Russians: The People behind the Power

NOTES

1. THE HIDDEN RUSSIA

1. In The Russian Review 45, no. 2 (1986), 119.

2. EXTRAVAGANCE

1. Forbes magazine Russian edition, April 19, 2012.

2. Michael Voslensky, Nomenklatura: The Soviet Ruling Class (New York: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1984), 95.

3. Voslensky, 206.

4. Masha Charnay, “Marat Guelman: ‘Things Can Work Differently,’ ” in Russia beyond the Headlines, May 17, 2012, http://rbth.ru/articles/2012/05/17/marat_guelman_things_can_work_differently_15657.html.

5. Interview in Vedomosti, February 20, 2013.

6. Thane Gustafson, Wheel of Fortune: The Battle for Oil and Power in Russia (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2012), 198–202.

7. Mikhail Khodorkovsky, “Conveyor Belt of Russian Justice Legalizes Abuse,” Nezavisimaya Gazeta, March 3, 2010.

8. Moskovskiie Novosti, April 11, 2012.

9. The Moscow Times, January 18, 2012.

10. Nezavisimaya Gazeta, May 15, 2012.

11. Alexander Radishchev, A Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow, trans. Leo Wiener (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1958), 159.

12. Financial Times, November 1, 1997.

13. Forbes magazine Russian edition, March 23, 2013.

14. Michael McFaul and Kathryn Stoner-Weiss, “The Myth of the Authoritarian Model: How Putin’s Crackdown Holds Russia Back,” Foreign Affairs 87, no. 1 (January–February 2008), 69.

15. The Independent, July 16, 2009.

3. POVERTY

1. Tony Wood, “Collapse as Crucible,” New Left Review 74 (March–April 2012), http://newleftreview.org/?page=article&view=2952.

2. The Guardian, April 11, 2011.

3. From the US Department of State’s Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, cited at www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3183.htm.

4. My translation from Anna Akhmatova, Works, vol. 1 (Munich: Inter-Language Literary Associates, 1965), 360.

5. Moshe Lewin, Russia/USSR/Russia: The Drive and Drift of a Superstate (New York: The New Press, 1995), 139.

6. Anton Chekhov, “Peasants,” in The Portable Chekhov, ed. Avrahm Yarmolinsky (New York: Penguin Books, 1947), 352.

7. Boris Kagarlitsky, “Opposition Needs to Reach Beyond Moscow,” The Moscow Times, May 17, 2012.

8. Fyodor Dostoevsky, Poor Folk, trans. Robert Dessaix (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ardis, 1982), 27–28.

9. The Moscow Times, May 16, 2012.

10. The Washington Post, March 29, 2013.

11. Anton Chekhov, from Letters of Anton Chekhov to His Family and Friends, trans. Constance Garnett (New York: Macmillan, 1920), 209.

12. Sergei Zakharov, “Kak vymeraiet Rossiia: Karta otpustevshykh gorodov,” Slon.ru, March 19, 2013, http://slon.ru/economics/kak_vymiraet_rossiya_karta_opustevshikh_gorodov-920081.xhtml.

4. DRINKING

1. World Health Organization Global Alcohol Report for the Russian Federation, 2011, http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/profiles/rus.pdf.

2. Richard Pipes, Russia under the Old Regime (New York: Collier Books, 1992), 157.

3. Edward L. Keenan, e-mail to the Johnson’s Russia List forum, May 16, 2003, http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/7184-1.cfm.

4. Nicholas Faith and Ian Wisniewski, Classic Vodka (London: Prion Books, 1997), 49.

5. Faith and Wisniewski, 36.

6. Faith and Wisniewski, 38.

7. William Pokhlebkin, A History of Vodka, trans. Renfrey Clarke (London: Verso, 1992), 138.

8. Pokhlebkin, 159.

9. Sergei Romanov, Istoriia russkoi vodki (Moscow: Veche, 1998), 222.

10. Pokhlebkin, 143.

11. David Nowak, “The Stench of Death and Alcohol in Pskov,” The Moscow Times, November 7, 2006.

12. The Moscow Times, November 7, 2006.

13. John Sweeney, “Vodka’s My Poison,” on This World, BBC Two, March 14, 2007.

14. Tony Halpin, “Millions of Men Disappear as Demon Drink Takes Its Toll,” The Times (London), March 29, 2011.

15. Reuters, “Russians Wrongly Think They’re Healthy,” April 27, 2011.

16. Vitaly Korotich, Zhili-byli-eli-pili (Kharkov, Ukraine: Folio, 2005), 53.

17. Venedikt Erofeev, Moscow Stations, trans. Stephen Mulrine (London: Faber and Faber, 1997), 1.

18. Erofeev, 20.

19. Korotich, 62.

20. Korotich, 63.

21. Martin McKee, “Alcohol in Russia,” Alcohol and Alcoholism 34, no. 6 (1999), 827.

22. McKee, 828.

23. Sergei Roy, “The Vodka Mess,” The Moscow News, May 12–18, 2004.

24. Mark Lawrence Schrad, “Moscow’s Drinking Problem,” The New York Times, April 16, 2011.

25. Korotich, 17.

26. McKee, 825.

27. Schrad.

28. Korotich, 36.

29. Schrad.

30. Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment, trans. Jessie Coulson (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1989), 8.

