Шелковый путь. Дорога тканей, рабов, идей и религий - читать бесплатно онлайн полную версию книги автора Питер Франкопан (ч. notes)

Примечания

1

E. Wolf, Europe and the People without History (Berkeley, 1982), p. 5.

2

A. Herrman, ‘Die älteste türkische Weltkarte (1076 n. Chr)’, Imago Mundi 1.1 (1935), рр. 21–28; а также Maḥmud al-Kashghari, Dīwān lughāt al-turk: Compendium of the Turkic Dialects, ed. and tr. R. Dankhoff and J. Kelly, 3 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1982–1985), 1, рр. 82–83. О местоположении города – В. Горячева. Средневековые городские центры и архитектурные ансамбли Киргизии. – Фрунзе, 1983. – С. 54–61.

3

Что касается растущего спроса на предметы роскоши в Китае, см. например, Credit Lyonnais Securities Asia, Dipped in Gold: Luxury Lifestyles in China (2011); для Индии см. Ministry of Home Affairs, Houselisting and Housing Census Data (New Delhi, 2012).

4

Transparency International, Corruption Perception Index 2013 (www.transparency.org); Reporters without Borders, World Press Freedom Index 2013–2014 (www.rsf.org); Human Rights Watch, World Report 2014 (www.hrw.org).

5

Genesis 2:8–9. Чтобы понять месторасположение Райского сада, см. J. Dulumeau, History of Paradise: The Garden of Eden in Myth and Tradition (New York, 1995).

6

Мохенджо-Даро см. J. Kenoyer, Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley (Oxford, 1998).

7

Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian, Han Dynasty, tr. B. Watson, 2 vols (rev. edn, New York, 1971), 123, 2, рр. 234–235.

8

F. von Richthofen, ‘Über die zentralasiatischen Seidenstrassen bis zum 2. Jahrhundert. n. Chr.’, Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin 4 (1877), рр. 96–122.

9

E. Said, Orientalism (New York, 1978). Также обратите внимание на положительную и в подавляющем большинстве случаев весьма романтизированную реакцию французских мыслителей, таких как Фуко, Сартр и Годар, на Восток и Китай, в частности R. Wolin, French Intellectuals, the Cultural Revolution and the Legacy of the 1960s: The Wind from the East (Princeton, 2010).

10

Bābur-Nāma, tr. W Thackston, Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor (London, 2006), рр. 173–174.

11

W. Thackston, ‘Treatise on Calligraphic Arts: A Disquisition on Paper, Colors, Inks and Pens by Simi of Nishapur’, in M. Mazzaoui and V. Moreen (eds), Intellectual Studies on Islam: Essays Written in Honor of Martin B. Dickinson (Salt Lake City, 1990), р. 219.

12

Al-Muqaddasī, Aḥsanu-t-taqāsīm fī marifati-l-aqālīm, tr. B. Collins, Best Division of Knowledge (Reading, 2001), р. 252; Ibn al-Faqīh, Kitāb al-buldān, tr. Р. Lunde and C. Stone, ‘Book of Countries’, in Ibn Fadlan and the Land of Darkness: Arab Travellers in the Far North (London, 2011), р. 113.

13

Цитируется по N. di Cosmo, Ancient China and its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History (Cambridge, 2002), р. 137.

14

Например, S. Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams, ed. J. Strachey (New York, 1965), р. 564; J. Derrida, Résistances de la psychanalyse (Paris, 1996), рр. 8–14.

15

C. Renfrew, ‘Inception of Agriculture and Rearing in the Middle East’, C. R. Palevol 5 (2006), рр. 395–404; G. Algaze, Ancient Mesopotamia at the Dawn of Civilization: The Evolution of an Urban Landscape (Chicago, 2008).

16

Herodotus, Historiai, 1.135, in Herodotus: The Histories, ed. and tr. A. Godley, 4 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1982), 1, рр. 174–176.

17

J. Curtis and St J. Simpson (eds), The World of Achaemenid Persia: History, Art and Society in Iran and the Ancient Near East (London, 2010).

18

Herodotus, Historiai, 8.98, 4, p. 96; D. Graf, ‘The Persian Royal Road System’, in H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg, A. Kuhrt and M. Root (eds), Continuity and Change (Leiden, 1994), рр. 167–189.

19

H. Rawlinson, ‘The Persian Cuneiform Inscription at Behistun, Decyphered and Translated’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 11 (1849), рр. 1–192.

