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Chapter 20

THE ANIMAL WITHIN

1. (New York: Doubleday, 1958), p. 345.2. In the wild there are occasional female chimps who reject males under all circumstances and at great cost. They of course produce no children. Might this correlation be noticed? Might there be, occasionally, a chimp that ponders the possible connection between sex and babies? How sure can we be that this might not be so?3. Bolingbroke (1809), quoted in Arthur O. Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the History of an Idea (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1953), p. 196.4. Ambrose Bierce, “Reverence,” in The Enlarged Devil’s Dictionary, Ernest Jerome Hopkins, editor (Garden City, NY: Double-day, 1967), p. 247.5. Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass, Harold W. Blodgett and Sculley Bradley, editors (New York: New York University Press, 1965), “Song of Myself,” stanza 32, lines 684–691, p. 60.6. The Essays of Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, translated by Charles Cotton, edited by W. Carew Hazlitt, Volume 25 of Great Books of the Western World, Robert Maynard Hutchins, editor in chief (Chicago: William Benton/Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1952, 1977), Book III, Essay I, “Of Profit and Honesty,” p. 381.7. C. Boesch and H. Boesch, “Possible Causes of Sex Differences in the Use of Natural Hammers by Wild Chimpanzees,” Journal of Human Evolution 13 (1984), pp. 415–440, and references given there.8. See, e.g., John Alcock, “The Evolution of the Use of Tools by Feeding Animals,” Evolution 26 (1972), pp. 464–473; K. R. L. Hall and G. B. Schaller, “Tool-using Behavior of the Californian Sea Otter,” Journal of Mammalogy 45 (1964), pp. 287–298; A. H. Chisholm, “The Use by Birds of Tools’ or ‘Instruments,’ ” Ibis 96 (1954), pp. 380–383; J. van Lawick-Goodall and H. van Lawick, “Use of Tools by Egyptian Vultures,” Nature 12 (1966), pp. 1468–1469.9. Anthony J. Podlecki, The Political Background of Aeschylean Tragedy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1966), pp. 1, 7, 155.10. Mortimer J. Adler, The Difference of Man and the Difference It Makes (New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 1967), p. 121.11. Geza Teleki, “Chimpanzee Subsistence Technology: Materials and Skills,” Journal of Human Evolution 3 (6) (November 1974), pp. 575–594; our quotes are from pp. 585–588 and p. 593.12. Michael Tomasello, “Cultural Transmission in the Tool Use and Communicatory Signalling of Chimpanzees?” in “Language” and Intelligence in Monkeys and Apes, Sue Taylor Parker and Kathleen Gibson, editors (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).13. Teleki, op. cit.14. C. Jones and J. Sabater Pi, “Sticks Used by Chimpanzees in Rio Muni, West Africa,” Nature 223 (1969), pp. 100–101; Y. Sugiyama, “The Brush-stick of Chimpanzees Found in Southwest Cameroon and Their Cultural Characteristics,” Primates 26 (1985), pp. 361–374; W. McGrew and M. Rogers, “Chimpanzees, Tools and Termites: New Record from Gabon,” American Journal of Primatology 5 (1983), pp. 171–174.15. Teleki, op. cit.16. E.g., Kenneth P. Oakley, Man the Tool-Maker (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964).17. E. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, Jeannine Murphy, Rose Sevcik, S. Williams, K. Brakke and Duane M. Rumbaugh, “Language Comprehension in Ape and Child,” Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, in press, 1993; Duane M. Rumbaugh, private communication, 1992.18. Susan Essock-Vitale and Robert M. Seyfarth, “Intelligence and Social Cognition,” Chapter 37 of Barbara B. Smuts, Dorothy L. Cheney, Robert M. Seyfarth, Richard W. Wrangham, and Thomas T. Struhsaker, editors, Primate Societies (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), pp. 456, 457; Wolfgang Kohler, The Mentality of Apes, second edition (New York: Viking, 1959) (originally published in 1925), p. 38.19. Richard Wrangham, quoted by Ann Gibbons, “Chimps: More Diverse than a Barrel of Monkeys,” Science 255 (1992), pp. 287, 288.20. H. J. Jerison, Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence (New York: Academic Press, 1973); Carl Sagan, The Dragons of Eden: Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence (New York: Random House, 1977), Chapter 2; William S. Cleveland, The Elements of Graphing Data (Monterey, CA: Wadsworth, 1985). Cleveland notes that “Happily, modern man is at the top.”21. R. E. Passingham, “Changes in the Size and Organization of the Brain in Man and His Ancestors,” Brain and Behavioral Evolution 11 (1980), pp. 73–90.22. Ibid.23. E.g., Sagan, op. cit. (note 20).24. Gordon Thomas Frost, “Tool Behavior and the Origins of Laterality,” Journal of Human Evolution 9 (1980), pp. 447–459.25. E.g., Mortimer J. Adler, op. cit. (note 10), p. 120.26. F. Nottebohm, “Neural Asymmetries in the Vocal Control of the Canary,” in Lateralization in the Nervous System, S. R. Harnad and R. W. Doty, editors (New York: Academic, 1977).27. E.g., W. D. Hopkins and R. D. Morris, “Laterality for Visual-Spatial Processing in Two Language-Trained Chimpanzees,” Behavioral Neuroscience 103 (1989), pp. 227–234.28. Thomas Henry Huxley, Evidence as to Mans Place in Nature (London and Edinburgh: Williams and Norgate, 1863), pp. 109, 110.29. Aristotle, Ethica Nicomachea, in Volume IX of The Works of Aristotle, translated into English under the editorship of W. D. Ross (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1925), Book X, “Pleasure; Happiness,” 7, 1178^a5.30. Mark Twain, Letters from the Earth, Bernard DeVoto, editor (New York and Evanston: Harper & Row, 1962), “The Damned Human Race,” V, “The Lowest Animal,” p. 227.31. E.g., Carl Sagan and Richard Turco, A Path Where No Man Thought: Nuclear Winter and the End of the Arms Race (New York: Random House, 1990).32. Henry D. Thoreau, Waiden, edited by J. Lyndon Shanley (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971), “Higher Laws,” p. 219.33. Plato, The Republic, translated by Benjamin Jowett (New York: The Modern Library, 1941), IX, 571, p. 330.34. J. Hughlings Jackson, Evolution and Dissolution of the Nervous System (London: John Bale, 1888), p. 38.35. Paul D. MacLean, The Triune Brain in Evolution: Role in Paleocerebral Functions (New York and London: Plenum Press, 1990).36. Romans 7:18 (King James translation).37. So far as we know, the testosterone defense has not yet been tried in a court of law.38. Buddhist Scriptures, Edward Conze, editor (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1959), p. 112; The Saundarananda of Ashvaghosha, E. H. Johnston, editor and translator (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1928, 1975), Canto XV, “Emptying the Mind,” p. 86 of English translation, verse 53.

Chapter 21

SHADOWS OF FORGOTTEN ANCESTORS

1. Attributed to Empedocles by Hippolytus, in Refutation of All Heresies, I, iii, 2, in Jonathan Barnes, editor, Early Greek Philosophy (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1987), p. 196.

Epilogue

1. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, Volume I of Basic Writings of Saint Thomas Aquinas, translated by Father Laurence Shapcote, edited and translation revised by Anton C. Pegis (New York: Random House, 1945), Part I, VIII, “The Divine Government,” Question 103, Article 2, p. 952.

Permissions Acknowledgments

Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following for permission to reprint previously published material:

The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press: Excerpts from The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior by Jane Goodall. Copyright © 1986 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College; excerpts from The New Synthesis by Edward O. Wilson. Copyright © 1975 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Reprinted by permission of The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Bilingual Press and Anvil Poetry Press Ltd.: Excerpt from Poems of the Aztec Peoples, translated by Edward Kissam and Michael Schmidt. Copyright © 1977, 1983 by Edward Kissam and Michael Schmidt. Rights throughout the world excluding the United States are controlled by Anvil Press Poetry Ltd. Reprinted by permission of Bilingual Press and Anvil Press Poetry Ltd.

Doubleday, a division of Bantam, Doubleday, Dell Publishing Group, Inc.: Excerpts from Darwin’s Century by Loren Eiseley. Copyright © 1958 by Loren Eiseley; excerpt from “Written for Old Friends in Yang-jou …” from The Heart of Chinese Poetry by Greg Whincup. Copyright © 1987 by Greg Whincup. Reprinted by permission of Doubleday, a division of Bantam, Double-day, Dell Publishing Group, Inc.

Encyclopedia Britannica: Excerpts from “Human Culture” by Leslie A. White from Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th edition (1978), 8:1152. Reprinted by permission of Encyclopedia Britannica.

Grove Press, Inc.: Excerpts from Zen Poems of China and Japan: The Crane’s Bill by Lucien Stryk, Takashi Ikemoto, and Taigan Takayama. Copyright © 1973 by Lucien Stryk, Takashi Ikemoto, and Taigan Takayama. Reprinted by permission of Grove Press, Inc.

Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.: Excerpts from The Social Life of Monkeys and Apes by Solly Zuckerman. Reprinted by permission of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.

HarperCollins Publishers, Inc.: Excerpts from Nobel Conference XXIII by Sarah Blaffer Hrdy, edited by Bellig and Stevens; excerpts from From Apes to Warlords by Solly Zuckerman. Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers, Inc.

Houghton Mifflin Company and Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd: Excerpts from Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe by Jane Goodall. Copyright © 1990 by Soko Publications Ltd. Rights throughout the British Commonwealth are controlled by Weidenfeld & Nicolson. Reprinted by permission of Houghton Mifflin Company and Weidenfeld & Nicholson Ltd.

The Johns Hopkins University Press: Excerpts from “Special Awards Lecture” by MacLean from Contemporary Sexual Behavior, edited by John Money and Joseph Zubin, published by The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore/London, in 1973. Reprinted by permission.

John Murray (Publishers) Ltd: Excerpts from The Bhagavad Ghita, translated by Juan Mascaro. Reprinted by permission of John Murray (Publishers) Ltd.

Penguin Books Ltd.: Excerpts from Early Greek Philosophy, translated and edited by Jonathan Barnes (Penguin Classics, 1987). Copyright © 1987 by Jonathan Barnes. Reprinted by permission of Penguin Books Ltd.

Smithsonian Institution Press: Excerpts from “Deceit and Self-Deception: The Relationship Between Communications and Consciousness” by Robert Trivers in Man and Beast Revisited, edited by Michael H. Robinson and Lionel Tiger. Copyright © 1991 by Smithsonian Institution. Reprinted by permission of Smithsonian Institution Press.

University of Chicago Press: Excerpt from Williams and Nesse, Quarterly Review of Biology 66:1 (March 1991); excerpts from Primate Societies, edited by Smuts et. al.; excerpts from “Hippolytus” translated by Grene from Complete Greek Tragedies; excerpts from Genetics and the Social Behavior of the Dog by Scott and Fuller. All excerpts reprinted by permission of University of Chicago Press.

Viking Penguin, a division of Penguin Books USA Inc. Excerpts from The Biology of Peace and War by Irenaus Eibl-Eibesfeldt, translated by Eric Mosbacher. Translation copyright © 1966 by R. Piper & Co., Verlag, Munchen. English translation copyright © 1979 by Viking Penguin, a division of Penguin Books USA, Inc. Reprinted by permission.

THE AUTHORS

CARL SAGAN served as the David Duncan Professor of Astronomy and Space Sciences and Director of the Laboratory for Planetary Studies at Cornell University. He played a leading role in the Mariner, Viking, Voyager, and Galileo spacecraft expeditions to the planets for which he received the NASA Medals for Exceptional Scientific Achievement and (twice) for Distinguished Public Service.

His Emmy and Peabody Award-winning television series, Cosmos, became the most widely watched series in the history of American public television The accompanying book, also called Cosmos, is one of the best-selling science books ever published in the English language. Dr. Sagan received the Pulitzer Prize, the Oersted Medal, and many other awards—including twenty honorary degrees from American colleges and universities—for his contributions to science, literature, education, and the preservation of the environment.

Dr. Sagan died on December 20, 1996.

ANN DRUYAN is the Secretary of the Washington-based Federation of American Scientists, founded in 1945 to oppose the misuse of science and high technology. As Creative Director of NASA’s Voyager Intersteller Record Project, she was responsible for sending rock-and-roll (and much else) on two spacecraft to the stars. She has served as writer-producer of PBS’s Nova and of several network television specials. She was co-writer of the Cosmos television series and executive producer of its recent updating and reversioning. Ms. Druyan is the author of the novel A Famous Broken Heart, and, with Sagan, of the best-seller Comet, other books, speeches, and numerous articles. She is also a Director of the New York Children’s Health Project.

The authors are married and together have two children. Dr. Sagan has three grown sons. In the 1980s he and Ms. Druyan organized three of the largest demonstrations of non-violent civil disobedience at the Nevada Nuclear Test Site in protest against continued U.S. nuclear weapons testing. Recently, they have been working to bring scientists and religious leaders together to help protect the global environment.

Table of Contents

Cover

Other Books by This Author

Title Page

Dedication

Epigraph

Introduction

Prologue: The Orphan’s File

1 On Earth as It Is in Heaven

2 Snowflakes Fallen on the Hearth

3 “What Makest Thou?”

4 A Gospel of Dirt