Scatter, Adapt, and Remember: How Humans Will Survive a Mass Extinction

INDEX

Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.

aerosols, 19.1, 20.1

ship, 19.1, nts.1n

Aerospace Corporation

Africa, 6.1, 10.1, 13.1

droughts in, 9.1, 18.1

human migration out of, itr.1, itr.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 23.1

African replacement theory (recent African origins theory), 7.1, 7.2

agnathan fish

Ailor, William

algae blooms

Alvarez, Luis

Alvarez, Walter, 4.1, 4.2

American Museum of Natural History, 6.1, 6.2

Americas, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, nts.1n

colonial plagues in, 8.1, 13.1

ammonites, 2.1, 2.2

amphibians, itr.1, itr.2

crurotarsans, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4

fungal infections of

Amsterdam

Anderson, Chris, 22.1, 22.2

Appalachian Mountains, 2.1, 2.2, 19.1

Aramaic language

Armitage, Simon

armored fish, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

Armstrong, Rachel

artificial intelligence (AI), 22.1, 23.1

Artyukhov, Vasilii

Assyrian empire, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2, nts.1n

asteroid impacts, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, itr.4, 1.1, 20.1

deadly aftermath of

defending against, 20.1, 23.1

Torino scale of, 20.1, 20.2, 21.1, nts.1n

Australopithecus, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

autotrophs

Axelbaum, Richard

Aztec empire, 8.1, 14.1

BacillaFilla

background extinction rate, 1.1, 2.1, 5.1

bacteria, 3.1, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2

Yersinia pestis, 8.1, 16.1

Baghdad

Barnardos, Andreas

Barnosky, Anthony

bats, 4.1, 16.1

bees, Colony Collapse Disorder of, itr.1, nts.1n

Before the Lights Go Out (Koerth-Baker),

Benjamin, David

Benton, Mike, itr.1, 3.1

Bigelow, Robert

biodiversity, 2.1, 4.1, nts.1n

biological cities, 18.1, 22.1

biomimesis

bioreactors, 18.1, 18.2

birds, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1

Black Atlantic, The (Gilroy),

Black Death (bubonic plague), 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 16.1, 16.2

Church officials’ response to, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

death tolls of, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5

origin of, 8.1, 16.1

1665 Great Plague of

social effects of, 8.1, 8.2

stages of

urban poverty and, 8.1, 8.2

blue-green algae, see cyanobacteria

blue whales

Blythe, David

boron nitride nanotubes

Bostrom, Nick, 22.1, 23.1, nts.1n

bottlenecks, genetic, itr.1, 6.1

low genetic diversity linked to, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, nts.1n

migration and

serial founder theory of, 6.1, 6.2

speciation events in, 6.1, 6.2

Toba megavolcano and, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

Buikstra, Jane

building codes, 15.1, 15.2, 17.1

Butler, Octavia, 13.1, 19.1, 22.1, 23.1

Cabrol, Nathalie, 23.1, nts.1n

California Institute of Technology

CAMP (Central Atlantic magmatic province)

Canada, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 19.1

Canfield, Donald

Cann, Rebecca

Canterbury Tales, The (Chaucer), 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

Caral, 14.1, 14.2

carbon cycle, 1.1, 19.1, 19.2

carbon emissions, 5.1, 9.1, 15.1, 19.1, 19.2, 21.1, nts.1n

carbon nanotubes, 21.1, 21.2

carbon sequestration, 11.1, 18.1, 18.2, 19.1, 19.2

Carmody, John

Cascio, Jamais, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4

Çatalhöyük, 14.1, 1.11, 14.2

cave dwellings, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

cave paintings, 5.1, 6.1

CDC (Centers for Disease Control), 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, 16.5

CD3WD database, nts.1n

Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris Studies

Chaucer, Geoffrey, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, nts.1n

Chicxulub crater

China, 11.1, 16.1, 16.2, 17.1, nts.1n

Great Leap Forward of, 9.1, 9.2

chloroplasts, 11.1, 11.2

cholera, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3

Chu, Steven

CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)

