SIRIO 23: 393, 8 February 1787. Ligne, Letters (Stael) p 34, Ligne to Coigny. Miranda p 259, 15 February 1787.

Ligne, Letters (Stael) p 34, Ligne to Coigny letter 1.

Aragon p 126, N-S to wife February 1787, Kiev.

Segur, Memoires 1855 vol 2 p 27.

Kukiel p 18.

Aragon p 131, N-S to wife February 1787, Kiev.

Zamoyski, Last King of Poland p 295. Mniszech p 199.

Miranda, pp 265-6, 22 February 1787.

Aragon p 134, N-S to wife. Madariaga, Russia p 370. Zamoyski, Last King of Poland p 294.

SA to Kicinski 21 March 1787, BP 38 p 59 quoted in Zamoyski, Last King of Poland p 294.

Aragon p 134, N-S to wife March 1787. X. Liske, Beitrage zur Geschichte der Kaniower Zusammenkunft (1787) und ihr Vorlaufer; cited in Madariaga, Russia p 370.

Davis p 148.

Miranda p 261, 21 February 1787; p 265, 22 February 1787; p 278, 11 March 1787.

Miranda p 305, 11 April 1787; p 309, 21 April 1787.

B&F vol 2 p 120, Cobenzl to JII 9 April 1787. Miranda p 300, 1 April 1787.

chapter 24: cleopatra

This account of the cruise is based mainly on the descriptions of the Comte de Segur, Prince de Nassau-Siegen and the Prince de Ligne, as well as on Madariaga, Russia PP 393_5j and Alexander, CtG pp 256-7. References are given below.

Aragon pp 141-4, N-S to wife. Ligne, Letters (Stael) p 37, Prince de Ligne to Coigny. Segur, Memoires (Shelley) pp 230-1. Also Segur, Memoires 1859 vol 3 p 30. Waliszewski, Autour d'un trone vol 2 p 233. Segur calls Catherine 'Cleopatra of the North'.

This description of the Kaniev meeting is based on the following unpublished materials: RGADA 5.166.14, SA to GAP 16/17 February 1787. RGADA 5.166.9, SA to GAP 7 May 1787. There are numerous letters between these two from 1774 to 1791 which are immensely informative about their relationship and that of Russia and Poland. This work only uses a small fraction of this unpublished correspondence. Also SIRIO 26: 284. SIRIO 23: 407-8. RGADA 5.85.2.24, L 215, CII to GAP 25 April 1787. RGADA 5.85.2.23, L 215, CII to GAP 25 April 1787. RGADA 5.85.2.22, L 215. Khrapovitsky p 33, 26 April 1787. SA to Kicinski 8 May 1787, Kalinka. Ostatnie Lata, vol 2 p 42, quoted in Zamoyski, Last King of Poland p 297. Ligne, Letters (Stael) p 40, Ligne to Coigny. Ligne quoted in Mansel, Charmeur p hi. Segur, 1859 vol 2 p 39.

RGADA 5.166.14, SA to GAP, 16-17 February 1787, unpublished.

Segur, Mimoires 1859 vol 3 pp 30-46. Zamoyski, Last King of Poland p 297. Ligne, Letters (Stael) p 82. Aragon p 144, N-S to wife May 1787. SIRIO 23: 408, CII to Baron F. M. Grimm 26 April 1787.

SIRIO 26, 284. SIRIO 23: 407-8. RGADA 5.85.2.24, L 215, CII to GAP 25 April 1787. RGADA 5.85.2.23, L 215, CII to GAP 25 April 1787. RGADA 5.85.2.22, L 215. Khrapovitsky p 33, 26 April 1787. SA to Kicinski 8 May 1787, Kalinka. Ostatnie Lata, vol 2 p 42, quoted in Zamoyski, Last King of Poland p 297. Ligne Letters (Stael) p 40, Ligne to Coigny. Ligne quoted in Mansel, Charmeur p hi. RGADA 5.166.9, SA to GAP 7 May 1787, unpublished. There are many letters from SA to GAP at this time in this font. SA promises to help GAP protect his estates in Poland. Segur, Memoires 1859 vol 2 p 39.

RGVIA 271.1.43.1, JII to GAP 25 November 1786, Vienna. This unpublished archive contains much of GAP's correspondence with JII, his successor Leopold and their Chancellor Prince Kaunitz. B&F vol 2 p 117, Count Cobenzl to JII 25 February 1787. JII-CII (Arneth), Briefe Joseph II an den Feldmarschall Grafen Lacey, p 277, JII to Kaunitz 19 August and 12 September 1786, and JII to CII 15 February 1787.

SIRIO 23: 408, CII to Grimm 3 May 1787. B&F vol 2 p 141, Cobenzl to JII 11 May 1787. Segur, Memoirs (Shelley) pp 232-3. Ligne, Letters (Stael) p 40, Ligne to Coigny.

BM 33540 SB to JB 16 May 1787, Kremenchuk. M. S. Bentham p 82. Christie, Benthams in Russia pp 186-7.

Ligne, Letters (Stael) p 40, Ligne to Coigny. Segur, Memoirs (Shelley) p 234. JII- CII (Arneth) p 356, JII to Lacey 19 May 1787, Kaidak. B&F vol 2 p 140, Cobenzl to JII 6 May 1787, Kaniev.

и JII-CII (Arneth) p 356, JII to Lacey 19 May 1787, Kaidak. SIRIO 23: 410, CII to Grimm 15 May 1787, Kherson.

Khrapovitsky pp 30, 29, 15-20. Ligne, Melanges vol 24 pp 4-8.

Segur, Memoires 1859 vol 2 pp 46-7. Ligne, Melanges vol 24 pp 4-8. Dne­propetrovsk State Historical Museum, author's visit 1998.

Memoirs of the Life of Prince Potemkin p 118. Segur, Memoires vol 3 p 220.

JII-CII (Arneth) p 355, JII to Lacey 19 May 1787, Kherson; p 358, 30 May 1787, Aibar, Crimea. Khrapovitsky pp 35, 36, 15 May 1787.

SIRIO 23 (1878): 410, CII to Grimm 15 May 1787. Segur, Memoires 1859 vol 2 p 47. Ligne, Letters (Stael) p 42, Ligne to Coigny.

Segur, Memoires 1859 vol 2 pp 47-8.

Segur, Memoires 1859 vol 2 pp 54-5.

Aragon p 154, N-S to wife May 1787. JII-CII (Arneth) p 358, JII to Lacey 30 May 1787.

Segur, Memoirs (Shelley) pp 238-9.

B&F vol 2 pp 147-50, Cobenzl to Kaunitz 3 June 1787, Sebastopol. Segur, Mem­oires 1859 vol 2 pp 54-5.

Segur, Memoires 1859 vol 2 pp 54-5.

Author's visit to Crimea 1998. Segur, Memoires 1859 vol 2 pp 54-5. Aragon p 155, N-S to wife JII-CII (Arneth) p 361, JII to Lacey 1 June 1787.

JII-CII (Arneth) p 361, JII to Lacey 1 June 1787. Aragon pp 155-8, N-S to wife. Ligne, Letters (Stael) p 44, Ligne to Coigny. SIRIO 23 (1878): 411, CII to Grimm 21 May 1787, Bakhchisaray. B&F vol 2 p 148, Cobenzl to Kaunitz 3 June 1787, Sebastopol. RA (1865) p 622, L 216 CII to GAP 28 May 1787, St Petersburg.

Ligne, Melanges vol 24 p 11.

Ligne, Milanges vol 24 pp 4-7. Aragon pp 158-61, N-S to wife 1 June 1787, Sebastopol. B&F vol 2 pp 150, Cobenzl to Kaunitz 3 June 1787 .JII-CII (Arneth) Р 363, JII to Lacey 3 June 1878; p 292; JII to Kaunitz 3 June 1787. Segur, Memoires 1859 vol 2 pp 66-7.

Ligne, Мё1а^е$ vol 24 pp 4-8. SIRIO 23 (1878): 412, CII to Grimm 23 May 1787. JII-CII (Arneth) p 363, JII to Lacey 3 June 1787; p 292, JII to Kaunitz 3 June 1787. B&F vol 2 pp 150-1, Cobenzl to Kaunitz 3 June 1787.

B&F vol 2 pp 150-1, Cobenzl to Kaunitz 3 June 1787. JII-CII (Arneth) p 364, JII to Lacey 5 June 1787.

RGVIA 52.2.53.31, N. Pisani to Ya. Bulgakov 1/12 May 1787, unpublished. The reports of the professional Ottoman diplomatic dynasty, the Pisanis, via Bulgakov to GAP, are invaluable evidence of how Istanbul was already in a state of war-fever. RGVIA 52.2.53.80, N. Pisani to Bulgakov 1 June 1787. Here again Pisani reported that recruits were already marching through Istanbul to prepare for war. This is significant evidence since most histories blame the entire war on GAP's mishandling and provocations to the Sublime Porte. Segur, Memoires 1859 vol 2 pp 52-3. Aragon pp 158-61, N-S to wife 1 June 1787.

Ligne, Letters (Stael) p 50, Ligne to Coigny. Mansel, Charmeur p 113. Aragon p 173, N-S to wife.

chapter 25: the amazons

i Ligne, Letters (Stael) p 64, Prince de Ligne to Coigny, Kaffa. Note on Amazon Company, Moskvityanin zhurnal (1844) no 1 pp 266-8, note by G. Dusi based on

Elena Sardanova's memories. Herodotus, The Histories pp 306-8. See also Neal Ascherson, Black Sea pp 111-14.

Segur, Memoires 1859 vol 2 pp 88-90.

Ligne, Letters (Stael) p 42, Ligne to Coigny.

Segur, Memoirs (Shelley) p 245.

Guthrie letter LXV pp 204-6.

Ligne, Letters (Stael) p 60, Ligne to Coigny. JII-CII (Arneth) p 363, JII to Lacey 5 and 7 June 1787. B&F vol 2 p 163, Count Cobenzl to Prince Kaunitz 13 June 1787. Aragon pp 173-4, N-S to wife.

JII-CII (Arneth) p 364, JII to Lacey 7 June 1787. Aragon p 174, N-S to wife. Segur, Memoirs (Shelley) p 236.

Segur, Memoirs (Shelley) p 242; or Memoires 1859 vol 2 pp 67-8.

Segur, Memoirs (Shelley) p 242. JII-CII (Arneth) p 364, JII to Lacey 8 June 1787, Staricrim. ZOOID 13: 268. General V. V. Kahovsky to V. S. Popov 11 June 1787, Karasubazaar; Lt Tsiruli to Kahovsky 7 June 1787. There seem to be two girls. While Lt Tsiruli's second mission sounds like a quest for sexual procurement, the purchase of the six-year-old child must surely be an educational experiment, though the two are not necessarily exclusive. Tsiruli was off to the mountains while a contemporary print, Purchase of a Tartar Maiden, shows Joseph buying the child from 'a slave-trader'. There is a reference to the Circassian girl in Zinzendorf's diary on the day of Joseph II's death. The Emperor wrote to Countess Chanclos to ensure that the girl received her 1,000 Gulden pension. A footnote in the diary by Hans Wagner says she was Elisabeth Gulesy, a Circassian bought by Joseph on his Crimean trip. Countess Chanclos brought her up, Kaunitz then took over guardianship and she married Amandus Lacdemer, the majordomo of a Count Karoly, in 1798. I am indebted to Professor Derek Beales for these references. Wien von Maria Theresa bis zur Franzosenzeit, Aus den Tagebuchern des Graf en Karl v. Zinzendorf (ed Hans Wagner) Vienna 1972, p 40, 20 February 1790. Also Osterreich zur Zeit Kaiser Josephs II mit Regent Kaiserin Maria Theresias, Kaiser und Landesfurst, Niedero- Sterreichische Landesaustellung (Lower Austrian Exhibition catalogue) Stift Melk, 29 March-2 November 1980, p 439, item 551, Linz, Stadtarchiv.

RGADA 5.85.2.39, L 216, CII to GAP 9 June 1787. Segur, Memoires 1859 vol 2 p 90. JII-CII (Arneth) p 373, JII to Lacey 12 July 1787, Berislav. SIRIO 27: 410- 13, 447. KFZ 8 June 1787. RGADA 5.85.2.31, L 217, CII to GAP ('Your kitten').

'Potemkin Villages' and 'Helbig' in the Modern Encyclopaedia of Russian and Slavic History, Academy International Press 1982 by Joseph L. Wieczynski p 134. Georg von Helbig, 'Potemkin der Taurier', Minerva ein Journal historischen undpolitischen Inhalts herausgegeben von J. W. Archehotlz (Hamburg 1797-1800). Russische Gunstlinge (Tubingen 1809). Potemkin: Ein interessanter Beitrang zur Regier ung- eschichte Katarina der Zweiten (Halle/Liepzig 1804). These were republished in different forms such as (in French) Vie de Pr Potemkin by J. E. de Cerenville (1808) and Memoirs of the Life of Prince Potemkin (London 1812 and 1813).

Vassilchikov vol 1 pp 370-1, 22 June 1782.

Anspach, Journey p 160, 3 April 1786.

Khrapovitsky p 17, 4 April 1787.

ZOOID 12: 303, 309, 320, GAP to Kahovsky 1784, 1785.

JII-CII (Arneth) p 356, JII to Lacey 19 May 1787, Kaidak. SIRIO 23: 410, CII to Grimm 15 May 1787, Kherson.

Miranda p 244, 20 January 1787.

Anspach, Journey p 160, 3 April 1786.

Ligne, Letters (Stael) p 65, Ligne to Coigny.

Anspach,Journey p 170, 8 April 1786.

Segur, Memoirs (Shelley) p 232.

Ligne, Letters (Stael) p 137. Segur, Memoires 1859 vol 3 pp 6-8, 111-13, 120-5. B&F vol 2 pp 172, Cobenzl to Kaunitz 22 June 1787.

Segur, Memoirs (Shelley) p 232.

Moskvityanin zhurnal (1842) no 2 pp 475-88. Oral chronicle of CII's stay in Tula, collected by N. Andreev. Miranda p 324, 9 May 1787.

Aragon p 117, N-S to wife 3 January 1787, Kherson.

JII-CII (Arneth) p 364, JII to Lacey 8 June 1787, Starikrim.

Ligne, Letters (Stael) p 65, Ligne to Coigny, Tula. Ligne, Melanges vol 24 p 3, 'Relation de ma campagne de 1788 contre les Turcs'.

RGADA 2.111.13-14, 14-15, CII to Moscow commander P. D. Eropkin 12 and 20 May 1787. SIRIO 27: 411, CII to Grand Duke Alexander 28 May 1787. RGADA 10.2.38.1-2, CII to Count L. A. Bruce 14 May 1787.

Ligne, Melanges vol 24 p 11. Miranda p 204, 22 November 1786.

IRLI 265.2.2115.5-6, L 219, GAP to CII 17 July 1787, Kremenchuk. RGADA 5.85.1.543, L 220, CII to GAP 27 July 1787.

RS (1876) 15 pp 33-8, Garnovsky July 1787.

B&F vol 2 p 192, Cobenzl to JII 9 August 1787.

Ligne, Melanges vol 24 pp 5, 11, 14, quoted in Mansel, Charmeur p 116.

Memoirs of the Life of Prince Potemkin pp 117-18. Honore de Balzac was one of the many who referred to the 'Potemkin Villages': see Graham Robb, Balzac p 383.

AKV 14: 242-3, Arkadiy Ivanovich Markov to A. R. Vorontsov 17 February 1787, St Petersburg.

RGVIA 52.11.53.31, N. Pisani to Bulgakov 1/12 May 1787, unpublished. This description of the coming of war also uses Madariaga, Russia pp 394-7, and Alexander, CtG pp 262-5.

Sobstvennoruchnyye bumagi Knyaza Potemkina, RA (1865) pp 740-1, CII to GAP 16/27 October 1786, and GAP to Bulgakov 13/24 December 1786. Ragsdale pp 75-103.

AKV 14: 242, Markov to A. R. Vorontsov 17 February 1787, St Petersburg. B&F vol 2 p 188, Cobenzl to JII 9 August 1787, St Petersburg.

ZOOID 8: 201, GAP to Bulgakov March 1787.

RGVIA 52.2.1.9, GAP to Bulgakov.

ZOOID 8: 203, GAP to A. A. Bezborodko 14 August 1787.

RGVIA 52.2.53.59, N. Pisani to Bulgakov 15/26 May 1787. RGVIA 52.2.53.80, N. Pisani to Bulgakov 1 June 1787. RGVIA 52.2.53.31, N. Pisani to Bulgakov 1/12 May 1787. All these despatches are unpublished. The latter lists the activities of the diplomats of England to encourage the war against Russia and the Porte's policy of using diversions by the Caucasian peoples, including the Daghestanis, Chechens and Lesghis, to attack Russia.

RGVIA 52.2.53.130, N. Pisani to Bulgakov ud. This clearly dates from the summer of 1787. RGVIA 52.2.53.31, N. Pisani to Bulgakov 1/12 May 1787. Both unpub­lished. ZOOID 8: 203, GAP to Bezborodko. As he received these reports, one senses Potemkin fretting in his letters to Bezborodko. 'I ask you so much to win some time,' he wrote to him on 14 August 1787 when it was too late.

RGADA 1.1/1.47.5-9, L 223, CII to GAP 24 August 1787.

RGADA 5.85.2.43-8, L 233, CII to GAP 24 September 1787.

MIRF ch 15 p 51, M. I. Voinovich to GAP 25 August 1787. AVPRI 5.585.149, L

223, GAP to CII 22 August 1787. RGADA 11.267.38-41, GAP to P. A. Rum­iantsev-Zadunaisky 22 August 1787.

AVPRI 5.585.343, L 226, GAP to CII 28 August 1787.

RGADA 1.1/1.47.13-14, L 226, CII to GAP 6 September 1787.

AVPRI 5.585.317, L 229, GAP to CII 16 September 1787, Kremenchuk.

AVPRI 5.585.143, L 231, GAP to CII 19 September 1787.

Robert Slater, Rabin: Warrior for Peace (London 1996) p 142. Robert C. Tucker, Stalin in Power: Revolution from Above 1928-1941 (New York 1990) p 625. Alan Bullock, Hitler and Stalin: Parellel Lives (London 1991) pp 805-6. The newer Russian accounts, Stalin by Edvard Radzinsky (London 1996) pp 445-7, and Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy by Dmitri Volkogonov (New York 1991) pp 405-7, show that Stalin managed to function in those days more than hitherto realized. Macdonogh pp 278-80, 157. Hughes p 30.

AVPRI 5.585.152, L 232, GAP to CII 24 September 1787, Kremenchuk; p 314, L 232, GAP to CII 24 September 1787. SBVIM issue IV pp 150-1, GAP to Rum­iantsev-Zadunaisky 24 September 1787.

chapter 26: jewish cossacks and american admirals: potemkin's

war

In Chapters 26-34, the description of the course of the Second Russo-Turkish War is based on the following works. The main source is A. N. Petrov, Vtoraya turetskaya voyna v tsarstvovaniye imperatritsy Ekateriny II1787-91. Others are V. S. Lopatin, Potemkin i Suvorov, A. V. Suvorov, Pisma ed V. S. Lopatin; A. Petrushevsky, Generalissimo Knyazi Suvorov, D. F. Maslovsky, Zapiski po istorii voiennogo iskusstva v Rossii; ZOOID 8, 4, 11. D. F. Maslovsky (ed), Pisma i Bumagi A. V. Suvorova, G. A. Potemkina, i P. A. Rumiantseva 1787-1789. Kinburn Ochakov- skaya operatsiya, SBVIM; N. F. Dubrovin (ed), Istoriya voyny i vladychestva russkikh na Kavkaze; Bumagi Knyaza Grigoriya Alexandrovicha Potemkina-Tav- richeskogo, ed N. F. Dubrovin, SBVIM; RS 1875 June> RS 1876 July and RA 1877, GAP's letters to A. V. Suvorov; I. R. Christie, 'Samuel Bentham and the Russian Dnieper Flotilla', and I. R. Christie, The Benthams in Russia; MIRF. In English and French, this account draws on Christopher Duffy, Russia's Military Way to the West; Alexandre, Comte de Langeron's accounts of the campaigns of the war 1787-91 in AAE vol 20; Roger, Comte de Damas, Memoires; the Prince de Ligne's Melanges and Letters (Stael); and the Due de Richelieu's 'Journal de mon voyage en Allemagne'. Langeron's papers have not yet been published in full. Langeron's and Ligne's accounts have been used widely against GAP. They are useful but clearly prejudiced. Langeron's account is balanced by his final tribute to GAP, while the unpublished letters between Ligne and GAP, used here for the first time, reveal much more about his motives. The rarely used Richelieu and Damas give a much more just account of GAP at war. If the reference is to a specific document, the reference is noted, but general information on the course of the war, mainly derived from Petrov, is not referenced. RGADA 5.85.2.43-8, L 233, CII to GAP 24 September 1787. RGADA 5.85.2.49, L 235, 25 September. RGADA 5.85.2.52-4, L 238, 2 October 1787.

AVPRI 5.585.365-7, L 358, GAP to CII 2 October 1787, Kremenchuk.

RGADA 5.85.2.56, L 240, CII to GAP 9 October 1787.

RS (1875) May vol 8 pp 21-33, letters of GAP to A. V. Suvorov 1787-8, 5 October 1787.

Byron, Don Juan Canto VII: 55.

Duffy, Russia's Military Way pp 185-7.

AAE 20: 20, Langeron, 'Armees Russes and Turques\ Damas pp 34-5. Engelhardt 1868 p 183. Duffy, Russia's Military Way pp 192-3.

AAE 20: 95-7, Langeron, 'Resume des campagnes de 1787, 1788, 1789'.

RS (1875) May vol 8 p 21, GAP to Suvorov 5 October 1787; p 28,1 January 1788.

AVPRI 5.585.190, GAP to CII 1 November 1787.

RS (1875) May vol 8 pp 21-33, letters of GAP to Suvorov 5 November 1787.

Aragon p 189, N-S to wife (Paul's wish to join army and take wife). RGADA 5.85.2.43-8, CII to GAP 24 September 1787. RGADA 5.181.7, Grand Duke Paul Petrovich to GAP June 1788, Pavlovsk. RGADA 5.181.11 Grand Duke Paul Petrovich to GAP 26 September 1789, Gatchina. RGADA 5.182.2-3 and 181.1, 6, Grand Duchess Maria to GAP, Pavlovsk and Gatchina. Segur, Memoirs (Shelley) p 265. Damas pp 100-7. RS (1876) 15 p 484, Garnovsky November 1787. SIRIO 42: 191, CII to Grand Duke Paul Petrovich 1791.

B&F vol 2 p 231, JII to Count Cobenzl 11 December 1787, Vienna.

RGVIA 52.2.52.10, JII to Prince de Ligne 25 November 1787, Vienna, unpublished.

Ligne, Melanges vol 7 p 152, Ligne to Comte de Segur 1 December 1787, Elisabethgrad.

AVPRI 5.585.312, L 254, GAP to CII 12 November 1787, Elisabethgrad.

Ligne, Melanges vol 24 p 15.

Ligne, Letters (Stael) p 72, Ligne to JII December 1787, Elisabethgrad.

Pishkevich p 128.

Ligne, Melanges vol 24 pp 11-15.

Damas pp 23-5.

Ligne, Melanges vol 21 pp 296-7.

AAE 20: 64, Langeron, 'Resume des campagnes de 1787, 1788, 1789'.

RGVIA 52.2.64.4, Segur to GAP 7 January 1788, St Petersburg, unpublished.

Damas p 25.

RGVIA 52.2.48.1, GAP to Cobenzl 15 October 1787, Elisabethgrad, unpublished.

Ligne, Melanges vol 24 p 17. RGVIA 52.2.52.3, GAP to Ligne ud, unpublished.

Ligne, Melanges vol 24 p 18. AVPRI 5.585.179-80, L 282, GAP to CII; and RS (1873) November pp 727-8, L 283, 5 May 1788, Elisabethgrad.

Count Fyodor Rostopchin, La Verite sur I'incendie de Moscou, p 27. Aragon p 180. Waliszewski, Autour d'un trone vol 2 p 78. See also GAP on General V. S. Tamara's Mediterranean missions: RGVIA 52.2.47.11^ GAP to Prince Kaunitz October 1790, unpublished.

SIMPIK KV vol 2 p 9, GAP to Ataman Sidor Bely 2 January 1788, Elisabethgrad. AVPRI 2.2/83.21.96, L 261, GAP to CII 3 January 1788, Elisabethgrad. SIRIO 27 (1880): 494, CII thanks GAP for founding Cossack forces 20 May 1788, pp 486-7, CII rescript to GAP agreeing to his proposal to complete Cossack forces with coachmen and bourgeois 20 April 1788. GAP's passion for Cossacks: AKV 13: 227, A. A. Bezborodko to S. R. Vorontsov 17 November 1791. SIRIO 27 (1880): 332-3 CII's rescript to GAP on precautions to be taken on arranging the return of Nekrazovsky and Zaporogian Cossacks 15 April 1784. Both CII and GAP were initially cautious but GAP ultimately persuaded the Empress. See also Longworth, Cossacks p 229.

