Road to Revolution: A Century of Russian Radicalism

The Liberation of Labour group itself failed to grow in size. By the end of the decade it still counted fewer than a dozen members. Boating on the Lake of Geneva with several comrades, Plekhanov would joke: 'Be careful, if we drown, Russian Socialism will perish.'

II

In the winter of 1891-92 famine gripped the eastern and south-eastern provinces, an area of half a million square miles with a population of thirty million. A severe epidemic of cholera followed. The measures taken by the authorities and private organizations were pitifully inadequate. Here and there young men and women abandoned their studies and made their way to the villages to help the starving and the sick. It was another 'going to the people,' though on a small scale. At least some of these volunteer relief workers vaguely contemplated the possibility that the stricken peasantry would revolt, and they hoped to have a hand in the risings. They were disappointed. Violence did flare up, but it took the form of 'cholera riots,' crowds smashing hospitals and dispensaries set up to combat the epidemic, and attacking doctors as poisoners. A group of Narodovoltzy printed A Letter to the Starving Peasants, but it is doubtful if the message reached any of the addressees, and in any case, all it urged them to do was to get in touch with their well-wishers in the cities.

If the disaster failed to arouse the masses to active protest, it had wide and deep repercussions nevertheless and in fact came close to being an historic turning-point. It helped to exorcise the spirit of apathy and political indifferentism that had possessed the previous decade. It focused the public mind on broad national problems, the condition and prospects of the peasantry, above all. In revealing the precarious state of agriculture the famine greatly weakened the belief, which had penetrated liberal and certain populist circles during the preceding years, in the possibility of progress under the existing regime. Nicholas II dealt another blow to that belief when, in a speech made in January, 1895, shortly after his ascension to the throne, he dismissed all hopes for a constitution as 'senseless dreams.' The need for the forcible replacement of the autocracy by a democratic order took on new urgency. A major item in the legacy that the People's Will left to both populists and Marxists was the conviction that the monarchy must be destroyed.

How was this vital task to be accomplished? A united front of all the elements of the opposition, including the liberals, was one answer. Such a policy, involving as a tactical manoeuvre abandonment of the socialist objective, was advocated by a number of former populists both at home and abroad. Mark Natanson, who had returned from Siberian exile, attempted, with another one-time member of Land and Liberty, to set up a 'revolutionary' party on this basis. In April, 1894, he was arrested, before it had done little more than bring out a manifesto, and therewith Narodnoe Pravo (The People's Right), as the incipient organization called itself, was liquidated.

A programme of political democracy pure and simple could muster but scant support. The radicals who gravitated toward Populism envisaged the overthrow of the monarchy as the outcome of a popular revolution spearheaded by a terrorist conspiracy and resulting in the triumph of a socialist order not evolving from an imported industrialism but springing from indigenous roots. The Marxists had a different answer to the question of the country's political emancipation. The intelligentzia, they argued, were powerless; the behaviour of the peasants during the famine had demonstrated once more that the revolution could not count on them; salvation was bound to come from the growing industrial proletariat: in fighting for its class interests it would crush the autocracy.

In the last years of the century a new vibrancy could be sensed in the political air. Plainly the country had emerged from the doldrums. Discontent with conditions was beginning to lose its passive character. The students demonstrated in the streets, demanding a liberal academic regime; a wave of great strikes swept the more industrialized western and central provinces; in the countryside there were outbreaks of violence against landlords and local authorities. By the middle of the 'nineties a score of populist groups were in existence. Scattered all over the country, including Siberia, they were strongest in the southern centres. The revolutionary cadres were swelled by the reappearance of some of the politicals, like Catherine Breshkovsky, who had served their terms in prison or exile. The volume of underground literature was on the increase. Much of it was supplied by the Free Russian Press, organized in London in 1892, and by the Group of Old Narodovoltzy which functioned in Paris.

By this time the narodniks had managed to set their intellectual house in order. To begin with, they had high regard for the revolutionary past and in fact believed themselves to be the heirs of the People's Will, in duty bound to carry on its work. Like the social-democrats, they held 'the working-class' to be the sole force capable of destroying the existing order, but in 'the working class' they included the peasantry. While paying lip service to 'scientific Socialism,' they were wary of such Marxist dogmas as economic determinism and the capitalist filiation of Socialism. In the drama of history they assigned a leading part to intellectually superior individuals, and they continued to adhere to tactics requiring personal heroism and total dedication: terror. The latter was largely a mere desideratum. Two provincial governors were unsuccessfully assaulted, and in 1895 a circle started preparations for an attempt on the life of Nicholas II, but the enterprise was nipped in the bud. A major terrorist act was not carried out until 1903, when the Minister of Education was assassinated.

