Red Moon Rising: Sputnik and the Hidden Rivalries That Ignited the Space Age

INDEX

A-10 rocket, 15–16

ABC TV, 90–91, 234

Abramov, Anatoly, 151

Acheson, Dean, 141

Adams, Sherman, 55–56, 169, 171, 221, 231–32, 243

Adlershof research institute, 6–7

Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), 223, 274

Aerojet-General Corporation, 226

agriculture, Soviet, 37–39, 272–73

Air Force, U.S.bombers and, 57–59

ICBMs and, 79–81

intelligence, 58–59

IRBMs and, 51–52, 129

missile budget, 132

spy satellites and, 133–34, 180, 185, 249–51

U-2 and, 119–20, 126, 130

Air Force Ballistic Missile Division, 51

“Air Power” hearings (1956), 56–58, 79, 183, 214

Air War College, 82

Alaska, 129

Albania, 193

Alsop, Joseph, 252

Alsop, Stewart, 252

Ambrose, Stephen, 139, 229

American Rocket Society, 223

Anderson, Clinton, 248

Anderson, Robert, 223

Andropov, Yuri, 75

anticommunism, 23, 57, 88–89

Apollo spacecraft, 277

Arbenz, Jacobo, 118

Arkansas National Guard, 139

Armstrong, Neil, 275

Army, U.S., 8–12, 51, 86, 89, 132–34, 249

Army Air Corps, U.S., 46–47

Army Ordnance, U.S., 238

Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA, Huntsville), U.S.

cut out of ICBM program, 79–83, 89–90

dismantled, for NASA, 277

Jupiter C missile and, 134

satellite prepared and launched by, 247–51, 253–56, 258–67, 276

satellite race and, 166, 178–79, 181, 185–87, 218–20, 224–26, 238

Sputnik launch and, 161–68

Wilson tour and funding of, 45–48, 51–52, 54–55

Ascoli, Max, 173

Associated Press, 178, 220

astronaut, 108, 121

Astronautical Research and Development Agency (ARDA), proposed, 223

Astronomer’s Circular, 136

Atlas ICBM, 52, 102, 129, 144, 249, 251, 269

atomic bomb, 35, 40, 89, 148

Atomic Energy Commission, 248

atomic spaceship, 234–35

Auschwitz, 8, 12

Aviation Day air show, 58

B-29 bomber, 26

B-47 long-range bombers, 24–25, 38

B-52 Stratofortress, 25, 38, 59, 79, 101

Balanin, Grigory, 105

Balanina, Maria, 103–7

Barmin, Vladimir, 102, 198, 202

Bay of Pigs fiasco, 270–71

BBC, 76

Bear bombers, 26, 55, 57, 127

Bell Laboratories, 82, 119, 226

Bennett, Rawson, 171

Beon, Yves, 12

Bergaust, Erik, 82, 238

Beria, Lavrenty, 18–19, 29, 42, 61, 67, 71, 109, 190

Berlin airlift, 88–89

Birmingham News, 177

Bison bombers, 26, 55, 57–58, 127

Bissell, Richard, 117–25, 127, 131–35, 185, 249–51, 270–71, 276

“black list” of German scientists, 9

blacklists, McCarthyite, 67, 88–89

“black” military programs, 119

Boeing, 26, 59, 278

Bohlen, Charles, 124, 130

bombers and “bomber gap,” 24–26, 38, 50, 53, 55, 57–59, 80–81, 94, 101, 117, 127, 131, 218

Boyle’s law, 121, 123

Braden, Spruille, 118

Bradley, Omar, 46, 48

Brezhnev, Leonid, 111, 149, 195, 272

Bridger, Jim, 225

Bridges, Styles, 214, 216

Brown v. Board of Education, 136–37

Brucker, Wilbur, 164–65, 265, 267

Brundage, Percival, 226

Bukharin, Nikolai, 21

Bulganin, Nikolai, 18, 28, 30, 41–42, 44, 74, 76, 109, 112

Bulgaria, 63

Bulychev, Ivan, 144

Burrows, William, 133

C-118 plane, 126

Cadbury, Deborah, 108

Cape Canaveral, 153, 232–34, 238–40, 242, 250–51, 253, 255, 258–67

Caro, Robert A., 252

Castro, Fidel, 271

Catherine the Great, czarina of Russia, 206

Catholic Church, 73

CBS, 172, 196

Central Committee, USSR, 27, 31–32, 72, 112, 192, 272

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 18, 23, 25–27, 31, 33, 39, 44, 58, 73, 94, 215, 241, 273