Cincinnati, University of

circadian rhythms

cities, itr.1, itr.2, 8.1, 13.1, 14.1, 23.1

agricultural development and

ancient

disaster-resistant, see disaster science

earliest, 14.1, 14.2

economic success of

eco-technologies in, 14.1, 18.1

emergent property of

endurance of

energy used by

experimental ideas tolerated by

grassroots development of

green spaces in, 14.1, 14.2, 18.1

key components of

as living process, 14.1, 18.1

medieval

mounds created by

people socialized by, 14.1, 14.2

poverty in, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

pre-Columbian American

proto-, 5.1

public health in, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 16.1

sidewalk life of

specialized skills required by

stochastic

storm-water runoff in, 18.1, 18.2

successful, 14.1, 14.2

traffic reduction in

see also farm cities; underground cities

civilizations, 8.1, 8.2, 13.1, 14.1, 20.1, 23.1

interplanetary

interstellar

pre-Columbian American

rebuilding of, nts.1n

Clarke, Arthur C.

Claudius, Emperor of Rome

Climate Hazards Group

coal, clean

coal gap

Coburn, Brian

Cochran, Gregory

Columbian Exchange, The (Crosby),

concrete, 17.1, nts.1n

self-healing, 18.1, 22.1, 22.2

Contagion, 16.1, 16.2

continental drift, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1

coral reefs, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 4.1

cores, drill

cosmic radiation, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, itr.4, 2.1, 17.1

Country in the City, The (Walker),

Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) mass extinction, itr.1, 3.1, 4.1, 20.1, nts.1n–70n

flaming-ball-of-death controversy and

survivors of

crinoids

Crosby, Alfred

crurotarsans, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4

Cuba

cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 5.1, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2

chloroplasts and, 11.1, 11.2

circadian rhythms of

in clean coal technology

famine’s lack of effect on

hydrogen-releasing, 11.1, 11.2

nitrogen fixation by

symbiotic relationships of, 11.1, 11.2

see also photosynthesis

cyborgs, 22.1, 22.2

cycadeoids

dating techniques

Dawkins, Richard, 6.1, 6.2

Death and Life of Great American Cities, The (Jacobs),

Deccan Plateau

DeLong, Brad

Denisovans, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2

Derinkuyu, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3

Despommier, Dickson

Devonian Period, itr.1, 2.1, 2.2

extinction of

DeWitte, Sharon

Diamond, Jared, 8.1, nts.1n

Diaspora,

diaspora, human, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 10.1

see also Jews

diatoms

Dikötter, Frank

dimetrodon

dinosaurs

body postures of

evolution of, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3

extinction of, itr.1, 3.1, 4.1; see also Cretaceous-Tertiary (KT) mass extinction

feathers of

therapod, 4.1, 4.2

as Triassic survivors

disaster science, 14.1, 15.1, 23.1

building codes and, 15.1, 15.2, 17.1

cost of, 15.1, 15.2

death tolls and, 15.1, 15.2

earthquakes in, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4

explosions in

flooding in, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 15.5

landslides in, 15.1, 15.2

prediction in

rescue innovation in

tsunamis in, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3

DNA, 1.1, 2.1, nts.1n, nts.2n

Jewish

mitochondrial

mutated, 6.1, 16.1, 22.1

Neanderthal, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7

sequencing of, 6.1, 8.1

symbolic thought and

in synthetic biology

dolphins

Driscoll, Simon, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3

droughts, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 19.1, nts.1n

prediction of

dust-bowl famines, 9.1, 9.2

Eaarth (McKibben),

earthquakes, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 17.1

ecosystems, itr.1, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 18.4, 19.1, nts.1n

food webs of, 3.1, 3.2

homogeneous

Permian

vulnerable, famines and, 9.1, 9.2

Edwards, Bradley, 21.1, 21.2, 21.3, nts.1n

Edward III, King of England

endosymbiotic theory

Energetic Materials Research and Testing Center

energy, 14.1, 17.1, 18.1

future sources of

solar, 11.1, 14.1, 14.2, 18.1, 18.2, 19.1

sustainable, 14.1, 19.1, 19.2, 21.1, 21.2

England, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 18.1

blacks in

Dover cliffs of

feudalism in, 8.1, 8.2

Peasants’ Revolt in, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 9.1

see also Black Death; Oxford Martin School

enhanced weathering

entitlements, theory of, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4

environmentalist movement, 12.1, 14.1, nts.1n

environmental-protection laws

epidemic modeling

air travel spread in, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3

of cholera, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3

health surveillance in, 16.1, 16.2

ideal response in

patterns of infection in, 16.1, 16.2

rural vs. urban areas in, 16.1, 16.2

vaccinating children in, 16.1, 16.2

see also pandemics

eukaryotes

Europe, 1.1, 23.1

evolution, 11.1, nts.1n–79n

of dinosaurs, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3

of feathers, 4.1, 6.1

of gray whales

natural selection in, 22.1, nts.1n

Permian

evolution, human, itr.1, 2.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1

adaptations in, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1

bipedalism in, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4

brain size in, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 7.1, 22.1

hominins in, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, nts.1n–72n

language in, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1

leg length in

ongoing, 22.1, 22.2, nts.1n–92n

sexual selection in, 6.1, 6.2, 22.1, nts.1n

symbolic communication in, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1

walking in, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

evolution, human, future, 4.1, 13.1, 22.1

machine superintelligence and

and radiation bombardment in space, 22.1, 22.2

synthetic biology in

uploaded brains in, 22.1, 23.1, 23.2

Exodus, book of, 10.1, 10.2, nts.1n

fairy chimneys, 17.1, 17.2

famines, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 17.1, 18.1

of China’s Great Leap Forward, 9.1, 9.2

cyanobacteria’s immunity to

death tolls of, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5

drought in, see droughts

Greek, in World War II, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4

humanitarian aid for, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

Irish Potato (Black ’47), 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4

Malthusian view of

marketplace and

1930s dust-bowl, 9.1, 9.2

poverty and, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

prevention of

survivors of, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

vulnerable ecosystems in, 9.1, 9.2

warfare and, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5

farm cities, 14.1, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2

biological, 18.1, 22.1

bioregional, 18.1, 18.2

green roofs in, 14.1, 18.1, 18.2

land management in

skyscraper farms in

SPIN model of, 18.1, 18.2

street markets in

feathers, 4.1, 6.1

ferns

Finland, 22.1, nts.1n

Florence

food chain, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2

food webs, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3

community selection of

fossil record, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 11.1

cultural explosion in

dating of

Deccan Plateau in

Devonian, 2.1, 2.2

fungal spike in

geological periods defined by

human evolution in, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5

late Triassic

Neanderthals in, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6

stromatolites in

founder effect, 6.1, 6.2, nts.1n

Fountains of Paradise, The (Clarke),

1491 (Mann),

Fraser, Evan

fungal infections

gamma-ray bursts, 17.1, 17.2, nts.1n

Garske, Tini

gene pools, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, nts.1n

genetic diversity, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, nts.1n

genetic drift, 6.1, 7.1

genetics, itr.1, 1.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 12.1, 16.1, 16.2, 22.1, 22.2, 22.3, nts.1n

see also bottlenecks, genetic; DNA; population genetics

Genial Gene, The (Roughgarden),

genome, human

haplotypes in, 10.1, nts.1n

modified

Neanderthal DNA in, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6

genomes, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

geoengineering, 19.1, 19.2, 22.1, nts.1n

carbon sequestration in, 19.1, 19.2

moral hazard of

Oxford Principles for

solar management in, 19.1, 20.1

unintended consequences of, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3

geological periods, 2.1, 2.2, nts.1n

geological time, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 6.1, nts.1n–70n

Germany, 6.1, 7.1

green roofs in

Nazi, 9.1, 14.1

Gilman, Ernest

Gilroy, Paul

Ginsberg, Daisy, 22.1, 23.1

Glaeser, Edward

Göbekli Tepe

Goldstein, David

Gondwana supercontinent, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1

Google Flu Trends, 16.1, 16.2

Google Lunar X Prize

Göreme, 17.1, 17.2

graptolites, 2.1, 2.2

gray whales, 11.1, 12.1

Arctic summer feeding grounds of, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4

averted extinction of, 12.1, 12.2

eastern and western Pacific groups of

extinct Atlantic group of

feeding habit of, 12.1, 12.2

juvenile

lifespan of

population size of, 12.1, 12.2, nts.1n

relative simplicity of, 12.1, 12.2

reproduction of, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3

sounds made by, 12.1, 12.2

stranded, rescue of, 12.1, 12.2

whalers attacked by

gray whales, winter migrations of, 12.1, 12.2

group composition in, 12.1, 12.2

learning route of, 12.1, 12.2

to Mexican lagoons, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4

transmitted knowledge of, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3

unihemispheric sleep of, 12.1, nts.1n

Great Dying, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1

food webs and, 3.1, 3.2

see also Permian Period

Great Plague (1665)

Greece, 10.1, 17.1

World War II famine in, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4

greenhouse gases, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 3.1, 11.1, 19.1, 19.2

carbon emissions, 5.1, 9.1, 15.1, 19.1, 19.2, 21.1, nts.1n

volcanoes as source of, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2

weathering out of, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

Greenland

green roofs, 14.1, 18.1, 18.2

Gudmundsson, Agust, 17.1, 17.2

Guns, Germs and Steel (Diamond),

Haase, Mark

Hacking the Earth (Cascio),

Haiti, earthquake in

Hall, Alex

hand axes

haplotypes, 10.1, nts.1n

Harpending, Henry

Harvey, Jim

“Has the Earth’s Sixth Mass Extinction Already Arrived?” (Barnosky)

Hawks, John, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

Hays, Jo

Hertsgaard, Mark

Hionidou, Violetta, 9.1, 9.2

Hirschfeld, Magnus

Hodder, Ian

Homo erectus, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 7.1, nts.1n

H. ergaster, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4

H. heidelbergensis,

H. neanderthalensis, itr.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1

appearance of, 7.1, 7.2, nts.1n

brain size of

burial goods of

cave dwellings of, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

culture lacked by, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

DNA of, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7

in fossil record, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6

hardships of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

injuries of, 7.1, 7.2

interbreeding of, 7.1, 7.2

meat-heavy diets of, 7.1, 7.2

population size of, 7.1, 7.2

regional groups of

symbolic communication of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

tools of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5

H. neanderthalensis, extinction of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5

African replacement theory (recent African origins theory) of, 7.1, 7.2

assimilation in, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, nts.1n

extermination in, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

multiregional theory of

H. sapiens, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 19.1

actual vs. effective population size of, 6.1, 6.2, nts.1n

H. sapiens (continued)

brain wiring of, 7.1

cultural explosion of, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

future humans’ view of

lineage of

out-of-Africa migration of, itr.1, itr.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 23.1

racial groups of

sexual predilections attributed to, 7.1, 7.2

symbolic communication of, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2

see also evolution, human

H1N1 (swine flu) pandemic (2009), 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4

House Un-American Activities Committee

Huff, Chad

Human Career, The (Klein),

humanitarian aid, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

humpback whales, 12.1, 12.2

hydrogen fuel, 11.1, 11.2

hypernovae

IBM

ice ages, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 7.1

Older Dryas

of Snowball Earth, itr.1, 1.1

ice caps, polar, 5.1, 12.1

icehouse states

Ordovician

Permian, 3.1, 4.1

ILINet

Incan empire, 8.1, 8.2, nts.1n

India, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 11.1, 19.1

indirect extinctions

Indonesia

influenza pandemics, 8.1, 16.1

mutant strains in

1918–19, 8.1, 16.1

origin of, 16.1, 16.2

SARS, 16.1, 16.2

stages of, 16.1, 16.2

2009 H1N1 (swine flu), 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4

influenza pandemics, containment of

antiviral medications in, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3

decentralized treatment in

“hedging” strategy in

quarantining in

social distancing in, 16.1, 16.2

vaccination in, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3

“intelligence explosion” (“Singularity”), 22.1, 23.1

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

International Center for Advanced Renewable Energy and Sustainability (I-CARES)

International Space Station, 21.1, 21.2

International Whaling Commission, 12.1, nts.1n

invasive species, itr.1, 2.1, 2.2, 19.1

Iraq, 14.1, 14.2

iridium anomaly

Irish Potato Famine (Black ’47), 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4

ISEC (International Space Elevator Consortium), nts.1n–90n

Israel, northern kingdom of, 10.1, 10.2, nts.1n

Israelites, 10.1, 10.2

Iverson, Richard, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3

Jacobs, Jane

Jacob’s Legacy (Goldstein),

Jakubowski, Marcin, nts.1n

Japan, 15.1, 15.2, 17.1

Jemison, Mae, 23.1, 23.2

Jenkins, Dennis

Jerusalem, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4

Jewish HapMap Project

Jews, 10.1, 21.1

ancient Roman, 10.1, 10.2, 17.1, 17.2

Babylonian exile of, 10.1, 10.2

God of

matriliny of

Passover story of, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3

persecution of, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5

population genetics of, 10.1, nts.1n

Portuguese

proselytizing by, 10.1, 10.2

underground cities created by, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3

Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis

Jones, David S.

Jones, Matt

Judah, kingdom of, 10.1, 10.2

Jurassic Period, 4.1, 4.2

Kaliampakos, Dmitris

Keith, David

Keller, Gerta

Kelton, Paul

Kent, Susan

kinetic impactor

Kirschvink, Joe, 1.1, 1.2

Klein, Richard, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5

Kleinboehl, Armin, 23.1, nts.1n

Koerth-Baker, Maggie

Kolbert, Elizabeth

Kostof, Spiro, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1

Krakatoa eruption, 19.1, 19.2

Kruger, Tim

Kurzweil, Ray

Lahn, Bruce

landslides, 15.1, 15.2

LaserMotive

Laubscher, Bryan

Layzer, Judith, 18.1, 18.2

Leakey, Richard, itr.1, nts.1n

Leiber, Fritz, 14.1, nts.1n

Lilith’s Brood (Butler), 13.1, 13.2

Lo, Cynthia, 11.1, 11.2

Lofstrom, Keith

Lystrosaurus, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 4.1

McAuley, Paul

McElwain, Jennifer

MacKay, David

McKibben, Bill, 1.1, 19.1

McNally, Amy

magnesium silicate

Mainzer, Amy

Malthus, Thomas

Mann, Charles, 8.1, nts.1n

Mao Zedong, 9.1, 9.2

Marcu, Oana

Mars, 13.1, 20.1, 21.1, 22.1, 22.2, 23.1, 23.2

Marshall, Charles, 1.1, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1

Martian Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), 23.1, nts.1n

Maryland, Health and Hygiene Department of

mass extinctions:

causes of, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1

defining, 1.1, 2.1

periodicity of

potential responses to

rate of

sixth, itr.1, 5.1, nts.1n

Mating Mind, The (Miller),

Matrajt, Laura

Max Planck Institute, 6.1, 7.1

Medea Hypothesis, The (Ward),

megafauna extinctions, itr.1, 5.1

megavolcanoes, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 2.1, 3.1, 17.1, 19.1, nts.1n

CAMP

in India

Permian, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1

Toba, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

Melott, Adrian

Mesopotamia

meteorite impacts, 4.1, 17.1

see also asteroid impacts

methane clathrates

methane ecosystem

Mexico, 8.1, 14.1

gray whale migrations to, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4

Middle Ages, 8.1, 8.2, 14.1, nts.1n

Milky Way galaxy, 2.1, 22.1

Miller, Geoffrey

Miocene Epoch

mitochondria

mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondrial Eve, 7.1, 7.2

Montréal, “RÉSO” in, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3

Moon, 1.1, 13.1, 19.1, 21.1, 21.2, 23.1, 23.2

Moon Express, 21.1, 21.2

Moses

Moss, Robert

Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML)

mud slides, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3

multiregionalism

Musk, Elon, 21.1, 21.2

nanotubes, 21.1, 21.2

NASA, itr.1, 21.1, 23.1, nts.1n–91n

Deep Impact mission of

space elevator and, 21.1, 21.2, 21.3, 21.4

Spaceguard program of, 20.1, 20.2

Space Shuttle of, 21.1, 21.2

WISE satellite of, 20.1, 20.2

Native Americans, 5.1, 8.1

Nature, 1.1, 5.1, 5.2

Neanderthals, see H. neanderthalensis

Nebuchadnezzar II, King of Babylon

Neilan, Brett

NEOCam space telescope, 20.1, 20.2

Neolithic Revolution

NEOs (near-Earth objects), 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, nts.1n

New York City, 14.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3

nitrogen fixation

noise pollution, 12.1, nts.1n–81n

NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense Command), 17.1, 17.2, nts.1n

nuclear radiation, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 20.1, nts.1n

nuclear winter, 17.1, 20.1, nts.1n

O, The Oprah Magazine,

Occupy movement

ocean acidification, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3

ocean anoxic dead zones, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 20.1

ocean fertilization

ocean subduction

Ó Gráda, Cormac

Older Dryas ice age

100 Year Starship project, 23.1, 23.2

Ordovician Period, itr.1, 2.1, 3.1, 17.1, 19.1

extinction of

icehouse state of

Oregon, 5.1, 15.1, 15.2

Oregon State University, itr.1, 15.1, 15.2, nts.1n

organelles, 1.1, 11.1

Ostrer, Harry, 10.1, 10.2, nts.1n

Oxford Martin School

Future of Humanity Institute of

oxygen, 2.1, 11.1, 19.1

depletion of, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 20.1

Oxygen Apocalypse, itr.1, 1.1

Pääbo, Svante, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2

Paisley Caves

Pakrasi, Himadri, 11.1, 11.2

pandemics, itr.1, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 14.1, 15.1, 16.1, 22.1

American colonial, 8.1, 13.1

death tolls of, 8.1, 8.2, 16.1, 16.2

quarantining in, 8.1, 8.2, 16.1, 16.2

smallpox, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

social effects of, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

stages of

see also Black Death; epidemic modeling; influenza pandemics; plagues

Pangaea supercontinent, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1

Parable of the Talents (Butler),

Paradise Built in Hell, A (Solnit),

Passover story, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3

Payne, Jonathan, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

peasants, 8.1, 9.1, 14.1

Peasants’ Revolt, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 9.1

Pepys, Samuel, 8.1, 8.2

perchlorates, 21.1, nts.1n

periurban agriculture

Permian Period, itr.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1

ecosystems of

icehouse state of, 3.1, 4.1

survivors of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1

Perryman, Wayne

Peru, 14.1, 14.2

Incan empire of, 8.1, 8.2, nts.1n

PHOs (potentially hazardous objects), 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, nts.1n

photosynthesis, 1.1, 4.1, 11.1

as future energy source

global algae economy based on

Photosynthetic Antenna Project, 11.1, 18.1

Pinderhughes, Raquel

Pizarro, Francisco

placoderms

plagues, 7.1, 8.1, 16.1

biblical

bubonic, see Black Death

see also pandemics

plant cells, 11.1, nts.1n–79n

polypropylene

Pompeii

population genetics, 6.1, 7.1

Jewish, 10.1, nts.1n

see also bottlenecks, genetic; evolution, human

population size

actual vs. effective, 6.1, 6.2, nts.1n

of gray whales, 12.1, 12.2, nts.1n

inbreeding and

of Ireland

Neanderthal, 7.1, 7.2

reduction of, 14.1, nts.1n–82n

Poverty and Famines (Sen),

Prehistoric Art (White),

Proterozoic Eon

proto-cells

quarantining, 8.1, 8.2, 16.1, 16.2

Quaternary Period

Quiet War, The (McAuley),

quipu, 8.1, nts.1n

radiation bombardments, 17.1, 17.2, 22.1, 23.1, nts.1n

cosmic, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, itr.4, 2.1, 17.1

highly ionizing particles in

nuclear, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 20.1, nts.1n

in space, 22.1, 22.2

Rainier, Mount

Redmount, Carol

Renne, Paul, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

Rhodes, Richard, 23.1, nts.1n

Rice University

Richards, Bob

right whales

Rio de Janeiro

Robinson, Kim Stanley, 22.1, nts.1n

Robock, Alan, 17.1, 19.1, 20.1

robotic climbers, 21.1, 21.2, 21.3, 21.4

robots, 15.1, 20.1, 21.1, 21.2, 22.1, 23.1, 23.2, 23.3

Roman Catholic Church, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 14.1

Spanish Inquisition of, 10.1, 10.2

Roman empire, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2, 17.1, 17.2

Rome

Roopnarine, Peter, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1

Roughgarden, Joan

Safran, William

Sandberg, Anders

San Francisco, 14.1, 15.1, 17.1, nts.1n

earthquakes in, 15.1, 15.2

SARS, 16.1, 16.2

Scammon, Charles Melville, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3

Schabas, Richard

science fiction, 13.1, 20.1, 21.1, 22.1, 22.2, nts.1n, nts.2n

sea levels, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1

secondary extinctions

self-healing concrete, 18.1, 22.1, 22.2

Sen, Amartya, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4

serial-founder theory, 6.1, 6.2

SETICon conference, 21.1, 23.1

SETI Institute

sexual selection, 6.1, 6.2, 22.1, nts.1n

Sheehan, Peter

Siberian Traps

Silk Road

Sinai Peninsula, 6.1, 6.2

sixth extinction theory, itr.1, 5.1, nts.1n

skyscraper farms

slavery, 10.1, 13.1

of Jews

of Native Americans

in Passover story

Slime World

smallpox, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

Smarter Cities program

Smit, Jan, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3

Smith, Monica L.