To the label, narodovoltzy or narodniki, some of the populist groups preferred that of 'Socialists-revolutionaries.' The term had been used occasionally since the days of Lavrov's Forward! It was now intended to underline the militant character of resurgent Populism, in contradistinction to social-democracy. Writing in 1896, 'An Old Narodovoletz' scorned the latter as a philosophy for 'tired revolutionaries,' a quietist doctrine leaning on automatic historical forces instead of man's moral duty to fight for justice. In the heat of polemics the Marxists were accused of wishing to promote the growth of capitalism and the proletarization of the peasantry, indeed of urging the intelligentzia to serve the interests of the propertied classes. There were also, however, attempts to fraternize with the social-democrats. As late as 1900 a pamphlet issued by a group of Socialists-revolutionaries argued that their own party, in aiming at immediate political action, was a party of the present, while the social-democrats, in stressing economic demands and in organizing the masses for a struggle with capitalism, formed the party of the future. But if the ways of the two parties differed, their goal was the same. 'We shall help them with our left hand,' the pamphlet ran, 'since our right hand is occupied by the sword.'

Meanwhile Marxism was gaining ground. Secret social-democratic groups were proliferating in the larger urban centres, but they were unconnected and their bond with the labour movement was tenuous. Some of them were at first committed to the populist creed. Such was the case of a circle of narodovoltzy, which for several years was active in both capitals. From its clandestine press came, among other items, a reprint of the programme of the late Party, but minus the second term in the opening formula: 'According to our basic convictions, we are socialists and narodniks.' Nevertheless, the populist outlook dominated the first two issues of the Bulletin of the People's Will that the group put out in 1892 and 1893 respectively. A Marxist note was sounded in the third issue, printed in 1895, but it also contained a paean to terror in line with the practice of Narodnaya volya. (At the time the members had under consideration a plan of exterminating the Czar and his kin by poisoning the water supply of the Winter Palace.) The fourth and last issue, run off at the end of the year, was consistently Marxist.

The effort to bring the Marxist groups together into one organization resulted in the founding of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party. The event took place in 1898. The previous year a conference of delegates from half a dozen groups formed the Party of Socialists-Revolutionaries. Arrests played havoc with some of its constituent elements, but could not halt the integration of the populist circles, a process initiated at the grass roots level. In the first years of the century the organization, like its social-democratic counterpart, was a going concern. The revolutionary movement was no longer a matter of a few small groups of intellectuals and semi-intellectuals plotting underground. It was acquiring a mass base. Yet, far from marching shoulder to shoulder, for the next score of years the Party of Socialists-Revolutionaries and the Social-Democratic Party lived in the atmosphere of a bitter feud, the latter organization soon splitting into two irreconcilable factions, the Menshevik and the Bolshevik. In the end the upheaval for which both parties had worked toppled the monarchy, and before long brought about the proscription alike of the Socialists-Revolutionaries and the Mensheviks by the regime that the Bolsheviks had set up. The final stretch of the road to the revolution that has proved one of the most fateful events in history is beyond the scope of the present book.

Source URL: http://www.ditext.com/yarmolinsky/epilogue.html

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Abbreviations

A

American Slavic and East European Review. B Byloe.

BA

Bazilevsky (pseud.), ed. Gosudarstvennye prestupleniya v Rossii v 19 veke. Stuttgart-Paris, 1903-5, 3v.

C

Chernyshevsky, Polnoe sobranie sochineni, 1906, lOv.

CS

Chernyshevsky, Polnoe sobranie sochineni, 1939-53, 16 v.

F

Vera Figner, Polnoe sobranie sochineni, 1928-9, 6 v.

GM

Golos minuvshevo.

GR

Gruppa Osvobozhdeniya Truda.

H

Herzen, Polnoe sobranie sochineni i pisem, 1919-25, 22 v.

HS

Herzen, Sobranie sochineni v 30 t„ 1954-60, v. 1-20.

K

Katorga i ssylka.

KA

Krasnyi arkhiv.

L

Literatura Partii Narodnaya Volya, Paris, 1905, sup. to Bazilevsky, ed. Gosudarstvennye prestupleniya v Rossii.

LN

Literaturnoe nasledstvo.

T

Nevsky, ed. Ot Zemli i Voli k Gruppe Osvobozhdeniya Truda, 1930.

N

Tkachev, Izbrannye sochineniya, 1932-7, 6 v.

Note: When Moscow or Leningrad (St. Petersburg, Petersburg, Petrograd) is the place of publication, the word is omitted from the imprint.

Source URL: http://www.ditext.com/yarmolinsky/bib.html

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Yarmolinsky, Road to Revolution

Avrahm Yarmolinsky, Road to Revolution: A Century of Russian Radicalism, 1956.