satellites and, 134, 227, 249–51

U-2 and, 116–21, 126–28, 130–32, 270

Vietnam and, 274–75

Chechens, 32

Chekunov, Boris, 156–57, 159

Chelomey, Vladimir, 100–101

Chertok, Boris, 6–8, 11–15, 39, 68, 85, 96, 98–100, 113–15, 154, 198

Chicago Tribune, 180

China, 89, 184, 199, 208–9

Chrysler Corp., 51–52, 224

Churchill, Winston, 237

Civil Rights Act (1957), 138

civil rights movement, 90, 136–41, 182–84

CL-282 Aquatone (later U-2 plane), 116, 119

Clarke, John, 4–5

Clarke, Rosemary Ann, 4, 5

Clemens, Samuel (Mark Twain), 118

college loan program, 222–23, 274

Commerce Department, 169, 223

communism

collapse of, 246

Republican fear of, 23–24

Communist Party of the USSR, 21, 22, 28, 111

Seventeenth Party Congress, 32

Twentieth Party Congress, 18, 30–33, 42, 60, 208

concentration camps, 11–12, 84

Corona spy satellite, 251, 271

cosmonaut, 108

Council of Ministers, USSR, 27–28

Craig, May, 180

Cronkite, Walter, 233

Cuba, 101, 270–72

missile crisis, 271–72

Czechoslovakia, 63

Dahm, Wernher, 90

D-Day invasion, 46, 257, 262–63

Debus, Kurt, 261–64, 266

Defense Department (Pentagon), U.S., 46, 50–52, 54, 79, 130, 136, 163, 220, 223, 225, 254, 265

Defense Reorganization Act (1958), 274

Democratic Party, 23, 50, 55–59, 78–79, 85, 132, 135–39, 141, 167, 169, 174, 176, 178, 182–83, 214–15, 221–22, 230–31, 242, 274

de-Stalinization, 41–42, 72–73, 111

Dewey, Thomas, 56

Dickson, Paul, 170–71

Dingell, John, 85

DirectTV, 278

Discover satellite program, 251

Disney, Roy, 90

Disney, Walt, 90–92, 234

Disneyland (TV show), 90, 121, 234

Dixiecrats, 182–83

Doctor Zhivago (Pasternak), 62

dog in space. See Sputnik II

Dora concentration camp, 11–12

Dornberger, Walter, 235–37

Douglas Aircraft, 82

Dulles, Allen, 23, 26, 75–76, 117–20, 123–25, 131, 134, 184–85, 244, 250, 271

Dulles, John Foster, 23–24, 47, 55, 74–75, 118, 120–21, 123, 125–26, 131, 149, 169, 171, 215, 217, 221, 240–41, 243–45, 256–57, 275–76

Eastern Europe, 37, 41–42, 72–73, 76, 185

East Germany, 63

Eckford, Elizabeth, 139

economy

Eastern European, 7, 73

U.S., 49, 51, 91, 169–70, 174, 223–24

USSR, 19–20, 36–39, 273

Eden, Anthony, 76

education gap, 222–23, 274

Egypt, 76, 78, 184–85

Einstein, Albert, 85

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 9, 262

Bay of Pigs and, 270

“Chin Up” speeches of, 217–20, 257

criticism of, post-Sputnik II and Vanguard, 221–24, 226, 229–32

D-Day and, 262–63

Dulles and, 23–24

election of 1956 and “bomber gap,” 55–59, 76, 78–79

Explorer and, 248, 256–58, 265

health problems of, 231–32, 242–44

Hungarian revolution and, 75–76

ICBMs and, 81

Khrushchev and, 204, 206

legacy of, 275–76

Little Rock crisis and, 136–41, 168–69

Medaris and, 48

military spending and, 38, 50

missile program and, 52–53, 132, 148, 269

Nixon and, 54–56, 275

satellite programs and, 93–94, 135, 163, 168, 170–71, 250

Sputnik successes and, 174, 176–86, 204, 214–18, 219–22, 229–30, 251–53, 276

Suez Canal and, 76

summit of 1955 and, 24, 28

summit of 1957 and, 242–43, 256

U-2 and, 117–23, 127, 130–31, 270

Vanguard and, 226, 240–44

Eisenhower, Mamie, 170

elections, U.S.of 1952, 55–56

of 1956, 53, 55, 57–59, 76, 78–79, 137

of 1958, 214

of 1960, 138, 169, 274–75

Ellender, Allen, 135, 148, 165

Ericson, Bob, 120

Europe, 36–37, 185, 240, 243, 256–57, 269

European Assembly, 200

Evans, Rowland, 183

Explorer satellite, 255–56, 258–67, 276–77. See also Jupiter C ICBM

Faubus, Orval E., 139–40, 168–69

FBI, 89

Federation of American Scientists, 85

“ferret” missions, 126

First Army Group, U.S., 46

First Belorussian Red Army Group, 10

First Ukrainian Red Army Group, 6

Ford Foundation, 220

Fort Bliss army base, 84–85, 87–88

Fortune, 170

485th Artillery Battalion, German, 2

France, 36, 75–76, 83, 185, 240

Frolov, Piotr, 107

Fulton, James, 171

Gagarin, Yuri, 268–69

Gaither, H. Rowan, 220–21

Gaither report, 220–22

Galione, John M., 10–11

Galloway, Eilene, 230

Gardner, Trevor, 219

Gavin, James A., 51, 135, 162–65, 219–20, 224

General Dynamics, 251

General Electric, 49, 225–28, 238, 258

General Motors (GM), 48–49, 51, 82, 91–92

Georgian uprising of 1956, 60–64

Gerchik, K. V., 143, 149

Gestapo, 261

GIRD-09 rocket, 108

Glushko, Valentin, 33–34, 39, 65–72, 95, 101–3, 109, 143, 147, 149–50, 153, 158–59, 198, 202, 205, 210, 245–47, 271, 273