20

Ezra, 1:2. Также см. Isaiah, 44:24, 45:3.

21

R. Kent, Old Persian Grammar, Texts, Lexicon (New Haven, 1953), рр. 142–144.

22

Herodotus, Historiai, 1.135, 1, рр. 174–176.

23

Там же, 1.214, 1, p. 268.

24

Aeschylus, The Persians. Р. Briant, ‘History and Ideology: The Greeks and “Persian Decadence”’, in T. Harrison (ed.), Greeks and Barbarians (New York, 2002), рр. 193–210.

25

Euripides, Bakhai, in Euripides: Bacchae, Iphigenia at Aulis, Rhesus, ed. and tr. D. Kovacs (Cambridge, MA, 2003), p. 13.

26

Plutarch, Bioi Paralleloi: Alexandros, рр. 32–33, in Plutarch’s Lives, ed. and tr. B. Perrin, 11 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1914–1926), 7, рр. 318–326. Согласно известной мозаике, он носил счастливую одежду, A. Cohen, Alexander Mosaic: Stories of Victory and Defeat (Cambridge, 1996).

27

Quintus Curtius Rufus, Historiae Alexandri Magni Macedonis, 5.1, in Quintus Curtius Rufus: History of Alexander, ed. and tr. J. Rolfe, 2 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1946), 1, рр. 332–334.

28

M. Beard, ‘Was Alexander the Great a Slav?’, Times Literary Supplement, 3 July 2009.

29

Arrian, Anabasis, 6.29, in Arrian: History of Alexander and Indica, ed. and tr. P Brunt, 2 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1976–1983), 2, рр. 192–194; Плутарх говорил и о важности мирного и щедрого подхода Александра. Alexandros, 59, 1, p. 392.

30

Arrian, Anabasis, 3.22, 1, p. 300.

31

Quintus Curtius Rufus, Historiae, 8.8, 2, p. 298.

32

A. Shahbazi, ‘Iranians and Alexander’, American Journal of Ancient History 2.1 (2003), рр. 5–38. Также см. M. Olbryct, Aleksander Wielki i swiat iranski (Gdansk, 2004); M. Brosius, ‘Alexander and the Persians’, in J. Roitman (ed.), Alexander the Great (Leiden, 2003), рр. 169–193.

33

См., главным образом, Р. Briant, Darius dans l’ombre d’Alexandre (Paris, 2003).

34

О концепции «хуася» см. C. Holcombe, A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge, 2010); информацию о стене см. здесь: Waldron, ‘The Problem of the Great Wall of China’, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 43.2 (1983), рр. 643–663, и, главным образом, di Cosmo, Ancient China and its Enemies.

35

См. J. Romm, Ghost on the Throne: The Death of Alexander the Great and the War for Crown and Empire (New York, 2011). Существуют различные точки зрения, говорят, что Александр умер от тифа, малярии, алкогольного отравления (или болезни, похожей на это), инфекции, раны и даже что он был убит. См. A. Bosworth, ‘Alexander’s Death: The Poisoning Rumors’, in J. Romm (ed.), The Landmark Arrian: The Campaigns of Alexander (New York, 2010), рр. 407–411.

36

См. R. Waterfield, Dividing the Spoils: The War for Alexander the Great’s Empire (Oxford, 2011).

37

K. Sheedy, ‘Magically Back to Life: Some Thoughts on Ancient Coins and the Study of Hellenistic Royal Portraits’, in K. Sheedy (ed.), Alexander and the Hellenistic Kingdoms: Coins, Image and the Creation of Identity (Sydney, 2007), рр. 11–16; K. Erickson and N. Wright, ‘The “Royal Archer” and Apollo in the East: Greco-Persian Iconography in the Seleukid Empire’, in N. Holmes (ed.), Proceedings of the XIVth International Numismatic Congress (Glasgow, 2011), рр. 163–168.

38

L. Robert, ‘De Delphes à l’Oxus: inscriptions grecques nouvelles de la Bactriane’, Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions (1968), рр. 416–457. Перевод можно найти здесь: F. Holt, Thundering Zeus: The Making of Hellenistic Bactria (London, 1999), р. 175.

39

J. Jakobsson, ‘Who Founded the Indo-Greek Era of 186/5 BCE?’, Classical Quarterly 59.2 (2009), рр. 505–510.

40

D. Sick, ‘When Socrates Met the Buddha: Greek and Indian Dialectic in Hellenistic Bactria and India’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 17.3 (2007), рр. 253–254.