ABC of the Social Sciences, The, 175 Argiropulo, Pericles, 115-16 Aksakov, Ivan, 110 Aksakov, Konstantin,72 Alexander I, 25-34, 36, 39, 41-44, 52 Alexander II, 90-94, 127, 132, 138-42, 160, 167, 216, 218, 237, 240, 242-48, 252-55, 259-70, 279-80, 282-84 Alexander III, 255, 276-77, 280-83, 288-94, 304-07, 318-19 Alexandrov, V., 177-78 Alexandrovsk, 244-45, 256, 272 Alexeyev, Pyotr, 202-03 All-Russian Social-Revolutionary Organization, 192-93, 203 Analysis of the New Serfdom, An, 109 Anarchism, 69-70, 134-35, 144-45, 150, 181 Anna, Empress of Russia, 19 Aptekman, Osip, 241 Arakcheyev, Count, 28-29 Army, 30-31, 34-35, 38-39, 43, 45-46, 49-53, 57, 66, 142, 236 Artel, 70, 89, 169-70, 190 Astrakhan, 212 Axelrod, Pavel, 224, 238-40, 290, 298, 301 Bakhmetev fund, 133-34, 153, 160-61, 164 Bakunin, Michael, 66, 69, 85, 128-29, 131-32, 134-35, 144, 150-56, 160-64, 170, 173, 180-83, 207, 296, 322 Bakuninists, 181-85, 188-90, 194-99, 205, 208 Baits, 30, 33 Baptized Property, 89 Barannikov, Alexander, 228-29, 231 Bardina, Sofya, 202-03 Beideman, Mikhail, 165 Belinsky, Vissarion, 66, 68-69, 71-72, 74, 80, 84 Bell, The (Kolokol), 92, 94-96, 103, 108-09, 116, 128, 130-35, 142, 150, 162, 188 Bell, The, university campus sheet, 108 Bentham, Jeremy, 28 Bervi, V. V., 110-11, 174-75 Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Lieutenant, 40-42, 44, 53, 55-56 Bezdna, 106, 109 Black Repartition (Chornyi Peredel), 223-26, 234, 238-39, 242, 280, 289-90, 295, 297, 301, 322 Blanc, Louis, 100 Blanqui, Auguste, 86,199 Blanquists, 199-201 Bogdanovich, Yury, 263, 267 Bogolubov, 214 Bogoraz, Natan, 315-16 Bolshevism, 42, 116, 121, 300, 311, 3?9 Bourgeoisie, 85, 133, 174, 325 Breshkovsky, Catherine, 186, 191, 196, 327 Bryansk, 52 Bulatov, Colonel, 48-50, 57-58 Bulgaria, 218 Bulletin, The (Listok), organ of terrorist faction of Land and Liberty, 220, 223; organ of People's Will, 237, 295, 316; Sudeikin said to have edited, 307 Bulletin of the People's Will, 328 Buntars, Bakuninist, 184, 188, 194-97, 208 Buried Alive, 256 Butashevich-Petrashevsky, Mikhail. See Petrashevsky, Mikhail California, scheme for Russian annexation of, 43 Capital, Das, 163, 173, 322 Capitalism, 73, 100, 171, 207, 198-99, 207, 323-24 Catechism of the Revolutionary, The, 155-57, 175 Catherine II, 13, 16-23, 170 Catherine, Grand Duchess, 268 Caucasus, 40, 57, 192 Censorship, 13, 15, 22, 65, 74, 84, 91, 118, 322 Central Revolutionary Committee, 117 Chaikovsky, 177, 187 Chaikovsky Circle, 177-81, 183-85, 187, 191, 193-94, 249 Cheka, 255 Chernigov Regiment, 53, 55 Chernosvitov, 79 Chernyshevsky, Nikolay, 91, 97-103, 112-13, 117-24, 127-28, 134, 136, 144, 146, 168, 170-71, 173, 175, 207, 210, 304-05, 312, 324 Chess Club, Petersburg, 117, 127 Chigirin affair, 195-97, 212 'Cholera riots,' 325 Chornyi Peredel. See Black Repartition. Christian Brotherhood, 299 'Circles for self-education,' 127, 176 343 Collective land tenure, 70, 73, 79, 87, 101, 112-13, 170, 206, 208. See also Obshchina Communes, 135, 144, 175-76,186 Communism, 73, 78, 84, 86, 101-02, 150, 162, 167-68, 300, 314, 324 Communist Manifesto, 162, 322, 324 Condition of the Working Class in England, The, 73 Condition of the Working-Class in Russia, The, 174, 177 Considirant, Victor, 74, 83 Constantino, Grand Duke, 45-46, 49-50,52 Constantine, Grand Duke, brother of Alexander II, 141, 255, 268 Constantine Party, 141 Contemporary, The. See Sovremennlk Co-operatives, 135-36 Corporal punishment in Army, 31, 72, 91, 132 Crimea, 177, 229, 244 Crimean War, 89 Critique of Political Economy, 322 Custine. Marquis de, 66 Czar, 105-06, 109-10, 190, 195-97, 208, 232, 281. See also Monarchy Dead Souls. 