Goldstone tracking station, 267

Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 73–74

Goodpaster, Andrew J., 119, 177, 243, 249–50

Goodwin, Doris Kearns, 175

Gore, Albert, Sr., 137, 248

Göring, Hermann, 235

Gray, Gordon, 119

Great Britain, 4, 36, 38, 75–76, 83, 129, 240, 256, 270

Great Terror of 1937–38, 109, 112

Greenstein, Fred, 59

Grinfeld, Lidia Mavrikievna, 104

Gromyko, Andrei, 149, 193

Grottrup, Frau, 14–15

Grottrup, Helmut, 14–15

Group for Studying Reaction Propulsion (GIRD), 107

Guatemala, 118

Hagen, John, 227–28, 242, 251, 258

Hagerty, Jim, 171, 178–79, 186, 241, 265

Halberstam, David, 140

Halsey, Will, 164

Hamill, Jim, 88

Harford, James, 33

Harper’s, 252

Harris, Gordon, 165, 167, 266

Hermann, Rudolf, 87

Himmler, Heinrich, 29, 166, 237

Hitler, Adolf, 6, 9, 22, 29, 67, 87, 166, 190, 235–38

Holocaust, 84

housing, USSR, 19–20, 37, 39, 95

Humphrey, George, 223

Humphrey, Hubert, 183

Hungary, 41–42, 63

revolution of 1956, 74–78, 131

Huzel, Dieter, 14

hydrogen bomb, 148, 184

information age, 278

intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). See also specific types

Eisenhower and U.S. lag in, 52–54, 93–94, 177, 181, 214–15

failure of R-7, vs. Atlas, 269–70

Jupiter C developed, 129–30

Khrushchev and Soviet drive to develop, 24–26, 35, 38–40, 56, 191–92, 196, 204–5, 214–15

legacy of race for, 278

R-7 developed, 43–44, 64–72, 97, 113–14, 129–30, 148, 153, 184, 205–6

R-16 developed, 205–6

satellite-bearing, 166, 172–73, 179, 213–15, 217

storable propellants and, 154–55

intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM), 35, 51–52, 79–80, 82, 102, 129–30, 162, 241, 248–50, 256, 269–71. See also Jupiter IRBM; Thor IRBM

International Astronomical Federation, 202

International Geophysical Year (IGY), 92–93, 133–36, 143, 149, 151–52, 162, 179, 185, 202, 227–28, 244, 250–51, 255–56, 261

international law, 126, 134, 179

Internet, 274

Invaders from Mars (movie), 92

Iran, 41, 129

Iran, shah of, 118, 200

Iraq invasion of 2003, 278

Irvine, Clarence S., 81

Israel, 73, 76

Italy, 256, 270

ITAR-TASS news agency, 201

Itek Corp., 249

Jackson, Henry “Scoop,” 174–75, 242

Japan, 129, 189, 200

Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), 89, 255–56, 267

Jews, 8, 32, 39

Johnson, Clarence “Kelly,” 119, 133

Johnson, Lady Bird, 176

Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 137–38, 175–76, 182–84, 213–15, 221, 228–31, 242, 247, 250–53, 256, 269, 276

Joint Chiefs of Staff, 24, 215, 241

Jones, E. K., 116, 120–24, 130–31

Junker bombers, 36

Jupiter C ICBM (Missile Number 29), 129, 134, 144, 163, 165–68, 178–79, 218, 224, 248

satellite launch and, as Juno, 254–56, 258, 261–67, 276

Jupiter IRBM, 52, 79–80, 82, 102, 162, 256, 269–71

Kaganovich, Lazar, 18, 27, 30–32, 41–42, 62–63, 72, 76, 109, 111–12, 149, 190

Kammler, Hans, 2

Katyushka rockets, 7

Kazakhstan, 38, 96–97

Keitel, Wilhelm, 235

Keldysh, Mstislav, 145–46, 198

Keller, K. T., 51

Kennedy, John F., 53–54, 270–71, 275

Kennedy, Joseph P., 277

KGB (formerly NKVD), 18, 27, 29, 32, 62, 64, 67, 75, 109, 111–12, 123, 145, 152, 199, 200

Khrushchev, Nikita

apartments built by, 19–20

arms race and Soviet economy and, 36–39

background and education of, 20–23

coup attempt and, 109–13, 190

Cuba and, 101, 270–72

de-Stalinization and, 41–42

Explorer launch and, 268

fall of, 271–72

fear of nuclear attack and, 23–26

Korolev honored by, 203–4

legacy of, 274–75

military spending and, 54, 191–92

Nixon and “kitchen debate,” 275

OKB-1 and, 278

R-7 development and, 21–23, 26–30, 34–44, 54, 56, 64–65, 71–72, 98, 101, 128–29, 191–92, 204–6, 269

R-16 development and, 246–47, 271

rise to power of, 18–20, 28, 41–42

satellite program and, 42–44, 114, 143–44, 148–50

secret speech of, on Stalin’s crimes, 18, 30–33, 41–42, 60, 62–64, 73, 75, 93–94, 128

