, ‘The Historical Background of India’s Axial Age’, in S. N. Eisenstadt, ed., The Origins and Diversity of Axial Age Civilizations (Albany, NY, 1986), p. 385