41

J. Derrett, ‘Early Buddhist Use of Two Western Themes’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 12.3 (2002), рр. 343–355.

42

B. Litvinsky, ‘Ancient Tajikistan: Studies in History, Archaeology and Culture (1980–1991)’, Ancient Civilisations 1.3 (1994), р. 295.

43

S. Nath Sen, Ancient Indian History and Civilisation (Delhi, 1988), р. 184. также см. R. Jairazbhoy, Foreign Influence in Ancient India (New York, 1963), рр. 48–109.

44

Plutarch, Peri tes Alexandrou tukhes he arête, 5.4 in Plutarch: Moralia, ed. and tr. F. Babitt et al., 15 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1927–1976), 4, рр. 392–396; J. Derrett, ‘Homer in India: The Birth of the Buddha’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 2.1 (1992), рр. 47–57.

45

J. Frazer, The Fasti of Ovid (London, 1929); J. Lallemant, ‘Une Source de l’Enéide: le Mahabharata’, Latomus 18 (1959), рр. 262–287; Jairazbhoy, Foreign Influence, р. 99.

46

C. Baumer, The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors (London, 2012), рр. 290–295.

47

V. Hansen, The Silk Road (Oxford, 2012), рр. 9–10.

48

Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian of China, 123, 2, р. 238.

49

Там же, 129, 2, р. 440.

50

H. Creel, ‘The Role of the Horse in Chinese History’, American Historical Review 70 (1965), рр. 647–672. В пещерах Дуньхуан на стенах можно найти много изображений небесных лошадей, см. T. Chang, Dunhuang Art through the Eyes of Duan Wenjie (New Delhi, 1994), рр. 27–28.

51

Recent excavations of the Emperor Wu’s mausoleum in Xi’an in 2011, Xinhua, 21 February 2011.

52

Huan Kuan, Yan Tie Lun, цитируется по Y. Yu, Trade and Expansion in Han China: A Study in the Structure of Sino-Barbarian Economic Relations (Berkeley, 1967), р. 40.

53

Например, Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian of China, 110, 2, рр. 145–146. Некоторые комментариии относительно образования, обычаев и моды хунну см. на стр. 129–130.

54

См. Yu, Trade and Expansion in Han China, рр. 48–54.

55

Там же, р. 47, n. 33; также см. R. McLaughlin, Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India and China (London, 2010), рр. 83–85.

56

Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian of China, 110, 2, р. 143.

57

S. Durrant, The Cloudy Mirror: Tension and Conflict in the Writings of Sima Qian (Albany, NY, 1995), рр. 8–10.

58

Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian of China, 123, 2, р. 235.

59

E. Schafer, The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of Tang Exotics (Berkeley, 1963), рp. 13–14.

60

Hansen, Silk Road, р. 14.

61

T. Burrow, A Translation of Kharoshthi Documents from Chinese Turkestan (London, 1940), р. 95.

62

Hansen, Silk Road, р. 17.

63

R. de Crespigny, Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD) (Leiden, 2007).

64

M. R. Shayegan, Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia (Cambridge, 2011).

65

N. Rosenstein, Imperatores victi: Military Defeat and Aristocratic Competition in the Middle and Late Republic (Berkeley, 1990); а также S. Phang, Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate (Cambridge, 2008).

66

Р. Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians (Oxford, 2006), р. 6. О запрете на вступление в брак см., главным образом, Phang, Marriage of Roman Soldiers (13 BC – AD 235): Law and Family in the Imperial Army (Leiden, 2001).

67

C. Howgego, ‘The Supply and Use of Money in the Roman World 200 b.c. to a.d. 300’, Journal of Roman Studies 82 (1992), рр. 4–5.

68

A. Bowman, Life and Letters from the Roman Frontier: Vindolanda and its People (London, 1994).

69

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheke Historike, 17.52, in The Library of History of Diodorus of Sicily, ed. and tr. C. Oldfather, 12 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1933–1967), 7, р. 268. Современные ученые предполагают, что численность населения Александрии составляла до полумиллиона человек, например, R. Bagnall and B. Frier, The Demography of Roman Egypt (Cambridge, 1994), рр. 54, 104.