31. Dostoevsky, 18.

32. Vladimir Nikolaev, Vodka v sudbe Rossii (Moscow: Parad, 2004), 61.

33. McKee, 825.

34. Roy.

35. Roy.

5. INTIMATES

1. Edward L. Keenan, “An Approach to Russian History,” in Studying Russian and Soviet History, ed. Abraham Ascher (Boulder, Colo.: Social Science Education Consortium, 1987), 4.

2. Keenan, 5.

3. Keenan, 5.

4. Maura Reynolds, “A Soviet Legend Dies Hard,” Los Angeles Times, November 12, 2002.

5. Katerina Clark, The Soviet Novel: History as Ritual (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), 10.

6. Orlando Figes, The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin’s Russia (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2007), 15.

7. Abram Tertz (Andrei Sinyavski), On Socialist Realism, trans. George Dennis (New York: Pantheon Books, 1960), 40–41.

8. Svetlana Boym, Common Places: Mythologies of Everyday Life in Russia (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994), 7.

9. Nadezhda Mandelstam, Hope Against Hope: A Memoir, trans. Max Hayward (New York: Atheneum, 1970), 34–35.

10. Boym, 1.

11. Including “Soviet Children’s Fear of Being Left Alone,” The Moscow Times, June 5, 2012.

12. Vladimir Shlapentokh, Public and Private Life of the Soviet People: Changing Values in Post-Stalin Russia (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 156.

13. Shlapentokh, 159.

14. Boym, 115.

15. Alena Ledeneva, How Russia Really Works: The Informal Practices That Shaped Post-Soviet Politics and Business (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2006), 119.

16. Richard Lourie, “Zombie Russia,” The Moscow Times, May 23, 2011.

17. Shlapentokh, 170.

18. United Nations Demographic Yearbook, http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2008.htm.

19. Rb.ru, October 25, 2011, http://www.rb.ru/article/sredniy-klass-v-rossii-eto-nad-chertoy-bednosti/6805177.html.

20. Ellen Barry, “A Hunger for Tales of Life in the American Cul-de-Sac,” The New York Times, December 10, 2012.

6. DOMESTIC ORDER

1. The Times (London), March 29, 2011.

2. Richard Pipes, Russia under the Old Regime (New York: Collier Books, 1992), 17.

3. Nicholas Riasanovsky, A History of Russia, 5th ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), 430.

4. The Guardian, June 16, 2006.

7. INDOLENCE AND INEFFICIENCY

1. See Simon Shuster’s “Off with Their Heads,” Foreign Policy, December 5, 2012, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/12/05/off_with_their_heads?page=0,2.

2. Edward L. Keenan, “Medieval and Early Modern Russia” (lecture, Harvard University [history 1353], Cambridge, Mass., fall 1997).

3. Keenan.

4. James H. Billington, The Icon and the Axe: An Interpretive History of Russian Culture (New York: Vintage Books, 1970), 78.

5. Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1962).

6. Martin Malia, The Soviet Tragedy: A History of Socialism in Russia, 1917–1991 (New York: Free Press, 1994), 59.

7. Edward L. Keenan, “Muscovite Political Folkways,” The Russian Review 45, no. 2 (1986), 165.

8. Malia, 66.

9. Ibid.

10. Keenan, 166.

11. Keenan, 167.

12. Keenan, 171.

13. Malia, 189.

14. Tony Wood, “Collapse as Crucible,” New Left Review 74 (March–April 2012), http://newleftreview.org/?page=article&view=2952.

15. Malia, 201.

16. Malia, 203.

17. Astolphe, Marquis de Custine, Journey for Our Time: The Russian Journals of the Marquis de Custine, ed. and trans. Phyllis Penn Kohler (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway, 1987), 66.