74 Decembrists, 25-63, 91 Degayev, Sergey, 305-10 Degayev, Vladimir, 305, 310 Derevenshchiks, 220 Determinism, economic, 146 Deutsch. Lev, 224, 298 Diebitsch, Field Marshal, 49 Dimitrov, Georgy, 120 Dobrolubov, 97, 99, 108, 121-22, 168, 317 Don region, 188 Dorpat, 316 Dostoevsky, F. M., 74, 76, 80, 83, 117, 151, 169 Dragomanov, Mikhail, 285, 292 Drenteln, General, 216 Drobrovolnaya Okhrana. See Voluntary Guard Druzhinas, 197 Durnovo, Yelizaveta, 188, 225 Dusheviks, 195-97 Dvorzhitzky, Colonel, 268-70 Education, under Catherine, 18; under Alexander I, 26, 28; under Nicholas, under Alexander II, 106-07, 143; and changing status of intelli-bias against. 136, 183-85; slanted, to slum boys, 136; of women, 178, 180-82; of Jews 240 'Emancipated' woman, 125, 148 'Emancipation Manifesto, 103-04 Encyclopedists, Russian equivalents of, 168 Engels, Friedrich, 173, 181, 200, 283-85, 287, 324 European Revolutionary Committee, 138, 144 Executive Committee, of Social Revolutionary Party, 220, 223, 226, 230, 234, 237-38, 240, 242-45, 249, 252, 254, 260-61, 263-64, 280-82, 284, 286, 288-90, 292, 296-306, 308, 310-11 Fatherland Notes, 71 Fathers and Children, 120, 124 February Revolution, 84-85 Fifty, Trial of the, 201-03 Figner, Vera, 180, 192, 213, 216-17, 230, 237, 259-60, 265, 271, 288, 290, 299, 301-06 Filippov, 80, 83 Finland, 31 Flerovsky. See Bervi, V. V. Fortress of Saints Peter and Paul, 23, 48, 52, 58, 60, 82, 118, 122, 165-67, 258-59, 262-63 Forward! (Vperyod.'), miscellany, 181-82, 184, 208, 240; bi-weekly, 198-99; press, 198 Foster, John W., 294 Fourier, Charles, 67, 74, 76, 80-81, 100 Fourierism, 67, 73, 80-81 France, 21-23, 25-26, 31, 84-86 Free Russian Press, 89-90, 113, 133, 327 Free Word, 292 Freedom, 128 Freemasonry, 15, 22, 33 French Revolution, 15-16, 18-19, 21-22, 67, 295, 297 Frolenko, Mikhail, 178, 213, 222, 227, 244, 267, 274 From the Other Shore, 90 Gallows, 175 Garfield, President, 234 Gatchina, 288 General Commission, Loris-Melikov's, 255, 261,282 General Rules of the Organization, The, 158 Genet, Edmond, 16 Geneva, 133-34, 144, 150, 152-53, 162, 191-92, 200, 215-16, 291-93, 304-05, 308 Ginzberg, Lev, 240 Ginzburg. Sophia, 321 Gogol, Nikolay, 72, 74, 80 Goldenberg, Grigory, 256-59, 272-73, 288 Golitzyn, Prince Dmitry, 19 Gorchakov, Chancellor, 253 Gori, Georgia, 238 Grachevsky, Mikhail, 229, 302 Great Russian, The, 109-11, 128 Great Trial, 203-06, 209,230 Green Book, 33 Grinevitzky, Ignaty, 264, 266, 268, 270 Harrington, James, 76 Hartmann, Lev, 245-48, 285-87, 291, 296 Haxthausen, Baron August von, 88 Heavenly Chancery, 209, 224 Hegelianism, 68-69, 71, 74 Helfman, Gesya, 263-64, 273, 275-77 'Hell,' terrorist band, 137-39 Herzen, Alexander, 63, 66-69, 72-74, 84-97, 100-03, 108-09, 116-18, 120-21, 128-36, 150, 153-55, 168-71, 173, 180, 188, 207-08 Herzen, Natalie, 155, 161, 163 Historical Letters, 172, 177, 181 Holy Alliance, 27-28, 32 Holy League, 290-94, 303-05 Hugo, Victor, 285 Human and Divine, 210 Hungary, 84 International, The, 138, 154,180-81, 225 International Alliance, 151 International Brotherhood of Bakunin, 