Sputnik I and, 160, 180, 184, 187–89, 195–96, 199–206

Sputnik II and, 209–12, 216–17, 245

summit of 1955 and, 24

U-2 and, 124–27, 129–31

uprisings of 1956 and, 62–64, 73–77

Vanguard failure and, 241, 257

“we will bury you” speech of, 109–10

Zhukov ouster by, 188–95

Khrushchev, Sergeicareer of, 100–101, 272

father’s political life and, 41, 111, 192, 194, 195

R-7 and, 18, 20–22, 27–29, 34, 36, 39–40, 42–44, 98

Sputnik and, 195–96, 203, 205

U-2 and, 125, 130–31

Killian, James, 53, 93, 135, 218–19, 223–24, 243, 249–50

Killian report, 53, 117

Kim Il Sung, 88–89

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 137

Kirichenko, Aleksei, 18, 27–38, 195

Knerr, Hugh, 9

Kodak company, 116

Kolyma mines, 66, 100

Korean War, 24, 47, 80, 89–90, 183

Korolev, Sergei, 186, 195, 220, 261, 266

background and early career of, 103–9

death and legacy of, 273–75

dog in space with Sputnik II and, 209–12, 217

honors awarded to, 203–4

illness of, after Sputnik II and doubts about R-7, 245–47

Khruschev okays projects of, 27–29, 33–36, 39–44, 56

known only as Chief Designer, 27

marries Ksenia, 106–8

marries Nina, 99–100

Nobel Prize denied to, 203

orbital velocity problem and, 262

overselling of R-7 and Glushkov cause problems for, 64–72

R-7 delays and, 95–103

R-7 first successful flight and, 113–14, 129

R-7 loading problem and, vs. R-16, 246–47

race of, vs. von Braun, 100, 102

satellites pushed by, 135–36, 142–50, 269

Sputnik successes of, 150–56, 158–60, 188, 196–99, 201–12

Stalin purge and, 33–34, 66, 109, 203–4

Koroleva, Ksenia Vincentini, 100, 106–7, 108, 155

Koroleva, Natalia, 66, 100, 106, 108–9, 203

Koroleva, Nina Kotenkova, 99–100, 102–3, 147

Krock, Arthur, 59, 182

Kuznetsov, Viktor, 102, 142

Laika (dog in space), 215, 246

Land, Edwin, 117–18, 249–50

Land report, 117–18, 132–33

Lang, Fritz, 92

Larson, Arthur, 185

Le Figaro, 199

Legislative Reference Service, 230

LeMay, Curtis, 24–25, 57–59, 81, 89, 101, 125–26, 217

Lemnitzer, Lyman L., 164, 220

Lenin, V. I., 21, 31, 61, 72

Leningrad, siege of, 35

Life, 173, 216, 222

Lionel Corp., 277

Lippmann, Walter, 182

Little Rock school crisis, 139–41, 150, 168–69, 174, 177, 182, 201

Lockheed company, 119

London, 4–6, 36

London Daily Herald, 241

London Sunday Times, 208

Lubell, Samuel, 173–74

Luce, Clare Boothe, 216–17

Luftwaffe, 4, 235

MacArthur, Douglas, 46

Maksimov, Alexander, 98

Malenkov, Georgi, 109, 149

Malinovsky, Rodion, 101, 193–95

Manchester Guardian, 199

Manhattan Project, 166

Mann, Woodrow W., 140

manned space missions

plans for, 185, 211–12, 247–49

USSR achieves first, 268–69

Mao Zedong, 89, 208–9

Marchetti, Victor, 58

Margerison, Tom, 207–8

Markel, Hazel, 181

Mars, 87–88, 234–35

“Mars and Beyond” (TV segment), 234

Marshall Plan, 37, 118

Martin, Glenn L., Co., 226–27, 242, 258

Marx, Karl, 21“massive retaliation” doctrine, 24

Mazur, Dan, 225, 227

McCarthy, Joseph, 57, 67, 88–89

McDougall, Walter, 186, 222

McElroy, Neil H., 164–68, 219, 244, 247–48, 250, 265, 276

Medaris, Jessie, 163

Medaris, John Bruce, 224

ABMA satellite and Jupiter C programs kept alive by, 129, 134, 161–68, 178, 186–87, 218–20

background of, 45–47, 51, 162–63

Explorer launch and, 248–50, 253–56, 258–59, 261, 263–67

heads ABMA and resists spending cuts, 46–48, 50–52, 54–55, 79–83

later career and death of, 276–77

Meet the Press (TV show), 132, 242

Meisenheimer, John, 264

Mexico, 200

MiG-19 and MiG-21 jets, 124, 130

Mikoyan, Anastas, 207, 209

military-industrial complex, 276

military spending

U.S. 50, 52, 57–59, 79, 170, 174, 219, 223–24, 226–27, 274–76

USSR, 38, 71, 191

Miller, Herbert I., 127–28

Milwaukee Sentinel, 173

missiles and rockets. See also intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM); intermediate range ballistic missile (IRBM); and specific agencies, individuals, missiles, and nations

accelerometer calibrators and, 7

accuracy of targeting, 35

aluminum alloys and, 52

apex predictor for, 262, 266

boosters for, 99

combustion chambers of, 13–14, 34, 69

engines of, 34–35, 69–72, 102–3, 150, 158, 225–28, 271

escape velocity and, 146, 158

fuel or propellant for, 12–14, 34, 69–72, 101, 150–51, 154–56, 205, 233–34, 247–48, 254, 260, 263–64

“gap,” 131–32, 221–22, 247–48, 251–53, 274

guidance and steering systems of, 3, 5, 13, 30, 70, 82, 95–97, 101–2, 151, 254

heat shield and nose cone of, 34–35, 70, 96, 113–14, 129–30, 144, 147–50, 163, 166, 211, 218, 220, 246, 249

pressurized with nitrogen, 151, 155, 156

range of, 35–36, 40

reentry problem of, 96

“spinning bucket” on, 254, 262, 265

“sweet” point and, 96

transmitters, 151, 159, 255

weight of satellites and, 167–68, 172–73, 185, 214–15

Mittelwerk factory, 11–13, 87, 277

Moldovans, 63

Molotov, Vyacheslav, 18, 27, 30, 32, 38, 41–42, 44, 62–64, 72, 74, 76, 109, 111–12, 149

Molotov-Ribbentrop nonaggression pact (1939), 8, 27

Mongolia, 189

moon flight, 185, 215, 247, 249, 273–75, 277

Moscow Higher Technical School, 107

Moscow Institute of Power Engineering, 22

Mosley, Leonard, 230

Mozzhorin, Yuri, 144

Mrykin, Aleksander, 143

Murrow, Edward R., 4–7

Mzhavanadze, Vasil, 61

N-1 lunar rocket, 273

NAACP, 139

Nagy, Imre, 75–76

Napoleon, 22, 190

Nashville Tennessean, 177

Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 76

National Academy of Sciences, U.S., 92

National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics (NACA), 223

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 223, 248–49, 274, 277

National Defense Education Act (1958), 274

National Guard, U.S., 50–93

National Intelligence Estimate (September 15, 1954), 23

National Science Foundation, 227

National Security Agency (NSA), 59, 129

National Security Council (NSC), 53, 78, 117, 132, 180, 184, 221, 240, 244, 254

document NSC 162/2, 50

National Space Establishment (NSE), proposed, 223

Naval Political Department, USSR, 111

Naval Research Center, U.S., 134

Naval Research Laboratory, U.S., 179

Navy, U.S., 47, 79, 166

Vanguard and, 133–34, 162–63, 225–28

Nazi Germany, 1–15, 26, 30, 39, 83–88, 166, 234–38, 258, 261, 277

USSR invaded by, 189–90

NBC, 132, 171, 181, 242

Nedelin, Mitrofan, 102–3, 147, 153–55, 205, 246–47, 271

Nesmeyanov, A. N., 136

Neufeld, Michael, 237–38

New Look Defense Policy, 50–51

Newsweek, 173

New York Herald Tribune, 173, 213, 216

New York Post, 222

New York Times, 59, 94, 136, 171–72, 174, 182, 199, 204, 214–16, 219, 232, 250

Nicholas II, czar of Russia, 104

Nickerson, John C., 82–83, 134, 161

NII-1 (Soviet research institute), 8

NII-88 (Soviet rocket research facility), 22–23, 26–30, 39–44, 98

NII-885 design bureau, 102

Ninth Directorate (KGB), 29

Nixon, Richard, 53–56, 78, 131, 137, 169, 178, 180, 184–86, 215, 221, 231–32, 240, 243–45, 248, 257, 275

NKVD (later KGB), 67, 109

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 72, 185, 241–43, 256–57, 270

North Korea, 88, 89

Norway, 41, 129

Nosov, Aleksandr, 156–58

Novak, Robert, 183

nuclear weapons, 24–26, 35, 38–40, 50, 128, 184, 214–15, 217–18, 220. See also specific types

Oberth, Hermann, 92

Object OD-1, 143, 145

October Revolution, 105–6

jubilee of 1957, 207, 209, 216

Office for Guided Missiles, U.S., 51

Office of Defense Mobilization, U.S., 49, 53, 93

OKB-1, 29–30, 39, 64, 68, 95, 98–100, 150–51, 198, 212, 273

renamed Russian Space Corporation Energya, 278

OKB-52, 100–101

101st Airborne Division, U.S., 140

104th “Timberwolf” Infantry Division, U.S., 10

144th Motor Vehicle Assembly Company, U.S., 11

“open skies” policy, 93

Operation Confidence, 217, 222

Operation Home Run, 25, 126

Operation Powerhouse, 25

Operation Soft Touch, 123

Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 88

orbital decay, 93, 197

orbital velocity, 262, 267

Ordnance Technical Intelligence, 10

Orlov, Alexander, 130

P-30 radar, 125

Pakistan, 115–16, 121, 123–24, 129

Paris Match, 277

Pasternak, Boris, 62

Patton, George S., 45–46, 48

Pearson, Drew, 82, 228

Peenemünde, 10, 84–85, 87, 261

Pershing missile, 248

Peter the Great, czar of Russia, 206

Pickering, William H., 255, 267

Pilyugin, Nikolai, 102, 142, 202

Piszkiewicz, Dennis, 83–84

Pittsburgh Press, 213

Pogo effect, 99

Poland, 32, 41, 42, 63, 72–74

Polaroid Co, 117

Polytechnical Institute of Kiev, 107

Popular Mechanics, 100

Porter, Richard, 226, 238

Portland Press Herald, 180

Portugal, 36

Pospelov, Pyotr, 76

Power, Thomas S, 81

Powers, Francis Gary, 130, 270

Poznan strike of 1956, 72–74, 124

Pravda, 21, 15–16, 111, 136, 194, 196, 201, 206, 216, 246

Presidium, Supreme Soviet (later Politburo), 18, 22

coup attempt of 1957 and, 109–12

fall of Khrushchev and, 272

R-7 and satellite program and, 26–31, 33–36, 39–44, 64–65, 71–72, 149

secret speech on Stalin and, 30–33, 42, 62–63

uprisings of 1956 and, 62–63, 75

Zhukov ouster and, 192, 195

Procter & Gamble, 164

“Proposal for a National Integrated Missile and Space Vehicle Development Program” (von Braun), 249

PS-1 satellite. See Sputnik IPS-2 satellite. See Sputnik II

Pushkin, Aleksandr, 245

Quarles, Donald, 53–54, 82, 119, 132, 134, 162, 165, 178, 180, 185, 219, 225–26, 244–45, 247, 276

Quistorp, Baroness Emmy von, 87

R-l missile, 29, 71, 98

R-2 missile, 29–30, 34, 98, 209

R-5 missile, 34–35, 40, 69, 98

R-7 missiledoubts about, after Sputnik II, 245–47

early problems with, 64–74, 95–103

failure of, as ICBM, 269–71

first manned flight of, 268

first successful tests of, 113–14, 128–29

fueling problems of, 154–55, 205

Khrushchev and, post-Sputnik, 191, 204–6, 271

Korolev shows, to Presidium, 39–42, 44

Korolev’s legacy and, 274

lift power of, 167–68

satellite program and, 135–36, 142–44, 148

Sputnik successfully launched with, 150, 153–59, 176

U.S. surveillance of, 129, 131–32

R-11 missile (Scud), 274

R-12 missile, 101, 205

R-16 missile, 205, 246, 271

Rabb, Maxwell, 171

Rabi, I. I., 135

radar, 124, 126, 129

Radford, Arthur, 24

radiation belts, 246, 255

Radio Cairo, 199

Radio Free Europe, 74

Radio magazine, 136

Radio Moscow, 92

Rákosi, Mátyás, 75

Ramm, Heinrich, 87

Ramo-Woolridge Corp., 80

Randall, Clarence, 171

RAND Corp, 132, 136

RB-29 military planes, 126

RB-47 military planes, 25, 126

Reaction Propulsion Institute (RNII), USSR, 108–9

Reagan, Ronald, 91

Rebrov, Mikhail, 151

Red Army, 14–15, 38, 98, 101, 147, 189–92, 247

Redstone missile, 47–48, 51–52, 79, 89–90, 92, 163, 178, 226, 254, 261

Reedy, George, 182–83, 213, 230, 251

Reisig, Gerhard, 87

Reporter, 173

Republican Party, 23–24, 53–56, 78–79, 137, 171, 182, 183, 214

Reston, James, 204

Riedel, Walther, 85

Roberts, Chalmers, 221

Rockefeller, Nelson A, 93

Rocket and Satellite Research Panel, 223

rockets. See missiles and rockets; and specific types

Rokossovsky, Konstantin, 73

Romania, 63

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 217

Rosen, Milt, 227

Rudnev, Konstantin, 100, 103, 153–54

Rudolf, Arthur, 277

Russell, Richard, 174–76, 183, 214–15

Russian Space Corporation Energya, 278

Ryabikov, Vasiliy, 102, 152–53

SA-2 surface-to-air missile, 131

Saltonstall, Leverett, 214

Samford, John, 58–59

satellites. See also specific satellites

ABMA prepares, 186–87, 219, 247–50, 253–56

Eisenhower and U.S. response to Sputnik and, 179–87, 224

Eisenhower delays U.S. program in, 93–94

first U.S., designed and launched, 255–56, 258–67, 276–77

IGY and, 92–93

Korolev and drive to launch, 102, 146

Medaris and army role in, 162–63, 165–68

potential of, not understood, 44

proliferation of, in modern life, 278

sovereign airspace and, 134–35

Soviet decision to concentrate on, 42–44, 114, 142–50

Soviet dog in space and, 213–18

Soviet problems with development of, 65, 72

spy, 132–34, 185, 249–51, 270–71

Sputnik launch announced, 165–68

U.S. spending on, 92

U.S. vs. USSR and, 133–36, 218

Vanguard failure and U.S., 224–28, 238–43, 258–60

Saturn rocket, 273, 277

Schriever, Bernard, 249–50

Scud missile, 274

Second Provisional Weather Squadron, 120

Sedov, Leonid, 202–3Serbin, Ivan “the Terrible,” 101

Sergeant rockets, 254–55, 261–62, 265

Serov, Ivan, 111, 112

Sevareid, Eric, 172–73, 196, 222

Shabarov, Evgeny, 212

Sharaga prison institutes, 67

Shepilov, Dimitri, 111, 149

Shishkin, Oleg, 144

Siberiaagriculture and, 38, 272

gulags, 31–34, 66–67

Siddiqi, Asif A., 200

Siemens plant, 7–8

Sikorsky, Igor, 107

SK-4 (Korolev cub plane), 107

Smith, Gene, 140

Smith, Merriman, 179

Smith, Walter Bedell, 118

“Southern Manifesto,” 137

sovereign airspace issue, 93, 134

Soviet Academy of Sciences, 92–93, 136, 145, 202

Soviet Union (USSR)

bombers and military spending of, 38–39, 55, 57–59

Brezhnev as leader of, 272–73

civil war of 1917–21, 105–6

collapse of, 268

coup attempt vs. Khrushchev in, 109–13

decline of space program and, 273

de-Stalinization and, 41–42

dog in space and Sputnik II and, 209–210, 213–19, 222

early victories of, in space race, 268–70

economic problems of, and arms race, 36–39

fear of U.S. bombers and nuclear attack and, 23–26, 52

first ICBM, R-7, and satellite envisioned by, 39–40, 43–44

first successful R-7 flight and, 113–14

first test fire of V-2 and, 13–14

IGY and, 92–93

Korolev’s early life and career in, 103–9

manned space flight plans of, 248

missile program of, and U.S. intelligence, 53

Nazi invasion and, 67

Nazi rockets and scientists and, 6–8, 11–16

R-7 development problems and, 64–72, 95–103, 245–47

R-16 program and, 271

satellite program of, and decision to go forward, 142–60

Sputnik success of, and U.S. reaction, 165–87, 195–212

U-2 spying on, 117, 121, 124–31, 133, 270

uprisings of 1956 and, 63, 72–77

U.S. develops satellite program to compete with, 134–36

U.S. lack of ICBM program and, 93–94

U.S. missiles in Turkey and, 270–71

Vanguard failure and, 240–42

space race. See also missiles and rockets; satellites; and specific programs

Disney and von Braun popularize, in U.S., 91–92

exploration vs. arms race as motive for, 256

first envisioned, in USSR, 43–44

IGY and, 93

legacy of, 278

reconnaissance and, 118, 185

territorial rights and, 134

U.S. and, post-Sputnik II, 220, 222–24, 227

Spain, 36

Special Committee on Space Technology (SCST), 223

Speer, Albert, 235

Sputnik I (PS-1 satellite)

ABMA response to, 167–68, 185–87

cost of, 227

Korolev and success of, 196–99, 202–4

long-lasting impact of, 274–75

prepared and successfully launched, 143, 145–60

success of, for USSR, 188–89, 195–99, 206–9, 268

U.S. response to, 171–87, 229, 250, 269–70, 274–76

Vanguard program and, 228

Sputnik II (PS-2 satellite, dog in space), 209–17, 219–22, 229–32, 245–46, 250

Sputnik III, plans for, 247

“Sputnik Night” (October 4, 1957), 219

SR-71 Blackbird spy jet, 133

SS, 10, 12–13, 29, 83, 237

Stalin, Joseph, 7, 15–21, 29–33, 36–37, 39, 41–42, 60–63, 66–67, 73, 75, 89, 109, 112, 146, 189–90, 206, 208–9, 272

Stalingrad, siege of, 35, 190

Stanikov, Sergei, 61–64

State Commission on R-7, USSR, 102–3, 142–50, 152, 155, 159, 204

State Department, U.S., 23, 25, 88, 126, 270

Stauffenberg, Count Claus von, 235

Stehling, Kurt, 226, 233, 258–60

Steklov Institute of Applied Mathematics, 146

Stevenson, Adlai, 56, 78, 137

Stewart, Homer Joe, 226, 238

Stewart Committee, 225–26, 228, 238, 244

Strategic Air Command (SAC), U.S., 24, 41, 47, 50, 58–59, 119, 141, 180, 217

Strategic Rocket Forces, USSR, 153, 246

Strzalkowski, Romek, 73

Stuhlinger, Ernst, 83, 87–88, 165–66, 202, 224–25, 234, 262, 266

SU-9 supersonic high-altitude fighter jet, 130

Suez Canal, 76

summit meetings

Geneva of 1955, 24, 28

Paris of 1957, 242–43, 256

Symington, Stuart, 56–58, 79–80, 89, 127, 131–32, 138, 169, 174–75, 183–84, 213–14, 274–75

Tacksman 1, 129

Tajiks, 63

TASS (news agency), 128, 167, 246–47

Tatars, 32, 63

Taubman, William, 21, 65

Tbilisi protests of 1956, 60–64, 128

Technology Capabilities Panel, 219

Teller, Edward, 173, 216

Thor IRBM, 52, 80, 82, 102, 129, 248–50, 256, 269–70

Tikhonravov, Mikhail, 107–8, 150–51, 198, 211

Time, 56, 57, 138, 173, 182, 215, 216, 228, 242, 257

Tito, Josip Broz, 41–42, 193

Toftoy, Holger N. “Ludy,” 8–11, 13–14, 83–84, 88

Tokady, Grigori A., 12“total war,” 24

tracking stations

U.S., 263, 267

USSR, 96, 97, 159

Treasury Department, U.S., 223

Trotsky, Leon, 21

Trud (Moscow daily), 61

Truman, Harry S., 16, 49, 51, 56, 85, 89–90, 141, 148, 183, 257

Tsander, Friedrich, 107–8, 245

Tsien Hsue-shen, 89

Tsiolkowsky, Konstantin, 43, 107, 135

Tulip launch stand, 96–99, 102, 131, 153–54, 157, 198

Tupolev, Andrei, 107, 109

Tupolev bombers, 25–26, 127

Turkey, 41, 116, 129, 270–71

Twining, Nathan, 58

Tyura-Tam test site, 96–97, 100, 102, 117, 128–32, 146, 148, 150–60, 205

U-2 spy plane, 115–28, 130–35, 178–79, 185, 205

Cuban missile crisis and, 271

satellites replace, 249–50

USSR shoots down, 270

Ukrainian Society of Aviation and Aerial Navigation, 107

United Fruit Co., 118

United Nations, 75, 78, 241

United Press International, 179

United States. See also specific government agencies; individuals; and programs

bases of, in Europe and Asia, 25

development of jet power in, 45–59

first satellite launch by, with Explorer and Juno, 260–67

German scientists gathered by, 14

Hungarian revolution of 1956 and, 74–76

IGY satellite program and, 92–93

impact of Korolev and Khrushchev’s space program on, 274–75

Korolov speaks of satellite plans of, to get Soviet support, 43–44

lag behind Soviets in space, after Explorer, 268–69

leads in ICBM race, 269–70

military spending, vs. USSR, 38

missile gap and, 251–53

missile launch pads and, 153

missile program of, downgraded vs. bombers, 79–82

nuclear weapons and bombers of, 24–26

prepares first Explorer launch after Vanguard failure, 247–51, 254–56

response of, to Sputnik I, 165–87, 274

response of, to Sputnik II, 213–34

satellite program of, rumored in Moscow, 151–52

school integration crisis in, 136–40

Sputnik’s propaganda success and, 199

spy satellite program and, 249–51

storable solid-fuel rocket, 155

surpasses Soviets with Saturn rocket, 273

surveillance of USSR and, 129

threatened by range of R-7 missile, 40–41

U-2 plane developed by, 115–35, 270

V-2 rocket and scientists sought by, with defeat of Nazis, 8–11

Vanguard failure and, 238–43

von Braun moves to, 83–92

U.S. Congress, 49, 50, 55, 79, 93, 132, 135, 144, 174, 178, 182, 184, 213–14, 222, 224

U.S. Information Agency (USIA), 200, 201, 241

US News & World Report, 173, 182

U.S. Senate, 53, 56–58, 135, 167, 213–15

Armed Services Committee, 80, 174–76, 214

Armed Services Subcommittee on Preparedness, 183–84, 214–15, 221, 229–30, 231, 247–48, 250, 251–53, 274

U.S. Supreme Court, 136–37, 139

Ustinov, Dmitri, 8, 18, 36

Uzbeks, 63

V-2 rocket (Vergeltungswaffen-2, Vengeance Weapon), 36, 38, 92, 166

Nazi Germany develops, 1–6, 11–13, 235–38

Soviet rockets and, 6–8, 12–15, 29–30, 34, 40, 67, 68

U.S. rockets and, 8–12, 52, 255, 261, 277

Van Allen, James, 255

Vance, Cyrus, 229

Vanguard program, 133–35, 162–63, 165–67, 171, 179, 202

cost overruns of, 226–27

failure of, 224–30, 232–34, 238–44, 247, 250–51, 255–60, 263–64

first test of, 185–87, 224–25

funding for, 249–51

Versailles, Treaty of, 236

Vietnam War, 274–75

Viking rocket, 225–26, 233–34

von Braun, Iris, 90

von Braun, Magnus, 87, 89, 224

von Braun, Margrit, 90

von Braun, Maria, 86, 90

von Braun, Wernher

ABMA missile program and, 48, 51, 79, 102, 129, 144, 162–63, 187, 202, 218, 220

background and Nazi past of, 5, 9, 14–15, 86–87, 234–38, 277

Disney and, 91–92, 121, 234–35

Explorer satellite and, 224–25, 248–49, 254–56, 258, 260–61, 263–65, 267

Korolev keeps abreast of, 100, 102

legacy of, 276–77

manned flight and moon landing proposed by, 249

moves to U.S. after WW II to work on missiles, 83–92, 238

salary of, 122

satellite proposal of, turned down, 92

satellite surveillance proposed by, 132–35

Sputnik success and, 165–68, 186–87

von Freed, Charles, 180

Voroshilov, Kliment, 111

Voskresenskiy, Leonid, 98–99, 113–15, 153, 155–57, 261

Wallace, Mike, 229

War of the Worlds (movie), 92

Warren, Earl, 139

Warsaw Pact, 72, 75, 270

Washington Evening Star, 182, 213

Washington Post, 176, 181, 221

Werhmacht, 166, 235

Western Ukrainians, 32, 63

West Germany, 83, 129, 277

White, Thomas D., 82

White Army, 105

White Sands Proving Ground, 12

Wiesl, Ed, 229

Wiley, Alexander, 171

Williams, G. Mennen, 230–31

Wilson, Charles E. “Engine Charlie,” 48–53, 58, 79, 82–83, 93–94, 102, 129, 132, 134, 161–66, 170–71, 178, 181, 204, 227, 229, 247–48

Wilson, Charles “Electric Charlie,” 49

Wilson, Glenn P., 215

Winterstein, William, 86

Woods, Randall B., 175

World War II, 38, 40, 46, 177, 183, 189–90, 235–38

WS-117L reconnaissance satellite, 249–50

Yangel, Mikhail, 101, 205, 247, 271

Yates, Donald, 262

Yesenin, Tolya, 198

Yugoslavia, 41–42, 193

Zhukov, Georgy, 6, 76, 109–112, 181, 189–94, 201