Ligne, Letters (Stael) p 74, Ligne to JII December 1787. Ligne, Melanges vol 24 p 41, Ligne to JII 2 March 1788; p 57, Ligne to JII 6 April 1788; vol 21 pp 180-1, 'Memoire sur les Juifs'. D. Z. Feldman, Svetleyshiy Knyaz GA Potemkin i Ros- siyskiye Evrei, p 186-192. N. A. Engelhardt, Ekaterinskiy kolloss. IV (1908) April p 55-57. Dudakov, S. Y., Istoriya odnogo mipha: Ocherki russkoy literatury XIX- XX, Moscow 1993 p 29-31. Both cited by Feldman. For Napoleon's Jewish cavalry officer: Berek Joselewicz, see Cecil Roth and Geoffrey Wigoder, New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia, London 1975.

BM 33540 f4o8, N. S. Mordvinov 21 September 1787; f442, SB to William Pitt.

BM 33540 f453, SB to Pleshichev 7 January 1788, Kherson.

Mordvinov to GAP 31 August 1787, quoted in I. R. Christie, 'Samuel Bentham and the Russian Dnieper Flotilla' p 176. BM 33540 f487, SB to Jeremiah Bentham 12/27 October 1787; ff365~6, SB to JB 16 May 1787, Kremenchuk; £391, SB to JB ud, 1787; £397, SB to JB 2/13 September 1787, Kherson.

MIRF 15: 99, 104, 123, quoted in I. R. Christie, 'Samuel Bentham and the Russian Dnieper Flotilla' pp 175-8 and Christie, Benthams in Russia, pp 218-221.

Ligne, Melanges vol 24 pp 20-1.

Blanning,JII p 176. Ligne, Melanges vol 24 pp 44-6, February 1788, Elisabethgrad. AVPRI 5.585.160, GAP to CII 3 January 1788, Elisabethgrad. RGADA 5.85.2.81- 4, L 260, CII to GAP 11 January 1788.

AVPRI 5.585.175, L 262, GAP to CII 15 January 1788, Elisabethgrad.

Ligne, M6langes vol 24 pp 44-6, Ligne to JII February 1788, Elisabethgrad.

RGVIA 52.11.69, Count Joseph de Witte to GAP 13 May 1788, Podolsky- Kamenets. RGADA 11.921.1 and 11.921.9, Witte to GAP 6-8 October 1787, unpublished.

RGVIA 52.2.52.5, GAP to Ligne 3 April 1788; and RGVIA 52.2.52.6, 2/13 May 1788, unpublished.

Ligne, Melanges vol 24 p 49, Ligne to JII February 1788, Elisabethgrad.

AVPRI 5.585.168-73, L 265, GAP to CII; and RGADA 5.85.2.88, L 274, CII to GAP 8 March 1788.

RGADA 5.85.2.97, L 284, CII to GAP 7 May 1788, Tsarskoe Selo.

AVPRI 5.585.160, GAP to CII 3 January 1788, Elisabethgrad.

AVPRI 5.585.168-73, L 265, GAP to CII.

Memoirs of the Life of Prince Potemkin p 148. Ligne, Letters (Stael) pp 78-9, May 1788.

BM 33540 f395, SB to JB 30 August-2 September 1787.

BM 33558 f424, SB to Henry Fanshawe 2/13 September 1787, Kremenchuk.

BM 33540 f487, SB to JB 12/23 October 1788.

MIRF 15: 86, quoted in I. R. Christie, 'Samuel Bentham and the Russian Dnieper Flotilla', pp 175-8, and Christie, Benthams in Russia, pp 218-21.

AVPRI 2.2/83.21.94, L 248, GAP to CII 1 November 1787.

BM 33540 £487, SB to Jeremiah Bentham.

MIRF 15: 60-90, quoted in I. R. Christie, 'Samuel Bentham and the Russian Dnieper Flotilla', pp 175-8, and Christie, Benthams in Russia, pp 218-21.

Ligne, Melanges vol 7 p 158, Ligne to Segur 8 May 1787.

AAE 20: 71, Langeron, 'Resume des campagnes'.

Damas p 32.

RGVIA 52.2.82.1, GAP to N-S 26 March 1788, Elisabethgrad, unpublished.

Damas pp 32-3.

Aragon p 203, N-S to wife 18 March 1788.

SIRIO 23 (1878): 446, CII to Grimm 25 April 1788. The general sources for John

Paul Jones, apart from Russian archives and the unpublished correspondence with GAP, are three biographies: John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography by Samuel Eliot Morison; The Life of Rear-Admiral John Paul Jones by George R. Preedy; and The Life of John Paul Jones by James Otis.

RGVIA 52.2.56.1, GAP to Baron Simolin 5/16 March 1788, unpublished.

RGVIA 52.2.82.1, GAP to N-S 26 March 1788, Elisabethgrad, unpublished.

MIRF 15: 98, 188, GAP to Mordvinov 29 February 1788 quoted in Christie, Benthams in Russia pp 218-21.

BM 33540 f488, SB to JB 12/23 October 1788.

RGVIA 52.2.64.8, Segur to GAP 2/13 May 1788, unpublished.

Aragon p 223, N-S to wife 4 June 1788.

Damas pp 31-2.

Aragon p 225, N-S to wife.

Tott vol 3 p 24. Damas pp 44-5. Ligne, Letters (Stael) p 88, Ligne to JII August 1788.

Tott vol 3 p 24. Anspach, Journey p 191, Lady Craven to Anspach 25 April 1786, Constantinople.

SIRIO 27: 480, CII to GAP 27 May 1788.

BM 33540 f488, SB to JB 12/23 October 1788.

Ligne, Melanges vol 24 p 20.

RGVIA 52.2.82.1 GAP to N-S 2 April 1788 ud. RGVIA 52.2.82.4, GAP to N-S ud. Both unpublished.

J. P. Jones to Jose de Ribas 11/22 June 1788, quoted in Morison pp 374-8.

RGVIA 52.2.82.13, GAP to N-S, unpublished.

RGVIA 52.2.82.12, GAP to N-S 10 June 1788, unpublished.

Colonel Henry Fanshawe quoted in Christie, 'SB and the Flotilla' p 191.

Morison pp 379-81.

BM 33540 f489, SB to Jeremiah Bentham 12/23 October 1788.

BM 33554 ff9o-i, Fanshawe 18 June 1788.

Damas p 45.

Ligne, Melanges vol 24 p 21.

Aragon p 238, N-S to wife 28 and 29 June 1788. RS (1875) June P GAP to Suvorov.

Aragon p 236, N-S to wife 25 June 1788.

RGVIA fVUA 2388.13, L 296, GAP to CII June 1788.

M. S. Bentham p 89, quoted in Christie 'SB and the Flotilla'. BM 33540 f490, GAP to SB.

Aragon p 250, N-S to wife.

SIRIO 23 (1878): 446, CII to Grimm 31 May 1787.

RGADA 5.85.2.124, L 305, CII to GAP 19 July 1788, St Petersburg. It is said that Tatiana Engelhardt's husband Mikhail Potemkin, who was in St Petersburg as General-Kreigskommissar or inspector-general of the army from 1783, and Mamonov joined forces in 1788 to counter the arguments of A. R. Vorontsov, Zavadovsky and Orlov-Chesmensky about GAP's conduct of the war. See 'M. S. Potemkin' in Russkiy Biographicheskiy Slovar vol 14 (1904).

RGADA 5.85.2.121, L 302, CII to GAP 17 July 1788.

AVPRI 5.585.260, L 304, GAP to CII 18 July 1788, Ochakov.

RGADA 5.85.2.115, L 299, CII to GAP 3 July 1788.

BM 33554 d92-3 June 1788.

RS (1889) no 9 p 510, Prince Y. V. Dolgoruky. Ligne, Melanges vol 24 p 95, Ligne

to JII 12 July 1788. RGADA 5.85.2.119, L 301, CII to GAP 13 July 1788, St Petersburg.

chapter 27: cry havoc: the storming of ochakov

For the main sources for this account of the Second Turkish War, see Chapter 26, note I. BM 33554 ff93~4, Henry Fanshawe July 1788, unpublished.

B&F vol 2 p 170, JII to Count Cobenzl 16 June 1787, Kherson.

Ligne, Melanges vol 24 pp 21-3, 2 July 1788, Ochakov.

Aragon p 255, N-S to wife.

RS(i895>9pi75. Ligne, Melanges vol 7 p 194, Prince de Ligne to Comte de Segur 1 October 1788, Ochakov.

BM 33540 f489, SB to JB ud.

Petrushevsky vol 1 p 3 27.

Damas pp 58-9. Ligne, Melanges vol 24 p 123, Ligne to JII n August 1788.

RS (1895) September pp 175-6, Roman Maximovich Tsebrikov, Vokrug ochakova 1788 god (dnevnikochevidtsa). RS (1875) May p 38, GAP to A. V. Suvorov 27 July 1788.

Damas pp 56-9. Aragon pp 256-8, N-S to wife. Ligne, Melanges vol 24 p 129, Ligne to JII 20 August 1788; p 176, Ligne to Cobenzl. An unpublished letter from GAP to Nassau-Siegen dated from July/August 1788 was recently placed on the market by Maggs Brothers of London in their Catalogue 1275 of Autograph Letters and Historical Documents, lot 149. The undated letter, handwritten by GAP in French, recounts that Admiral Mark Voinovich is covering the Capitan-Pasha's approach from the Black Sea so that Nassau-Siegen can water his men in Kinburn during the day and 'at night return to the current position'. It is typical of GAP's sympathetic attitude to his men that he specifies that they should be allowed time on land. Its price was £1,200.

Damas pp 56-7. Ligne, Melanges vol 24 p 129, Ligne to JII 20 August 1788, Ochakov.

RGADA 5.85.2.136-7, L 311, CII to GAP 31 August 1788.

Samoilov col 1260.

RS (1875) May pp 21-33, GAP to Suvorov April 1788.

Ligne, Letters (Stael) p 87, Ligne to JII August 1788.

RGVIA 52.7.1.13, GAP to Count Rzewowski, 7 November 1788, Quartier-General Ochakov, unpublished. AVPRI 5.585.278, L 320, GAP to CII 17 October 1788. ZOOID 4: 363, GAP to M. L. Faleev 14 August 1788, Ochakov. ZOOID 2: 667, 668, GAP to Faleev.

Lettres de Catherine II au prince de Ligne p 81, JII to Ligne 18 June 1788.

CII - Ligne pp 96-7, Cobenzl to Ligne. Ligne, Мё1а^е$ vol 24 p 157, Ligne to JII; p 75. RGVIA fVUA.2388.7, L 291, GAP to CII 8 June 1788, Camp on the Bug. AVPRI 5.585.278, L 320, GAP to CII 17 October 1788.

Ligne, Melanges vol 24 p 176.

AAE 20: 74, Langeron, 'Resume des campagnes'.

Aragon pp 268-70, N-S.

RGADA 11.864.2.91, Praskovia Potemkina to GAP (unsigned but probably Pra- skovia Potemkina), unpublished.

RP 2.1 p 36, Countess Ekaterina Sergeevna Samoilova.

Damas pp 66-9.

Damas pp 63-4.

Ligne, Milanges vol 7 pp 198-201, Ligne to Segur 1 December 1788. Ligne, Letters (Stael) vol 2 p 16, Ligne to Segur 1 October 1788.

BM 33540 £489 and 33558 £443 and £445, SB to JB. BM 33558 £442, William Newton to J. T. Abbot 10 September 1789. Christie, Benthams in Russia p 241.

RGVIA 52.2.89.64-5, Lewis Littlepage to GAP 16 September 1788; and GAP to Littlepage 16 September 1788, both unpublished.

RGVIA 52.2.82.21, GAP to John Paul Jones ud, unpublished.

AVPRI 585.278, L 320, GAP to CII 17 October 1788.

RGVIA 52.n.82.23,JohnPaulJonestoGAP, 20 October 1788 on board battleship Vladimir before Ochakov, unpublished.

Otis pp 352-4. Preedy p 223.

Preedy p 216. Otis pp 335-52. Morison p 382.

Damas pp 70-1. AVPRI 5.585.278, L 320, GAP to CII 17 October 1788.

RGADA 11.893.11, Ligne to GAP 16 September 1788, unpublished.

Ligne, Melanges vol 24 pp 25, 26, 32.

Damas pp 70-1.

AVPRI 5.585.278, L 320, GAP to CII 17 October 1788, Ochakov.

Damas p 72.

B&F vol 2 p 299, Cobenzl to JII 24 October 1788.

AAE 20: 74, Langeron, 'Resume des campagnes\

Damas pp 66-7.

BM 33540 f489, SBtoJB.

Criste, Kriege unter Kaiser Josef II p 222 П3, quoted in Blanning, JII p 178.

Samoilov col 1251.

Damas pp 63-4.

RS (1895) 84 no 9 Tsebrikov p 172, 12-15 June; p 177, 28 July; p 151, 5 June 1788.

AVPRI 5.585.273, GAP to CII 15 September 1788.

RGADA 5.85.2.150-1, L 327, CII to GAP 27 November 1788.

RGADA 5.85.2.145-7, L 322, CII to GAP 19 October 1788.

AVPRI 5.585.284-5, L 324, GAP to CII 3 November 1788.

RGADA 5.85.2.152-3, CII to GAP 7 November 1788.

AVPRI 5.585.286-7, L 326, GAP to CII 17 November 1788.

RS (1876) 16 p 213, 16 August 1788; p 220, Garnovsky to Popov 1 October 1788.

RS (1876) 16 pp 229-30, Garnovsky to Popov 29 November 1788.

Damas p 72.

BM 33554 f96, Fanshawe 15 February 1789, Kiev.

Damas pp 74-5.

RGADA 5.85.2.150-1, L 327, CII to GAP 27 November 1788.

Damas pp 79-84. BM 33554 f98, Fanshawe.

Samoilov col 1251.

Damas pp 79-83.

Macdonogh p 299.

AVPRI 5.585.290, L 330, GAP to CII 26 December 1788.

Damas pp 84-6.

Samoilov col 1256. Memoirs of the Life of Prince Potemkin p 187.

ZOOID 9 (1875): 459, the song in honour of the capture of Ochakov. There are also the songs dedicated to GAP's 1790 campaign (p 461) and his death.

Damas pp 86-7. Samoilov cols 1256-7. BM 33554 f98, Fanshawe.

AAE 20: 81, Langeron, 'Resume des campagnes\ Masson p 312.

AVPRI 5.585.290-3, GAP to CII 26 December 1788, Ochakov.

Damas pp 88-9.

AVPRI 5.585.288-9, L 328, GAP to CII December 1788.

Samoilov col 1258. Masson p 312.

RGADA 5.85.2.149, L 329, CII to GAP 16 December 1788. The engraved silver oval dish given by CII to GAP in commemoration of Ochakov can now be seen in the Armoury Museum of the Kremlin in Moscow. The medallion in his honour was created by K. Leberecht. RGADA 5.85.2.185, L 371, CII to GAP 7 September 1789.

JII-CII (Arneth) p 325, JII to Prince Kaunitz 2 February 1789; letter CLXVI, JII to CII 5 January 1789.

B&F vol 2 p 316, Philip Cobenzl to Ludwig Cobenzl 5 January 1789, Vienna. Also RGVIA 52.2.55.72, report from Vienna on GAP's letter to the Prince de Ligne, concerning his conduct of the war 15 February 1791, unpublished.

RGVIA 52.2.82.24, GAP to N-S 7 December 1788, Ochakov, unpublished.

Davis p 194.

SIRIO 23 (1878): 467, CII to Baron F. M. Grimm 17 December 1788. Memoirs of the Life of Prince Potemkin p 190.

AVPRI 5.585.290-3, L 330, GAP to CII.

Damas pp 89-90.

Damas p 93.

P. V. Zavadovsky, Pisma Zavadovskago Rumiantsevu p 320, P. V. Zavadovsky to P. A. Rumiantsev-Zadunaisky January 1789.

RGADA 5.85.2.155, L 333, CII to GAP 2 February 1789.

Khrapovitsky pp 229 and 238, 26 January 1789.

RS (1876) 16 pp 234-5 ancl 226, Garnovsky to Popov 3 January and 3 February 1789.

Memoirs of the Life of Prince Potemkin pp 195-7.

chapter 28: my successes are yours

For the main sources for this account of the Second Turkish War, see chapter 26, note 1. KFZ 11 February 1789. Also for this chapter: Madariaga, Russia pp 407- 11, and Alexander, CtG pp 262-85.

Zavadovsky p 321.

KFZ 15 April 1789. RS (1876) October p 23.

SBVIM vol 7 p 127, GAP to A. V. Suvorov 23 April 1789.

CII Sochineniya vol 12, 2nd half-volume pp 699-701, L 355-7, June 1789. Khra­povitsky pp 255, 260, 11 April 1789.

Khrapovitsky, 11 and 12 February 1789.

RGADA 5.85.2.150-1, L 327, CII to GAP 27 November 1788.

B&F vol 2 p 340, JII to Count Cobenzl 24 April 1789; p 344, 19 May 1789; p 326, Cobenzl to JII 24 January 1789; p 335, 15 April 1789.

AVPRI 5.585.236, L 358, GAP to CII 9 July 1789, Olviopol.

AVPRI 5.585.299-303, L 334, GAP to CII February 1789.

AKV 13: 180-1, A. A. Bezborodko to Simon Vorontsov 7 March 1789.

Bezborodko letters 1685, GAP to Bezborodko 1789.

RGVIA 52.2.64.12, Segur to GAP ud, spring/summer 1789, unpublished.

Aragon p 280, N-S to wife.

Segur, Memoires 1859P152.

Segur, Memoires 1859 pp 152-3.

This account of the Jones sex scandal is based on the Otis, Morison and Preedy biographies of Jones, as well as on unpublished letters from the Comte de Segur to GAP in RGVIA.

RGVIA 52.2.64.12, Segur to GAP ud, summer 1789, St Petersburg, unpublished. Segur, Memoires 1859 pp 164-5.

J. P. Jones to GAP 13 April 1789, quoted in Otis p 359. Statement to chief of police quoted in Morison p 388. RGVIA 52.2.64.12, Segur to GAP ud, summer of 1789, St Petersburg, unpublished.

RGVIA 52.2.47.31, Prince Kaunitz to GAP 30 June 1789, Vienna, unpublished.

AVPRI 5.585.203, L 344, GAP to CII April 1789. KFZ 12 April 1789.

RGADA 5.85.2.17, L 343/4, CII to GAP April 1789.

RGADA 5.85.1.496, L 343, GAP to CII and CII to GAP April 1789.

Petrov, Vtoraya turetskaya voyna vol 2 appendix pp 15-16, GAP's report from 10 June 1789, Elisabethgrad. RGVIA 52.2.48.3, GAP to Cobenzl 25 March 1789, on the battleplan for 1789, unpublished.

GAP received frequent reports on the French Revolution from the Russian Ambas­sador to Versailles Simolin (e.g. RGVIA 52.2.56.31, Simolin to GAP 27 April/8 May 1790, Paris, unpublished - The King is a phantom prisoner in the Tuilleries ... a horrendous anarchy.)' Count Stackelberg in Warsaw also sent news (RGVIA 52.2.39.306, Stackelberg to GAP 26 July/6 August 1789, Warsaw, unpublished - 'Paris presents the vision of a vast camp - all doors closed ... streets full of soldiers, women who excite their courage ...'.) When he returned to France, the Comte de Segur also reported on events to GAP: RGVIA 52.2.64.24, Segur to GAP 9 May NS 1790, Paris, unpublished - 'we're in convulsions'.

AVPRI 5.585.347, L 353, GAP to CII 25 June 1789, Olviopol. GAP received information about the Polish Revolution from a wide variety of sources. Most of these unpublished letters and reports remain in his archives: RGVIA 52.2.70.1. Branicki for example reported on the situation in Warsaw on 31 December 1788, unpublished. Stackelberg sent detailed reports and local newspapers, e.g. RGVIA 52.2.39.290, Stackelberg to GAP 1/12 June 1789. GAP himself tried to calm the Russophobia by instructing Stackelberg and others to reassure King Stanislas- Augustus and others about his own peaceful intentions towards Poland, e.g. RGVIA 52.2.39.11, GAP to Stackelberg 6 July 1788, Ochakov, unpublished, or RGVIA 52.2.39.21, GAP to Stackelberg 20 July 1789, Olviopol, unpublished. These are mostly outside the remit of this work but should be invaluable to students of Russo- Polish relations.

SIMPIK KV vol 2 p 9. GAP's orders to his Cossack officers show his gradual development of Cossack forces into a substantial new Host. GAP to Ataman Sidor Bely 2 January 1788, Elisabethgrad; p 10, GAP to A. A. Golavaty on formation of Black Sea Host from ex-Zaporogian Cossacks 10 August 1788; p 24, GAP to Anton Golavaty to recruit the new Black Sea Host 4 October 1789.

AVPRI 5.585.339, L 350, GAP to CII 10 June 1789, Elisabethgrad.

RS (1876) 15 p 16, Garnovsky December 1786.

Masson pp 42, 55. Vigee Lebrun pp 13-14. Golovina p 120. Golovina, who shows Catherine's playful simplicity with her ladies, was writing about the last year of the Empress's life. They knew she was not well and Golovina wept after she seeing her for the last time.

CII Sochinenya vol 12, 2nd half-volume pp 699-701, L 355, CII to GAP June 1789. RGADA 5.85.2.166-7, CII to GAP 14 July 1789.

RS (1876) 16 p 400, Garnovsky to Popov 21 June 1789. RGADA 5.85.2.3-4, GAP to CII 18 July 1789, Olviopol.

AKV 12: 63, P. V. Zavadovsky to S. R. Vorontsov June 1789, St Petersburg.

Khrapovitsky pp 290-1, 19 June 1789.

RS (1876) 16 pp 406-7, Garnovsky to Popov.

Masson pp 99-100.

RS (1876) 16 p 404, Garnovsky to Popov. Khrapovitsky p 290, 18-23 June 1789.

RGADA 5.85.2.163, L 358, CII to GAP 6 July 1789.

RGADA 5.85.2.173, L 363, CII to GAP 5 August 1789, Tsarskoe Selo.

Khrapovitsky pp 294-8, 501-4.

RGADA 5.85.2.7, L 357, GAP to CII ud.

RGADA 5.85.2.166-7, L 319, CII to GAP 14 July 1789.

RGADA 5.85.2.163, L 358, CII to GAP 6 July 1789.

RGADA 5.85.2.177, L 365, CII to GAP 12 August 1789.

Masson p 194.

PRO FO Secretary of State: State Papers, Foreign, cyphers 65 SP 181, Baron de Keller to Berlin 26 February 1789, St Petersburg.

Saint-Jean pp 137-45. This is always dubious but see also GAP on V. A. Zubov after Ismail: RGADA 1.1/1.43.35-5, L 444, GAP to CII 18 December 1790, Bender.

Damas p 113.

RGADA 1.1.43.42, L 362, GAP to CII 30 July 1789, Olviopol.

Philip Longworth The Art of Victory pp 156-7. SD vol 3 pp 500-10. V. S. Lopatin, Potemkin i Suvorov pp 157-69.

RGIA 1146.1.33, Mikhail Garnovsky' accounts for GAP 27 July 1789, William Gould sent to Dubossary, unpublished.

RS (1889) 9 p 512, Prince Y. V. Dolgoruky.

RGVIA 52.1.586.2.430, GAP to Suvorov 1 September 1789.

Longworth, Art of Victory p 157. SD vol 3 p 553, Suvorov to Khvostov 29 August 1796.

RS (1875) October p 220, GAP to CII 10 September 1789.

AAE 20: 95-7, Langeron, 'Resume des campagnes'. Lopatin, Potemkin i Suvorov PP 157-70.

SO (1839) vol 9 p 64, GAP to Suvorov and Suvorov to GAP September 1789, quoted in Lopatin, Suvorov i Potemkin p 167.

RGVIA 52.2.52.8, GAP to Ligne 15 September 1789, Lauchon, unpublished.

AAE 20: 149, Langeron, 'Evenements de campagne de 1790'.

AVPRI 5.585.144, GAP to CII 9 November 1789, Bender.

RGVIA 52.2.39.28, GAP to Count Stackelberg with text of Bender surrender 7 November 1789, unpublished.

RGVIA 52.2.46.3, JII to GAP 1 December 1789, Vienna; and RGVIA 52.2.46.14, JII to GAP 5 December 1789, Belgrade, unpublished. These letters show the close relationship and liaison between the Austrians and GAP in 1789. The nuances are fascinating - but are outside the remit of this book. See also the following letters by GAP to JII, Prince Kaunitz, Count Cobenzl and the Prince de Ligne. RGVIA 52.2.52.8, GAP to Ligne 15 September 1789, Louchon. GAP, who had been hurt by the Prince de Ligne's slanders after their falling out at Ochakov, was still fond of his friend and always touchingly keen to win his admiration. After the Battle of

574 notes

Rymnik, for example, he wrote to him: 'I'm scribbling you a letter to remind you, my Prince, of one who loves you tenderly in spite of all your faults.' RGVIA 52.2.48.4, GAP to Cobenzl 30 July 1789, Olviopol. RGVIA 52.2.46.1, GAP to JII 15 September 1789, Kauchon. On Rymnik: RGVIA 52.2.47.1, GAP to Kaunitz 28 July 1789, Olviopol. RGVIA 52.2.47.3, GAP to Kaunitz 15 September 1789. RGVIA 52.2.48.33, Cobenzl to GAP 26 September 1789 on fall of Belgrade, and RGVIA 52.2.48.36, 15/26 October 1789, GAP to Cobenzl: sends congratulations. RGVIA 52.2.48.38, Cobenzl to GAP on Bender 16/27 November 1789, St Peters­burg. RGVIA 52.2.46.2, GAP to JII 7 November 1789 on fall of Bender. RGVIA 52.2.47.54, Kaunitz to GAP on hopes of peace 2 November 1789. RGVIA 52.2.46.3, JII to GAP 1 December 1789, Vienna, congratulates GAP on Bender. RGVIA 52.2.48.3, GAP to Cobenzl 25 March 1789 on the battle-plan for 1789. All of the above unpublished.