135,151 International Workingmen's Association, 151 Isayev, 263-67, 288 Ishutin, Nikolay, 136-38, 140-41, 161, 242 Ivanov, 159-64 'Jacobin gang,' 25, 28 Jacobinism, 22, 199, 218-19, 300-01 Jews, 37, 240-41, 294-98 Joseph II, 13 Journey from Petersburg to Moscow, A, 13-18, 23-24, 32 Julius Caesar, 22 Kakhovsky, Lieutenant, 44, 48-50, 58, 60-61 Kaminskaya, Betty, 193 Karakozov, Dmitry, 138-41, 153, 242 Kazan, 131,225, 280,318 Khalturin, Stepan, 249-52, 299 Kharkov, 214, 216, 256, 315 Kherson, 219 Khomyakov, Herzen and, 72 Kibalchich, Nikolay, 243-44, 263-66, 271, 274-78 Kiev, 23 , 42, 44, 55 , 75-76, 188, 194-97, 213, 216, 222, 225, 254, 302, 315 'Kiev commune,' 186 Kireyevsky brothers, 72 Kishinev, 238 Klemenz, Dmitri, 178, 220 Kletochnikov, Nikolay, 210, 259, 265, 305 Kolokol. See Bell, The Komissarov, 140,143 Korsun, 194-96 Kostroma, 140 Kravchinsky, Sergey, 178-79, 183, 191, 205, 207, 209, 216-17, 219-20, 237, 261, 301 Krechetov, Fyodor, 23 Kronstadt, 302 Kropotkin, Prince Dmitry, 216, 256 Kropotkin, Prince Peter, 178, 183-86, 191, 213, 216,291 Krylova, Maria ('Mother of God'), 209, 220, 224 Kulaks, 174 Kutaisov, Count, 294-95 Kvyatkovsky, arrest of, 250-51 Land and Liberty, 127-31,142 Land and Liberty, second Society of, 206-24, 238 Land and Liberty, 210, 218-20, 222-23 Lavrov, Pyotr, 171-73, 175,181-82, 184, 187, 194, 196, 198-200, 207-08, 298, 303, 305, 311, 312 Lavrovists, 181, 183-84, 188-90, 194, 198-99, 201, 205, 208 Lenin, 24-25, 63, 116, 120,201, 320 Leningrad, 24. See also Petersburg Leontyev, Konstantin, 95 Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole, 88 Letter to the Starving Peasants, A, 325 Liberalism, 24-25, 62-63, 77, 97, 100, 102, 121, 142, 218, 236, 254 Liberation of Labour, 322-23, 325 Liberman, Aaron, 240 'Liberty' (Radishchev), 13-14, 32 'Liberty or Death' circle, 222 Lipetsk Conference, 221-22, 226,230 Listok. See Bulletin, The Livadia, 243, 259 Lizogub, Dmitry, 210, 217, 237 London, 89-90, 92, 128, 181, 198, 224, 283, 285-87 Longfellow, H. W., 112,129 Lopatin, Hermann, 309, 312-14 Loris-Melikov, Count Mikhail, 253-55, 257, 259-61, 267, 282-83 Lubatovich, Olga, 231 Lugansk, 314 Marx, Karl, 100, 146, 162, 173-74, 180-81, 283-86, 322, 324 Marxism, 169, 173, 322-328 Matter and Force, 123 Menshevism, 311, 329 Merkulov, Vasily, 244,288 Meshchersky, Prince, 293 Messenger of Free Opinions, 108 Messenger of the People's Will, 311 Mezentzev, General, 161, 216, 218, 229, 261 Michael, Grand Duke, 50 Mikhailov, Adrian, 261-63 MikhailOY, Alexander, 206, 220, 222-23, 228, 235, 237, 247, 262 Mikhailov, Mikhail L., 113 Mikhailov, Timofey, 264, 266, 268, 273-78 Mikhailovsky, Nikolay, 172-73, 175, 185, 234, 304 Military service, 30-31,142, 189-90 Military settlements, 28-29, 64 Military-Revolutionary Organization of People's Will, 236, 302, 306-07 Miller, Joaquin, 284 Minsk, 226 Mirski, Leon. 216 Mlodecki, 254 Monarchy, 97-98, 217, 236, 313, 322-23, 326 Montenegro, 228 Morozov, Nikolay, 178, 188-89, 219-20, 231, 234 Moscow, 34-35, 38, 44, 65, 69, 72-74, 84, 114-15, 136-37, 140^2, 157-60, 176-77, 183-85, 187, 190-91, 225, 245-49, 252, 256, 288, 292, 299, 316 Moscow Circle, 191-94, 202 Moscow University, 66-67, 107-09, 115, 147, 182, 280 Muravyov, Nikita, 35-37, 43, 143 Muravyov-Apostol, Ippolit, 55 Muravyov-Apostol, 40, 44, 52-56, 59-60 Muravyov-Apostol, Matvey, 53, 55-56 Myshkin, IppoUt, 190-91, 204-05, 213 Nabat. See Tocsin Napoleon Bonaparte, 27 Narodnaya Partiya. See Black Repartition Narodnaya rasprava. See People's Vengeance, The Narodnaya Volya, 232-33, 236-38, 249, 253, 260, 291, 295, 297, 306, 308, 313, 315,316 Narodnichestvo. See Populism Narodnoe Delo. See People's Cause, The Narodnoe Pravo, 326 Narodovoletz, 226, 327 Narodovoltzy, 321, 325 327 Natanson, Mark, 177, 205-06, 240, 326 Natanson Circle, 176-77 Navy, 30, 48, 50-51, 236 Nechayev, Sergey, 148-53, 155 157-65 167-68, 175, 180, 199, 216, 219, 242 ' Nekrasov, Nikolay, 91, 143, 173-74, 203 'New Song, The,' 198 New York, 283, 286-87 New York Herald, 248, 275, 283-84, 286-87 Nicholas I, 45-52, 55, 58, 60-61, 63-65, 78, 84, 90 Nicholas II, 317, 326, 327 Nihilism, 76, 124-26, 135-36, 240 Nikoladze, Nikolay, 304 Nizhny-Novgorod, 212 Northern Society, 35, 37-40, 42-52 Northern Union of Russian Workers, 211,218,234,249 Novikov, Nikolay, 22 Obolensky, Prince Yevgeny, 35, 51 Obshchina, 70, 73, 87-88, 94, 101-02, 104, 133, 170, 174 Obshchina, 164 Odessa, 194-95, 216, 229-30, 242-44, 256, 259, 298-99, 302, 306, 315 Odoyevsky, Prince, 47, 59 Ogarev, Nikolay, 66-68, 85, 92, 109, 111, 128, 135, 151-53, 155, 160-64 Okladsky, 244-245, 265, 288 Old Believers, 188, 299 ' Organization' the, 137-38, 144 Orthodox Catechism, The, 54 Orzhikh, Boris, 314-17 Oshanina, Maria, 230-31, 288, 300-01, 308, 312 Osinsky, Valerian, 217 Otechestvennye zapiski, 71 Owen, Robert, 76 Owenite colony in Siberia, 136 Paris, 85, 96, 164, 175, 208, 285, 291, 309, 311, 321 Patriotic War of 1812, 26-27, 30 Paul I, 22-23, 25, 30 Peace and Freedom, League of, 150 Peasants, 87, 94, 100, 103-06, 113, 129, 132-33, 147, 157, 170, 174, 178-80, 184-98, 205-06, 212-13, 323-24, 325-26 Pell, Dr. Alexander, 309-10 Penza province, 105 People's Cause, The, 144, 153 People's Liberation, Society of, 218-19 People's Party. See Black Repartition People's Right, The, 326 People's Vengeance, The, 152, 161 People's Will. See Narodnaya Volya People's Will, Party of, 167, 201, 226-52, 258-65, 280, 285-88, 290-322, 327. See also Executive Committee Peretz, Grigory, 37 Perovskaya, Sofya, 178, 183, 202, 204, 206, 227, 230-31, 246, 248, 259, 261, 267-68, 271-72, 274-75, 277-78, 280, 284 Pestel, Colonel Pavel, 34, 36-37, 39-40, 44, 46, 52, 59-62 Peters, Senator Karl, 204 Petersburg, 34-35, 51, 74-75, 107-08, 114, 116-17, 127, 136-37, 140, 142, 145, 147-49, 157, 160, 178, 180, 183, 187, 209-12, 216-17, 225 , 235 , 250, 260-61, 271, 276, 279, 288, 301-02, 312, 317-19, 322, 328. See also Winter Palace Petersburg University, 107-08, 147-49, 152, 180, 212, 235, 317 Petersburg Workers' Group, 312 Petrashevists, 75-83, 91 Petrashevsky, Mikhail, 75-83 Petrov, Anton, 106 Phalange, La, 74 Phalansteries, Fourier's, 67, 78, 82-83 Philaret, Metropolitan, 168 Phillips, Wendell, 286-87 Pilsudski, Bronislaw, 320 Pilsudski, Josef, 320 Pisarev, Dmitry, 122-24, 126, 136, 168, 178, 240 Plekhanov, Georgy, 210, 215, 218, 220, 222, 224, 290, 297-98, 301, 322-23, 325 Pobedonestzev, Procurator of Holy Synod, 277, 282-83, 293 Pogroms, 294-98 Poland, 27, 31, 33, 67, 89, 115, 127, 130-31, 239 Polar Star, The, 91, 92, 150 Political Economy, Chernyshevsky's translation of, 146 Popular Party. See Black Repartition Populism, 42, 168-73, 177-80, 180-97, 201-07, 212-18, 222, 224, 225, 226, 232-33, 238-39, 240-41, 290, 321-25, 326-28 