Snow, John, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3

Snowball Earth, itr.1, 1.1

solar energy, 11.1, 14.1, 14.2, 18.1, 18.2, 19.1

solar management, 19.1, 20.1

solar system, 2.1, 20.1

colonized, 13.1, 22.1, 23.1

extraterrestrial life in

see also asteroid impacts

Solnit, Rebecca

space colonization, itr.1, itr.2, 13.1, 13.2, 18.1, 21.1, 21.2, 21.3, 22.1, 23.1

space economy

space elevator, itr.1, 21.1, 21.2, 23.1

benefits of

carbon nanotubes in, 21.1, 21.2

commercial spaceflight and

concept of

laser power source of, 21.1, 21.2

length of, 21.1, nts.1n

location of, 21.1, 21.2

ribbon of, 21.1, 21.2, 21.3

robotic climbers of, 21.1, 21.2, 21.3, 21.4

Space Elevator, The (Edwards),

Space Elevator Conference, 21.1, 21.2, 21.3, 21.4

Spaceguard program, 20.1, 20.2

Space Shuttle, 21.1, 21.2

space stations, 20.1, 21.1, 21.2, 21.3

SpaceX, 21.1, 21.2

Spanish Inquisition, 10.1, 10.2

specialized landscapes, 9.1, 9.2

speciation, 6.1, 6.2, 22.1, nts.1n, nts.2n

depression of, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1

spherules

SPIN (small-plot intensive farming) model, 18.1, 18.2, nts.1n

Statute of Laborers (England, 1351), 8.1

Stenseth, Nils

Sterling, Raymond

Stigall, Alycia

Stockholm

Stone, Elizabeth

storytelling, itr.1, itr.2, 6.1, 7.1, 12.1

see also science fiction

stratospheric particle injection, 19.1, 19.2, 20.1, nts.1n–88n

stromatolites

sulfur, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 19.1, 19.2

Summons, Roger, 1.1, 1.2, 19.1

Sumner, Dawn

Sun, 1.1, nts.1n

blocking light of

galactic orbit of

ultraviolet radiation of, 17.1, 17.2

survival, survivors:

as compromise

of Devonian extinction

of famines, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

food webs and

of K-T extinction

Permian, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1

survivalism vs.

survivance vs.

Sustainable Energy—Without the Hot Air (MacKay),

Svalbard Global Seed Vault, nts.1n

synapsids

Lystrosaurus, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 4.1

synthetic biology

moral issues of, 22.1, 22.2, 22.3

space-ready bodies engineered by

Takhirov, Shakhzod, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3

Tattersall, Ian, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 7.1, 7.2

Tempel 1 comet

10,000 Year Explosion, The (Cochran and Harpending),

terraforming, 19.1, 23.1, 23.2

of Milky Way galaxy

Texas A&M

therapod dinosaurs, 4.1, 4.2

Thomas, George

Time Machine, The (Wells),

Titan, 22.1, 23.1, 23.2

Toba megavolcano, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

tools, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5

Toronto

transfer entitlements, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

Triassic Period, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2

trilobites, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4

Trinkhaus, Erik

Triumph of the City (Glaeser),

Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin, 21.1, 21.2

tsunamis, itr.1, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 20.1, nts.1n

Turkey, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3

ancient underground cities in, 17.1, 17.2

Uncommon Good

underground cities, 17.1, 20.1

of ancient Judeo-Christian refugees, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3

building codes and

earthquakes and

Montréal’s “RÉSO,” 17.1, 17.2, 17.3

of NORAD, 17.1, 17.2

psychological effects of

water leakage in, 17.1, 17.2

Underground Space Design (Carmody and Sterling),

United Nations:

Climate Change Conferences of, 19.1, nts.1n

Population Division of, 14.1, nts.1n

space committees of, 20.1, 21.1

United States:

Energy Department of

Jewish communities of, 10.1, 10.2

Midwest breadbaskets of, 9.1, 9.2

uploaded brains, 22.1, 23.1, 23.2

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)

vaccination, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3

Vancouver

Venice

Vertical Farm, The (Despommier),

“Virgin Soils Revisited” (Jones)

virtual reality

Vizenor, Gerald

volcanoes

aerosols emitted by

greenhouse gases emitted by, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2

Krakatoa eruption, 19.1, 19.2

sea-floor vent

tuff created by

underwater, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1

see also megavolcanoes

Walker, Richard, 14.1, 17.1

Ward, Peter

warfare, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 10.1, 23.1

biblical, 10.1, nts.1n

famines and, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5

nuclear radiation bombardment in, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3

Washington University

Wator computer game

weathering, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1

enhanced

Weir, Alex

Weisman, Alan

Wells, H. G.

Wessen, Randii, 21.1, 23.1

whalers, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, nts.1n

whales, 12.1, 12.2

see also gray whales

whale watchers

White, Randall

Whiteside, Jessica

WHO (World Health Organization), 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, 16.5, 16.6

Wiese, Claudia

Wilson, E. O., itr.1, nts.1n

WISE satellite, 20.1, 20.2

Wolpoff, Milford, 7.1, 7.2

World War I

World War II, 9.1, 9.2

World Without Us, The (Weisman), 14.1, 18.1

Wu, Joseph

Yamada, Tadataka

Yersinia pestis, 8.1, 16.1

Young, Seth

Yucatán Peninsula

Zacharias, John, 17.1, 17.2