PRO FO Secretary of State: State Papers Foreign, cyphers SP106/67, Sir Robert Ainslie in Istanbul to J. Ewart in Berlin 8 February NS 1790, unpublished.

AVPRI 5.585.326-7, L 383 GAP to CII.

AVPRI 5.585.326, L 383, GAP to CII 9 November 1789, Bender.

IRLI 265.2.2115.13-14, L 338, GAP to CII 22 September 1789, Kaushany.

AVPRI 5.585.132, L 374, GAP to CII 2 October 1789, Akkerman (Belgrade-on- Dniester).

AVPRI 5.585.237, GAP to CII 21 October 1789, Kishnev.

RGADA 5.85.2.198, L 379, CII to GAP 18 October 1789.

GPB S-Sch f755 vol 1 quoted in Lopatin, Potemkin i Suvorov p 173, GAP to Suvorov and Suvorov to Popov 8 November 1789.

CII-Ligne p 114, CII to Ligne 5 November 1789.

RGADA 5.85.2.197, CII to GAP 18 October 1789.

RGADA 5.85.2.199, L 378, CII to GAP 18 October 1789.

RS (1876) 16 pp 415-22, Garnovsky to Popov August/September.

RGADA 5.85.2.204, L 383, CII to GAP 15 November 1789.

AVPRI 5.585.128-31, L 388, GAP to CII December 1789.

RGADA 5.85.2.273, L 391, CII to GAP 20 December 1789.

AVPRI 5.585.123-31, L 359, GAP to CII December 1789, Jassy.

RGVIA 271.1.43.3, JIIto GAP 7 October 1789, Vienna, unpublished.

chapter 29: the delicious and the cruel: sardanapalus

For the main sources for this account of the Second Turkish War, see Chapter 26, note 1. Golovina pp 24-5.

SIRIO 54 (1886): 197, Richelieu, 'Mon voyage'.

Ligne, Melanges vol 7 p 199, Prince de Ligne to Comte de Segur 1 December 1788.

Mansel, Constantinople pp 154-5. This description owes much to Philip Mansel's chapter on the Greek princes of Wallachia and Moldavia.

AAE 20: 8-10, Langeron, 'Journal de la campagne de 1790'.

Ligne, Milanges vol 7 pp 199-210, Ligne to Segur 1 December 1788.

AAE 20: 8-10, Langeron, 'Journal de la campagne de 1790'. Damas p 139. Ligne, Memoires 1828 vol 1 pp 211-14, Ligne to Segur 1 December 1788 and vol 2 pp 390-2. Mansel, Constantinople pp 154-7. RGVIA 52.2.89.149, Prince Alexander Mavrocordato to GAP 21 September 1790, Elisabethgrad, unpublished. SIRIO 54

(1886): 197, Richelieu, 'Mon voyage*. Ligne, Melanges vol 7 p 199-210, Ligne to Segur 1 December 1788.

Castera vol 3 p 294. Saint Jean pp 48-54, 137-45. AAE 20: 38, Langeron, 'Journal de la campagne de 1790* (resume).

AAE 20: 367, Langeron, 'Resume 1790*.

RGVIA 52.11.91.11, Prince Nicholas Mavrogeny Hospodar of Wallachia to GAP 5 November 1789; and RGVIA 52.11.91.6, GAP to Prince Nicholas Mavrogeny Hospodar of Wallachia 24 October 1789, unpublished.

Demetrius Dvoichenko-Markov, 'Russia and the First Accredited Diplomat in the Danubian Principalities 1779-1808' pp 208-18.

Saint Marc de Giraudin, Souvenirs de voyage et d^tudes p 249, cited in Georges Haupt, 'La Russie et les Princapautes Danubiennes en 1790: Le Prince Potemkin- Tavrichesky et le Courrier de Moldavie' pp 58-63. Also N. Iorga, Geschichte des Osmanishen Ketches (Gotla 1908) vol 1 p 469, cited in Dvoichenko-Markov p 218.

Samoilov col 1553.

RGVIA 52.11.91.25-6, Prince de Cantacuzino and others to GAP 12 February 1790. RGVIA 52.11.91.24, Moldavian boyars to GAP 17 November 1789. RGVIA 52.11.91.23, Moldavian boyars to GAP ud, 1790, unpublished.

ZOOID 4: 470. Haupt, pp 58-63.

AAE 20: 367, Langeron, 'Resume 1790'

Samoilov col 1553.

RGADA 5.85.2.206, L 385, CII to GAP 25 November 1789.

RA (1907) 2 pp 130-2.

Engelhardt 1997 p 82.

RGIA 1146.1.31, Mikhail Garnovsky accounts 1790, unpublished.

RS (1876) 16 p 425, Garnovsky to Popov 4 March 1790.

RGVIA 52.2.89.128, unsigned to GAP ud, unpublished.

Moskvityanin zhurnal (1852) no 2 January vol 2 p 101.

Moskvityanin zhurnal (1852) no 2 January vol 2 p 99.

AAE 20: 98, Langeron, 'Resume 1790'.

RGADA 11.940.5, Peter Zahorevsky to Praskovia Potemkina ud, unpublished.

RS (1875) June V°1 T3 PP 164-8. Bruckner, Potemkin pp 254-5, GAP to Praskovia Andreevna Potemkina. RGADA 11.857.8, 13, 14, 19, 22, 40, P. A. Potemkina to GAP.

SBVIM vol 8 p 22, GAP Orders to M. L. Faleev 15 March and 25 April 1790.

AAE 20: 131, Langeron, 'Evenements de la Campagne de 1790 des Russes contre les Turcs en Bessarabie et en Bulgarie'.

RGVIA 52.2.56.32-3, Baron I. M. Simolin to GAP 16/26 July 1790, Paris, unpub­lished.

RGVIA 52.2.39.182, Count Stackelberg to GAP 18/29 March 1788, Warsaw, unpublished.

RGVIA 52.2.56.32-3, Simolin to GAP 16/26 July 1790, Paris, unpublished.

RGVIA 52.2.35.35, GAP to Baron Sutherland 1/16 March 1787 on payment to Baron Grimm for purchases in Paris, unpublished.

Literaturnoye nasledstvo (Moscow 1937) vol 29-30 pp 386-9. Simolin to A. A. Bezborodko 25 December 1788/5 January 1789, Paris. The bill was 8,000 Turenne livres, each worth approximately four normal livres.

Vigee Lebrun vol 1 p 323.

Ligne, Letters (Stael) vol 2 p 5, Ligne to Segur 1 August 1788.

Masson p 113.

A. S. Pushkin, 'Notes on Russian History of the Eighteenth Century* p 5.

RGADA 248.4404.221 reverse, CII to Senator Count Andrei Petrovich Shuvalov ordering him to assign three million roubles to GAP to build the Sebastopol Admiralty 2 September 1785. Once the war began in 1787, the budgets increased massively. A document in the same place as the above from Prince A. A. Viazemsky to CII on 7 November 1790 shows how, for example, 7.3 million roubles were distributed in 1787-90 by GAP to the Black Sea Navy and the Ekaterinoslav and Ukrainian armies through officials such as Colonel Garnovsky, Faleev and Popov. However, Viazemsky does complain that GAP had three times neglected to report on the details of all his spending of his money. Another example: SIRIO 27 (1880): 348-51, CII to GAP 14 January 1785. CII ordered Viazemsky to pay GAP one million roubles for creating new regiments. PSZ xxii no 16,131. SIRIO 27 (1880): 354, CII to GAP 13 August 1785. In this case, the money is 2.4 million roubles for the Black Sea Admiralty.

Memoirs of the Life of Prince Potemkin pp 85-7.

GARF 9: Potemkin's correspondence with different persons. Potemkin continued to use his 'Court Jew' and friend Zeitlin as well as bankers like Ferguson Tepper of Warsaw. Their unpublished correspondence is spread throughout the archives in RGIA in Petersburg, RGVIA f52 and RGADA fi 1 in Moscow. This is an invaluable picture of GAP's and the Russian Empire's finances, but again it is beyond the scope of this book. See next note for the unhappy struggles of Baron Sutherland.

RGADA 11.895.3-5, Baron Richard Sutherland to GAP 10 August and 13 Sep­tember 1783. RGADA 11.895.7, Baron Sutherland to GAP 2 March 1784. All unpublished. Presumably Sutherland was paid something because he calmed down until the next year, when he fell foul of Zeitlin: 'I am extremely mortified to learn that I'm losing the protection and confidence with which Your Highness has deigned to honour me, through the report of my business with Monsieur Zeitlin.' Sutherland claimed he was the 'victim of his own goodwill' and grovelled for Potemkin to forgive whatever he had done. One suspects that GAP is one of the few Russian statesmen who would fall out with a British baron on behalf of a Jewish merchant, (see Ch 19) RGVIA 52.2.35.33, Ferguson Tepper to GAP 11 January 1788 Warsaw. Sutherland was soon back in favour, but every delay in paying him hit the Scotsman's bankers in Warsaw, Ferguson Tepper, who were soon begging GAP directly to give Sutherland the money to pay them 77,912 roubles. For the way GAP's Chancellery functioned as both a state and a personal office, see RGVIA 271.1.53.1, Abbe Michel Ossowski to GAP 30 July NS 1789, unpublished. Here a Pole discusses both GAP's Polish estates and the supply of timber and masts for shipbuilding in Kherson.

RGVIA 52.2.35.4, Sutherland to GAP 6 October 1788. RGADA 11.895.13, Sutherland to GAP 22 October 1788, unpublished.

RA (1873) 2 p 1687, GAP to Bezborodko.

Khrapovitsky 24 December 1789.

Gerhard F. Kramer and Roderick E. McGrew, 'Potemkin, the Porte and the Road to Tsargrad: The Shumla Negotiations 1789-90' pp 467-87. This work quotes from the Barozzi Diaries in Austrian Haus-, Hof-, und Staatsarchiv Russland II Berichte 202A to 206B

RGIA 468.1.2.3904, list of jewels sent down to Jassy for Turkish negotiations, unpublished.

RGVIA 52.2.79.1, GAP to Barozzi February 1790. ZOOID 8 (1872): 194-5, GAP to Grand Vizier and Barozzi 16/27 February 1790. ZOOID 8: 198-9, GAP to Barozzi, the offer of the mosque in Moscow.

RGADA 5.85.2.216, L 397, CII to GAP 6 February 1790.

Blanning, JII 1, pp 189, 198. SIRIO 54: in, Richelieu, 'Journal de mon voyage'. RGVIA 52.2.47.8, GAP to Prince Kaunitz 31 January 1790, unpublished. Ligne, Letters (Stael) vol 2 p 34, Ligne to CII 12 February 1790. Joseph had been urging GAP to negotiate peace as his condition worsened. His correspondence with GAP (all unpublished): RGVIA 271.1.43.3, JII to GAP 7 October NS 1789, Vienna. RGVIA 52.2.47.41, JII to GAP 22 October NS 1789, Vienna (six-page letter). RGVIA 52.2.47.6, GAP to Kaunitz 11/22 December 1789, Jassy, and also RGVIA 52.2.47.4, GAP to Kaunitz 7 November 1789, Bender.

RGVIA 52.2.46.9, Leopold King of Hungary to GAP 30 March 1790, and GAP to King of Hungary ud. Also RGVIA 52.2.46.6, GAP to Leopold ud. The cor­respondence between GAP and the Austrians Leopold and Kaunitz is unpublished. GAP was said to have been outraged by Leopold's nervous letters, stamping on them furiously, and swearing at the Habsburgs, who soon heard about the names he had called them. Sir N. William Wraxall, Historical Memoirs of my own Time p 171.

RGVIA 52.2.65.1, Duke of Leeds to GAP 31 March NS 1790. RGVIA 52.2.65.2, GAP to Leeds 30 May 1790, unpublished. Cross, By the Banks of the Neva pp 361-3. John Howard (1726-90) was buried near Kherson, and Tsar Alexander I erected a pyramid over his tomb. The Soviets continued to revere this friend of humanity. In 1998, when the author visited Kherson, there were still tours and pamphlets offered to tourists to encourage visits to Howard's tomb.

RGADA 5.85.2.212, L 385, CII to GAP 3 December 1789.

RGVIA 52.2.46.4, GAP to Leopold King of Hungary 25 May 1790, unpublished.

AVPRI 5.5/1.589.214-16, GAP to CII ud, November/December 1789.

RGADA 5.85.2.208-9, L 385, CII to GAP 2 December 1789.

Engelhardt 1997 p 82.

RGADA 1.1/1.43.24-6, L 414, GAP to CII May 1790. The actual order is quoted in SIMPIK KV vol 2 p 30, 31 March 1790: 'To all ranks of the army, I order you to wear only regular uniform without any differentiation. The generals should not have eagles on their tunics...'.

AVPRI 5.585.142, L 397, GAP to CII February 1790, Jassy.

AVPRI 5.585.128.31, L 389, GAP to CII December 1789.

RGADA 5.85.2.225-6, L 407, CII to GAP 19 March 1790, and RGADA 5.85.2.224, L 408, CII to GAP 30 March 1790.

AVPRI 5.585.323, L 394, GAP to CII 23 January 1790, Jassy. RGADA 5.85.2.208, L 387, CII to GAP 2 December 1789. AVPRI 5.585.128-131, L 388-9, GAP to CII December 1789. The orders to his Cossack officers Chepega and Golovaty about the formation of the new Host intensify in late 1789, spring 1790, for example SIMPIK KV vol 2 p 24, GAP to Golovaty 4 October 1789; p 32, 14 April 1790, Jassy.

RGVIA 52.2.37.207, GAP to Bezborodko.

RA (1842) 7-8 pp 17-18. AKV 5: 402, M. N. Radischev to Count A. R. Vorontsov 17 May 1791.

RGADA 1.1/1.43.107, L 441, GAP to CII 3 December 1790.

RS (1876) November pp 417-8, 1 GAP to CII June 1790.

RGADA 5.85.2.227, CII to GAP 27 April 1790.

RGADA 1.1/1.43.17, L 419, GAP to CII 19 June 1790.

Madariaga, Russia p 414. Austria's withdrawal from the Russian alliance was partly blamed by Wraxall on Leopold's hearing of GAP's rudeness. But Russian anger was

578 notes

the least of Leopold's problems. However, it is very likely that GAP was furious at the loss of the Austrian alliance. Wraxall claims GAP had 'ebullitions of rage'. Wraxall p 171.

RGADA 5.85.2.239, L 422, CII to GAP 17 July 1790.

RGADA 5.85.2.245-6, L 425, CII to GAP 9 August 1790.

RGADA 1.1/1.43.38, L 427, GAP to CII 16 August 1790, Bender.

AAE 20: 179, Langeron, 'Evenements 1790'

Dubrovin p 20, quoted in Lopatin, Potemkin i Suvorov p 182.

RP 2.1 p 36. RP 4.1 p 19. RP 1.2 p 85. Vigee Lebrun vol 1 pp 319-20. AAE 20: 138, Langeron, 'Evenements 1790'. Golovina pp 24-5. RGVIA 52.2.52.1, Ligne to GAP ud but probably 18 October 1789 or even 1790 from Vienna because it mentions that young Charles de Ligne is serving with GAP and Ismail may be taken. Unpublished. Ligne's handwriting is notoriously hard to decipher. This marks another stage in the reconciliation of Ligne and GAP after Ochakov: 'I often feel the need to tell my dear Prince I love him tenderly and, for the first time in my life, absence doesn't make any difference ... What unhappiness for me that I can't see ... Madame Samoilov ... and those who surround you in Moldavia whom I so like and who so adore you...'.

SIRIO 54 (1886): 111-98, Richelieu, 'Mon voyage'. RP 4.2 p 152.

SIRIO 54 (1886): 147-9, Richelieu, 'Mon voyage'.

SIRIO 54 (1886): pp 147-9, Richelieu, 'Mon voyage'.

AAE 20: 158, Langeron, 'Evenements 1790'.

RGVIA 52.2.47.12, GAP to Kaunitz October 1790, Bender, unpublished.

SIRIO 54 (1886): 147-9, Richelieu, 'Mon voyage'.

AAE 20: 160, Langeron, 'Evenements 1790'.

Vigee Lebrun vol 1 p 321.

Engelhardt 1868 p 88.

Engelhardt 1868 p 88. AAE 20: 226, Langeron, 'Evenements 1790'.

SIRIO 54 (1886): 152, Richelieu, 'Mon voyage'.

SIRIO 54 (1886): 147-9, Richelieu, 'Mon voyage'. AAE 20: 226, Langeron, 'Evenements 1790'.

Golovina pp 24-5.

AAE 20: 143, Langeron, 'Evenements 1790'. Pushkin, Polnoye Sobraniye Socb- ineniya vol 12 p 173. Pushkin's story is set at Ochakov with a countess, but the real events are more likely to have taken place at Bender with Princess Dolgorukaya in 1790.

Engelhardt 1997 p 88.

Vigee Lebrun vol 1 p 321. AAE 20: 226, Langeron, 'Evenements 1790'.

RGVIA 52.2.71.9, GAP to Princess Lubomirska 2 August 1790, 'Not a moment for myself', and RGVIA 52.2.71.8, GAP agrees to cede Dubrovna 20 July 1790, Czerdack near Jassy, unpublished. On Polish politics: RGVIA 52.2.70.12, GAP to Branicki 28 February 1790 on the Hetmanate; RGADA 11.946.56, Baron Ivan I. d'Asch to GAP 23 July/3 August 1790, and document 65 d'Asch thanks GAP for present of a Turkish manuscript. RGVIA 52.2.7.2, SA to GAP 22 July 1790, Warsaw; RGVIA 52.2.68.26, Count Felix Potocki to GAP 1 May NS 1790, Vienna. All unpublished. On reforms of army, Cossacks and Guards regiments: RGADA 1.1/1.43.24-6, L 414, GAP to CII May 1790. G. S. Vinsky, Мое vremyay zapiski with new introduction by Isabel de Madariaga. Vinsky p 100. Vinsky grumbles that GAP is filling the Guards with 'all kinds of raznochintsky and even Asiatics'. AKV 9: 270, S. R. Vorontsov complains of the same 7 November 1792, quoted in Duffy,

Russia's Military Way p 138. On Cossack recruitment: SIMPIK KV vol 2 p 39, GAP to Chepega 9 November 1790, Bender. On the Kuban war: Dubrovin, Istoriya voyny vol 2 pp 260-1, Yury Bogdanovich Bibikov to GAP 16 February 1790; p 269, GAP to General de Balmain 26 June 1790; and p 269, GAP to I. V. Gudovich 24 December 1790. Also SBVIM vol 8 p 9, GAP to Y. B. Bibikov 23 February 1790. On naval war, vol 7 p 107, GAP to Jose de Ribas 8 July 1790; p 139, GAP to Ribas 17 August 1790. On signals for fleet: vol 8 p 18, GAP to Ribas 14 March 1790. On Nikolaev: ZOOID 8: 200, GAP on Nikolaev Church, orders to Starov and architects and orders to Faleev on 24 August 1790, quoted in Kruchkov.

RGADA 5.85.2.266, L 440, CII to GAP October 1790.

RGADA 5.85.2.251-4, L 430, CII to GAP 29 August 1790.

RGADA 5.85.2.256-7, L 434, CII to GAP 11 September 1790. RGADA 5.85.2.266, L 439, CII to GAP October 1790.

The threat to Potemkin's indigenat and Russia's position in Poland can be followed in the unpublished Potemkin-Stackelberg correspondence, e.g. RGVIA 52.2.74.2, GAP to Marshals of the Sejm Malachowski and Sapieha 7 November 1788, Ochakov. RGVIA 52.2.39.1, CII to Stackelberg 12 May 1788, Tsarskoe Selo. RGVIA 52.2.39.270, Stackelberg to GAP 13/24 December 1788. RGVIA 52.2.39.385, Stackelberg to GAP 1/12 April 1790. RGVIA 52.2.39.384, Stack­elberg to GAP 5/16 March 1790. RGVIA 52.2.39.370, Stackelberg to GAP 12/23 January 1790. RGVIA 52.2.39.358, Stackelberg to GAP 3/14 January 1790. See also the anti-Potemkin propaganda: 'Reflexion,' RGVIA 52.2.54.147, ud, unsigned. All the above unpublished. See Chapter 23 note 49.

RGADA 1.1/1.43.59-60,1.432, GAP to CII 10 September 1790, Bender. RGADA 5.85.2.258-9, CII to GAP 16 September 1790. RGADA 5.85.2.260, L 436, CII to GAP 30 September 1790. RGADA 5.85.2.262, L 436, CII to GAP 1 October 1790.

Petrov, Vtoroya turetskaye voyna vol 2 pp 43-4, GAP to Lazhkarev 7 September 1790. RA (1884) 2 p 30.

SBVIM vol 8 p 16, GAP to F.F. Ushakov 14 March 1790; p 89, GAP to Ushakov 24 June 1790; p 92, GAP to Ushakov 3 July 1790.

RGADA 1.1/1.43.55, L 431, GAP to CII 4 September 1790, Bender.

RGADA 5.85.2.258-9, L 434, CII to GAP 6 September 1790.

SBVIM vol 8 p 172, GAP to Ribas 28 September 1790.

RGVIA 52.2.37.230, GAP to Bezborodko.

RGVIA 52.1.586.1.586, GAP to Bezborodko.

SBVIM vol 8 p 186, GAP to Ribas 13 November 1790.

AAE 20: 272, Langeron, 'Evenements 1790'

Odessa State History Local Museum d68o and d68i, Armand Due de Richelieu to GAP and Alexandre Comte de Langeron to GAP 10 November 1790.

chapter 30: sea of slaughter: ismail

1 For the main sources for this account of the Second Turkish War, see Chapter 26, note 1. This chapter also uses Alexander, CtG pp 257-92, and Madariaga, Russia pp 413-26. RA (1871) September 394-6, Count G. I. Chernyshev to Prince S. F. Golitsyn 23-24 November 1790, Ismail. G. I. Chernyshev was the son of Ivan, who ran the Naval College and was opposed to Potemkin. But he is writing to his friend Prince S. F. Golitsyn, who was married to GAP's niece Varvara and was therefore close to Serenissimus. Therefore this is the testimony of a hostile witness given to a friendly one and shows how futile it is trying strictly to divide the Russian Court into family factions or political parties.

Damas pp 148-50. SIRIO 54 (1886): 156, Richelieu, 'Mon voyage'

RGADA 1.1/1.43.107, L 442, GAP to CII 3 December 1790, Bender.

RA (1871) pp 385-7, 20 November 1790, Ismail.

AAE 20: 168, Langeron, 'Evenements 1790'.

SD vol 2 pp 524-5, GAP to A. V. Suvorov 25 November 1790, Bender. KD vol 1 p 113, GAP to Suvorov 25 November 1790. GAP uses the Polish word 'Sejm' instead of parliament. RA (1877) no 10 pp 196-7, GAP to Suvorov (two notes) 25 November 1790, Bender.

RA (1871) pp 391-2, Count G. I. Chernyshev to Prince S. F. Golitsyn 22 November 1790, Ismail.

RGVIA 52.1.586.1.630, GAP to Jose de Ribas 28 November 1790. RA (1871) September p 396, Count G. I. Chernyshev to Prince S. F. Golitsyn 27 November 1790, Ismail.

AAE 20: 194, Langeron, 'Evenements 1790'

Memoirs of the Life of Prince Potemkin p 229. Castera vol e p 292. RGADA 1.1/1.43.51-4, L 447, GAP to CII 13 January 1791, Jassy. RGADA 1.1/1.43.22, L 415, GAP to CII 29 May 1790, Kokoteny ('the soul of war').

SBVIM 8 pp 193-4, GAP to General Ivan Gudovich 28 November 1790, Bender. SIRIO 54 (1886): 194, Richelieu, 'Mon voyage'.

SBVIM 8 p 195, GAP to Suvorov, order 1730, 4 December 1790, Bender. RGVIA 52.1.16.11. RA (1877) 10 pp 197-8, GAP to Suvorov 29 November 1790, Bender, and 4 December 1790, Bender.

SBVIM 8 p 194, GAP to Suvorov 29 November 1790, Bender. SIRIO 54 (1886): 168-9, Richelieu, 'Mon voyage'.

RV (1841) 1.8 p 345, GAP to Governor of Ismail 7 December 1790.

RA (1877) no 10 P t98, Suvorov to Governor of Ismail 7 December 1790, Ismail. SD vol 2 p 535, Suvorov to Governor of Ismail 7 December 1790, quoted in Longworth, Art of Victory p 167.

SIRIO 54 (1886): 174, Richelieu, 'Mon voyage'.

Damas p 151.

Longworth, Art of Victory p 168.

AAE 20: 235, Langeron, 'Evenements 1790'.

Damas pp 153-5. SIRIO 54 (1886): 181-3.

Damas pp 153-6. SIRIO 54 (1886): 183-7, Richelieu, 'Mon voyage'. AAE 20: 235, Langeron, 'Evenements 1790'.

Longworth, Art of Victory p 174. AAE 20: 235, Langeron, 'Evenements 1790'. Duffy, Russia's Military Way pp 187-8. M. S. Anderson, Europe in Eighteenth Century p 13 5. The true deathtoll at Ismail will never be known. Even eye-witnesses could not decide between 24,000 and 30,000, but the best estimate is that 26,000 Turks died at Ismail. Of the 9,000 prisoners, 2,000 died of their wounds within the week. Russian losses were much higher than the official 1,815 dead, 2,445 wounded - probably between 4,500 and Langeron's 8,000 dead (4,000 died of their wounds), including 429 officers.

Samoilov col 1550.

AAE 20: 272, Langeron, 'Evenements 1790'

RGADA 5.85.2.277, L 446, CII to GAP 3 January 1791.

SIRIO 54 (1886): 195, Richelieu, 'Mon voyage'

SIRIO 54 (1886): 194, Richelieu, 'Mon voyage'. AAE 20: 272, Langeron, 'Evene­ments 1790'. Pushkin, Polnoye Sobraniye Sochineniya vol 12 pp 171-2. RGVIA 52.2.47.16, GAP to Prince Kaunitz 25 January/5 February 1791, Jassy, and RGVIA 52.2.47.19, GAP to Kaunitz 9/20 February 1791, RGVIA 52.2.55.72, unnamed to GAP 15 February 1791, Vienna, all unpublished. GAP was still in friendly contact with Kaunitz. In the first letter, despatched back to Vienna with young Prince Charles de Ligne, GAP thanks Kaunitz for sending him the 'painting by Monsieur Casanova' - the lover Casanova's brother was a well-known portraitist. 'It has happily arrived here,' writes GAP, 'it gives me the greatest pleasure.' The second letter covers politics: 'Our enemies and the envious do all to separate our interests but they won't succeed,' GAP declares, though this had already effectively happened. GAP then thanks Kaunitz for the cheeses he has sent him. In return, 'I have a Turkish horse for Your Highness which belonged to the Pasha in command of Ismail.' GAP triumphantly informs Prince Kaunitz and the Prince de Ligne in Vienna of his victory: now in the 3rd document, GAP hears back that Ligne has had to correct his mistaken opinions of GAP's generalship. Two reports reveal how 'the remarkable letter that Prince Potemkin had written to the Prince de Ligne to compliment him on his son's conduct in the column across the Danube under General Ribas ... has been visibly directed to avenge the libels the Prince de Ligne pere made on the reputation of the Russian Field-Marshal after his return from Ochakov'.

Lopatin, Potemkin i Suvorov p 198: 'After Ismail: What happened in Jassy?' Lopatin's recent research into this legend appears to disprove it conclusively. Examples of the story appear in Petrushevsky vol 1 pp 400-1 and Longworth, The Art of Victory p 175.

AVPRI 5.585.217, L 447, GAP to CII 11 January 1791, Jassy. Richelieu and Damas now headed back to Paris, stricken by revolution. Young Prince Charles de Ligne returned to Vienna taking the letters announcing the victory to Prince Kaunitz. Kaunitz sent GAP the cheese and painting, GAP sent him the Pasha of Ismail's horse, mentioned above. See unpublished letters in note 27 above.

RGADA 1.1/1.43.51-4, L 448, GAP to CII 13 January 1791, Jassy. RGADA 5.85.2.275, L 444, CII to GAP 20 December 1791. AVPRI 5.585.208, L 449, GAP to CII 15 January 1791, Jassy.

AVPRI 5.585.217, L 447, GAP to CII 11 January 1791, Jassy.

RGADA 1.1/1.43.51-4, L 448, GAP to CII 13 January 1791, Jassy.

AVPRI 5.585.204, L 451, GAP to CII January 1791, Jassy. M. I. Pilaev, Staryy Peter burg p 306.

RGADA 5.85.2.279-80, L 451, CII to GAP 22 January 1791.

RGADA 1.1/1.43.51-4, L 448, GAP to CII 13 January 1791, Jassy.

McKay and Scott pp 240-2. John Ehrman, The Younger Pitt, vol 2: The Reluctant Transition pp 12-17.

Stedingk p 77, Count Stedingk to Gustavus III 8 February NS 1791.

Stedingk p 87, Stedingk to Gustavus III 16 February NS 1791.

Stedingk p 94, Steding to Gustavus III 11 March NS 1791.

Ehrman vol 2 pp 12-17. PRO FO 65/20, Sir Charles Whitworth to Duke of Leeds no 2,1 о January 1791. PRO FO 30/8/20, Joseph Ewart to William Pitt 11 February 1791, both as quoted in Ehrman vol 2 pp 12-17.

chapter 31: the beautiful greek

Memoirs of the Life of Prince Potemkin pp 233-4. This chapter uses, apart from the references given below, Alexander, CtG pp 285-92, and Madariaga, Russia pp 409-26.

Stedingk p 98, J. J. Jennings to Fronce 17 March NS 1791, St Petersburg.

Stedingk p 96, Count Stedingk to Gustavus III 17 March NS 1791, St Petersburg.

AG AD Collection of Popiel Family 421: 10-11, Augustyn A. Deboli to SA, unpub­lished.

Derzhavin, The Waterfall, in Segal p 302.

AGAD 421.5-6, Deboli to SA ud, March 1791, unpublished. The ode to GAP was probably the one by Sumarokov - see Bolotina, 'Private Library of Prince GAPT* P 254-

AGAD 421: 1-2, Deboli to SA 1, 2, 3, 5 March 1791, unpublished.

SIRIO 42: 163, CII to Prince de Ligne 21 May 1791. SIRIO 33: 349, CII to Baron F. M. Grimm 30 March 1791.

AGAD 421: 10-11, Deboli to SA March 1791, unpublished.

Stedingk p 98, Jennings to Fronce 17 March NS 1791.

AGAD 421: 12-15 and 2.0-1, Deboli to SA 1 April and 8 April 1791, unpublished. Stedingk p 103, Stedingk to Gustavus III 25 March NS 1791, St Petersburg.

AGAD 421: 12-15 and 20-1, Deboli to SA 1 April and 8 April 1791, unpublished. Stedingk p 103, Stedingk to Gustavus III 25 March NS 1791, St Petersburg.

Stedingk pp 98-108, Stedingk to Gustavus III and Jennings to Fronce 17, 21 25 March, 1 April NS 1791, St Petersburg.

AAE 20: 134-5, Langeron, 'Evenements 1790'. RP 1.1 p 72.

Vigee Lebrun vol 1 p 325. Czartoryski p 37.

Engelhardt, 1868 p 69.

SIRIO 54 (1886): p 149, Richelieu, 'Mon voyage'. Golovina pp 24-5.

RGVIA 52.11.69.61, GAP to Count Joseph de Witte 21 September 1788, unpub­lished.

RP 1.1 p 72. AGAD 421: 5-6 and 20-1, Deboli to SA ud, March 1791, and 8 April 1791, St Petersburg, unpublished.

AGAD 421: 12-15 and 20-1, Deboli to SA 1 and 8 April 1791, unpublished. Stedingk p 103, Stedingk to Gustavus III 25 March NS 1791, St Petersburg.

AGAD 421:12-15, Deboli to SA 1 April 1791, St Petersburg unpublished. Stedingk p 108, Jennings to Fronce 1 April 1791, St Petersburg. AAE 20: 286, Langeron, 'Evenements 1790'.

AGAD 421: 22-3 Deboli to SA 12 April 1791, St Petersburg, unpublished.

Ehrman, vol 2 pp 18-19. RGADA 5.85.2.290, L 455, CII to GAP 25 April 1791. The despatch of Suvorov to Sweden is regarded by most Suvorov historians are more evidence of Potemkin's jealousy, though in fact the Swedish threat was a real one in April 1791.

Stedingk p 107, Jennings to Fronce 1 April NS 1791, St Petersburg.

Stedingk pp 113-16, Stedingk to Gustavus III 8 April NS 1791, St Petersburg.

Stedingk pp 109-10, Jennings to Fronce 1 April NS 1791, St Petersburg.

Stedingk pp 113-16, Stedingk to Gustavus III 8 April NS 1791, St Petersburg.

AGAD 421: 16-19, Deboli to SA 5 April 1791, St Petersburg, unpublished.

К. E. Dzedzhula, Rossiya i velikaya Frantzuzskaya burzhuaznaya revolyutsiya kontsa XVIII veka p 281. Literaturnoye nasledstvo (Moscow 1937) vol 29-30 pp 448-50, Baron Simolin to Count Osterman 21 March/i April 1791, Paris pp 450- i. Also AKV 8: 1-38, S. R. Vorontosov to F. V. Rostopchin 18/29 November 1796. GAP was closely informed of the Revolution both by Stackelberg in Warsaw, whose letters are in RGVIA 52.2.39.385, and by Simolin, for example RGVIA 52.2.56.31, as well as by Segur: RGVIA 52.2.64.24, Comte de Segur to GAP 9 May 1790, Paris. All these are unpublished. Catherine's true opinion of Mirabeau ('fit to be broken on the wheel') is in SIRIO 23 (1878): 520, CII to Grimm 30 April 1791. Antonina Vallentin, Mirabeau: Voice of the Revolution p 65.

Stedingk pin, Stedingk to Gustavus III 8 April NS 1791, St Petersburg.

Stedingk p 94, Stedingk to Gustavus III 11 March NS 1791; and p 96, 17 March 1791, St Petersburg.

ADAD 421: 84 Deboli to SA ud, March? 1791, St Petersburg, unpublished.

Derzhavin Sochineniya vol 6 p 592.

Madariaga, Politics and Culture pp 166-7. Franz Demmler, Memoirs of the Court of Prussia p 342.

3 5 Vernadsky Imperatritsa Ekaterina II i Zakonodatdnaya Komissiya 1767-8 pp 237- 9, quoted in Lopatin, Potemkin i Suvorov p 213.

Robert H. Lord, The Second Partition of Poland pp 180-1. Goertz p 74.

Khrapovitsky p 359, 15, 17, 22 March 1791.

RS(i892) April p 179, Memoirs of Fyodor Secretarev.

Khrapovitsky pp 359-61, 7 and 9 April 1791. Madariaga, Russia p 418. Lord p 181 and appendix 5, Osterman to Alopeus 14/25 March 1791.

SIRIO 42: 150-1. RS (1887) 55 p 317.

Ehrman vol 2 pp 19-28. Madariaga, Russia p 418. Lord pp 183-5. Hansard XXIX: 31 and 52-79. AKV 8: 1-38, S. R. Vorontsov to Rostopchin 18/29 November 1796. The Marquess of Salisbury compared the confrontation of Britain with Russia in 1878 to a fight between a shark and a wolf (quoted in Andrew Roberts, Salisbury, (London 1999).

PRO FO Secretary of State: State Papers, Foreign, cyphers SP 106/67 n° 29, Charles Whitworth 10 June 1791, St Petersburg, unpublished.

Odessa State Local History Museum, invitation to Countess Osterman 28 April 1791. Author's visit to Odessa August 1998. Unpublished.

chapter 32: carnival and crisis

For the main sources for this account of the Second Turkish War, see Chapter 26, note 1. For the Polish Revolution, this chapter uses, apart from the references given below, Alexander, CtG pp 285-92, and Madariaga, Russia pp 409-26, Lord pp 512-28, Zamoyski, Last King of Poland pp 326-57, Ehrman vol 2 pp 26-41, McKay and Scott pp 240-7. Also Jerzy Lojek, 'CII's Armed Intervention in Poland' and Jerzy Lukowski, The Partitions of Poland 1772, 1793, I795• Memoirs of the Life of Prince Potemkin p 243.

SIRIO 23 (1878): 517-19, CII to Baron F. M. Grimm 29 April 1791.

Zoia Belyakova, The Romanov Legacy p 91. Potemkin would not use tallow. The cost was said to be more than 70,000 roubles: he had bought every candle in the capital and had to order more from Moscow.

Derzhavin quoted from A. A. Kiuchariants, Ivan Starov (Leningrad 1982) p 43 by Cross, By the Banks of the Neva p 275. The words and music of the four choral pieces were, according to Bolotina's 'Private Library of Prince GAPT', by G. R. Derzhavin and Osip Kozlovisky respectively.

Anspach, Journey p 137, 18 February 1786.

Derzhavin ode quoted in Lopatin, Potemkin i Suvorov p 230.

L. I. Dyachenko at Tavrichesky Palace. Author's visit to St Petersburg 1998. Also L. I. Dyachenko, Tavrichesky Dvorets pp 1-64.

This account is based on the following: SIRIO 23 (1878): 517-19, CII to Grimm 29 April 1791. Memoirs of the Life of Prince Potemkin p 243. Masson pp 240-4, 386-7. Belyakova p 91. Dyachenko pp 1-57. Author's visit to Taurida Palace with Ludmila Dyachenko September 1998. Moskvityanin zhurnal (1852) vol 3 pp 21-8, about the private life of Prince Potemkin.

Pushkin, Polnoye Sobraniye Sochineniya vol 12 p 177. Story of Natalia Zakrevskaya, nee Razumovskaya. This was the sister of Elisaveta, the daughter of Kirill Razumov­sky with whom GAP possibly flirted in the 1760s.

Stedingk p 137, Count Stedingk to Gustavus III 18 May 1791, St Petersburg.

SIRIO 23 (1878): 519, 29 April 1791, and SIRIO 23 (1878): 520, 30 April 1791, CII to Grimm, St Petersburg. Zamoyski, Last King of Poland pp 337-6. Edmund Burke, Collected Works vol 6 pp 244-6, quoted in Zamoyski p 345. Lord pp 527- 8. Madariaga, Russia pp 420-1.

ADAD 421: 22-3, Deboli to SA 12 April 1791; 421: 36-9, 29 April 1791; 421: 58-65, 17 May 1791, St Petersburg, unpublished.

RGADA 5.85.2.289, L 457, CII to GAP May 1791.

RV (1841) vol 8 pp 366-7, GAP to Admiral F. F. Ushakov, Prince N. I. Repnin and General-en-Chef I. V. Gudovich n May 1791. RGVIA 52.2.21.153, L 457, GAP to CII 9 June 1791, and RGVIA 52.2.21.145-9, GAP to CII 9 June 1791. Anapa, like Ismail, Bender and Akkerman, was always a Russian target. See Dubrovin, Istoriya voyny vol 2 p 269, GAP to Gudovich on Anapa 24 December 1790. RGADA 16.799.2.170, L 456, and RGADA 16.766.2.171, L 456, both GAP to CII. These letters, dating from this time, propose settling Swedish prisoners, Arme­nians and Moldavians in GAP's lands as well as expanding Nikolaev and building more ships.

RA (1874) 2 pp 251-2, CII rescript to GAP on Poland 16 May 1791.

Jerzy Lojek, 'Catherine's Armed Intervention in Poland' pp 579-81.

RGVIA 52.2.68.32 and /30, Count Felix Potocki to GAP 12 October 1790 and 9 July 1791, unpublished. Lord pp 527-8, Potocki to GAP 14 May 1791, all three from Vienna. RGVIA 52.2.68.47, GAP to Potocki 18/29 May 1790. RGVIA 52.2.68.48, GAP to Potocki 8 February 1791, unpublished.

AKV 13: 227, A. A. Bezborodko to S. R. Vorontsov 17 November 1791.

SIRIO 27 (1880): pp 332-3, CII rescript to GAP on precautions on return of Zaporogians and Nekrazovsky Cossacks 15 April 1784.

SIRIO 27 (1880): 338, CII rescript to GAP on keeping detachment of Cossacks in Poland, 2 July 1784. SIRIO 27 (1880): 416, CII rescript to GAP permitting establishment of five squadrons of Polish Cossacks 6 July 1787.

See Rulikowski, Smila.

S. Malachowski, Pamietnik i Stanislawa hr. Nalecz Malachowskiego wyd. Wincenty hr. Los p 92.

AGAD 421: 58-65, Deboli to SA 17 May 1791, St Petersburg, unpublished.

PRO FO Secretary of State: State Papers, Foreign, cyphers SP106/67, William Fawkener to Lord Grenville no 3, 2 June 1791, St Petersburg, unpublished.

PRO FO Secretary of State: State Papers, Foreign, cyphers SP 106/67, Fawkener to Lord Grenville 18 June 1791, St Petersburg. Also in same place: GAP on the Black Sea Fleet, Fawkener no 3, 2 June 1791, St Petersburg. Both unpublished.

RGVIA 52.2.89.159, S. R. Vorontsov to GAP 3 May NS 1791, London, unpub­lished.

PRO FO Secretary of State: State Papers, Foreign, cyphers SP 106.67, Charles Whitworth no 41, 5 August 1791, St Petersburg, unpublished. Stedingk p 146, Stedingk to Gustavus III 25 June 1791, St Petersburg.

Derzhavin vol 6 pp 592, 422-3.

Derzhavin vol 6 pp 592, 422-3.

This portrait of Derzhavin uses Jesse V. Clardy, G. R. Derzhavin: A Political Biography pp 70-1, 123, 128.

RP 1.1 p 39. Burton Raffel, Russian Poetry under the Tsars p 20. Segal vol 2 pp 262-74.

Derzhavin vol 6 pp 422-44.

AG AD 421: 122-3, Deboli to SA 22 July 1791, St Petersburg, unpublished. Derzhavin vol 6 pp 423-4. AKV 8: pp 44-5, Count Fyodor Rostopchin to S. R. Vorontsov 25 December 1791, Jassy.

AKV 8: 67, Rostopchin to S. R. Vorontsov 14/25 April 1793, and pp 44-5, 25 December 1791, Jassy.

3 5 PRO FO Secretary of State: State Papers, Foreign, cyphers SP 106/67, Fawkener no 4, 7 June 1791, and no 8, 21 June 1791, St Petersburg, unpublished.

PRO FO Secretary of State: State Papers, Foreign, cyphers SP 106/67, Whitworth 8 July 1791, St Petersburg, unpublished.

PRO FO Secretary of State: State Papers, Foreign, cyphers SP 106/67, Whitworth 8 July 1791, St Petersburg, unpublished.

RGADA 5.85.1.479, L 457, CII to GAP June 1791.

RGADA 5.85.2.18, L 458, CII to GAP, and RGVIA 52.2.22.70, L 458, GAP to CII June 1791. The reports to GAP from the fronts, his orders to his commanders, and his reports to CII are in RGVIA 52 op 2, for example GAP's report to CII on M. I. Kutuzov's raid across the Danube of 4 June 1791 can be found, dated 19 June 1791, at RGVIA 52.2.21.164.

AGAD 421: 122-3, Deboli to SA 22 July 1791, St Petersburg, unpublished.

AGAD 421: 77-8, Deboli to SA 31 May 1791, St Petersburg, unpublished.

RGVIA 52.2.22.4, L 458, GAP to CII July 1791. KFZ 2 July 1791. The fall of Anapa: Dubrovin, Istoriya voyny vol 2 p 269, Gudovich to GAP 22 June 1791. On capture and fate of Mansour: Marie Bennigsen Broxup (ed), The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance towards the Moslem World; see Paul B. Henze, 'Circassian Resistance to Russia' p 75.

PRO FO Secretary of State: State Papers, Foreign, cyphers SP 106/67, agreement signed by Whitworth, Fawkener and Goertz 11/22 July 1791 and 16/27 July, St Petersburg, unpublished. KFZ 12 July 1791. RGADA 5.85.1.432, L 459, CII to GAP July 1791, and RGADA 5.85.1.430, L 459, CII to GAP July 1791. RGVIA 52.2.22.11-15, Repnin's report to GAP on Battle of Machin.

AGAD 421: 122-3, Deboli to SA 22 July 1791, St Petersburg, unpublished.

AGAD 421: 113-14, Deboli to SA July 1791, St Petersburg, unpublished.

RGVIA 52.2.39.346, Count Stackelberg to GAP 9/20 December 1789, unpub­lished.

AGAD 421: 85-6, Deboli to SA 17 June 1791, St Petersburg, unpublished.

Stedingk p 143, Stedingk to Gustavus III 25 June 1791, St Petersburg.

AAE 20: 312, Langeron, 'Evenements de l'hiver de 1790 et 1791'. Stedingk p 209, J. J. Jennings to Fronce December 1791, St Petersburg. Golovina p 64.

RGADA 5.85.1.499-500, L 460, CII to GAP July 1791. GAP, contrary to legend, was keen to reform the army to stop financial abuses by officers. Hence he created a new sort of Army Inspectorate to check abuses. AVPRI 2.2/81.21.138, L 460, GAP to CII 14 July 1791, and AVPRI 2.2/83.21.139, L 460, GAP to CII 14 July 1791. See Epilogue note 34.

Vigee Lebrun vol 1 p 323.

Lojek, 'CII's Armed Intervention in Poland' pp 579-81. It is argued that conditions CII places on his actions prove that this is a sham, though the rescript contained no more conditions than her 1783 Crimean rescript to GAP. This suits the overview of many Polish historians. Lojek, for example, suggests that the condition that GAP had to arrange a Polish opposition was clearly a sham because CII knew the nobility supported the new Constitution. Yet one country rarely invades another without first arranging to make it look as if they are being invited in by the opposition. Besides, Felix Potocki was one of many Polish magnates opposed to May the Third and devoted to the old Polish concept of 'golden liberty'. GAP's actions were also conditional on signing peace with the Porte, but this was just common sense: he himself had always stressed that southern peace was necessary before war in the west.

PRO FO Secretary of State: State Papers, Foreign, cyphers SP106/67, no 4° Whitworth to Grenville 5 August 1791. AGAD 421: 103-4, Deboli to SA 8 July 1791. Both these diplomatic despatches from St Petersburg are unpublished.

PRO FO Secretary of State: State Papers, Foreign, cyphers SP 106/67, Whitworth 12 July 1791, St Petersburg, unpublished.

RS (1876) September p 43, Knyaz Platon Alexandrovich Zubov.

Reshetilovsky Archive (Popov archive) pp 77-84, Catherine I I's secret rescript on Poland to GAPT 18 July 1791. RA (1874) 2 pp 281-9.

Golovina p 28.

RGADA 5.85.2.291, L 461, CII to GAP 25 July 1791. KFZ 24 July 1791.

chapter 33: the last ride

Michel Oginski, Memoires sur la Pologne and les Polonais vol 1 ch 7 pp 146-53.

Ligne, Melanges vol 24 p 67 Prince de Ligne to JII April 1788. RGADA 5.85.2.25, CII to GAP 19 November 1786.

Masson p hi.

RGVIA 52.2.22.90-103, Prince N. I. Repnin to GAP July-August 1791. RGADA 5.85.2.296, CII to GAP 12 August 1791, Tsarskeo Selo. SIRIO 29: 220, A. A. Bezborodko to P. V. Zavadovsky 17 November 1791. Engelhardt 1997 p 94. SIRIO 23 (1878): 553, CII to Baron F. M. Grimm 27 August 1791.

PRO FO Secretary of State: State Papers, Foreign, cyphers SP 106/67, Charles Whitworth to Lord Grenville 5 August 1791, St Petersburg, unpublished. Samoilov col 1555 and notes 1 and 2, plus cols 1556-7.

RGADA 1.1/1.43.97, L 464, GAP to CII 4 August 1791, Olviopol. RGADA 5.85.2.296, L 465, CII to GAP 12 August 1791.

This was Mrs Maria Guthrie's expression ten years later for the feverish sicknesses of the rivers around the Black Sea: letter 23 p in. SIRIO 29: 121, Bezborodko on GAP's breaking of talks in August 1791.

Samoilov col 1557.

AKV 8:37, Count F. V. Rostopchin to Count S. R. Vorontsov 7 October 1791. Samoilov col 1555. RGADA 1.1/1.43.100, L 465, GAP to CII 15 August 1791,

Galatz. Stedingk p 197, J. J. Jennings to Fronce ud, St Petersburg.

RGVIA 52.2.38.18, V. S. Popov to Bezborodko 24 August 1791. RGADA 1.1/1.43.104, GAP to CII 24 August 1791. RGADA 5.85.2.298, L 466, CII to GAP 28 August 1791. Khrapovitsky 28 and 29 August 1791. AAE 20: 358, Langeron, 'Evenements 1791'. RV (1841) vol 8 p 372, GAP to Repnin August 1791.

RGADA 1.1/1.43.106, L 468, GAP to CII 6 September 1791, Jassy. RGADA 5.85.2.302, CII to GAP 4 September 1791, St Petersburg. RGVIA 52.2.38.22, Popov to Bezborodko 6 September 1791.

RGVIA 52.2.89.95, C. S. Czernisen (?) to Popov 'to tell the Marshal' 9 September 1791, unpublished.

RGVIA 52.2.68.50, GAP to Comte de Potocki Grand Maitre d'Artilleries ud, 4 September? 1791, and RGVIA 52.11.71.16, GAP to Comte Rzewewski ud, 4 September 1791, both from Jassy, both unpublished. Zamoyski, Last King of Poland p 357. SBVIM vol 8 p 254, GAP's reports on the negotiations with the Vizier and return of the Sebastopol Fleet 29 August 1791.

For example, RGVIA 52.2.89.162, Chevalier Second to GAP 25 June/6 July 1791, Le Hague, on the settlement of a 'New Marseilles' of French settlers. RGVIA 52.2.89.165, GAP to Comte de Kahlenberg 29 August/9 September 1791 on supplying timber contracts for shipbuilding. All unpublished.