18. Custine, 58.

19. Custine, 63–64.

20. Ivan Goncharov, Oblomov, trans. Natalie Duddington (New York: E. P. Dutton and Co., Inc., 1960), 4.

21. Goncharov, 6.

22. Bloomberg, March 17, 2013.

8. THE AVANT-GARDE

1. David Burliuk, Alexander Kruchenykh, Vladimir Mayakovsky, and Victor Khlebnikov.

2. Olga Khvostunova, “Science for Others,” Institute of Modern Russia, June 4, 2013, http://imrussia.org/en/society/484.

3. Ibid.

4. Nikolai Berdyaev, The Russian Idea (New York: Macmillan, 1948), 3.

5. Martha Gellhorn, Travels with Myself and Another (New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam, 2001), 258–59.

6. Isaiah Berlin, “The Birth of the Russian Intelligentsia,” in Russian Thinkers (New York: Penguin Books, 1979), 119.

7. Berlin, “Birth,” 129.

8. Isaiah Berlin, “1848,” in Russian Thinkers (New York: Penguin Books, 1979), 4.

9. Boris Groys, The Total Art of Stalinism: Avante-Garde, Aesthetic Dictatorship, and Beyond, trans. Charles Rougle (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991), 4–5.

10. Kazimir Malevich, “From Cubism to Suprematism: The New Painterly Realism,” in Russian Art of the Avant Garde: Theory and Criticism 1902–1934, ed. John Bowlt (New York: Viking Press, 1976), 122.

11. Alexander Herzen, Selected Philosophical Works, trans. L. Nazorov (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1956), 362–63.

12. Benjamin Bidder, “Powerful Enemies: Kremlin Targets Russian Facebook Clone,” Spiegel Online, May 2, 2013, http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/kremlin-targets-russian-facebook-clone-vkontakte-a-897487.html#spRedirectedFrom=www&referrrer=.

13. Grani.ru, February 4, 2013, http://grani.ru/Internet/m.211237.html.

9. COLD AND PUNISHMENT

1. Vissarion Belinsky, Selected Philosophical Works (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1956), 537.

2. Anne Applebaum, Gulag: A History (New York: Doubleday, 2003), 113.

3. Astolphe, Marquis de Custine, Journey for Our Time: The Russian Journals of the Marquis de Custine, ed. and trans. Phyllis Penn Kohler (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway, 1987), 73.

4. George Feifer, “Russian Winter,” Harper’s Magazine (February 1982), 39.

5. Galina Stolyarova, “Not a Pretty Picture,” Transitions Online, January 31, 2013, http://www.tol.org/client/article/23576-russia-prison-women.html.

6. Nicholas Riasanovsky, A History of Russia, 5th ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), 152.

7. Edward L. Keenan, “Muscovite Political Folkways,” The Russian Review 45, no. 2 (1986), 147.

8. I’ve been unable to find out whether the verse is Zhora’s own or whether he was quoting someone else. Scholars I’ve consulted told me it may be the work of a minor poet of the time.

9. Anton Chekhov, from Letters of Anton Chekhov to His Family and Friends, trans. Constance Garnett (New York: Macmillan, 1920), 218.

10. Chekhov, 134.

11. Quoted in Henri Troyat, Chekhov, trans. Michael Henry Heim (New York: E. P. Dutton and Co., Inc., 1986), 129.

12. Vassily Aksyonov, The Burn, trans. Michael Glenny (London: Abacus, 1985), 221.

13. Edward L. Keenan, “An Approach to Russian History,” in Studying Russian and Soviet History, ed. Abraham Ascher (Boulder, Colo.: Social Science Education Consortium, 1987), 7.

14. Anton Makarenko, A Book for Parents (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1954), 268.

15. Aksyonov, 221.

16. Ivan Kireevsky, Polnoe sobrannie sochinenii Ivana Vasiliecicha Kirieevskago, vol. 2 (Moscow: Tipografia P. Bakhmetova, 1861), 233–34.

17. Richard Pipes, Russia under the Old Regime (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1974), 221–22.

18. James H. Billington, The Icon and the Axe: An Interpretive History of Russian Culture (New York: Vintage Books, 1970), 49.

19. Billington, 55.

10. CLAN RULES

1. The Moscow Times, June 25, 2009.

2. Harold Berman, Justice in Russia (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1950), 154.

3. Edward L. Keenan, “Muscovite Political Folkways,” The Russian Review 45, no. 2 (1986), 144.

4. Edward L. Keenan, “Medieval and Early Modern Russia” (lecture, Harvard University [history 1353], Cambridge, Mass., fall 1997).

5. Edward L. Keenan, “An Approach to Russian History,” in Studying Russian and Soviet History, ed. Abraham Ascher (Boulder, Colo.: Social Science Education Consortium, 1987), 7.

6. Vladimir Pribylovsky of Moscow’s Panorama Center provides some of the most incisive analyses of the clan rivalries that dominate Russian politics, including in “Clans Are Marching,” openDemocracy, May 30, 2013, http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/vladimir-pribylovsky/clans-are-marching.