70

D. Thompson, ‘Nile Grain Transport under the Ptolemies’, in Р. Garnsey, Hopkins and C. Whittaker (eds), Trade in the Ancient Economy (Berkeley, 1983), рр. 70–71.

71

Strabo, Geographika, 17.1, in The Geography of Strabo, ed. and tr. H. Jones, 8 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1917–1932), 8, р. 42.

72

Cassius Dio, Historia Romana, 51.21, in Dio’s Roman History, ed. and tr.Cary, 9 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1914–1927), 6, р. 60; Suetonius, De Vita Cesarum. Divus Augustus, 41, in Suetonius: Lives of the Caesars, ed. and tr. Rolfe, 2 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1997–1998), 41, 1, р. 212; R. Duncan-Jones, Money and Government in the Roman Empire (Cambridge, 1994), р. 21; M. Fitzpatrick, ‘Provincializing Rome: The Indian Ocean Trade Network and Roman Imperialism’, Journal of World History 22.1 (2011), р. 34.

73

Suetonius, Divus Augustus, 41, 1, рр. 212–214.

74

Там же, 28, 1, р. 192; Утверждение Августа подтверждается археологическими данными, см. Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (Ann Arbor, 1989).

75

Информация о налогах на караванных маршрутах: J. Thorley, ‘The Development of Trade between the Roman Empire and the East under Augustus’, Greece and Rome 16.2 (1969), р. 211. Jones, History of Rome, рр. 256–257, 259–260; R. Ritner, ‘Egypt under Roman Rule: The Legacy of Ancient Egypt’, in Cambridge History of Egypt, 1, р. 10; N. Lewis, Life in Egypt under Roman Rule (Oxford, 1983), р. 180.

76

См. Lewis, Life in Egypt, рр. 33–34; Ritner, ‘Egypt under Roman Rule’, in Cambridge History of Egypt, 1, рр. 7–8; A. Bowman, Egypt after the Pharaohs 332 BC – AD 642: From Alexander to the Arab Conquest (Berkeley, 1986), рр. 92–93.

77

О регистрации рождений и смертей в римском Египте см. R. Ritner, ‘Poll Tax on the Dead’, Enchoria 15 (1988), рр. 205–207. О переписи, включая даты караванных маршрутов, см. J. Rist, ‘Luke 2:2: Making Sense of the Date of Jesus’ Birth’, Journal of Theological Studies 56.2 (2005), рр. 489–491.

78

Cicero, Pro lege Manilia, 6, in Cicero: The Speeches, ed. and tr. H. Grose Hodge (Cambridge, MA, 1927), р. 26.

79

Sallust, Bellum Catilinae, 11.5–6, in Sallust, ed. and tr. J. Rolfe (Cambridge, MA, 1931), р. 20; A. Dalby, Empire of Pleasures: Luxury and Indulgence in the Roman World (London, 2000), р. 162.

80

F. Hoffman, M. Minas-Nerpel and S. Pfeiffer, Die dreisprachige Stele des C. Cornelius Gallus. Übersetzung und Kommentar (Berlin, 2009), р. 5ff. G. Bowersock, ‘A Report on Arabia Provincia’, Journal of Roman Studies 61 (1971), р. 227.

81

W. Schoff, Parthian Stations of Isidore of Charax: An Account of the Overland Trade between the Levant and India in the First Century BC (Philadelphia, 1914). Текст часто рассматривался как имеющий отношение к торговым маршрутам, но Миллар показывает, что это неверно (‘Caravan Cities’, р. 119ff). О местоположении Александрополиса см. Р. Fraser, Cities of Alexander the Great (Oxford, 1996), рр. 132–140.

82

Strabo, Geographica, 2.5, 1, р. 454; Parker, ‘Ex Oriente’, рр. 64–66; Fitzpatrick, ‘Provincializing Rome’, рр. 49–50.

83

Parker, ‘Ex Oriente’, рр. 64–66; M. Vickers, ‘Nabataea, India, Gaul, and Carthage: Reflections on Hellenistic and Roman Gold Vessels and Red-Gloss Pottery’, American Journal of Archaeology 98 (1994), р. 242; E. Lo Cascio, ‘State and Coinage in the Late Republic and Early Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies 81 (1981), р. 82.

84

Цитируется по G. Parker, The Making of Roman India (Cambridge, 2008), р. 173.

85

In H. Kulke and D. Rothermund, A History of India (London, 2004), рр. 107–108.

86

L. Casson (ed.), The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translation and Commentary (Princeton, 1989), 48–49, р. 80; 56, р. 84.

87

W. Wendrich, R. Tomber, S. Sidebotham, J. Harrell, R. Cappers and R. Bagnall, ‘Berenike Crossroads: The Integration of Information’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 46.1 (2003), рр. 59–62.

88

V. Begley, ‘Arikamedu Reconsidered’, American Journal of Archaeology 87.4 (1983), рр. 461–481; Parker, ‘Ex Oriente’, рр. 47–48.

89

См. T. Power, The Red Sea from Byzantium to the Caliphate, AD 500–1000 (Cairo, 2012).

90

Tacitus, Annales, ed. H. Heubner (Stuttgart, 1983), 2.33, р. 63.

91

Petronius, Satyricon, ed. K. Müller (Munich, 2003), 30–38, рр. 23–31; 55, р. 49.

92

Martial, Epigrams, 5.37, in Martial: Epigrams, ed. and tr. D. Shackleton Bailey, 3 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1993), 1, р. 388.

93

Talmud Bavli, цитируется по Dalby, Empire of Pleasures, р. 266.

94

Juvenal, Satire 3, in Juvenal and Persius, ed. and tr. S. Braund (Cambridge, MA, 2004), рр. 172–174.

95

Casson, Periplus Maris Erythraei, 49, р. 80; 56, р. 84; 64, р. 90.

96

Seneca, De Beneficiis, 7.9, in Seneca: Moral Essays, ed. and tr. J. Basore, 3 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1928–1935), 3, р. 478.

97

Tacitus, Annales, 2.33, р. 63.

98

Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia, 6.20, in Pliny: The Natural History, ed. and tr. H. Rackham, 10 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1947–1952), 2, р. 378.

99

Там же, 6.26, р. 414.

100

Там же, 12.49, р. 62.

101

Harrauer and Р. Sijpesteijn, ‘Ein neues Dokument zu Roms Indienhandel, Р. Vindob. G40822’, Anzeiger der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, phil. – hist.Kl.122 (1985), рр. 124–155; также см. L. Casson, ‘New Light on Maritime Loans: Р. Vindob. G 40822’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 84 (1990), рр. 195–206 и F. Millar, ‘Looking East from the Classical World’, International History Review 20.3 (1998), рр. 507–531.

102

Casson, Periplus Maris Erythraei, 39, р. 74.

103

J. Teixidor, Un Port roman du désert: Palmyre et son commerce d’Auguste à Caracalla (Paris, 1984); E. Will, Les Palmyréniens, la Venise des sables (Ier siècle avant-IIIème siècle après J. – C.) (Paris, 1992).

104

Ammianus Marcellinus, Rerum Gestarum Libri Qui Supersunt, 14.3, in Ammianus Marcellinus, ed. and tr. J. Rolfe, 3 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1935–1940), 1, р. 24.

105

J. Cribb, ‘The Heraus Coins: Their Attribution to the Kushan King Kujula Kadphises, c. ad 30–80’, in M. Price, A. Burnett and R. Bland (eds), Essays in Honour of Robert Carson and Kenneth Jenkins (London, 1993), рр. 107–134.

106

Casson, Periplus Maris Erythraei, 43, рр. 76–78; 46, рр. 78–80.

107

Там же, 39, р. 76; 48–49, р. 81. Про кушанов см. V. Masson, B. Puris, C. Bosworth et al. (eds), History of Civilizations of Central Asia, 6 vols (Paris, 1992), 2, рр. 247–396.

108

D. Leslie and K. Gardiner, The Roman Empire in Chinese Sources (Rome, 1996), рр. 131–162; также см. R. Kauz and L. Yingsheng, ‘Armenia in Chinese Sources’, Iran and the Caucasus 12 (2008), рр. 157–190.

109

Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian of China, 123, 2, р. 241.

110

См. еще B. Laufer, Sino-Iranica: Chinese Contributions to the History of Civilisation in Ancient Iran (Chicago, 1919) и R. Ghirshman, Iran: From the Earliest Times to the Islamic Conquest (Harmondsworth, 1954).

111

Power, Red Sea, р. 58.

112

Schafer, Golden Peaches of Samarkand, р. 1.