'Canon to the Saviour' quoted in Lopatin, Potemkin i Suvorov p 239.

Vassilchikov vol 3 p 122, Count Andrei Razumovsky to GAP 15 September 1791, Vienna. RGVIA 52.2.89.166, GAP to Senac de Meilhan 27 August 1791. RGVIA 271.1.65.1, Senac de Meilhan to GAP 6 August 1791, Moscow. Both unpublished.

AKV 8: 43, Rostopchin to S. R. Vorontsov 25 December 1791, Jassy.

RGADA 5.85.2.303, L 468, CII to GAP 16 September 1791. Popov's reports to CII on GAP's illness are the main source for this account of his demise unless otherwise ascribed: RGVIA 52.2.94.3-26 and RA (1878) 1 pp 20-5.

Popov 6-25 September 1791. AKV 25: 467, CII to Countess A. V. Branicka 16 September 1791.

RGADA 1.1/1.43.103, L 468, GAP to CII 16 September 1791. Popov 16 September 1791.

RGVIA 52.2.37.255, GAP to Bezborodko 16 September 1791. Popov 16 September 1791. RGVIA 52.2.55.253, 247 and 268, reports from Vienna on GAP and peace talks 21, 17 and 28 September NS 1791, unpublished.

RGADA 1.1/1.43.7, L 469, and RGVIA 52.2.22.187, L 469, GAP to CII 21 September 1791. Popov 21 September 1791. RGVIA 52.2.37.257, GAP to Bezbor­odko.

AAE 20: 358, 360-2, Langeron, 'Evenements 1791'. Castera vol 3 p 323. Samoilov col 1557. Popov 25 September 1791.

Popov 25 September 1791, Metropolitan Iona's report, originally in Georgian. ZOOID 3: 559.

RGADA 1.1/1.43.102, L470, GAP to CII 27 September 1791. Popov 27 September 1791.

Popov 30 September-2 October 1791. RGADA 5.85.2.304, CII to GAP 30 Sep­tember 1791.

RGADA 1.1/1.43.9, L 470, GAP to CII 2 October 1791. Popov 2 October and 3 October 1791.

RGADA 5.85.1.429, L 470, CII to GAP 3 October 1791. AEB vol 25 p 467, CII to Branicka. Popov 3-4 October 1791. Khrapovitsky 3 October 1791.

588 notes

epilogue: life after death

Author's visits to Chizhova, Smolensk Province, Russia, September 1998, and Kherson, Ukraine, July/August 1998. Father Anatoly and V. M. Zheludov, the schoolteacher of Petrishchevo, Smolensk Province. Samoilov cols 1569 and 1560.

AKV 13: 216-22, A. A. Bezborodko to P. V. Zavadovsky November 1791, Jassy. Also ZOOID 11: 3-5. AAE 20: 360-2, Langeron, 'Evenements 1791'. Lopatin, Perepiska pp 961-4. There were stories that Dr Timan had poisoned the Prince on either Zubov's or Catherine's orders. Even Langeron discounts them. Soon a scur­rilous pamphlet appeared entitled Panslavin - Prince of Darkness (Fiirst der Finsternis) by J. F. E. Albrecht, a Freemason - the beginning of the anti-Potemkin mythology. This suggested that a good queen had ordered the poisoning of her demonic co-ruler.

Engelhardt 96-7. AKV 13: 216-22, Bezborodko to Zavadovsky ud, November 1791: RA (1878) 1 pp 20-5, V. S. Popov to CII 8 October 1791, Jassy. General Kahovsky was supposed to take command but he was in the Crimea, so Mikhail Kamensky, future Field-Marshal in the Napoleonic Wars, seized control and went berserk in the street, beating Jews, but the army refused to obey his authority. GAP's wishes prevailed.

Khrapovitsky pp 377-8, 16, 17 and 18 October 1791.

RGADA 5.131.5-5, CII to Popov 4 November 1791.

RGADA 11.1096.1-1, Countess Ekaterina Skavronskaya to CII 3 November 1791.

RA (1878) 1 p 25, Princess Varvara V. Golitsyna to Prince Alexander Borisovich Kurakin 2 November 1791, Jassy.

SIRIO 23 (1878): 561, CII to Baron F. M. Grimm 22 October 1791.

RGVIA 52.2.55.285, news from Vienna 1/12 October 1791, unpublished. AKV 13: 221-2 Bezborodko to Zavadovsky November 1791.

RGADA 5.138.9, M. S. Potemkin to CII 6 December 1791, Jassy.

V. L. Esterhazy, Nouvelles Lettres du Comte Valentin L. Esterhazy a sa femme 1792-95 p 371, 23 December 1791-3 January 1792. Stedingk p 216, Count Stedingk to Gustavus III 26 December 1791-9 January 1792. AKV 8: 58, F. V. Rostopchin to S. R. Vorontsov 28 September 1792, St Petersburg. Russkiy Biographicheskiy Slovar vol 14 (1904). AKV 13 (1879): 256, Bezborodko to S. R. Vorontsov 15 May 1792, Tsarskoe Selo.

LeDonne p 262. ZOOID 9: 2.22-5, report of M. S. Potemkin. ZOOID 9: 227, Emperor Alexander I to the State Treasurer Baron Vasilev 21 April 1801, St Petersburg. ZOOID 8: 226-7, Popov's explanation of GAP's finances 9 May 1800. ZOOID 8: 225-6, brief note on income and expenditure of extraordinary sums at command of Prince GAPT. ZOOID 9 (1875): 226, CII ukase to the cabinet on GAP's debts 20 August 1792, Tsarskoe Selo. Brtickner Potemkin, p 274. Karnovich p 314. The Sutherland financial scandal is best told in Cross, By the Banks of the Neva pp 80-1. GAP was not the only magnate exposed by Sutherland's death. Prince Viazemsky, Count Osterman and Grand Duke Paul himself were all hugely in debt to him. Rulikowski, Smila. RS (1908) 136 pp 101-2. Tregubov. Tregubov wrote, The benefit to the country, felt by all, was worth all the money he spent.' This was literally true for the soldiers under his command.

Stedingk p 188, Stedingk to Gustavus III 28 October 1791, St Petersburg.

AKV 13: 216-22, Bezborodko to Zavadovsky November 1791, Jassy.

RGADA 11.902a Register of Prince GAPT's Debts, and RGADA 11.9023.30. These debts extended from the vast sums owed to Sutherland to onyx pillars for the

Taurida Palace, diamonds, gold muslin shawls (1,880 roubles), female dresses (over 12,000 roubles), oysters, fruit, asparagus and champagne.

AKV 13: 223-8, Bezborodko to Zavadovsky 17 November 1791, Jassy.

Esterhazy p 333, 17/28 October 1791, St Petersburg.

Masson p 113.

Stedingk p 188, Stedingk to Gustavus III 4 November 1791.

Esterhazy p 3 3 3.

Stedingk pp 186-8, Stedingk to Gustavus III 28 October 1791, St Petersburg.

AKV 8: 39, Rostopchin to S. R. Vorontsov 25 December 1791, Jassy, and AKV 8: 53, Rostopchin to S. R. Vorontsov 8 July 1792, St Petersburg.

Stedingk p 196, J. J. Jennings to Fronce ud, St Petersburg.

S. N. Glinka, Russkiye chteniya, izdavaemye Sergeem Glinkoyu. Otechestvennye istoricheskiy pamyatniki xviii i xix stoleiya pp 78-9.

AKV 13: 223-8, Bezborodko to Zavadovsky 17 November 1791, Jassy.

Petrushevsky p 263. Suvorov, Pisma (Lopatin) p 224, A. V. Suvorov to D. I. Khvostov 15 October 1791; pp 232-3: Suvorov to Khvostov 20 July 1792; p 251, Suvorov to Khvostov 24 November 1796 and Suvorov to P. I. Turchaninov 7 May 1793.

Engelhardt 1997 p 97.

Stedingk pp 188 and 195, Stedingk to Gustavus III 28 October 1791 and Jennings to Fronce ud, St Petersburg.

AKV 8: 39, 25 December 1791, Jassy.

AKV 13: 223-8, Bezborodko to Zavadovsky 17 November 1791, Jassy.

Ligne, Melanges vol 22 p 82, Prince de Ligne to CII 1793.

3 2 Segur quoted by Castera vol 3 p 3 3 3.

AKV 13: 223-8, Bezborodko to Zavadovsky 17 November 1791, Jassy. As ever with the Prince, the difference between the legend and the truth is marked: the chaos, corruption and destruction of the armies that he left in Jassy, for example, fill all accounts. Yet Count Bezborodko, who always cast a sardonic but just eye on Potemkin, found that the grain magazines were full, the army was in 'a very good state', provisions were generous, and the fleet and flotilla were numerous, if not built of the best wood, and that, despite Potemkin's Cossack obsession, he had to admit 'the light Cossack forces are in the best state possible'.

AAE 20: 362, Langeron. Pushkin quoted in Lopatin, Perepiska p 470. Castera vol 2 p 177. Wiegel vol 1 pp 28-9. Samoilov col 1560. Derzhavin in Segal vol 2 pp 291-2. Ligne, Melanges vol 7 pp 171-2, Ligne to Comte de Segur 1 August 1788. On the state of the army: Potemkin undoubtedly allowed his colonels to run their regiments profitably with minimal supervision, though he was now introducing inspectors to stop outrageous abuse. Nor was he remotely interested in Prussian drilling or endless ceremonial. He was said by foreigners (for example, Damas pp 114-16) to discourage all exercises, yet his archives reveal his instructions for training his marine commandos already quoted above. SBVIM vol 4 p 217, where GAP gives training instructions, criticizing officers who teach manoeuvres 'seldom fit to be used in battle' and recommends easy marching to walk faster without getting tired and simple training in forming squares, shooting and reloading. GAP simply disdained the slavish and pedantic following of Prussian training and tactics and evolved his own style regardless of Western opinion but based on Tartar, Cossack and Russian traditions. This offended French and German officers - hence Langeron, Damas and Ligne. Finally on the corruption of the Russian army under GAP, it is worth noting that Louis XVI's army was crippled with corruption and that commissions in the British army, though partially reformed in 1798, were still

sold until 1871 when Gladstone abolished them. So GAP's system was probably no worse than that at Horse-Guards in London.

SIRIO 54 (1886): 147-9, Richelieu, 'Mon voyage'.

RA (1879) 1 pp 2-25, Popov to CII 8 October 1791.

RGADA 5.131.4-4, CII to Popov ud, November 1791.

Engelhardt 1997 pp 97-102. Author's visit to Golia Monastery in Ia§i, Rumania, October 1999.

Khrapovitsky pp 383-5, 387.

AKV 18: 36, Prince V. . Kochubey to S. R. Vorontsov 28 July/9 August 1792.

Khrapovitsky pp 407-8, 236. Madariaga, Russia p 562.

Ligne, Melanges vol 22 p 82, Ligne to CII 1792. Harold Nicolson, The Congress of Vienna p 292. For Popov, see RP 2.1.19 and AKV 8: 58, Rostopchin to S. R. Vorontsov 28 September 1792, St Petersburg.

Rear-Admiral J. P.Jones to Potemkin 13 April 1789, quoted in Otis p 359. Statement to chief of police quoted in Morison p 388. RGVIA 52.2.64.12, Segur to GAP ud, summer of 1789, St Petersburg, unpublished.

Stedingk p 226, Stedingk to Gustavus III 6/17 February 1792. AKV 8: 48-50, Rostopchin to S. R. Vorontsov 13/24 February 1792, St Petersburg.

Masson p 195. As Catherine continued most of Potemkin's policies, Zubov had the job of executing them, but he did so with none of the master's lightness of touch and flexibility. His sole achievements were the greedy and bloody partition of Poland that Potemkin had hoped to avoid and the bungled negotiations to marry Grand Duchess Alexandra to the King of Sweden, a marriage the Prince had suggested. This was the humiliation that accelerated Catherine's final stroke. Zubov's very Potemkinian expedition to attack Persia was recalled after the Empress's death.

Masson pp 58-9. AKV 13 (1879): 256, Bezborodko to S. R. Vorontsov 15 May 1792, Tsarskoe Selo.

Masson p 124. Ligne, Melanges vol 24 p 183. The Prince de Ligne said they were planning to remove Paul as early as 1788. Ligne to Kaunitz 15 December 1788, Jassy.

McGrew p 237. ZOOID 9 (1875): 226, rescript of Paul I 11 April 1799. On the library: Bolotina, 'Private Library of Prince GAPT' 252-64, 29 May 1789. Paul orders library sent to Kazan Gymnasium, 29 March 1799. It arrived in Kazan in '18 carts' and in 1806 was placed in the Library of Kazan State University.

Czartoryski p 62.

RP 1.1 p 72. AAE 20: 134-5, Langeron, 'Evenements 1790'. Sophie de Witte/Potocka built a palace and a beautiful park called Sopheiwka which remains popular in today's Ukraine. She also owned estates in the Crimea and planned to build a new town there, named after herself. One of her sons by Witte, Jan, became the Russian secret policeman in charge of observing the potential Polish revolutionaries against Alexander I in Odessa during the 1820s. The Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz was one of them. See Ascherson p 150.

Wiegel vol 1 p 43. RP 4.2 p 214. RP 2.1 p 5. She kept a shrine to GAP at her famous estate, Belayatserkov. There is a portrait of her with her children, now at the Alupka Palace in the Crimea, in which the bust beside her is said to be GAP. It is possible that GAP's heart is buried at Belayatserkov. Branicka also built a fabulous park that still exists in Ukraine called Alexandria. She was much loved for giving villages to her peasants and endowing them with their own agricultural banks to finance their farming.

RP 1.1 p 30. RP 1.1 p 29. RP 3.1 p 10. RP 1.2 p 120. Skavronskaya was also

made Grand Mistress of Court by Alexander I. Her husband Count Giulio P. Litta was a high official under Alexander and Nicholas I

Yusupov pp 6-9. RP 1.1 p 10 and RP 4.2 206. See also T. Yusupova in Russkiy Biographicheskiy Slovar (1916).

Anthony L. H. Rhinelander, Prince Michael Vorontsov; Viceroy to the Tsar pp 75- 6. Henri Troyat, Pushkin pp 214-25. Vorontsov personally commanded one of some of Nicholas I's campaigns against Shamyl and the Chechen/Daghestan Murids who defied Russian attempts to control the North Caucasus. Vorontsov and Lise appear in 'Hadji Murat' by Leo Tolstoy: see Tolstoy, Master and Man and Other Stories (Harmondsworth 1977).

RP 1.1 p 30. RP 1.1 p 29. RP 3.1 p 10. RP 1.2 p 120. Alan Palmer, Metternich pp 36, 136, 137, 148, 322.

The actual Potemkin family multiplied in the nineteenth century, but not the lines closest to the Prince's story. Pavel Potemkin's son Count Grigory died at Borodino, while his other son Sergei married but had no children. Mikhail Potemkin had two children by Tatiana Engelhardt, but their one son, Alexander, had no children. The other lines, however, multiplied exceedingly. The last of one noble line was Alexander Alexeievich, who was the ultimate marshal of the Smolensk nobility and was killed by the Bolsheviks in 1918 when they captured him in the Crimea as he tried to escape Russia. His daughter, Natalia Alexandrovna Potemkina, lived on in Simferopol, one of the Prince's cities, and died in 2000. Thus ended one noble branch of Potemkins.

Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891-1924 pp 217, 515-16.

Kenneth Rose, George Vp 320.

Vallentin p 523.

Author's visit to Golia Monastery in Ia§i, Rumania, October 1998. Fanica Ungu- reanu, Professor of Economic Science, Ia§i University, showed the author the place.

Author's visit to Potemkin monument, Republic of Moldova, 1998.

RGADA 11.966.1-2 pp 1, 2, Popov to CII October 1791 and 27 March 1792.

RGADA 11.956.1, Popov to CII, p 2; Popov to CII 27 March 1792. ZOOID 9: 390-3. Gravestone monuments in Kherson Fortress Church including Soldatsky. RGADA 16.696.2.35, General-en-Chef Kahovsky to CII 27 February 1792; p 35, Kahovsky to CII 2 February 1792. RGVIA 1287.12.126.31 and 21 (1823) CII's rescripts on GAPT's monuments quoted in 'New Work of I. P. Martos', in E. V. Karpova, Cultural Monuments, New Discoveries pp 355-64.

ZOOID 9: 390-3, about the gravestone monuments of Kherson Fortress Church, including Soldatsky. ZOOID 5 (1863): 1006, about the place of GAP's burial by I. Andreevsky: Emperor Paul I to Alexander Kurakin 27 March 1798 and Kurakin to the local Govenor Seletsky, received on 18 April 1798. It is ironic that this was the same A. B. Kurakin whose letter to his friend Bibikov, when he was in Paul's entourage on his trip to Europe in 1781-2, had ensured that Paul was excluded from power as long as Catherine lived. On Paul and GAP's body, see AAE 20: 331, Langeron, 1824: 'The commander of the fortress had the courage to disobey but reported that [Paul's] order had been obeyed'. Langeron was close to Paul's court.

AAE 20: 331, Langeron writes in 1824 of his disgust that the family had not yet built GAP the monument he deserved. Karpova pp 355-64. RGVIA 1287.12.126.23-4 A. Samoilov to Alexander I. GAOO 4.2.672.2, Alexander I rescript to build GAP monument 1825. But, as soon as Paul was murdered by his Guards officers in 1801 and his son Alexander succeeded promising to govern 'like my beloved grandmother Catherine the Second', GAP was rehabilitated and a monument commissioned in

Kherson. The sculptor I. P. Martos was commissioned, but work was soon stopped by one of the frequent rows between Potemkin's heirs about money - it was to cost the vast sum of 170,000 roubles - and did not start again until 1826. The colossal bronze Classical monument, finally unveiled in 1837, depicted Potemkin in Roman armour and robes with a huge sword and plumed helmet, on top of a pedestal reached by steps and guarded by the figures of Mars, Hercules, Apollo and Neptune. But during the Revolution Kherson changed hands back and forth and it was the Petluraists who tore down Martos's Roman GAP to avenge the liquidation of the Zaporogian Sech. They tossed it into the yards of the local museum. The Nazis later either stole it or destroyed it.

AAE 20: 331, Langeron, 'Evenements 1791'. ZOOID 9: 390-3.

ZOOID 5 (1863): 1006, I. Andreevsky. Milgov letter from Kherson 12 October 1859 published in St Petersburg journal Vedomosti no 9 18 January i860.

ZOOID 9: 390-3, N. Murzakevich 30 August 1874.

Father Anatoly, priest of St Catherine's Church. Author's visit to Kherson July- August 1998.

B. A. Lavrenev, Potemkin's Second Burial.

ZOOID 9: 390-3, Soldatsky. L. G. Boguslavsky to E. V. Anisimov 15 July 1786, Kherson.

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

In the case of a character about whom such a malicious mythology developed, even during his lifetime, a word on sources is helpful. I have been very fortunate to find much new and unpublished material in the various archives. Of the Russian archives, large amounts were published in the last century in SIRIO and ZOOID, as well as in historical journals such as RA and RS and collections of documents such as Dubrovin's Bumagi Potemkina (SBVIM). Then there are the published Vorontsov archives that remain a key source. All contain materials ignored or forgotten. For example, SIRIO contains documents such as Richelieu's 'Voyage en Allemagne' and Catherine's own account of Potemkin's ball, which have been relatively neglected in the West. Overall these are invaluable and usually accurate, though I have checked the originals wherever possible.

V. S. Lopatin's newly published collection of the Catherine-Potemkin cor­respondence is a massive work of scholarship and research, the fruit of twenty years' labour, and I have used it liberally. This is now indispensable to any student of this epoch. Even these over 1,000 letters are unlikely to be complete and there are more notes between the two of them still be catalogued. Lopatin's collection of letters between Suvorov and Potemkin and his account of their relationship are equally obligatory reading, for his research has successfully reinterpreted their relationship. That said, Lopatin's accounts sometimes lean towards the romantic - he accepts for example that Catherine was the mother of Elisaveta Temkina and gave birth to her in Moscow in 1775; and that Catherine visited Chizhova on her return from Mogilev. His datings of the letters are always sensitive and plausible, but there are occa­sions, such as the letters referring to Cagliostro, where Western research proves that the timing must be much later. In my awe of, and gratitude for, Lopatin's monumental work, I have humbly corrected these assertions or at least suggested doubt.

The archives - particularly RGADA, RGVIA and AVPRI, all in Moscow, and RGIA, in Petersburg, and AGAD, the Polish State Historical Archive in Warsaw - remain full of unpublished material. In RGADA, for example, I have found a wealth of unpublished letters to and from Potemkin, on ques­tions of state, on his personal finances and on his love life, including many anonymous love letters and letters from Alexandra Branicka. RGVIA, the War Ministry archive, contains the archive of Potemkin's Chancellery and many fascinating state and private documents which I have used here. RGIA contains unpublished letters from Frederick the Great as well as personal accounts. In Warsaw, the huge Deboli archive has been under-used and there is also a wealth of letters from Potemkin to Stanislas-Augustus. Overall, the correspondence in these four archives contain a mass of unpublished material, much of which is used in the book: this includes letters to and from the Emperors Joseph and Leopold; Prince Kaunitz; Frederick the Great; King Gustavus III of Sweden; King Stanislas-Augustus of Poland; Prince Henry of Prussia; Potemkin's nieces Countess Alexandra Branicka and Princess Tatiana Yusupova; his nephews Count Skavronsky and Count Branicki and Pot­emkin's Polish allies and agents; his art dealers such as Lord Carysfort; visitors like Lady Craven, Reginald Pole Carew and Senac de Meilhan; Count Simon Vorontsov and other Russian statesmen; the Prince de Ligne; the Comte de Segur; the Earl of Malmesbury; the Duke of Leeds; Jeremy and Sir Samuel Bentham; the Prince de Nassau-Siegen; John Paul Jones; Lewis Littlepage; Francisco de Miranda; his secret diplomatic agents and Russian ambassadors from Vienna, Paris, Constantinople; his bankers, including Baron Richard Sutherland; and many fascinating jewels such as his shopping-list in Paris. Many of these correspondences, such as those with Stanislas-Augustus and Sutherland, stretch across all these archives.

Sadly, I have been able to use only a fraction of the materials I have found: some such as the huge materials on Potemkin and Poland or Potemkin's military orders belong in other books; some such as those from Ligne and Malmesbury simply add interesting twists to relationships that are already well documented. Some are simply too detailed or obscure to use.

In the local museums in Ukraine and Russia, the archives often contain copies of documents long since sent to the Moscow RGADA or RGVIA, but I was lucky enough to find some rarities there too, like the original invitation to Potemkin's ball in the Odessa State Local Historical Museum, which may be the only one in existence. There is also immense local knowledge of fact and legend that has not been tapped for a century, as well as infor­mation on characters, such as M. L. Faleev in Nikolaev, that is not available elsewhere.

In Britain, the PRO contains the unpublished despatches of Fitzherbert and Fawkener, which give a fresh account of Potemkin's last months in Petersburg and which have rarely been used. The British Museum's Bentham archive, though much has been published, still yields many unseen treasures. I found most useful the unpublished archive at Antony in Cornwall of Reginald Pole Carew's diaries of his visits to Russia and his time with Potemkin. In Paris, AAE, the Foreign Ministry Archives at the Quai d'Orsay, contain a wealth of useful documents, many unpublished, as well as the complete account of the Comte de Langeron, which is invaluable. Parts of

Langeron have been published in Russia and a full Western publication is being prepared.

The published material on Potemkin divides clearly into the prejudiced and the unprejudiced, or at least the mythical and the documentary. Naturally, I have treated anything connected to Helbig, The Memoirs of the Life of Prince Potemkin, Cerenville (both Helbig adaptions) or Saint-Jean (whose very identity is a mystery) as hostile or untrustworthy, while Castera is more useful. Even when recounting neutral stories, Charles Masson, Saint-Jean, and Helbig must be regarded as 'myth-writers', not historians. But the myth­ology of Potemkin is important too and tells its own tales, though I try to reassess it wherever possible using documents. Masson hated Emperor Paul and his Secret Memoirs were notoriously published in his lifetime, yet he records some Potemkin anecdotes that ring true. Eye-witnesses like Ligne, Segur, Corberon, Richelieu, Miranda, Damas and Langeron (all foreigners) and Rostopchin, Tsebrikov, Ribeaupierre, Derzhavin, Bezborodko, Vorontsov, Zavadovsky, Wiegel, Engelhardt and Samoilov were prejudiced and subjective, but one senses that they were telling what they believed to be the truth. Some are openly malicious, such as Rostopchin and Vorontsov; Dolgoruky is malicious and a fantastist; while others such as Samoilov are supporters. Many fall somewhere in between. Bezborodko for example strikes one as studiously fair. The Table Talk', history of the Pugachev Rebellion and Historical Notes of A. S. Pushkin are other underused sources: the poet was captivated by Potemkin, knew his family and circle, and carefully recorded their stories, which I therefore treat as valuable anecdotal history from the people who knew him. Among the foreigners, Ligne's and Langeron's malicious accounts of Potemkin's war record have completely blackened his reputation through all the histories ever since. Yet they are also invaluable, given Langeron's fair tribute to Potemkin later in life. In Ligne's case, unpub­lished letters in Potemkin's archives give us the chance to put his prejudices in perspective. Richelieu's, Stedingk's and Miranda's much more positive accounts of the same period have often been overlooked, and redress the balance.

In terms of published Western histories, I have used as my reference books the works of Isabel de Madariaga and J. T. Alexander, along with Marc Raeff, David Ransel, Roger Bartlett (Human Capital), John LeDonne (Ruling Russia), Anthony Cross (on the British in Russia), Lord and Zamoyski (on Poland) and Kinross and Mansel (on Constantinople). Of Potemkin's previous biographers, Bruckner is the most important, while Soloveytchik is useful but lacks all references.

archives, periodicals and abbreviations used in notes and bibliography

AAE Archives des Affairs Etrangeres, Quai d'Orsay, Paris, volumes 68-139

AGAD Archiwum Glowne Akt Dawnych w Warszawie

AGS Arkhiv Gosudarstvennogo Soveta

AHR American History Review

AKV Arkhiv Knyaza Vorontsova

AVPRI Arkhiv Vneshnyey Politiki Rossiyskhoy Imperii

B&F Joseph II und Graf Ludwig Cobenzl: Ihr Briefwechsel Fontes Rerum

Austriacarum, ed. A. Beer and J. Fiedler, Vienna 1873

BM British Museum, London

С ASS/CSS Canadian American Slavic Studies!Canadian Slavic Studies

CHOIDR Chteniya v Imperatorskom Obshchestve Istorii Drevnostyey Ros- siyskikh

CMRS Cahiers du Monde Russe et Sovietique

CtG/CII Catherine the Great/the Second, Empress of Russia

DVS Dukh Velikogo Suvorova Hi Anekdoty Podlinnyye о Knyaze Ita- liyskoye. Grafe Alexandre Vasileviche Suvorove-Rymnikskom, St Petersburg 1808

FtG/FII Frederick the Great/the Second, King of Prussia

GAOO Gosudarstvenny Arkhiv Odesskoy Oblasti

GAP/GAPT Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin (-Tavrichesky)

GARF Gosudarstvenny Arkhiv Rossiskoy Federatskii, Moscow

GIM О PI Gosudarstvenny Istoricheskiy Muzyey Otdel Pismennykh Istochnikov

GPB Gosudarstvennaya Publishnaya Biblioteka

H Sir James Harris, ist Earl of Malmesbury

HZ Historische Zeitschrift

IRLI Institut Russkoy Literatury Akademii Nauk SSSR

ITUAK Izvestiya Tavricheskoy Uchenoy Arkhivoy Komissii

IV Istoricheskiye Vestnik

IZ Istoricheskiy Zapiski

J В Jeremy Bentham

JII Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor

KD M. I. Kutuzov, Dokumenty, Moscow 1950-6, volumes 1-5

KFZ Kamer Fureskiy Zhurnal

L V. S. Lopatin, ed. Ekaterina II i G. A. Potemkin, Lichnaya Perepiska

1769-91, Moscow 1997

MIRF Materialy dlya istorii Russkogo flota

N-S Charles, Prince de Nassau-Siegen

PRO Public Record Office, London

PSZ Polnoye Sobraniye Zakonov

RA Russkiy Arkhiv 1863-1917

RGADA Rossiskiy Gosudarstvenny Arkhiv Drevnikh Aktov, Moscow

RGIA Rossiskiy Gosudarstvenny Istoricheskiy Arkhiv, St Petersburg

RGVIA Rossiskiy Gosudarstvenny Voenno-Istoricheskiy Arkhiv, Moscow

RP Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich, Russkiye Portrety xxviii i xix sto-

letiy (Portraits Russes), St Petersburg, 1906-13, volumes 1-5

RS Russkaya Starina 1870-1918

RV Russkiy Vestnik

Stanislas-Augustus (Poniatowski), King of Poland (Sir) Samuel Bentham

Sbornik Voenno-Istoricheskikh Materialov, St Petersburg, 1893-5 A. V. Suvorov, Dokumenty, ed G. P. Mescheryakov, Moscow 1949-53, volumes 1-4 Severny Arkhiv

Slavonic and East European Review Senatskiy Arkhiv

Sbornik Istoricheskikh Materialov po Istorii Kubanskoyo Kazachego Voyska 1737-1901, ed 1.1. Dmitrenko, St Petersburg 1896 Sbornik Imperatorskogo Russkogo Istoricheskogo Obshchestva Tavricheskiye Gubernskiye Vedomosti Voprosy Istorii

Voenno-Istoricheskiy Zhurnal Zapiski Garnovskogo

Zapiski Odesskogo Obshchestva Istorii Drevostye

PRIMARY

Albrecht, J. F. E., Panslavin Ftirst der Finsternis, und seine geliebte, Prince of Darkness,

a satirical tale being the History of Catherine II and Potemkin, Germanien 1794 Alexeev, G. P., 'Episode from the Life of Prince Potemkin', IV (1889) vol 37 Anonymous, General Observations Regarding the Present State of the Russian Empire, London 1787

Anonymous, Anecdoten zur Lebensgeschichte des Ritters und Reich s-fur stern

Potemkin, Freistadt-am-Rhein 1792 Anonymous, Authentic Memoirs of the Life and Reign of Catherine II, Empress of all the Russias, collected from authentic manuscripts, translations, etc of the King of Sweden, Right Honourable Lord Mountmorres, Lord Malmesbury, Monsieur de Volney and other indisputable authorities, 2nd edn, London 1797 Anonymous, La Cour de la Russie il у a cent ans 1725-1783, extraits des depeches

des ambassadeurs anglais et frangais, Berlin 1858 Anonymous, The Memoirs of the Life of Prince Potemkin, comprehending original anecdotes of Catherine II and of the Russian court, translated from the German, London 1812 and 1813 Anonymous, 'Songs of the Russian army about Potemkin', ZOOID 9 (1875): 459-6 Antoine, M. (Baron de Saint-Joseph), Essai Historique sur le commerce et la navigation

de la Mer Noire, Paris 1820 Anspach, Margravine of (Lady Craven), Journey through the Crimea to

Constantinople, London 1789 Anspach, Margravine of (Lady Craven), Memoirs, London 1826 Asseburg, A. F. von der, Denkwurdigkeiten, Berlin 1842 Banq, J., Letters to G. A. Potemkin, RGVIA f52

SA SB

SBVIM SD

SeA SEER SENA SIMPIK KV

SIRIO

TGV

VI

VIZ

ZG

ZOOID

Barbarykin, A. D., Legend about Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky, RA (1907) 11 Bentham, Jeremy, Collected Works, ed Sir J. Bowring, Edinburgh 1838-43 Bentham, Jeremy, Correspondence of, London volumes 2-4 1968-1981 Bentham, Sir Samuel, Papers, Archives f 33540 BM Bezborodko, A. A., Letters to G. A. Potemkin, RS (1873)

Bezborodko, A. A., Letters to S. R. Vorontsov, A. R. Vorontsov, P. V. Zavadovsky etc,

AKV 13, Moscow 1879 (also ZOOID 11 and SIRIO 29) Bezborodko, A. A., 'Pisma A. A. Bezborodka к grafu P. A. Rumiantsevu 1777-93', ed

P. M. Maykov, Starina i novizna (1900) vol 3 Bibikov, A. A., Zapiski о zhizni i sluzhbe Alexandra llicha Bibikova, Moscow 1865 Bolotov А. Т., Zhizn i priklyucheniya Andreya Bolotova 1738-93, Leningrad 1931 Branicka, A. V., Letters to G. A. Potemkin, RGADA f n Bruce, P. H., Memoirs, London 1782

Buckinghamshire, Earl of, The Despatches and Correspondence of John, 2nd Earl of Buckinghamshire, Ambassador to the Court of Catherine II of Russia 1762-5, ed A. D. Collyer, London 1900-2 Bulgakov, Ya. I., Iz bumagy Ya. I. Bulgakova, RA (1905) 7 pp 337-408 Bulgakov, Ya. I., Pisma Ya. I. Bulgakova k knyazyu Potemkinu, RA (1861) Burke, Edmund, Collected Works, London 1826

Casanova, Giacomo, Chevalier de Seingalt, History of my Life, trans Williard R. Trask,

Baltimore and London 1997 Catherine II

Bumagi Ekateriny 1744-1796, SIRIO 7, 10, 13, 27, 42

Imperatritsa Ekaterina II i knyaz Potemkin-Tavrichesky, podlinnaya ikh perepiska, RS (1876) 16

Pisma imperatritsky ii k Grimmu 1774-1796, SIRIO 23, St Petersburg 1878 Pisma imp. Ekateriny II k gr. P. V. Zavadovskomu 1775-1777, ed I. A. Barskov,

Russkiy istoricheskiy zhurnal (1918) vols 2, 3, 4 Catherine II: Books

Correspondence of Catherine the Great when Grand Duchess with Sir Charles Hanbury Williams and Letters from Count Poniatowski, ed and trans the Earl of Ilchester and Mrs Langford-Brooke, London 1928 Documents of Catherine the Great, the Correspondence with Voltaire and the Instruction of 1767 in the English Text of 1768, ed W. P. Reddaway, Cambridge 1931

Filosofskaya i politicheskaya perepiska Imperatritsy Ekateriny II s doctorom

Zimmermanom 1785-1792, St Petersburg 1803 Joseph II und Katharina von Russland. Ihr briefwechsel, ed Alfred Ritter von Arneth, Vienna 1869

Lettres de Catherine II au prince de Ligne 1780-96, Paris 1924 Memoirs of Catherine the Great, ed D. Maroger, London 1955 Memoirs of Catherine the Great, trans Katherine Antony, New York 1927 Oeuvres completes de Voltaire, correspondance avec I'Imperatrice de Russie, vol lviii, Paris 1821

Sochineniya imperatritsy Ekateriny II na osnovanii podlinnykh rukopsye с

obyasnitelnmi primechaniyami, ed A. N. Pypin, vols 1-12, St Petersburg 1901-7 Catherine II: Miscellaneous Papers

Catherine's charter about the recognition of Potemkin's merits, GAOO f 162 Instruction to our Gentleman of the Bedchamber G. A. Potemkin, RGADA f 18 Letters to:

V. S. Popov, RGADA f 5

G. A. Potemkin on Georgia, VI (1983) no 7 (RGVIA f 52) A. N. Samoilov, RA (1878) no 10 О. -M. Stackelberg, RS, vol 3, St Petersburg 1871 Reports and orders to G. A. Potemkin on the south, RGADA f 16

Rescripts to G. A. Potemkin, SIRIO 27, St Petersburg 1880

Rescripts to G. A. Potemkin about the Crimea and development of Kherson, RGADA f5d85

Rescripty G. A. Potemkinu 1791, RA (1874) 2 PP 2.46-58

Cerenville, J. E., La Vie de Prince Potemkine, rёdigёe par un officier fran да is d'apres les meilleurs ouvrages allemands et frangais, qui ont paru sur la Russie a cette ёpoque, Paris 1808

Chernyshev, G. I., Letters to S. E Golitsyn during siege of Ismail, RA (1791) Cook, J., Voyages and Travels through the Russian Empire, Edinburgh 1770 Corberon, Marie-Daniel Bourree, Chevalier de, Un Diplomate frangais a la com de

Catherine II 1775-1780, journal intime, ed L. H. Labande, Paris 1904 Coxe, W., Travels into Poland, Russia, Sweden and Denmark, London 1874 Custine, the Marquis de, Empire of the Tsar: A Journey through Eternal Russia, New York 1989

Czartoryski, Adam, Memoirs, London 1888

Damas d'Antigny, J. E. R., Мётоке$ du Comte Roger de Damas, Paris 1912 Dashkova, E. R., The Memoirs of Princess Dashkov, ed and trans Kyril Fitzlyon, London 1958

Deboli, Augustyn, Secret despatches to King Stanislas-Augustus of Poland, AGAD 420-1

Derzhavin, G. R., Letters to V. S. Popov, Reshetilovskiy Archive Derzhavin, G. R., Sobraniye sochineniya, St Petersburg 1864-72 Derzhavin, G. R., Works, Moscow 1985

Diderot, Denis, Memo/res pour Catherine II, ed P. Verniere, Paris 1966 Diderot, Denis, Oeuvres completes, ed J. Assezat and M. Tourneux, Paris 1875-7 Dimsdale, Baroness Elisabeth, An English Lady at the Court of Catherine the Great: the Journal of Baroness Elisabeth Dimsdale 1781 (ed. Anthony Cross), Cambridge 1989

Dmitrenko, 1.1, (ed), SIMPIK KV, St Petersburg 1896

Dolgoruky, Yury Vladimirovich, Notes (Zapiski), RS (1889) no 9, pp 481-517 Dubrovin, N. E (ed), Prisoyedineniye Kryma k Rossii (reskripty, pisma, relatsii,

doneseniya), St Petersburg 1885-9 Economic Descriptions of Russian towns, Nikolaev, Kherson etc, RGADA f 1355 Engelhardt, L. N., Zapiski 1766-1836, Moscow 1868 and (ed 1.1. Fedyukin) 1997 Erenstrum, John-Albert, Historical Notes, RS (1893)

Esterhazy, Valentin Ladislas, Nouvelles Lettres du Comte Valentin L. Esterhazy a sa

femme 1792-95, ed Ernest Daudet, Paris 1909 Faleev, M. L., Reports to Potemkin, ZOOID 8, 13 Family information about Prince Potemkin, RS (1872) 5

Frederick II the Great, King of Prussia, Letters to Potemkin, RGIA, St Petersburg ff 1640-1

Frederick II the Great, King of Prussia, Politische Correspondenz, Berlin 1879-1939 Garnovsky, M., Zapiski Mikhaila Garnovskago, 1786-90, RS (1876) 15, 16, 17 Glinka, S. N., Novoye sobraniye russkikh anekdotov, Moscow 1829 Glinka, S. N., Russkiye chteniya, izdavaemye Sergeem Glinkoyu, otechestvennye

istoricheskiy pamyatniki XVIII i XIX stoleiya, St Petersburg 1845 Glinka, S. N., Zapiski, St Petersburg 1895

Goertz, J. E. von der, Мётопе sur la Russie, ed W. Stribrny, Wiesbaden 1969 Golovina, V. N., Zapiski grafini Golovinoy, ed S. Shumigorsky, St Petersburg 1900; Souvenirs, Paris 1910; Memoirs, London 1910

Gribovsky, A. M., Notes on Catherine the Great, Moscow 1864

Gribovsky A. M., Vospominaniya i dnevnkik Adriana Moiseevicha Gribovskago, RA

(1899) i

Guthrie, Maria, A Tour performed in the years 1795-6 through the Taurida or Crimea, London 1802

Harris, James, Diaries and Correspondence of James Harris, 1st Earl of Malmesbury, London 1844

Helbig, Georg von, Ein interessanter betirang zur Regierungsgeschichte Katarina der

Zweiten, Leipzig 1804 Helbig, Georg von, Potemkin der Taurier. Anecdoten zur Geschichte seines Lebens und seiner Zeit, Minerva, ein Journal historischen und politischen Inhalts herausgegeben von J. M. von Archenholtz, Hamburg 1797-1800 Helbig, Georg von, Russische Gunstlinge, Berlin 1917 Helbig, Georg von, 'Russkie izbrannye i sluchainye liudi', RS 56 (10) 1887 Hercules II (Herakles, Irakli), King/Tsar of Kartli-Kahetia (Georgia), Letters to

Potemkin, RGVIA f 52. VI (1983) no 7 Howard, J., The State of Prisons in England and Wales with preliminary observations

and an account of some foreign prisons and hospitals, London 1792 Iona (Jonah), Metropolitan, Description of Potemkin's last days, ZOOID 3 Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor Letters to Potemkin, RGVIA f 52

Joseph II, Leopold II und Kaunitz. Ihr Briefwechsel, ed A. Beer, Vienna 1873 Joseph II und Katharina von Russland. Ihr Briefwechsel, ed Alfred Ritter von Arneth, Vienna 1869

Maria Theresa und Joseph II. Ihre Correspondenz, ed Alfred Ritter von Arneth, Vienna 1867

Joseph II und Graf Ludwig Cobenzl. Ihr Briefwechsel, fontes rerum austriacarum, ed

A. Beer and J. Fiedler, Vienna 1873 Joseph II und Leopold von Toscana. Ihr Briefwechsel 1781 bis 1790 ed. Alfred Ritter

von Arneth, Vienna 1872 Keith, Sir Robert Murray, Memoirs and Correspondence, London 1849 Khrapovitsky, A. V., Dnevnik 1782-93, St Petersburg 1874 and Moscow 1901 Korsakov, N. I., Letters and reports to Potemkin, RGVIA f 52 Langeron, Alexandre, Comte de, AAE, Quai d'Orsay, Paris Des armies russes et turques

Ditails sur la composition et Vorganisation des armies turques et sur la maniere

actuelle des russes de faire la guerre Journal de campagnes faites au service de Russie par le comte de Langeron: resume de campagnes de 1787, 1788, 1789 des russes contre les turcs en Bessarabie, en Moldavie and dans le Kouban Deuxieme campagne en Bessarabie et en Moldavie en 1790 Evenements politique de I'hiver de 1790-1791 en Russie et fetes de Petersburg Troisieme campagne en Moldavie et en Bulgarie 1791 - evenements de la campagne en 1791 des russies contre les turcs Lanskoy, A. D., Letters to Potemkin, RGADA f 11 Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, Letters to Potemkin, RGVIA f 52 Leopold II, Franz II und Katharina, ihre correspondenz, nebst eine einleitung zur

geschichte der politik Leopold II, ed A. Beer, Leipzig 1874 Ligne, C. J. E., Prince de, Fragments des memoires de prince de Ligne, Paris 1880 Ligne, C. J. E., Prince de, Letters and Reflections of the Austrian Field Marshal, ed Baroness de Stael-Holstein, Philadelphia 1809

Ligne, C. J. E., Prince de, Letters to Potemkin, RGVIA f 52 and RGADA 11 Ligne, C. J. E., Prince de, Les Lettres de Catherine II au prince de Ligne, 1780-96, Brussels/Paris 1924

Ligne, C. J. E., Prince de, Lettres du prince de Ligne a la marquise de Coigny pendant

Vannee 1787, ed M. de Lescure, Paris 1886 Ligne, C. J. E., Prince de, Lettres et pensees, London 1808

Ligne, C. J. E., Prince de, Melanges militaries, litteraires et sentimentaires, Dresden 1795-1811

Ligne, C. J. E., Prince de, Memoires et melanges historiques et litteraires, Paris 1827-9 Louis XVI and the Comte de Vergennes: correspondence, ed J. Hardman and M. Price, Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, Voltaire Foundation, Oxford 1998

Macartney, George, Earl, An Account of Russia in 1767, London 1768 Malachowski, S., Pamietniki Stanislau/a hr. Nalecz Malachowskiego wyd. Wincenty

hr. Los, Poznan 1885 Mamonov, A. D. Dmitriyev-, Letters to Potemkin, RGADA f 11 and RGIA Maria Theresa, Empress-Queen, Maria Theresias letzte Regierungszeit, 1763-80, ed

Alfred Ritter von Arneth, Vienna 1879 Masson, Charles Francois Philibert, Secret Memoirs of the Court of Petersburg, London 1800

Ministerstvo imperatorskago dvora, kamer-fureskiy tseremonialnyy zhurnal 1762-96,

St Petersburg 1853-96 Miranda, Francisco de, Archivo del General Miranda, 1785-7, Caracas 1929 Mniszech, Urszula, Listy pani mniszchowej zony marszalka w. koronnego, in, rocznik

tou/arzystwa historyczno literackiego, Paris 1866 Murzakevich, N., Report on Gravestone Monuments of Kherson Fortress Church,

ZOOID 9 (1874) Niemcewicz, Julian Ursyn, Pamietniki czasow moich, Paris 1848 Oginski, Michel, Memoires sur la Pologne et les Polonais, Paris and Geneva 1826 Orlov-Chesmensky, A. G., Letters to Potemkin, RA vol 2, St Petersburg 1876 Orlov-Chesmensky, A. G., Tayna pisma Alexyey Orlova iz Ropshi. ed O. A. Ivanov,

Moskovskiy zhurnal (1995) nos 9-12, (1996) nos 1-3 Panin, N. I., Letters to P. I. Panin etc, SIRIO 6 Panin, P. I., Letters to N. I. Panin, RA vol 2, 1876 Parelo, Marquis de, Despatches, SIRIO 26 (1879): 306-16

Parkinson, John, A Tour of Russia, Siberia and the Crimea 1792-1794, ed William

Collier, London 1971 Paul I, Emperor of Russia (Grand Duke Paul Petrovich and Grand Duchess Maria

Fyodorovna), Letters to Potemkin, RGADA f 5 and RS (1873) 9, 12 Pishchevich, A. A., Zhizn A. S. Pishchevicha 1764-180j, Moscow 1885 Pole Carew, Sir Reginald, Unpublished archives on Russia, CO/r-2; CAD 50;

CO/r/3/92, 93, 95, 101, 195, 210 Poniatowski, Prince Stanislas (nephew of King of Poland), Pamietniki synowca

Stanislawa Augusta przekl, ed Jerzy Lojek, Instytut wydawniczy pax, Warsaw 1979 Popov, V. S., Papers, Reshetilovskiy estate archive, RA (1865 and 1878) (including

Popov's reports to Catherine II on Potemkin's death) Popov, V. S., Papers and letters to various recipients, including Catherine II, Potemkin

and A. A. Bezborodko, RGADA f 11, ZOOID 8, RGVIA f 52 G. A. Potemkin-Tavrichesky: Selected Documents

Service record of father A. V. Potemkin, RGADA f 286. Spisok voennym chinam 1- oy poloviny i8go stoletiya SeA vii 1895

Genealogy, Istochnik (1995) no (RGADA f 286)

Heraldic Office war record, Geroldmeysterskaya contora, book 890, RGADA f 268 Pisma Potemkina, ZOOID Odessa 1844-1956

Accounts details, RGIA ff 468, 1374, 602, 1285, 899, 1640, 1088, 899, 1146 Accounts details, GARF 9

Ekaterina i Potemkin: podlinaya ikh perepiska 1782-91, RS (1876) 16 Personal Papers, RGADA f 11 (various letters from unknown women), RS (April 1875) 12.

Papers of the Chancellery of Potemkin, RGVIA f 52 Letters to:

A. A. Bezborodko, RGADA f n and ZOOID 8 and RA (1873) no 9 (originals in

archive of family of S. V. Kochubey in village of Dikanka, Poltava Region) A. V. Branicka, RGADA f 11 d 857 Brzojovsky, assessor of Smila, RGVIA f 5 Ya. I. Bulgakov, ZOOID 8, SBVIM vol 8 and RGVIA f 52 Catherine II on Georgia, VI (1983) no 7; general and personal AVPRI, ff 1, 2, 5, RGADA ff 1, 16, 5, RGVIA f 52; on Ismail to Catherine and others RV (1841) vol 8; on Poland, RA (1874) 2 Varvara Engelhardt, in M. I. Semevsky Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin-

Tavrichesky, RS (1875) 3 M. L. Faleev, ZOOID 2, 4, 8 Prince Henry of Prussa, RGADA f 5 S. Lazhkarev and I. S. Barozzi, ZOOID 8, RA (1884) 2 I. V. Loginov, Istochnik, (1995) no 6, Moscow N. V. Repnin, RV (1841) vol 8, ZOOID 8 P. A. Rumiantsev-Zadunaisky, SBVIM vols 4, 6

King Stanislav-Augustus of Poland, 1764-1779, AGAD 172, RGADA ff 5, 11, RGVIA f 52

A. V. Suvorov, RS (May 1875) 13; (1839) 9. AKV 2 (1790); SD vol 2 and KD vol

1 (1791); RA (1877) 10. RGVIA f 52 op 1 d 586; SBVIM vol 4 P. I. Panin, RGADA f 1274, RA (1876) 2 Paul I (Grand Duke Paul Petrovich), RS (1873) 11, 12

V. S. Popov, concerning government and personal affairs, 'Prince G. A. Potemkin-

Tavrichesky's own personal papers', Reshetilovskiy archive Praskovia A. Potemkina 1789-90, RS (June 1875) x3

Various (including reports on town building to Catherine II and officials), ZOOID 2, 4, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 1872. Orders to officials on building of Kherson and southern development, ZOOID n and ITUAK 3, 8, 10. RGADA ff 14, 16, and ZOOID 2. Orders of Most Serene Prince G. A. Potemkin-Tavrichesky regarding foundation of Tavrichesky Region 1781-6, M. S. Vorontsov's Family Archive, AKV 13. To provincial governors, GAOO f 150, particularly on Crimea GIM OPI f 197. Also OOIKM dd 651, 7, 652 Various foreign royalty (including Frederick William, Duke of Wiirttemberg; Charles, Prince of Courland; the Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg; Prince of Hesse-Philipstal; Margrave of Anspach), RGADA f 5 Knyaz Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin-Tavrichesky 1739-91, biograficheskiy

ocherk po neizdannym materialam, RS (1875) Rasporyazheniya svetleyshego knyazya Grigoriya Alexandrovich a Potemkina-

Tavricheskogo kasatelno tavricheskoy oblasti s 1781 po 1786, ZOOID 1881 Sobstvennoruchnyye bumagi Knyazya Potemkina, RA (1865)

Proposals and orders concerning the Kremlin Armoury, RGADA f 396 Poetry on foundation of Ekaterinoslav, ed G. Vernadsky, ITUAK (1919)no 56 Contents of Potemkin's library, RGADA f 17 d 262; original at Kazan University Announcement of fall of Ismail, GAOO £150 Register of debts, RGADA f n, ZOOID 8, 9

G. A. Potemkin-Tavrichesky: Books

Lettres d'amour de Catherine II a Potemkine: correspondence inedite, ed Georges

Ouvrard, Paris 1934 Ekaterina II i G. A. Potemkin, lichnaya perepiska 1769-1791, ed V. S. Lopatin, Moscow 1997

Perepiska Ekaterina II i G. A. Potemkina v period vtoroy russko-turetskoy voiny (1787-1791): istochnkovedcheskiye issledovaniya, ed О. I. Yeliseva, Moscow 1997

Bumagi Knyaza Grigoriya Alexandrovicha Potemkina-Tavricheskogo, ed N. F.

Dubrovin, SBVIM, 1774-88 and 1790-3, St Petersburg 1893 and T^95 Pisma i bumagi A. V. Suvorova, G. A. Potemkina, i P. A. Rumiantseva 1787-1789

kinburn ochakovskaya operatsiya, ed D. F. Maslovsky, SBVIM, St Petersburg 1893 Sbornik istoricheskikh materialov po istorii kubanskogo kazachego voyska, 1737- 1801, ed 1.1. Dmitrenko, St Petersburg 1896 Radishchev, A. N., A Journey from St Petersburg to Moscow, trans Leo Wiener, ed

Roderick Page Thaler, Cambridge, Mass. 1958 Ribas, Jose de, Letters to Potemkin, ZOOID 8, 11 Ribeaupierre, A. I. Memoires (Zapiski grafa Ribopera), RA (1877) vol 1 Richardson, William, Anecdotes of the Russian Empire, London 1784 and 1968 Richelieu, Armand du Plessis, Due de, Journal de mon voyage en Allemagne, SIRIO

54 (1886): 111-98 Rostopchin, Fyodor, La Verite sur I'incendie de Moscou, Paris 1823 Ruhliere, Claude Carloman de, A History or Anecdotes of the Revolution in Russia,

London 1797, New York, 1970 Rumiantsev-Zadunaisky, P. A., Letters to Potemkin RGADA f n and SBVIM vol 4 Rumiantseva, E. M., Pisma grafini E. M. Rumiantsevoy k ее muzhu feldmarshalu grafu

P. A. Rumiatsevu-Zadunayskomu, 1762-1779, St Petersburg 1888 Sabatier de Cabre, Catherine II, her Court and Russia in 1772, Berlin 1861 Saint-Jean, Sekretar des Fiirsten Potemkin, Lebensbeschreibung des Gregor

Alexandrowitsch Potemkin des Tauriers, Karlsruhe 1888 Samoilov, A. N., Zhizn i deyaniya generala feldmarshala knyazya Grigoriya

Alexandrovicha Potemkina-Tavricheskogo, RA (1867) Segur, Louis Philippe, Comte de, Letters to Potemkin, RGVIA £52, ZOOID 9 Segur, Louis Philippe, Comte de, Memoires et souvenirs et anecdotes, Paris, 1859 Segur, Louis Philippe, Comte de, Memoirs and Recollections of Count Segur,

ambassador from Prance to the Courts of Russia and Prussia etc, written by himself, London 1825-7

Segur, Louis Philippe, Comte de, Memoirs of Louis Philippe Comte de Segur, ed Eveline

Cruikshanks, London i960 Segur, Louis Philippe, Comte de, Memoirs of the Comte de Segur, ed Gerard Shelley, New York 1925

Segur, Louis Philippe, Comte de, Oeuvres completes de Monsieur le comte de Segur,

Memoires et souvenirs et anecdotes, Paris 1824-6 Shcherbatov, M. M., On the Corruption of Morals in Russia, ed and trans A. Lentin, Cambridge 1969

Stanislas II Augustus, King of Poland Letters to Potemkin, RGADA f 5, AGAD 172, RGVIA f 52 Memoires du roi Stanislas-Auguste Poniatowski, St Petersburg 1914, Leningrad 1924

Memoires secretes et inedites de Stanislas-August e, Leipzig 1862 Stedingk, Curt Bogislaus Christophe, Comte de, Un Ambassadeur de Suede a la cour de Catherine II; feld-marechal comte de Stedingk; choix de depeches diplomatique, rapports secrets and lettres particulieres de 1790 a 1796, ed Comtesse de Brevern de la Gardie, Stockholm 1919 Sumarokov, P. I., Cherty Ekateriny velikoy, St Petersburg 1819 Sumarokov, P. I., Travelling through all the Crimea and Bessarabia 1799, Moscow 1800

Sutherland, Baron Richard, Letters to Potemkin, RGADA f 11, RGVIA f 52 Suvorov, A. V., Dokumenty, ed G. P. Meshcheryakov, Moscow 1949-53 Suvorov, A. V., Pisma, ed V. S. Lopatin, Moscow 1986

Suvorov, A. V., Pisma i bumagi A. V. Suvorova, G. A. Potemkina, i P. A. Rumiantseva 1787-1789, kinburn ochakovskaya operatsiya, D. F. Maslovsky, SBVIM, St Petersburg 1893

Suvorov, A. V., Pisma i bumagi Suvorova, ed V. Alekseyev, Petrograd 1916 Thiebault, D., Mes souvenirs de vingt ans sejour a Berlin, Paris 1804 Tott, Baron de, Memoirs of the Turks and the Tartars, London 1786 Tregubov, N. Y., Zapiski, RS (1908) 136 pp 101-2

Tsebrikov, R. M., Vokrug ochakova 1788 god (dnevnikochevidtsa), RA (1895) 84, no 9

Vigee Lebrun, Elisabeth, Souvenirs, Paris 1879

Vinsky, G. S., Мое vremya, Zapiski, St Petersburg 1914 and Cambridge Partners 1974 Vizin, D. I. von, Sobraniye sochineniya, ed G. P. Makogonenko, Moscow/Leningrad 1959

Vorontsov, S. R., Letters to Potemkin, AKV 9

Voltaire, Oeuvres completes de Voltaire: correspondance avec I'imperatrice de Russie, vol lviii, Paris 1821

Wills, Richard, A Short Account of the Ancient and Modern State of the Crim-Tartary Land, London 1787

Wiegel (Vigel), F. F., Zapiski Filipa Filipovich Vigela, Moscow 1873, 1891 and 1928;

Vospominaniya F. F. Vigela, Moscow 1864-6 and 1891 Wraxall, N., A Tour through Some of the Northern Parts of Europe, London 1776 Wraxall, Sir N. William, Historical Memoirs of my own Time, London 1904 Yusupov, Prince Felix, Lost Splendour, London 1953

Zavadovsky, P. V., 'Pisma grafa P. V. Zavadovskago k feldmarshalu grafu P. A. Rumiantsevu 1775-1791', ed P. M. Maykov, Starina i novizna (1901) vol 4

SECONDARY

Adamczyk, Т., Fiirst G. A. Potemkin: Untersuchungen zu seiner Lebensgeschichte, Emsdetten 1936

Alden, John R, Stephen Sayre, American Revolutionary Adventurer, Baton Rouge 1983 Alexander, J. Т., Autocratic Politics in a National Crisis: The Imperial Russian

Government and Pugachev's Revolt 1773-1775, Bloomington 1969 Alexander, J. Т., Catherine the Great: Life and Legend, Oxford 1989

Alexander, J. Т., Emperor of the Cossacks: Pugachev and the Frontier Jacquerie of

1773-75, Lawrence 1973 Alexeeva, Т. V., Vladimir Lukich Borovikovskii i russkaia kultura na rubezhe 18-19

vekov, Moscow 1875 Allen, W. E. D., A History of the Georgian People, London 1932 Anderson, M. S., The Eastern Question 1774-1923, New York 1966 Anderson, M. S., Europe in the Eighteenth Century 1713-83, London 1961 Anderson, M. S., 'Samuel Bentham in Russia 1779-91', American Slavic and East

European Review (1956) 15 no 2 Anderson, R. C., Naval Wars in the Levant, London 1952 Andreevsky, I., On the Place Where Potemkin's Body was Buried, ZOOID 5 Anisimov, E. V., Empress Elisabeth: Her Reign and Her Russia 1741-61, ed J. T.

Alexander, Gulf Freeze, Fla 1995 Anisimov, E. V., Rossiya v seredine xviii vek; borba za nasledie petra, Moscow 1986 Anisimov, E. V., Zhenshchina na rossiyskom prestole, St Petersburg 1997 Annenkov, I., History of the Cavalry Guards Regiment 1738-1848, St Petersburg 1849 Anonymous, Persons on the staff of Prince Potemkin, ZOOID 11: 506-8 Anonymous, Potemkin's household and staff', RA (1907) 2

Anonymous, 'A Short Biography of Anton Golovaty', Odessky vestnick, 31 October

Aragon, L. A. C., Marquis d', Un Paladin au XVIII siecle. Le Prince Charles de

Nassau-Siegen, Paris 1893 Aretz, Gertrude, The Empress Catherine, London 1947

Ascherson, Neal, Black Sea: The Birthplace of Civilisation and Barbarism, London

Askenazy, S., Die letzte polnische Konigswahl, Gottingen 1894

Asprey, Robert В., Frederick the Great: The Magnificent Enigma, New York 1986

Ayling, Stanley, Fox: The Life of Charles James Fox, London 1991

Baddeley, John F., The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus, London 1908

Bain, R. Nisbet, Peter III: Emperor of Russia, London 1902

Baron, S. W., The Russian Jew under Tsar and Soviets, New York 1964

Barsukov, A. R., Razskazy iz russkoi istorii xviii veka, St Petersburg 1885

Barsukov, A. R., Knyaz Grigory Grigorevich Orlov, RA (1873) vo^s I~z

Bartenev, P. В., 'Biografi generalissimov i general-feld-marshalov Rossiyskoy

Imperatorskoy armii', Voenno-istorichesheskiy sbornik, St Petersburg 1911 Bartenev, P. В., On Catherine and Potemkin's Marriage: a Book of Notes of the Russki

Arkhiv, RA (1906) no 12 Bartlett, Roger P., Human Capital: The settlement of foreigners in Russia 1762-1804, Cambridge 1979

Batalden, Stephen K., Catherine II's Greek Prelate: Eugenios Voulgaris in Russia

1771-1806, New York 1982 Baylen, Joseph A. and Woodward, Dorothy, 'Francisco Miranda and Russia:

Diplomacy 1787-88', Historian xiii (1950) Beales, Derek, Joseph II: In the Shadow of Maria Theresa 1741-80, Cambridge 1987 Begunova, A., Way through the Centuries, Moscow 1988 Belan, Yu. Ia., Marchenko, M. I., and Kotov, V. N., Istoria USSR, Kiev 1949 Belyakova, Zoia, The Romanov Legacy: The Palaces of St Petersburg, London 1994 Bennigsen Broxup, Maria (ed), The North Caucasus Barrier: the Russian Advance

towards the Moslem World, London 1992 Bentham, M. S., The Life of Brigadier-General Sir Samuel Bentham, London 1862

Bilbasov, V. A., Prisoedineniye Kulyandii k Rossii, RS (1895) 83 Bilbasov, V. A., Istoricheskiye Monografia, St Petersburg 1901 Bilbasov, V. A., Istoriya Ekateriny II, Berlin 1900

Blanning, Т. C. W., Joseph II and Enlightened Despotism, London 1970 Blanning, Т. C. W., Joseph II: Profiles in Power, London 1994 Blum, K. L., Ein russischer Staatsmann: Des Grafen Jakob Johann Sievers Denkwurdigkeiten zur Geschichte Russlands, Lepizig/Heidelberg 1857 Bolotina, N. Y., Degree thesis on Potemkin's work in the south, RSUH, Moscow 1991 Bolotina, N. Y., 'Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin', Children's Encyclopaedia, Moscow

Bolotina, N. Y., 'The Private Library of Prince G. A. Potemkin-Tavrichesky', Kniga

issledovaniya i materialy (1995) no 71 Bolotina, N. Y., Sebastopol has to be the main fortress: documents on the foundation

of the Black Sea fleet, Istoricheskiy arkhiv (1997) no 2 Bolotina, N. Y., Ties of Relationship between G. A. Potemkin and the Vorontsov

Family: The Vorontsovs - two centuries in Russian History, Petushki 1996 Bolotina, N. Y., Ties of Relationship between Prince G. A. Potemkin and the Family of the Princes Golitsyn, Conference of Golitsyn Studies, Bolshiye vyazemy, Moscow

Bolshoya Sovetskaya Enziklopediya, Moscow 1940

Browning, Reed, The War of Austrian Succession, London 1994

Bruess, Gregory I., Religion, Identity and Empire: A Greek Archbishop in the Russia

of Catherine the Great, New York 1997 Briickner, A. G., Istoriia Ekateriny vtoroi, St Petersburg 1885; and Katharina der

zweite, Berlin 1883 Briickner, A. G., Potemkin, St Petersburg 1891

Bugomila, Alexander, The History of Government of New Russia by G. A. Potemkin,

Ekaterinoslav 1905 Byron, Lord, Don Juan, Penguin Classics, London 1977

Castera, Jean-Henri, The Life of Catherine II, Empress of Russia, trans William Tooke, London 1798

Cate, Curtis, War of the Two Emperors: The duel between Napoleon and Alexander,

Russia 1812, New York 1985 Christie, I. R., The Benthams in Russia, Oxford/Providence 1993 Christie, I. R., 'Samuel Bentham and the Russian Dnieper Flotilla', SEER (April 1972) 50 no 119

Christie, I. R., 'Samuel Bentham and the Western Colony at Krichev 1784-7', SEER

(April 1970) 48 no hi Clardy, Jesse V., G. R. Derzhavin: A Political Biography, Mouton 1967 Coughlan, Robert, Elisabeth and Catherine, Empresses of All the Russias, New York 1974

Crankshaw, Edward, Maria Theresa, London 1969

Cronin, Vincent, Catherine, Empress of All the Russias, London 1978

Cross, Anthony, By the Banks of the Neva: Chapters from the Lives and Careers of

the British in Eighteenth-Century Russia, Cambridge 1997 Cross, Anthony, By the Banks of the Thames: Russians in Eighteenth Century Britain,

Newtonville, Mass. 1980 Cross, Anthony, 'The Duchess of Kingston in Russia', History Today (1977) 27 Cross, Anthony (ed), Great Britain and Russia in the Eighteenth Century: Contacts and Comparisons, Proceedings of an International Conference, Newtonville, Mass. 1979

Cross, Anthony, 'John Rogerson: Physician to Catherine the Great', CSS (1970) 4 Da vies, Norman, Europe: A history, Oxford 1996

Davis, Curtis Carroll, The King's Chevalier: A Biography of Lewis Littlepage,

Indianopolis 1961 Demmler, Franz, Memoirs of the Court of Prussia, London 1854 Dmitrenko, 1.1., ed, Sbornik istoricheskikh materialov po istorii kazacheskogo voyska

1737-1901 St Petersburg, 1896 Dornberg, John, Brezhnev, London 1974 Dostyan, I. S., Russia and the Balkan Question, Moscow 1972 Druzhinina, E. I., Kyuchuk-Kaynardzhiyskiy mir 1774 goda, Moscow 1955 Druzhinina, E. I., Severnoye prichernomorye v 1775-1800, Moscow 1959 Dubnow, S. M., History of the Jews in Russia and Poland, Philadelphia 1916-20 Dubrovin, N. F. ed, Istoriya voyny i vladychestva russkih na Kavkaze, St Petersburg 1886

Dubrovin, N. F., Pugachev i ego soobshchniki, St Petersburg 1884

Duffy, Christopher, Frederick the Great: A Military Life, London 1985

Duffy, Christopher, Russia's Military Way to the West: Origins and Nature of Russian

Military Power 1700-1800, London 1981 Dukes, Paul, Catherine the Great and the Russian Nobility: A Study Based on the

Materials of the Legislative Commission of 1767, Cambridge 1967 Dulichev, V. P., Raskazy po istorii Kryma, Simferopol 1997 Dumas, F. Ribadeau, Cagliostro, London 1967

Duran, James A., 'Catherine, Potemkin and Colonization', Russian Review (January 1969) 28 no 1

Duran, James A., 'The Reform of Financial Administration in Russia during the Reign

of Catherine II', CSS (1970) 4 Dvoichenko-Markov, Demetrius, 'Russia and the First Accredited Diplomat in the Danubian Principalities 1779-1808, Slavic and East European Studies (1963) 8 Dyachenko, L. I., Tavricheski Dvorets, St Petersburg 1997

Dzhedzhula, К. E., Rossiya i velikaya Frantzuzskaya burzhuaznaya revolyutsiya kontsa

XVIII veka, Kiev 1972 Ehrman, John, The Younger Pitt, vol 2: The Reluctant Transition, London 1983 Eighteenth Century Studies in Honor of Donald F. Hyde, New York 1970 Elliott, J. H., The Count-Duke of Olivares: The Statesman in an Age of Decline, New Haven/London 1986

Elliott, J. H., and Brockliss, L. W. В., The World of the Favourite, New Haven/London 1999

Fadyev, V., Vospominaniya 1790-1867, Odessa 1897 Fateyev, A. M., Potemkin-Tavrichesky, Prague 1945

Feldman, Dmitri, Svetleyshiy Knyaz G. A. Potemkin i Rossiskiye Evrei. Materials of

the Seventh International Conference on Jews, Moscow 2000. Figes, Orlando, A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891-1924, London 1996

Figes, Orlando, and Kolonitskii, Boris, Interpreting the Russian Revolution: The

Language and Symbols of 1917, New Haven/London 1999 Fisher, Alan W., The Crimean Tartars, Studies in Nationalities of USSR, Stanford 1978 Fisher, Alan W., 'Enlightened Despotism and Islam under Catherine II', Slavic Review (1968) 27

Fisher, Alan W., The Russian Annexation of the Crimea 1772-83, Cambridge 1970 Fishman, David E., Russia's First Modern Jews, The Jews of Shklov, New York London 1996

Foreman, Amanda, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, London 1998 Fothergill, Brian, Sir William Hamilton, Envoy Extraordinary, London 1969 Fournier-Sarloveze, M., Artistes oublies, Paris 1902

Fox, Frank, 'Negotiating with the Russians: Ambassador Segur's Mission to St

Petersburg 1784-89', French Historical Studies (1971) 7 Fraser, David, Frederick the Great, London 2000

Fuks, E. В., Istoria generalissimusa knyazia italikogo graf Suvorova-Rymniksogo, Moscow 1811

Garrard, J. G. (ed), The Eighteenth Century in Russia, Oxford 1973 Gay, Peter, The Enlightenment: An Interpretation, the Science of Freedom, London 1969

Ghani, Cyrus, Iran and the Rise of Reza Shah - Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power,

London/New York 1999 Gilbert, O. P., The Prince de Ligne: A Gay Marshal of the Old Regime, London 1923 Golder, Frank, John Paul Jones in Russia, Garden City, NY 1927 Golitsyn, Prince Emmanuel, Recit du voyage de Pierre Potemkin: la Russie du X VII

siecle dans ses rapports avec I'Europe Occidentale, Paris 1855 Goncharenko, V. S., and Narozhnaya, V. I., The Armoury, State Museum Preserve of

History and Culture, the Kremlin: A Guide, Moscow 1995 Gooden, Angelica, The Sweetness of Light: A Biography of Elisabeth Vigee Lebrun, London 1997

Goodwin, Frederick K., and Jamison, Kay Redfield, Manic-Depressive Illness, Oxford 1990

Grahov, J., Potemkin's Military Printing House, ZOOID 4, 1855 Grave, В., Vosstaniye Pugacheva, Leningrad 1936

Greenberg, Louis, The Jews in Russia, vol 1: The Struggle for Emancipation, New Haven 1944

Gribble, Francis, The Comedy of Catherine the Great, London 1932

Griffiths, David M., The Rise and Fall of the Northern System: Court Politics in the

First Half of Catherine's Reign', CSS (1970) pp 547-69 Grigorevich, N., Kantsler knyaz A. A. Bezborodko v svyazi s sobytiyami ego vremeni, SIRIO 26 and 29

Grob, G. N. (ed), Statesmen and Statecraft of the Modern West: Essays in Honor of

Dwight E. Lee and H. Donaldson Jordan, Barr, Mass. 1967 Grundy, Isobel, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu: Comet of the Enlightenment, Oxford 1999

Harvey, Robert, Clive: The Life and Death of a British Emperor, London 1998 Haupt, G., 'La Russie et les Principautes Danubiennes en 1790: Le Prince Potemkin-

Tavrichesky et le Courrier de Moldavie', CMRS (January-March 1966) 7 no 1 Herodotus, The Histories, Penguin Classics, London 1954 Horwood, D. D. (ed), Proceedings of the Consortium on Revolutionary Europe, Tallahassee 1980

Hosking, Geoffrey, Russia: People and Empire 1552-1917, London 1997 Hughes, Lindsey, Russia in the Age of Peter the Great, New Haven/London 1998 Iorga, N., Histories des relations Russo-Roumaines, Ia§i, 1917

Istoriia SSSR, s drevnyeyshikh vremen do kontsa XVIII v. (various authors), Moscow 1939

Ivanov, P. A., Fabre's Summer Residence, ZOOID 22 Ivanov, P. A., The Management of Jewish Immigration from Abroad to the Novorossisky Region, Ekaterinoslav archives, ZOOID 17

Jamison, Kay Redfield, The Unquiet Mind, London 1996

Jenkins, Michael, Arakcheev, Grand Vizier of the Russian Empire, New York 1969 Jones, Robert E., Provincial Development in Russia: Catherine II and Jakov Sievers,

New Brunswick 1984 Jones, Robert E., 'Urban Planning and the Development of Provincial Towns in Russia

1762-96', in J. G. Garrard (ed), The Eighteenth Century in Russia, Oxford 1973 Josselson, Michael, and Josselson, Diana, The Commander: A Life of Barclay de Tolly, Oxford 1980

Kabuzan, V. M., Narodonaseleniye rossii v XVIII-pervoy polovine XIX veka, Moscow 1976

Karabanov, P. F., Istoricheskiye rasskazy i anekdoty, zapisannyye so slov imenityh

lyudey P. F. Karabanovym, RS (1872) 5 Karnovich, E. P., Zamechatchyye bogatstva chastnykh lits v Russii, Petersburg 1885 Karpova, E. V., Cultural Monuments, New Discoveries, Leningrad 1984 Keen, В., and Wasserman, M., A History of Latin America, Boston 1998 Keep, John L. H., Soldiers of the Tsar: Army and Society in Russia 1462-1874, Oxford 1985

Kelly, Laurence (ed), Moscow: A Travellers' Companion, London 1983 Kelly, Laurence (ed), St Petersburg: A Travellers' Companion, London 1981 Kinross, Lord, The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire, New York 1979

Klier, John Doyle, Russia Gathers her Jews: The Origins of the Jewish Question in

Russia 1772-1825, Dekalb, 111. 1986 Kliuchevsky, V. O., A Course in Russian History: The Time of Catherine the Great,

trans and ed Marshall S. Shatz, New York 1997 Korolkov, K., Hundredth Anniversary of the Town of Ekaterinoslav 1781-1887, Ekaterinoslav, 1887

Korsakov, A. N., 'Stepan Ivanovich Sheshkovsky 1727-94: Biograficheskiy Ocherk,'

Storicheskiy vestnik (1885) 22 Kramer, Gerhard F., and McGrew, Roderick E., 'Potemkin, the Porte and the Road to

Tsargrad: The Shumla Negotiations 1789-90', CASS (Winter 1974) 8 Krasnobaev, В. I., Russian Culture in the Second Part of the Eighteenth Century and

at the Start of the Nineteenth, Moscow 1983 Kruchkov, Y. S., Istoria Nikolaeva, Nikolaev 1996

Kukiel, M., Czartoryski and European Unity 1770-1861, Princeton Westport, Conn. 1955

Lang, D. M., The Last Years of the Georgian Monarchy 1658-1832, New York 1957 Lang, D. M., A Modern History of Georgia, London 1962

Lashkov, F. F., Prince G. A. Potemkin-Tavrichesky as Crimean Builder, Simferopol 1890

Lavrenev, B. A., 'Potemkin's Second Burial', Pamyatniki otechestva (1991) no 2 pp 154-5

Lebedev, P., Studies of New Russian History from Unpublished Sources, St Petersburg 1863

LeDonne, John P., Ruling Russia: Politics and Administration in the Age of Absolutism

1762-96, Princeton 1984 Lentin, A., Russia in the Eighteenth Century from Peter the Great to Catherine the

Great, London 1973 Levitats, I., The Jewish Community in Russia 1722-1844, New York 1970 Lewis, D. В., Wyndham, Four Favourites, London 1948

Lincoln, W. Bruce, The Romanovs: Autocrats of All the Russias, New York 1981 Liske, X., 'Zur polnischen Politik Katharina II 1791', HZ (1873) 3° Lockyer, Roger, Buckingham, London 1981

Lojek, J., 'Catherine's Armed Intervention in Poland: Origins of the Political Decisions

at the Russian Court in 1791 and 1792.', CSS (Fall 1970) 4 no 3 Lojek, J., 'The International Crisis of 1791: Poland between the Triple Alliance and

Russia', East Central Europe (1975) 2 no 1 Longworth, Philip, The Art of Victory: The Life and Achievements of Field Marshal

Suvorov 1729-1800, New York 1965 Longworth, Philip, The Cossacks, London 1969

Longworth, Philip, The Three Empresses - Catherine /, Anne and Elisabeth of Russia,

London 1972 Lopatin, V. S., Potemkin i Suvorov, Moscow 1992

Lord, Robert H., The Second Partition of Poland, Cambridge, Mass. 1915 Loudon, J. C., An Encyclopaedia of Gardening, London 1822 Louis, Victor and Jennifer, Complete Guide to the Soviet Union, New York 1991 Lukowski, Jerzy, The Partitions of Poland 1772, 1793, 1795, London 1999 MacConnell, A., A Russian Philosophe: Alexander Radishchev 1749-1802, The Hague 1964

MacDonogh, Giles, Frederick the Great, London 1999 McGrew, Roderick E., Paul I of Russia 1754-1801, Oxford 1992 McKay, Derek, and Scott, H. M., The Rise of the Great Powers 1648-1815, London 1983

Mackay, James, I Have Not Yet Begun to Fight: A Life of John Paul Jones,

Edinburgh/London 1998 McNeill, William H., Europe's Steppe Frontier 1500-1800, Chicago 1964 Madariaga, Isabel de, Britain, Russia and the Armed Neutrality of 1780: Sir James Harris's Mission to St Petersburg during the American Revolution, New Haven 1962

Madariaga, Isabel de, Catherine the Great: A Short History, New Haven/London 1990

Madariaga, Isabel de, Introduction to G. 5. Vinsky, Мое vremyay Zapiski, Cambridge 1974

Madariaga, Isabel de, Politics and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Russia: Collected

Essays, London/New York 1998 Madariaga, Isabel de, Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great, London 1981 Madariaga, Isabel de, 'The Secret Austro-Russian Treaty of 1781', SEER (1959) 38 PP 114-45

Madariaga, Isabel de, The Travels of General Francesco de Miranda in Russia, London 1950

Madariaga, Isabel de, 'The Use of British Secret Service Funds at St Petersburg 1777-

1782', SEER (1954) 32 no 79 Mansel, Philip, Constantinople: City of the World's Desire 1453-1924, London 1995 Mansel, Philip, Le Charmeur de 1'Europe: Charles-Joseph de Ligne 1735-1814, Paris 1992

Mansel, Philip, Louis XVIII, London 1981 Mansel, Philip, Pillars of Monarchy, London 1984

Markova, О. P., О nevtralnoy sisteme i franko-russkikh otnosheniyakh (Vtoraya

polovina xviii v), Istoriya SSSR (1970) no 6 Markova, О. P., О proiskhozhdenii tak nazyvayemogo Grecheskogo Proekta (8oe gody XVIII v.), Istoriya SSSR(i958)no4

Maslovsky, D. F., Zapiski po istorii voiennogo iskusstva v rossii, tsarstvovaniye

Ekateriny velikoy 1762-94, St Petersburg 1894 Massie, Robert, Peter the Great: His Life and World, New York 1981 Masters, John, Casanova, London 1969

Mavrodin, V. V., Krestyanskaya voyna v rossiya, Leningrad 1961, 1966, 1970 Mellikset-Bekov, L., From the Materials for a History of the Armenians in the South

of Russia, Odessa 1911 Menning, B. W., G. A. Potemkin and A. I. Chernyshev: Two Dimensions of Reform and the Military Frontier in Imperial Russia in D. D. Horwood (ed), Proceedings of the Consortium on Revolutionary Europe, Tallahassee 1980 Mikhailovich, Grand Duke Nikolai Russkiye Portrety X VIII i XIX stoletiy, St

Petersburg 1906-9 (republished as Famous Russians, St Petersburg 1996) Mitford, Nancy, Frederick the Great, London 1970 Mitford, Nancy, Madame de Pompadour, London 1954 Mitford, Nancy, Voltaire in Love, London 1957

Mooser, R. Aloys, Annales de la musique et des musiciens en Russie au X VIII Siecle,

Geneva 1948-51 Morane, P., Paul I de Russie, Paris 1907

Morison, Samuel Eliot, John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography, Boston 1959 Moskvityanin zhurnal, О privatnoy zhizni Knyazya Potemkina (Potemkinskiy

prazdnik), (1852) 3, ed M. P. Pogodin, republished Moscow 1991 Moskvityanin zhurnal, Verbal Chronicle of Catherine's visit to Tula and Potemkin, (1842) 2

Mourousy, Prince, Potemkine mystique et conquer ant, Paris 1988 Muftiyzade, I., Essays on Crimean Tartars' Military Service from 1783-1889, ITUAK (1889)

Murray, Venetia, High Society in the Regency Period, London 1998 Murzakevich, N. N., The materials for a history of the principal town of a province -

Kherson, ZOOID 11 Nicolson, Harold, The Congress of Vienna, London 1948 Nirsha, A. M., Anton Golovaty, Odessa State Local Historical Museum Nolde, В., La Formation de I'Empire Russe: 6tudes, notes et documents, Paris 1953 Norman, Geraldine, The Hermitage: The Biography of a Great Museum, London 1997 Novitsky, G. A., Istoriya USSR (XVIII vek), Moscow 1950 Ogarkov, Vasily V., Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin, St Petersburg 1892 Oldenbourg, Zoe, Catherine the Great, London 1965 Orlovsky, 1.1., In the Motherland of His Highness, Smolensk 1906 Otis, James, The Life of John Paul Jones, together with Chevalier Jones' own account

of the campaign of the Liman, New York 1900 Palmer, Alan, Alexander I, Tsar of War and Peace, London 1974 Palmer, Alan, Metternich, Councillor of Europe, London 1972 Palmer, Alan, Napoleon in Russia, London 1967

Panchenko, A. M., Potemkinskie derevni kak kulturlnyy mif XVIII Vek (1983) 14 Papmehl, K., The Regimental School Established in Siberia by Samuel Bentham',

Canadian Slavonic Papers, xviii, 1966 Pasteur, Claude, Le Prince de Ligne: I'enchanteur de I'Europe, Paris 1957 Petrov, A, Voyna rossii s turetskiey i polskimi konfederatami, St Petersburg 1866-74 Petrov, A., Vtor ay a turetskaya voyna v tsarstvovaniye imperatritsy Ekateriny II 1787-

91, St Petersburg 1880 Petrovich, M. В., 'Catherine II and a Fake Peter III in Montenegro', Slavic Review (April 1955) 14 no 2

Petrushevsky, A., Generalissimus Knyazi Suvorov, St Petersburg 1884

Pevitt, Christine, The Man Who Would Be King: The Life of Philippe d'Orleans,

Regent of France, London 1997 Pflaum, Rosalynd, By Influence and Desire: The True Story of Three Extraordinary

Women - the Grand Duchess of Courland and her Daughters, New York 1984 Pikul, V. S., Favurit: roman-khroniki vremen Ekateriny II, Moscow 1985 Pilaev, M. L, Staryy Peterburg, St Petersburg 1889, Moscow 1997 Pipes, R., 'Catherine II and the Jews', Soviet Jewish Affairs 5 no 2 Plumb, J. H., Sir Robert Walpole, London 1956

Porphiry, Bishop, Information about Prince Potemkin's service in the Synod, Moscow 1882, ZOOID 13

Preedy, George R., The Life of Rear-Admiral John Paul Jones, London 1940 Pushkin, A. S., The Captain's Daughter, in The Queen of Spades and Other Stories,

Penguin Classics, London 1958 Pushkin, A. S., Complete Prose Fiction, ed Paul Debreczeny, Stanford 1983 Pushkin, A. S., Istoriya Pugacheva, in Polnoye Sobraniye Sochineniya, vol 12,

Moscow/Leningrad, 1937-49 Pushkin, A. S., Notes on Russian History of the Eighteenth Century, Istoricheskiye

Zametki, Leningrad 1984 Pushkin, A. S., Polnoye Sobraniye Sochineniya, Moscow/Leningrad 1937-49 Radzinsky, Edvard, Rasputin, London 2000 Raeff, Marc (ed), Catherine the Great: A Profile, New York 1972 Raeff, Marc,'The Style of Russia's Imperial Policy and Prince G. A. Potemkin', in G. N. Grob (ed), Statesmen and Statecraft of the Modern West: Essays in Honor of Dwight E. Lee and H. Donaldson Jordan, Barr, Mass. 1967 Raffel, Burton, Russian Poetry under the Tsars, New York 1971 Ragsdale, Hugh (ed), Imperial Russian Foreign Policy, Woodrow Wilson Center Series, Cambridge 1993

Rakhamatullin, M. A., Firm Catherine, Otechestvennaya Istoriya (1997)

Ransel, David L., 'Nikita Panin's Imperial Council Project and the Struggle of Hierarchy

Groups at the Court of Catherine II', CSS (December 1971) 4 no 3 Ransel, David L., The Politics of Catherinian Russia: The Panin Party, New Haven 1975

Reid, Anna, Borderland: A Journey through the History of Ukraine, London 1997 Rhinelander, Anthony L. H., Prince Michael Vorontsov, Viceroy to the Tsar, Montreal 1990

Robb, Graham, Balzac, London 1994

Roider, Karl A., Austria's Eastern Question 1700-1790, Princeton 1982 Roider, Karl A., 'Kaunitz, Joseph II and the Turkish War', SEER (October 1976) 54 no 4

Rose, Kenneth, George V, London 1983

Rotikov, К. K., Drugoy Peterburg, St Petersburg 1998

Rulikowski, Edward, Smila, Slownik geograficzny krolestwa polskiego i innych krajow, slowianskich (ed Filip Sulimierski, Bronislaw Chlebowski and Wladyslaw Walewski), vol 10, Warsaw 1889 Russkiy Biographicheskiy Slovar (including biographies of Varvara Golitsyna vol 5 1916; Ekaterina Skavronskaya vol 18 1904,1. A. Hannibal vol 4 1914; P. S. and M. S. Potemkin vol 14 1904) vol 1-25, A. A. Polovtsev, St Petersburg 1896-1916 Ruud, Charles A., and Stepanov, Sergei A., Fontanka 16: The Tsars' Secret Police, Quebec 1999

Segal, Harold G., The Literature of Eighteenth-Century Russia, New York 1967 Semevsky, M. I., Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin-Tavrichesky, RS (1875) 3 Semevsky, M. I., Vosemnadtsatyy vek, istoricheskiye sbornik, Russkaya Starina, vols

12-14, St Petersburg 1875 Shahmagonov, N. R., Hrani Gospod' Potemkina, Moscow 1991 Shaw, Stanford J., Between the Old and New: The Ottoman Empire under Selim III

1789-1807, Cambridge, Mass. 1971 Shilder, N. K., Imperator Aleksandr I, St Petersburg 1890-1904 Shilder, N. K. Imperator Pavel Pervyy, St Petersburg 1901 Shugorov, M. F., Prince Potemkin's Tomb, RA (1867)

Shvidkovsky, Dimitri, The Empress and the Architect: British Architecture and Gardens

at the Court of Catherine the Great, New Haven/London 1996 Skalkovsky, A., Chronological Review of New Russia 1730-1823, Odessa 1836 Skalkovsky, A., The History of the New Sech or the Last Zaporogian Kosh, Odessa 1886

Soldatsky, A., Secret of the Prince, ZOOID 9

Soloveytchik, George, Potemkin: A Picture of Catherine's Russia, London 1938 Soloveytchik, George, Potemkin: Soldier, Statesman, Lover and Consort of Catherine

of Russia, New York 1947 Soloviev, S. M., Istoriya padeniya polshi, Moscow 1863 Soloviev, S. M., Istoriya rossii s drevneyshikh vremyon, Moscow 1959-66 Storch, H. von, Annalen der Regierung Katharina der Zweyten, Kaiserin von Russland, Leipzig .1798

Storch, H. von, Tableau historique et statistique de I'Empire de Russie, Paris/Basle, 1801

Suny, Ronald Grigor, The Making of the Georgian Nation, Bloomington/Indianapolis 1988/1994

Temperley, Harold, Frederick the Great and Kaiser Joseph, London 1968 Tillyard, Stella, Aristocrats, London 1995

Tiktopulo, Y. A., The Mirage ofTsargrad: On the Destiny of Catherine's Greek Project, Rodina 1991

Timoshevsky, G. I., Mariupol and its Environs, Mariupol 1892 Tolstoy, A., Peter the Great, Moscow 1932

Tolstoy, L., 'Hadji Murat', in Master and Man and Other Stories, Penguin Classics,

London 1977 Tourneux, M., Diderot et Catherine II, Paris 1899

Trowbridge, W. R. H., Cagliostro: The Splendour and Misery of a Master of Magic,

London 1910 Troyat, Henri, Catherine the Great, London 1977 Troyat, Henri, Pushkin, Paris 1946, New York 1970 Ustinov, V. I., 'Moguchiy velikoross', (1991) no 12 Vallentin, Antonina, Mirabeau, Voice of the Revolution, London 1948 Vassilchikov, A. A., Semeystvo Razumovskikh, St Petersburg 1880 Vernadsky, G. V., History of Russia, New Haven 1954

Vernadsky, G. V., Ocherk istorii prava russkogo gosudarstva XVIII-XIX v, Prague 1924

Vernadsky, G. V., Russkoye masonstvo v tsarstvovovaniye Ekateriny II, Petrograd 1917

Vernadsky, G. V., Imperatritsa Ekaterina II i Zakonodatclnaya Komissiya 1767-68, Perm 1918

Vinogradov, V. N., The Century of Catherine II, Novaya i noveyshaya istoriya no 4, Moscow 1996

Vitale, Serena, Pushkin's Button: The Story of the Fatal Duel that Killed Russia's

Greatest Poet, London 1999 Vyborny, P. M., Nikolaev, Odessa 1973 Waliszewski, K., Autour d'un trone, Paris 1894

Waliszewski, K., The Romance of an Empress: Catherine II of Russia, New York

1894, Paris 1893 Weidle, Wladimir, Russia: Absent and Present, London 1952 Wheatcroft, Andrew, The Habsburgs, London 1995 White, Т. H., The Age of Scandal, London 1950 Wilson, Arthur M., Diderot, New York 1972

Yavornitskiy, D. I., Istoriya goroda Ekaterinoslava, Dnepropetrovsk 1996 Yeliseeva, О. I., G. A. Potemkin's Geopolitical Projects, Associates of Catherine the Great, lecture at conference Moscow, 22/23 September 1997, published Moscow 1997

Yeliseeva, О. I., Lubenzy moy pitomez: Catherine II and G. A. Potemkin in the Years

of the Second Russo-Turkish War, Otechestvennya Istoriya (1997) 4 Yeliseeva, О. I., Noble Moscow, from the History of the Political Life of Eighteenth-

Century Russia (including Red Coat), Moscow 1997 Zagorovsky, E. A., Organisation of the Administration in New Russia under Potemkin

1774-91, Odessa 1913 Zagorovsky, E. A., Potemkin's Economic Policy in New Russia, Odessa 1926 Zakalinskaya, E. P., Votchinye khozyaystva Mogilevskoy gubernii vo vtoroy polovinye

XVIII veka, Mogilev 1958 Zamoyski, Adam, Holy Madness: Romantics, Patriots and Revolutionaries 1776-

1871, London 1999 Zamoyski, Adam, The Last King of Poland, London 1992 Zayev, L., Motherland of Prince Potemkin, IV, St Petersburg 1899 Zheludov, Victor M.,4Favurit russiski [Russian favourite]1, 'Perо istorii soyedinilo ikh [History's pen has written them]\ 'Serdtse knyazya Potemkina [Potemkin's heart]', 'Zdes rodilsia Potemkin [Here Potemkin was born]' and ''Tsarski kolodets [The Tsarina's welt]\ all published in Rayonnay Gazeta of the Dukhovshchina Region of Smolensk Oblast, 6 May 1996, 14 December 1995, 12 October 1993, August 1992 respectively Ziegler, Philip, The Duchess of Dino, London 1962 Zotov, V., Cagliostro: His Life and Visit to Russia, RS (1875) (Zubov, P. A.,) Knyaz Platon Alexandrovich Zubov 1767-1822, RS 16 and 17 Zuev, V., Travel Notes, Istoricheskiy i geographicheskiy mesyazeslov, St Petersburg 1782-3

Index


Abbreviations: С = Catherine P = Potemkin

n following page number = footnote Abaise, Elias 336

Abdul-Hamid I., Ottoman Sultan 125, 218,

384,420 Abdul-Pasha 81 Acharov, 169

Acton, John Emerich Dalberg-Acton, Lord, 463

Adair, Dr Robert 474-5

Aga-Mohommed-Khan 233, 234

Aguilar, Diego d' 282

Ahmet Pasha Huhafiz of Bender 427П

Ainalikawak, Treaty of 246, 258

Ak-mechet 273

Akhtiar 249, 272

Akkerman (Belgrade-on-Dniester) 426-7,

428,438 Alba, Duchess of 354 Albanians 246, 280 Albrecht, J. ЕЕ. 463П Alembert, Jean d' 52, 60 Alexander, Grand Duke (later Tsar

Alexander I) 138, 158П, 169П, 219, 235, 320П, 333, 355, 379, 443, 469, 496, 497 Alexei Mikhailovich, Tsar 14 Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich 27, 8on Alupka Palace 305 Amazons 376-7

Ambrosius, Bishop (Zertis-Kamensky) 23,

29, 87, 484 American War of Independence 147, 250, 258, 287, 398 loyalists leaving US 286 amphibious troops 442 Anapa 442, 445, 472, 481 Anatoly, Father 501-2 Anglo-Russian Trade Treaty 323, 454

Anglomania 302-7 Anichkov Palace 160, 316 Anisimov, Professor Evgeny V. 500 Anna Ivanovna, Tsarina 28, 29, 155 Anna Leopoldovna, Regent 28 Anna Petrovna 35, 58 Anspach, Margrave of 288-9 Antoine, M Baron de Saint-Joseph 269, 270, 334

Apraxin, Field-Marshal S. S. 3 5

Apraxina, Countess A. 193

Armed Neutrality 210, 211, 235

Armenia 257

Armenians 281

Armfeld, Count 30П

Artek 305

Asch, Baron d' 446

Assembly of Notables 359

Astrakhan 263, 264, 289, 291, 305

Augustus III, King of Poland, Elector of

Saxony 5 6 Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland,

Elector of Saxony 193 Austria:

alliance 202-3, 221-32, 234-5, 240, 241-

3, 250, 252,483 defence treaty with Turks 89 and Russo-Turkish war 392-3, 395, 410,

414, 425, 428, 441, 442, 491 threat of Prussian invasion 437 Avars 291

Ayton, John 304, 305 Azerbaijan 257 Azov 264

Azov-Mozdok Line 291

Babarykin, Dmitri 40-1 Bablovo 320

Bablovsky Woods 319-20 Badadag 476

Bagratian, Prince Peter I 497

Bahadir Giray 247 Bakhchisaray 372-3, 378, 381 Bakunin, Mikhail (anarchist) 496 Balaklava 280 Ballez, Monsieur 340 Balmain, General A. B. de 252, 253 Baltic Fleet 280, 374, 402, 441, 491 Banq, Joseph 290

Bariatinskaya, Princess Ekaterina see

Dolgorukaya Bariatinsky, Prince Fyodor S. 51-2, 365, 392 Barozzi, Ivan Stepanovich 437-8 Barsov, Professor 29 Bartenev, Professor P. I. 138 Bataille, Professor 336 Batal-Pasha 442, 447 bathhouse {banya) 17, 18, 102, 116 Battleship Potemkin (film) 10, 497-8 Bauer, Colonel (later Brigadier) 6, 414, 434 Behr, Dr 310 Beirut 233

Belgrade 395, 421, 428 Beligorsk 377П Bely, Sidor 393, 394

Bender 84, 393, 421, 427, 438, 442, 443 Benson (factotum) 308, 310 Bentham, Jeremiah 295, 302-3 Bentham, Jeremy 268, 295, 296, 307, 344, 355

journey to Crimea 308-10 letters to P 303-4 on P 1, 7

Panopticon 309, 495 plan to own land in Crimea 309 recruiting artisans 303-4, 311 trading with Russia 302-3 utilitarianism 484П

Bentham, Sir Samuel 286, 313, 338, 444, 484П,494-5 appointed lieutenant-colonel 298-9 on С 320 character 295

commanding squadron 398, 400, 401

cultivating potatoes 301

family 295

honours 402

on Kherson 268-9

on Kingston, Duchess of 198

at Krichev 299-302

love affair 296-8, 312П

on P 339

plan to own land in Crimea 309 range of work for P 311 running factories 300-1, 309, 310 sent to Far East 408 shipbuilding 301, 309, 310, 367-8, 395,

397, 402, 494-5 travel with P 299 trip to Siberia 296 Berezan, Island of 412n Berlad, River 421 Berry, Duchesse de 193 Bessarabia 43 2n

Bestuzhev-Riumin, Chancellor A. P. 20in Betskoi, Ivan I. 146, 278 Bezborodko, Count Alexander A. 252, 256, ^85, 324, 359, 365, 418, 455, 460, 484, 491

appearance 150, 220

and Austrian treaty 220, 222, 234, 235

bribed by Harris 212

on enemies of P 258-9

friendship with Yermolov 317

and Greek Project 220

in peace talks 488

on P's finances 489

P's support for 258, 490

secretary to С 150, 222

supporting grieving С 312-13

visiting orgies 221

working with P 220

Bibikov, General Alexander Ilich 98, 124,

125, 126, 128, 445 Bibikov, Pavel A. 240 Bibikov, Vasily I. 45 Bielke, Madame Johanna Dorothea 66 La Binetti 238

Biron, Ernst Johann, Duke of Curland 28, 155

Biron, Peter, Duke of Curland 155 Black Sea and Ekaterinoslav Host 394 Black Sea Fleet 2, 275, 279П, 280, 294, 373,

384, 385, 386-7, 389, 447, 491 Bobrinsky, Alexei Grigorevich 41, 58n, 138,

146, 191, 237 Boetti, Giovanni Battista 292 Boguslavsky, L. G. 500 Bolivar, Simon 494 Bolshevism/Bolsheviks 498, 500 Borodino, Battle of 452П Borovikovsky, V. L. 27m, 319 Branicka (nee Engelhardt), Countess Alexandra V (niece) 154, 168, 448, 473 after P's death 495, 496 appearance 186 birth 189-90

as businesswoman 190, 496

caring for sick P 183, 482, 483, 484, 485

character 186, 342

children 239, 252, 477

at Court 318 decoration from С 356П English gifts to 173, 190, 202, 211 friendship with С 186, 189, 239, 485, 495 help from Cs favourites 3 27 informing С of Korsakov's betrayal 173, 189

inheriting С and P's marriage certificate

138

letters to P 239

maid-of-honor to С 150, 173, 222, 225 marriage 194, 237-8, 239 P seeking favours for 232 painting of 307

on P's final journey 1-2, 3, 4, 7 relationship with P 189-90, 194, 208, 225, 2.39, 357 arguments 239, 342 rumours of being C's daughter 189-90, 361

travelling with С 368, 371 unofficial member of imperial family 190 Branicki, Ksawery, Grand Hetman of the Polish Crown 237-8, 337, 360, 361, 362, 364, 366, 368, 471, 472, 473, 477 Brezhnev, Leonid I 277П Britain:

and American War of Independence 250, 287

Anglo-Prussian coalition 471, 476 planning war against Russia 454, 465 seeking alliance 210-12, 230-2 seeking Russian military assistance 146-7 sending convicts to settle Crimea 284, 285- 7

Trade Treaty with Russia 323, 454 Triple Alliance 403, 411, 454 Brompton, Richard 307 Browne, Count George 20in, 282 Bruce, Countess Praskovia A. (nee

Rumiantseva) 68, 71, 72, 73, 80, 101-2, 157, 171, 172.-3, 178, 179, 189 Bruce, Count Yakov A. 173, 20in, 455, 460 Bucharest 428, 430

Buckinghamshire, John Hobart, 2nd Earl of 73

Bulgakov, Yakov I. 258, 259, 370, 374, 384,

385,440, 446, 471 Burke, Edmund 465, 471 Bush, John 227, 305, 318 Bush, Joseph 305

Byron, George Gordon, Lord 8, 109, 151, 165, 185, 193, 312, 389, 417, 430, 448

Cabinet Noir 202

Cagliostro, 'Count' Alessandro di 174, 208- 10

ТЕЛЕГРАМ

Канал с обзорами, анонсами новинок и книжными подборками

Книжный Вестник

Бот для удобного поиска книг (если не нашлось на сайте)

Поиск книг

Свежие любовные романы в удобных форматах

Любовные романы

О психологии, саморазвитии и личностном росте

Саморазвитие

Детективы и триллеры, все новинки

Детективы

Фантастика и фэнтези, все новинки

Фантастика

Отборные классические книги

Классика
ВКОНТАКТЕ

Цитаты, афоризмы, стихи, книжные подборки, обсуждения и многое другое

Книжный Вестник
БИБЛИОТЕКИ

Библиотека с любовными романами, которая наверняка придётся по вкусу женской части аудитории

Любовные романы

Библиотека с фантастикой и фэнтези, а также смежных жанров

Фантастика

Самые популярные книги в формате фб2

Топ фб2 книги