Populists-Bakuninists, 239 Potapov, General, 165 Potemkin, Major, 24 Pravda, 292 'Preparatory Work of the Party, The,' 233-34 Pribyleva, Anna, 300 Principles of Revolution, The, 152 Proudhon, J. P., 73-4, 86 Pryzhov, 158-59 Pushkin, Alexander, 31, 61 Pykhachev, Colonel, 56 'Pythagorean Brotherhood,' 40 Rabochaya gazeta, 235, 237 Rabochaya zarya, 212 Rabotnik, 198 Radishchev, Alexander, 13-20, 23-5, 63, 93, 169 Razin, Stepan, ix Raznochintzy, 126 Red Cross of the People's Will, 301 Regicides, 39, 42; trial and execution of, 274-80, 284 Resurrection, 254 Revolutionary Action, Programme of, 147, 151, 157 Revolutionary Propaganda in Empire, 203-05 Rochefort, Henri, 216 Rogachev, Dmitry, 179,191 Rostov, 221 'Russian Constitutionalists,' 109, 111 Russian Officers in Poland, Committee of, 127,130 Russian Revolutionary Committee, 151-53, 157, 158, 161 Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, 328-29 'Russian Socialism,' 132-33, 169 'Russian Society,' 79, 83 Russian Word, The. See Russkoe slovo Russkaya pravda, 36-7, 39, 53-4 Russkoe, slovo, 122, 126, 132, 143 Russo-Turkish War, 218, 243 Ruza, 27 Ryleyev, Kondraty, 42-4, 47-8, 50, 57, 59-61, 62, 91 Rysakov, Nikolay, 264, 269-70, 272-79, 288 Sablin, 263-64, 273 Saint-Simonism, 67-8, 73, 76 Salvation, Union of, 32-3 Samara province, 213 Saratov, 98, 121, 190-91 Sebastopol, 89 Secret service, 257, 292-93, 302, 305, 314 Seed (Zerno), 226 Semyonovsky affair, 34-5 Serfdom, 14-5, 20, 26-9, 32, 33, 37, 61-2, 64, 70, 72, 75, 78, 89, 91, 93-5, 101-2, 103-06, 169, 174, 195-96 Serfs, 20, 29-30, 93, 94, 96, 103-05. See also Peasants Shelgunov, Nikolay, 113 Sherwood, Ivan, 49 Shiryayev, Stepan, 221, 227, 246,248 Shishko, Leonid, 178, 185 Shevyryov, Pyotr, 317-19 Shuvalov, Count, 125, 127, 145 Siberia, 7, 60, 63, 83, 136, 188, 239, 319, 327 Simbirsk, 320 Slav republics, federation of, 75 Slavophils, 43, 69-72, 91, 93-4, 110-11, 169 Smolensk, 24, 110 Smorgon Academy, 144, 146, 148 Social-Democratic Party, 311, 322-25, 328-29 Socialism, 67, 71, 73-5, 77-8, 86-8, 95, 100-01, 115-16, 123-24, 132-33, 154-55, 168-70, 173, 198-99, 207-08, 231-34, 300, 313, 316, 318, 322-23, 327 Socialists-Revolutionaries, Party of, 328-29 Social-Revolutionary Party, 206-07; 'Executive Committee of,' 220-23, 275 Solovyov, Alexander, 216, 221-22, 243, 256 Solovyov, Vladimir, 276 South Russian Union of Workers, 194, 203, 225, 288-89, 295 Southern Society, 35-6, 38, 39-42, 45, 52-9 Soviet rdgime, 99, 121, 168, 182 Sovremennik (The Contemporary) ,71, 91, 93, 98-9, 102-03, 111, 117-18, 132 Speransky, Count, 25-6, 60 Speshnev, Nikolay, 79-80, 83 Stael, Madame de, 30 Statehood and Anarchy, 181 Steinheil, Baron, 38 Stefanovich, Yakov, 191, 196-97, 213, 223-24, 225, 290, 303 Sternberg, Lev, 315 Strelnikov, General, 299 Strogonov, Count Paul, 19 Subbotina, Madame, 192 Subbotina sisters, 192, 202, 237, 302 Sudeikin, Lieutenant-Colonel, 302, 305-10, 313 Sukhanov, Nikolay, 281, 288, 302 'Sunday schools,' 115, 117 Supreme Commission for the Maintenance of State Order and Public Peace, 253-55 Susanin, Ivan, 140 Svyashchenaya Druzhtna. See Holy League Swinton, John, 287 Switzerland, 88, 133-34, 144, 150-52, 160-61, 163-64, 180-81, 191-92, 224-25, 301, 304 Taganrog, 44, 52 Tambov province, 105 Terrorist Section of People's Will, 317-19 Teterka, Vasily, 260 TMorie de l'Unitt Universale, 82 Third Division of His Majesty's Chancery, 64, 125, 127, 145, 210, 255 Tikhomirov, Lev, 178, 220, 231, 281, 290, 300, 301, 304-05, 308-09, 311-13, 315-16 Tikhonov, 244 Times, The, 253, 255, 283 Timkovsky, Konstantin, 77 Tkachev, Pyotr, 146-8, 175, 199-201, 218, 300-01 To the Younger Generation, 112-13 Tocsin (Nabat), 200-01, 219, 297 Todleben, Governor General of Odessa, 260 'Toilers' theory,' 100 Tolstov, student, 80, 82 Tolstoy, Count Leo, 169, 210, 254, 276 Tolstoy, Count Dmitry, 255, 314-15 Tovarishchestva, 100 Trepov, General, 214-15 Trilesy, 53 Trubetzkoy, Prince Sergey, 35, 42, 44, 46, 49-50, 57, 59, 61 True and Faithful Sons of the Fatherland, Society of, 32 Truth (Pravda), 292-93 Tsarkoe Selo, 32, 50 Tulchin, 34 Turgenev, Ivan, 74, 84, 111, 120, 124-25, 170 Turgenev, Nikolay, 62 Turkey, 30, 89 Tver province, 110, 174, 179, 280 Tyutchev, Fyodor, 89 Ukraine, 34-5, 188, 230, 239, 296-97 Ukrainian movement, 239 Ulyanov, Alexander, 320 Ulyanov, Vladimir. See Lenin Union of Salvation, 32-3 Union of Southern Workers, 289 Union of Welfare, 33-5 United Slavs, Society of, 40-2, 53, 54-5 United States of America, 14, 42, 77-8, 176, 187, 234, 249, 283-84, 286-87, 309-10 Universities, 65-6, 84, 91, 106-09, 113, 143-45, 147-48, 180-82, 212, 240. See also Moscow University; Petersburg University Ural Mountains, 188,190 Uspensky, Gleb, 174, 263 Valuyev, Count, 252, 267, 279 Vasilkov, 40, 44, 53-5 Vestnik Narodnoi voli, 311, 316 Vitebsk, 78 Vladimir, Grand Duke, 291 Vogiig, Viscount, 253 Voice of the People Housed by and Working for the Rascal Maxel, The, 211 Voices from Russia, 92 Voix du Peuple, La, 86 Volga region, 185, 188, 190, 212 Volnoe slovo, 292 Voltaire, 22 Voluntary Guard, 291, 294 Voronezh Conference, 221, 230 Vorontzov, Count Semyon, 21, 28 Vorontzov-Dashkov, Count, 304 Vperyod! See Forwardl Vyatka, 177, 249 Warsaw, 33, 45, 67, 115, 127, 239 Welfare, Union of, 33-5 Westernists, 69, 71-4, 91, 111, 169 What's to Be Done? 118-20, 185 Why I Have Ceased to be a Revolutionary, 316 Winter Palace, 24, 48, 114, 250-51, 328 Witte, Count, 290 Wittenberg, Solomon, 242-43 Women, 125, 144, 148, 180-82, 186, 191, 193, 202, 230-31 Worker, The (Rabotnlk), 198 Workers, attempts to proselytize, 178-79, 193-94, 208; unrest among, 211, 234-35; revolutionary organization of, 211; Black Repartition and, 225; industry, as potential revolutionary force, 234, 322, 326; education of, 234; propaganda among factory, 299, 325; Young People's Will and, 311 Workers' Dawn (Rabochaya zarya), 212 Workers' Gazette, The (Rabochaya gazeta), 235 World Revolutionary Alliance, 151 Yakimova, Anna, 244, 263, 267, 288 Yakubovich, Captain, 44, 48 Yakutsk, 216 Yaroslavl province, 74 Yekaterininsky Canal, 267-68,283 Yekaterinoslav, 295 Yelizavetgrad, 256 Yemelyanov, Ivan, 264, 266,270, 288 Young Russia, 114-17, 128, 300 Younger People's Will, 311-14, 315-17 Yuryevskaya, Princess, 260 Zaichnevsky, Pyotr, 115-16 Zaslavsky, E., 194 Zasulich, Vera, 214-16, 219, 223-24, 290, 301, 323-24 Zavalishin, Midshipman Dmitry, 43, 46, 58 Zemlyachestva, 317 Zemsky Sobor, 109, 132 Zemstvo boards, 132,142, 255, 303 Zerno, 226, 295 Zhelyabov, Andrey, 229-31, 235-36, 244-45, 251-67, 271-73, 275-78, 284-85, 288, 292 Zlatopolsky, Lev, 240 Zlatopolsky, Savely, 240 Zundelevich, Aron, 206, 218, 224, 259 Zurich, 164, 177, 180-82, 191, 199, 321

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