7. Catherine Belton, “A Realm Fit for a Tsar,” Financial Times, November 30, 2011.

8. The Guardian, July 30, 2009.

9. Financial Times, October 1, 2012.

10. Catherine Belton, “Suleiman Kerimov, the Secret Oligarch,” Financial Times Magazine, February 10, 2012.

11. Gregory White, “Share Deals Open Window on Kremlin,” The Wall Street Journal Europe, March 27, 2012.

12. Keenan, “Folkways,” 142.

13. Jerome Horsey, “Travels of Sir Jerome Horsey,” from Russia at the Close of the Sixteenth Century, ed. Edward A. Bond (London: Hakluyt Society, 1856), 163.

14. Keenan, “Approach,” 3.

15. Yulia Latynina, “Ia ne narod,” Gazeta.ru, December 12, 2011, http://www.gazeta.ru/column/latynina/3938086.shtml.

16. Mikhail Khodorkovsky, “Kak pomentiat’ vlast’ v Rossii: osnovnye zadachi oppositsii,” Gazeta.ru, February 29, 2012, http://www.gazeta.ru/comments/2012/02/29_a_4016241.shtml.

17. Dmitri Travin, “Does Putin Need His Parliament?” openDemocracy, March 19, 2013, http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/dmitri-travin/does-putin-need-his-parliament.

18. The Moscow Times, May 22, 2012.

19. The Moscow Times, Feburary 12, 2013.

20. Reuters, May 7, 2012.

21. Georgy Bovt, “Why Guriev Chose Paris Over Krasnokamensk,” The Moscow Times, June 3, 2013.

22. Alexander J. Motyl, “Inside Track: Is Putin’s Russia Fascist?” The National Interest, December 3, 2007, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/inside-track-is-putins-russia-fascist-1888.

11. GRANDIOSITY AND BOMBAST

1. Alexander Pushkin, “The Bronze Horseman,” in Wacław Lednicki, Pushkin’s Bronze Horseman: The Story of a Masterpiece, University of California Publications: Slavic Studies, vol. 1 (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1955), 142.

2. Astolphe, Marquis de Custine, Journey for Our Time: The Russian Journals of the Marquis de Custine, ed. and trans. Phyllis Penn Kohler (Wahington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway, 1987), 97.

3. Nikolai V. Gogol, “Peterburgskiie zapiski 1836 goda,” in Sobranie sochinenii v vos’mi tomakh vol. 7 (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Pravda, 1984), 168.

4. Joseph Brodsky, “Less Than One,” in Less Than One: Selected Essays (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1986), 5.

5. Alexander Dugin, “The World Needs to Understand Putin,” Financial Times, March 12, 2013.

6. Richard Pipes, “Pride and Power,” The Wall Street Journal, August 24, 2009.

7. Kathy Lally, “Russia Expects Olympics to Retool Its Image,” The Washington Post, February 9, 2013.

8. The New York Times, January 12, 2013.

9. Ilya Ponomaryov, “Arrest People with High Fences on Rublyovka,” The Moscow Times, March 1, 2013.

10. Alexei Malashenko, “The Dynamics of Russian Islam,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, February 1, 2013, https://www.carnegieendowment.org/2013/02/01/dynamics-of-russian-islam/f88a.

11. James H. Billington, The Icon and the Axe: An Interpretive History of Russian Culture (New York: Vintage Books, 1970), 72.

12. Nicholas Riasanovsky, A History of Russia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), 395.

13. Shaun Walker, “Portrait of a Nationalist,” RussiaProfile.org, April 21, 2009, http://www.russiaprofile.org/politics/a1240333330.html.

14. Charles Clover, “Russian ‘Civilisation’ Stirs Resentment,” Financial Times, December 11, 2012.

15. Nikolai Berdyaev in Vekhi, ed. Boris Shragin and Albert Todd, trans. Marian Schwartz (New York: Karz Howard, 1977), 10.

16. Piotr Struve in Vekhi, 148.

17. Bogdan Kistiakovski in Vekhi, 115.

18. Yegor Gaidar, Collapse of an Empire: Lessons for Modern Russia, trans. Antonina Bouis (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2007), 109.

19. Financial Times, March 22, 2012.

12. FUTURE DELAYED

1. Richard Pipes, “Pride and Power,” The Wall Street Journal, August 24, 2009.

2. Alexander Golts, “Why Putin Is Mad at Me,” The Moscow Times, January 23, 2012.

3. Yulia Latynina, “Putin Is Joining the Dictators’ Club,” The Moscow Times, June 6, 2012.