113

То, что посольство принесло панцирь черепахи, рог носорога и слоновую кость, говорит о том, что посол был хорошо проинформирован о вкусах китайцев F. Hirth, China and the Roman Orient (Leipzig, 1885), р. 42, 94; R. McLaughlin, Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India and China (London, 2010).

114

Fitzpatrick, ‘Provincializing Rome’, 36; Horace, Odes, 1.12, in Horace: Odes and Epodes, ed. and tr. N. Rudd (Cambridge, MA, 2004), р. 48.

115

B. Isaac, The Limits of Empire: The Roman Army in the East (Oxford, 1990), р. 43; S. Mattern, Rome and the Enemy: Imperial Strategy in the Principate (Berkeley, 1999), р. 37.

116

Cassius Dio, 68.29, 8, рр. 414–416; H. Mattingly (ed.), A Catalogue of the Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum, 6 vols (London, 1940–1962), 3, р. 606. О троянской кампании см. J. Bennett, Trajan: Optimus Princeps (London, 1997), рр. 183–204.

117

Jordanes, Romana, in Iordanis Romana et Getica, рр. 34–35.

118

Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum, ed. and tr. J. Creed (Oxford, 1984), 5, р. 11.

119

A. Invernizzi, ‘Arsacid Palaces’, in I. Nielsen (ed.), The Royal Palace Institution in the First Millennium BC (Athens, 2001), рр. 295–312; ‘The Culture of Nisa, between Steppe and Empire’, in J. Cribb and G. Herrmann (eds), After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam: Themes in the History and Archaeology of Western Central Asia (Oxford, 2007), рр. 163–177. В. Пилипко, Росписи старой Низы (Ташкент, 1992); Р. Bernard and F. Grenet (eds), Histoire des cultes de l’Asie Centrale préislamique (Paris, 1991).

120

О Харакене – L. Gregoratti, ‘A Parthian Port on the Persian Gulf: Characene and its Trade’, Anabasis 2 (2011), рр. 209–229. О керамике см., например, H. Schenk, ‘Parthian Glazed Pottery from Sri Lanka and the Indian Ocean Trade’, Zeitschrift für Archäologie Außereuropäischer Kulturen 2 (2007), рр. 57–90.

121

F. Rahimi-Laridjani, Die Entwicklung der Bewässerungslandwirtschaft im Iran bis in Sasanidisch-frühislamische Zeit (Weisbaden, 1988); R. Gyselen, La Géographie administrative de l’empire sasanide: les témoignages sigilo-graphiques (Paris, 1989).

122

A. Taffazoli, ‘List of Trades and Crafts in the Sassanian Period’, Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 7 (1974), рр. 192–196.

123

T. Daryaee, Šahrestānīhā-ī Ērānšahr: A Middle Persian Text on Late Antique Geography, Epic, and History (Costa Mesa, CA, 2002).

124

M. Morony, ‘Land Use and Settlement Patterns in Late Sasanian and Early Islamic Iraq’, in A. Cameron, G. King and J. Haldon (eds), The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East, 3 vols (Princeton, 1992–1996), 2, рр. 221–229.

125

R. Frye, ‘Sasanian Seal Inscriptions’, in R. Stiehl and H. Stier (eds), Beiträge zur alten Geschichte und deren Nachleben, 2 vols (Berlin, 1969–1970), 1, рр. 77–84; Choksy, ‘Loan and Sales Contracts in Ancient and Early Medieval Iran’, Indo-Iranian Journal 31 (1988), р. 120.

126

T. Daryaee, ‘The Persian Gulf Trade in Late Antiquity’, Journal of World History 14.1 (2003), рр. 1–16.

127

Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum, 7, р. 11.

128

Там же, 23, р. 36.

129

Бодрумский музей подводной археологии. Насколько я знаю, надпись, обнаруженная в 2011 году, еще не опубликована.

130

Pseudo-Aurelius Victor, Epitome de Caesaribus, ed. M. Festy, Pseudo-Aurelius Victor. Abrégé de Césars (Paris, 1999), 39, р. 41.

131

Suetonius, Divus Julius, 79, in Lives of the Caesars, 1, р. 132.

132

Libanius, Antioch as a Centre of Hellenic Culture as Observed by Libanius, tr. Norman (Liverpool, 2001), рр. 145–167.

133

О развенчивании «мифа о переносе столицы империи» см. L. Grig and G. Kelly (eds), Two Romes: Rome and Constantinople in Late Antiquity (Cambridge, 2012).

134

H. Falk, Asókan Sites and Artefacts: A Source-book with Bibliography (Mainz, 2006), р. 13; E. Seldeslachts, ‘Greece, the Final Frontier? – The Westward Spread of Buddhism’, in A. Heirman and S. Bumbacher (eds), The Spread of Buddhism (Leiden, 2007), esр. рр. 158–160.

135

Sick, ‘When Socrates Met the Buddha’, р. 271; о современной палийской литературе – T. Hinüber, A Handbook of Pali Literature (Berlin, 1996).

136

G. Fussman, ‘The Mat Devakula: A New Approach to its Understanding’, in D. Srivasan (ed.), Mathurā: The Cultural Heritage (New Delhi, 1989), рр. 193–199.

137

Например, Р. Rao Bandela, Coin Splendour: A Journey into the Past (New Delhi, 2003), рр. 32–35.

138

D. MacDowall, ‘Soter Megas, the King of Kings, the Kushana’, Journal of the Numismatic Society of India (1968), рр. 28–48.

139

Обратите внимание, например, на описание в «Книге Псалмов» – «Бог Бога … Господь господствующих» (Пс. 136: 2–3, или «Бог богов и Господь господствующих» (Второзаконие 10:17). «Книга откровений» рассказывает, как зверь будет побежден, потому что Агнец – «Господь господствующих и Царь царей» (Откр. 17:14).

140

The Lotus of the Wonderful Law or The Lotus Gospel: Saddharma Pundarīka Sūtra Miao-Fa Lin Hua Chung, tr. W. Soothill (London, 1987), р. 77.

141

X. Liu, Ancient India and Ancient China: Trade and Religious Exchanges AD 1–600 (Oxford, 1988), р. 102.

142

Sukhāvatī-vyūha: Description of Sukhāvatī, the Land of Bliss, tr. F. Müller (Oxford, 1883), рр. 33–34; Lotus of the Wonderful Law, рр. 107, 114.

143

D. Schlumberger, M. Le Berre and G. Fussman (eds), Surkh Kotal en Bactriane, vol. 1: Les Temples: architecture, sculpture, inscriptions (Paris, 1983); V. Gaibov, ‘Ancient Tajikistan Studies in History, Archaeology and Culture (1980–1991)’, Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 1.3 (1995), рр. 289–304.

144

R. Salomon, Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhara (Seattle, 1999).

145

J. Harle, The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent (New Haven, 1994), рр. 43–57.

146

См., главным образом, E. de la Vaissière, Sogdian Traders: A History (Leiden, 2005).

147

K. Jettmar, ‘Sogdians in the Indus Valley’, in Р. Bertrand and F. Grenet (eds), Histoire des cultes de l’Asie centrale préislamique (Paris, 1991), рр. 251–253.

148

C. Huart, Le Livre de Gerchāsp, poème persan d’Asadī junior de Toūs, 2 vols (Paris, 1926–1929), 2, р. 111.

149

R. Giès, G. Feugère and A. Coutin (eds), Painted Buddhas of Xinjiang: Hidden Treasures from the Silk Road (London, 2002); T. Higuchi and G. Barnes, ‘Bamiyan: Buddhist Cave Temples in Afghanistan’, World Archaeology 27.2 (1995), р. 282ff.

150

M. Rhie, Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, vol. 1 (Leiden, 1999); Wei, Ancient Chinese Architecture: Buddhist Buildings (Vienna, 2000).

151

G. Koshelenko, ‘The Beginnings of Buddhism in Margiana’, Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 14 (1966), рр. 175–183; R. Foltz, Religions of the Silk Road: Premodern Patterns of Globalization (2nd edn, Basingstoke, 2010), рр. 47–48; R. Foltz, ‘Buddhism in the Iranian World’, Muslim World 100.2–3 (2010), рр. 204–214.

152

N. Sims-Williams, ‘Indian Elements in Parthian and Sogdian’, in R. Röhrborn and W. Veenker (eds), Sprachen des Buddhismus in Zentralasien (Wiesbaden, 1983), рр. 132–141; W. Sundermann, ‘Die Bedeutung des Parthischen für die Verbreitung buddhistischer Wörter indischer Herkunft’, Altorientalische Forschungen 9 (1982), рр. 99–113.

153

W. Ball, ‘How Far Did Buddhism Spread West?’, Al-Rāfidān 10 (1989), рр. 1–11.

154

T. