Pygmalion and Three Other Plays - читать бесплатно онлайн полную версию книги автора George Bernard Shaw (ч. notes)

Notes

1

Leader of a heresy (belief contrary to orthodox tenets of a religion).

2

German publisher of American and British literature (including Shaw).

3

Viewpoint, outlook (German).

4

Pun on an actual spinal pathology, Pott’s disease.

5

One who vaunts the worth of the male gender.

6

That is, the question of whether women are morally superior to men.

7

Quotation from Shakespeare’s Henry V (act 4, scene 1).

8

English translation: Beyond Good and Evil (1886).

9

Shaw borrows F. J. Wilson’s term for the morbid dwelling on Christ’s suffering.

10

john S. Stuart-Glennie (1832 — 1909?) was a Scots writer and historian; English historian Henry Thomas Buckle (1821 — 1862) is the author of History of Civilization in England.

11

In later editions Shaw added here “of my acquaintance,” after he had become friends with Stuart-Glennie.

12

Dives is Latin for “rich”; Shaw is referring to the biblical story of Lazarus and the Rich Man (see Luke 16:19-31).

13

Reference to Aymerigot Marcel, governor of Aloise, described in Chronicles, an account of the HundredYears’ War by Jean Froissart (1333?-c. 1405).

14

Prince Pyotr Kropotkin (1842-192 1), Russian geographer and anarchist.

15

Reference to The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer (1896), beautifully illustrated by English painter Edward Burne-Jones and printed by William Morris (English artist and founder of Kelmscott Press); this edition of Chaucer’s works represents aestheticism.

16

By leaping (Latin).

17

English poet ( 1612- 1680); author of the long satirical poem Hudibras, mentioned below.

18

Indifference to religion; as charged against the Laodiceans in the Bible, Revelation 3:14 — 22.

19

Reference to English poet Thomas Hood’s “The Song of the Shirt” (1843), which laments the hard laboring lives of seamstresses.

20

American thinker and economist (1839-1897), whose 1884 London lecture on society and economics led Shaw into socialism.

21

That is, Doctor Haggage in Charles Dickens’s Little Dorrit (1855-1857), a novel that Shaw considered an indictment of capitalism.

22

Persistent debt collectors.

23

T. Henry Howard, Salvation Army chief of staff (1912 — 1919).

24

British colonial trading posts were run by factors, or agents, and thus were called factories.

25

Bishops of the Church of England, when sitting as a ruling body.

26

Reference to Russian writer Maxim Gorky (pen name of Aleksey Peshkov, 1868-1936).

27

Shaw refers to the unsuccessful Russian Revolution of 1905.

28

Distributors of charity.

29

Between Alfonso XIII of Spain and Victoria Eugenie, granddaughter of Queen Victoria, on May 31, 1906.

30

Reference to Spanish anarchist Mateo Morral, who threw a bomb at King Alfonso XIII’s wedding party and later committed suicide.

31

An explosive.

32

Nikolai Bobrikov (1839-1904), Vyacheslav Plehve (1846-1904), and Sergei Alexandrovich Romanov (1857-1905) were Russian officials assassinated by revolutionaries.

33

Reference to Jose Nakens, editor of the revolutionary newspaper E1 Motin, who provided temporary refuge for Morral (see note on page 37).

34

Reference to George William Foote (1850-1915), a passionate opponent of orthodox Christianity.

35

Laborers who perform the dangerous work of coupling and uncoupling railway cars.

36

Tory and Whig are the names of political parties that are, respectively, conservative and liberal.

37

Joking name, in typical British humor, for a large cannon of the Royal Arsenal Woolwich in London.

38

That is, King’s College of Cambridge University.

39

Ruler of Turkey.

40

Saint Andrew Undershaft is a church in London.

41

That is, a member of a Christian sect other than the Church of England.

42

Particular religion supported financially by the state.

43

Benches.

44

Snobby is named after a well-known Chartist, James Bronterre O‘Brien (1805-1864); Chartists were nineteenth-century English political reformers who advocated for the working classes.

45

Snobby quotes the Bible (see Joshua 9:21, King James Version) to disdain mere manual laborers.

46

Diluted milk.

47

That is, heart.

48

Nervous, discarded, and rejected as incurable by the hospital.

49

That is, “all understanding”; Price is quoting from the Bible, Philippians 4:7: “The peace of God, which passeth all understanding” (KJV).

50

“Mog” is a diminutive of Margaret; in subsequent editions, Shaw spelled Walker’s pronunciation more phonetically: “Ebbijem.”

51

“Go on!”

52

Slaughterers of worn-out domestic animals, such as horses.

53

Atheist.

54

Something the cat would drink.

55

One with the lowly job of scrubbing pots.

56

That is, half.

57

That is, how.

58

LIndershaft means that Barbara might find Methodism, a religion of the common people, appealing.

59

Saint Simeon (c.390-459), called “Stylites” (pillar-dweller), spent the last thirty years of his life on a pillar (where, presumably, he could not wash easily).

60

Seller of shoddy goods.

61

That is, “I hadn’t just no show with him at all.”

62

The Lord Mayor of London’s collection of donations in times of national need.

63

Pubs owned by the breweries or distilleries that supply them.

64

An explosive.

65

Improvise a bass-line accompaniment.

66

Italian composer Gaetano Donizetti’s Lucia di Lammermoor (1835), based on Sir Walter Scott’s novel The Bride of Lammermoor (1819).

67

Barbara repeats Christ’s words of doubt just before He dies on the Cross (see the Bible, Matthew 27:46).

68

The 1905 equivalent of a fast-food restaurant.

69

British physician and philanthropist Thomas Barnardo (1845-1905) founded homes for orphaned and destitute children, which were known as Doctor Barnardo’s Homes.

70

In the House of Commons (Parliament’s lower house), the Treasury bench is the first row of seats on the right of the Speaker, where cabinet members sit.

71

Caucuses are small councils within a political party that determine party positions; leading articles are the leading editorials in newspapers.

72

Primitive Methodists belong to a branch of the church that adheres more strictly to original Methodist doctrine.

73

Group that looks to reason instead of to a supernatural being as the basis for moral behavior.

74

pins, like bowling pins, used in the game of skittles.

75

Quotation from Sonnet 16, “Cromwell, our chief of men” (lines 10-11), by English poet John Milton (1608-1674.).

76

Wealthier members of a congregation could pay to have a regular seat.

77

Conservative organization founded in 1883; named for the presumed favorite flower of Benjamin Disraeli (see endnote 15.)

78

Material waterproofed on one side.

79

That is, the House of Commons.

80

Farmer; peasant.

81

Allusion to book 5 of Plato’s Republic (fifth century B.C.), which asserts that an ideal society cannot be realized until philosophers become kings or kings become philosophers — that is, until “political greatness and wisdom meet in one.”

82

Made from list, a strong material that borders a weaker cloth.

83

Robert Schumann (1810 — 1856), German Romantic composer renowned for his piano compositions.

84

Pendant fleshy lobe at the back of the mouth.

85

Christian sect (founded 1838) that rejected medical treatment on biblical grounds.

86

Disease-causing.

87

Dangerous drugs, legally obtained only with a doctor’s prescription.

88

lntestinal disease.

89

Physician who died in 1890.

90

Low-cost doctor’s office.

91

Prominent doctors.

92

Big business corporations; also, the Stock Exchange.

93

Extremist members of the left wing.

94

Une variously attributed to French philosopher Denis Diderot (1713 — 1784.) and eighteenth-century revolutionary Jean Messelier.

95

Spiritualists who conduct seances to contact the dead.

96

John Abernathy (1764 — 1831), English surgeon renowned for his popular lectures.

97

Hypochondriac (French).

98

Incompetent person.

99

Religion, founded in 1866 by Mary Baker Eddy, that eschews doctors in favor of spiritual healing.

100

Solution containing formaldehyde, used as a disinfectant.

101

Thomas Sydenham (1624 — 1689) English physician and pioneer in treating diseases.

102

Noted immunologist and a friend of Shaw (1861 — 1947); partial model for Doctor Ridgeon in the play.

103

German bacteriologist and Nobel laureate Robert Koch (1843 — 1910) developed tuberculin, a substance to diagnose tuberculosis.

104

Measurement of the amount of opsonin in the blood; opsonin is a constituent of the blood that helps phagocytes (such as white blood cells) destroy disease.

105

Samuel Christian Hahnemann (1755 — 1843), German physician who introduced homeopathy (treatment of disease by introducing small doses of a remedy that produce symptoms of the disease in a healthy person).

106

Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800 — 1859), a much-admired and -quoted British historian and author.

107

Cupping was a medical practice of drawing blood to the surface of the body with warmed glass vessels; firing was cauterizing a wound with a heated iron.

108

Last lines of “Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College,” by English poet Thomas Gray (1716 — 1771).

109

Paraphrase of “Essay on Criticism,” by English poet Alexander Pope (1688 — 1744); Shaw substituted “knowledge” for Pope’s “learning.”

110

It is the Declaration of Independence, not the Constitution, that states all men “are endowed... with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness.”

111

Reference to English essayist Charles Lamb’s “A Dissertation on Roast Pig,” from Essays of Elia (1823).

112

X rays; discovered by German physicist Wilhelm Konrad Rontgen in 1895.

113

Days every three months when rent and other payments are due.

114

Conducting a service of thanksgiving for a new mother.

115

Reference to Proverbs 13:24: “He that spareth his rod hateth his son” (KJV).

116

Device that attaches to the wrist to record the pulse graphically on paper.

117

French author Marquis de Sade (1740 — 1814), known for his licentious novels and pamphlets, was imprisoned for numerous sex offenses; the word sadism is derived from his name.

118

English trader and philanthropist (1712 — 1786) said to have introduced the umbrella to England.

119

Reference to an accident in 1893 between two ships of the British Royal Navy — HMS Victoria and HMS Camperdown — in which many drowned.

120

Edward Jenner (1749 — 1823) English physician who discovered the smallpox vaccine.

121

English writer (1689-1762) who introduced inoculation for smallpox to England, after observing it in Turkey.

122

Praisers of times past (Latin).

123

This could be reserved by wealthy people for an annual payment.

124

Epidemic of bubonic plague in 1685 that killed tens of thousands of people.

125

Professional organization for physicians in Britain.

126

Company doctors paid through workers’ contributions.

127

Sir James Paget (1814 — 1899), renowned English surgeon and pathologist.

128

American novelist (0856- I898).

129

Reference to The Doctor, a painting by Sir Luke Fildes ( 1844-1927), based on the death of his son, that depicts a doctor keeping watch at the bedside of a sick child.

130

For lack of a better (French).

131

Infections of the finger or toe.

132

Staying in musty rooms.

133

Former name of Hawaii.

134

Superstitious practice using magic and spells.

135

Martyr (272? — 205) during the reign of Roman emperor Diocletian; in Naples, a phial thought to contain his dried blood is said to liquefy each year.

136

The writings of Russian biologist Ilya Metchnikoff ( 1845-I 9 16) include Immunity in Infectious Diseases (1905) and The Nature of Man (1903).

137

London public-health board established in I867 that operated, among other things, specialist hospitals for infectious diseases and tuberculosis.

138

Medicinal syrup derived from the squill plant, a bulbous herb.

139

hus Feste gloats over Malvolio’s humiliation in Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night (act 5,cene I ) .

140

Hypothetical substance thought to be released through burning, a theory disproved by French chemist Antoine Lavoisier (1743- 1794).

141

In Moliere’s play The Imaginary Invalid (1673) a doctor who disdains such new fangled theories as circulation of the blood.

142

Sixteenth-century German alchemist and physician.

143

Tall mirror that covers the wall space between two windows.

144

Transversely corded fabric.

145

Chandelier with gas burners.

146

Having a projecting breastbone.

147

Abbreviated version of the Latin phrase infra dignitatem, which means “beneath one’s dignity.”

148

Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians, Member of the Royal College of Surgeons.

149

Term for winning a backgammon game before the opponent removes any pieces from the board, thereby earning double points.

150

Nut-shaped mass of tissue.

151

Poisonous bacteria that can cause food poisoning.

152

Appearing moral, but being immoral (see the Bible, Matthew 23:27, KJV).

153

Specialist.

154

Quotation from Alexander Pope’s “Essay on Criticism,” this time accurate (see footnote to page 196).

155

B.B.’s memory of the laws of Medes and Persians from the Bible (see Daniel 6:8-15) fails, so he improvises.

156

Informal marriage certificate.

157

Life-size dummy with movable limbs.

158

Lamp that burns volatile liquid fuel such as alcohol, sometimes in conjunction with a container, for heating substances.

159

Heavy brownish silk fabric.

160

Meaning “pay up”; a term derived from a mining practice of payment by gold dust.

161

Maid in charge of the room where liqueurs and cakes are stored.

162

Does not represent any particular religion.

163

Indignation; resentment.

164

Scottish novelist and dramatist J.M. Barrie, best known for his character Peter Pan, was a friend of Shaw; Better Dead (1887) is his first novel.

165

Proverbial saying that derives from English author Francis Bacon’s essay “On Boldness” (from Essays, 1625).

166

No license is required to practice journalism.

167

Street in London where professional photographers had their shops.

168

Quotation from the Bible, Psalm 73:4-5 (KJV).

169

Of the dead [say] nothing but good (Latin).

170

Expensive shopping area in London.

171

Quotation from “The Latest Decalogue,” by English poet Arthur Hugh Clough (1819-1861).

172

English philologist and mathematician (1814-1890); an advocate of spelling reform.

173

Italian singer (1817 — 1895) who taught French in England and advocated a phonetic alphabet.

174

Institute founded in 1887 to conduct research into resources and raw materials of the British Empire, and to make the growing Empire understandable to the British people.

175

Reference to A Manual of Current Shorthand (1892).

176

Named after its inventor, Sir Isaac Pitman (1813-1897).

177

Amalthaea, the Sibyl of Cumae, was a legendary prophetess of ancient Rome who destroyed six of nine prophetic books when the Roman king refused to pay for them.

178

Robert Bridges, poet laureate of England (1913-1930) and author of Milton’s Prosody (1893), practiced spelling reform.

179

The valet who passes as a nobleman in Victor Hugo’s 1838 verse drama of the same name.

180

That is, “Two bunches of violets trod in the mud.”

181

Shaw later revised this phrase to “a romantic figure.”

182

Sixpence coin (slang).

183

Having turned them up due to the rain.

184

Detective.

185

That is, with soliciting for prostitution.

186

Police informant.

187

Slang expression equivalent to “damn me”; probably from “blind me.”

188

Hanwell County Asylum for the insane.

189

That is, worried and chased.

190

Working-class district of London; a slum area in the mid to late 1800s.

191

Peevish, or ill-natured.

192

Relating to the Pharisees, a sect often portrayed in the Bible as hypocritical.

193

Lamp chimneys are glass tubes around the wick of an oil lamp that keep the flame steady; flames in the tube that resonate to the human voice are called “singing flames.”

194

Used in the earliest phonographs as a medium for recording and replaying sound.

195

Portraits engraved on copper or steel; Higgins prefers their austerity to voluptuous color.

196

System of phonetic notation devised by English phonetician Henry Sweet (1845-1912).

197

Astonished; this Latinate word suits Higgins, who is a Milton aficionado (see note 7 for this play).

198

Pejorative word for a woman, ranging in meaning from a pert (saucy, or forward) woman to a prostitute.

199

Woman who wears a skirt that is dirty from being dragged over wet ground and who searches the street for usable things.

200

Strong scouring soap with a wrapper bearing the image of a monkey looking into a mirror.

201

London department store.

202

Off his head; crazy.

203

Crazy people.

204

Garbage man (sanitation worker).

205

Old-fashioned term for an immoral scoundrel.

206

Quotation from Milton’s “Il Penseroso”: “Sweet Bird that shunn‘st the noise of folly, / Most musicall, most melancholy!” (lines 61-62).

207

Manual laborer; ditch-digger.

208

Artists’ quarter in London.

209

English landscape painter (1851-1882), whose best-known work, “The Minister’s Garden,” was exhibited in 1878 at the Grosvenor Gallery in London.

210

After the English poet and painter Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828-1882), who painted medieval religious and fantasy subjects.

211

Particular day reserved for casual visits from acquaintances.

212

That is, “How do you do?”

213

Area of low pressure.

214

Objectionable males.

215

Offensively dirty and badly behaved.

216

Crew’s quarters in a ship’s bow.

217

Loose-fitting jacket for wear when relaxing at home.

218

Love letter with a crest embossed on it; Pickering is speaking ironically.

219

Higgins is repeating a well-known saying by English theologian and logician Richard Whately (1787-1863).

220

Allusion to Mary Shelley’s 1818 novel Frankenstein, in which Dr. Frankenstein refers to the monster he creates as the “creature.”

221

Fireplace.

222

Jargon; insincere speech.

223

Resentment; indignation.

224

Slang for “ran away.”

225

Fellow; rascal.

226

Parody of “Rockefeller”; John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937) was an American industrialist and philanthropist.

227

That is, get money out of me.

228

Church where wealthy people married.

229

Horse-drawn closed carriage with the driver outside in front.

230

Higgins is explicitly identifying himself with Milton (see note 7 for this play).

231

Eleanor Gwynne (1650-1687), English actress and mistress of King Charles II.

232

Slang for a member of the upper class whose clothes indicate his status.

233

Condition of marriage whereby a widow can draw income from her husband’s estate.

234

New Testament book that recounts the proselytizing travels of Saints Peter and Paul.

235

Richard Porson (1759-1808) and Richard Bentley (1662-1742) were noted English classical scholars; Bentley, as Milton’s first editor, foolishly rewrote lines in Paradise Lost.

236

Lucius Cornelius Balbus (first century B.C.), Julius Caesar’s chief of engineers.

237

Air of superiority; pretentiousness.

238

John Scott Haldane (1860-1936), Scottish writer and physiologist.

239

One who believes evolution has direction and purpose; a follower of French philosopher Henri Bergson (1859-1941) or Shaw.

240

Collection of essays published in 1902.

241

Reference to Back to Methuselah (1921), a cycle of five plays by Shaw that revisit the themes of evolution and human destiny.

242

Composers of symphonic poems, such as Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov (1844-1908).

243

Like the English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792 — 1822), Shaw was a vegetarian.

244

Gum disease.

245

Opening from the stomach into the intestine.

246

Eponymous hero of Henrik Ibsen’s Faustian verse drama of 1867.

247

Abnormal physical or emotional sensitivity.

248

As a warning to others; literally, “to encourage others” (French).

249

Socialist leader Jean Jaures, who defended Alfred Dreyfus (accused of treason), was assassinated by a fanatical patriot on July 13, 1914.

250

Georges Clemenceau (1841-1929) served twice as premier of France.

251

James Keir Hardie (1856-1915), first leader of the Labour Party in Parliament.

252

That’s war (French).

253

Russian-style (French).

254

Ideally.

255

Shaw uses the third-century B.C. Greek geometrician and engineer to symbolize reason.

256

Carmagnoles are songs and dances popular during the French Revolution; cor roberries (usually “corroborees”) are Australian Aborigine festivities with songs and dances.

257

Near quotation of Marc Antony in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar (act 3, scene 1).

258

Allusion to the Bible, Ezekiel 18:2.

259

Military drill in which soldiers arrange themselves into files four deep.

260

Promising young intellectual and Fabian socialist who was killed in 1916.

261

Brutal criminal in Charles Dickens’s novel Oliver Twist (1837-1838).

262

The manager is American theatrical producer Charles Frohman (1860-1915); the author is Charles Klein, who co-wrote the 1910 farce Potash and Perlmutter.

263

Irish art dealer (1875-1915); director of the National Gallery of Ireland.

264

Paraphrase of a line in President Woodrow Wilson’s April 2, 1917, address to Congress upon the United States entering World War I.

265

Isabella makes this comparison in Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure (act 2, scene 2).

266

Quotation of more of Isabella’s speech.

267

Reference to the French traitor Paul Bolo, who was accused of spying on his country and executed in 1918.

268

Explosives used to breach a gate or wall.

269

All of these are allegorical places or persons in John Bunyan’s Pilgram’s Progress (1678), which Shaw admired for its hopefulness.

270

This commander in chief of the British forces (1914 — 1921) provided Shaw with a demonstration of experimental weapons.

271

Marietta Alboni (1823 — 1894), Italian contralto opera singer.

272

George Barnwell is a sinner in George Lillo’s middle-class sentimental tragedy The London Merchant (1731); Maria Martin is the heroine of Maria Martin, or the Red Barn Mystery, about her murder by her lover in 1827; Sweeney Todd is the legendary “Demon Barber” of London, who slit his customers’ throats.

273

Actor-manager of the period (1837-1919).

274

French farce adapted into English by James Alberry (1838-1899).

275

Reference to Sir Carl Meyer, who donated £70,000 to the National Theatre in 1908.

276

In the person of King Edward VII, who attended Shaw’s play John Bull’s Other Island (1904).

277

J. M. Barrie (see footnote to page 320) and Shaw, who were neighbors and friends.

278

Cathedral.

279

Music-hall turn by the animal imitators the Brothers Griffiths that parodied the French tightrope walker Charles Blondin (1824 — 1897).

280

The decor of the Adelphi Theatre was by Scottish architect Robert Adam (1728-1792).

281

Play by French dramatist Eugene Brieux, adapted into English in 1914 as Damaged Goods, by John Pollock.

282

Reference to English theater manager A. E. F. Horniman (1860-1937), who presented Shaw’s first publicly produced play, Arms and the Man, in 1894.

283

Allusion to the Bible, 2 Peter 2:22.

284

Quotation from the Emancipation Proclamation, issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln on January I, 1863.

285

Ironic allusion to the Bible, Isaiah 57:15.

286

In Shakespeare’s Macbeth (act 4, scene 1), when shown the descendants of the murdered Banquo in a vision, Macbeth asks if their line will “stretch out to the crack of doom?”

287

The explosive TNT.

288

Balcony-like platform projecting from the stern of a ship.

289

Usually spelled “centerbit”; tool for making cylindrical holes.

290

T squares, straightedges, and set squares are types of rulers.

291

Movable table legs that support table leaves.

292

Scrubbed with a piece of sandstone, as a ship’s deck.

293

New Temple Shakespeare was a popular series of Shakespeare’s plays.

294

Naval officer’s double-breasted blue jacket.

295

Idiosyncratic form of address (perhaps related to “dote”).

296

Dealer in supplies for ships.

297

Stale.

298

Hired transportation to and from the train station.

299

Simile taken from the Bible, Song of Solomon 7:4.

300

Velvety fabric.

301

Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872), an Italian revolutionary who sought to unify Italy under a republican government and who participated in Italy’s struggle for independence from Austrian domination.

302

That is, from bankruptcy, so he could once again engage in business.

303

Louis de Rougemont is the assumed name of nineteenth-century Swiss adventurer Louis Grin (1847- 1921), who wrote sensational, often bogus, accounts of his adventures; Hesione implies that “Marcus Darnley” (her husband’s pseudonym) is a liar.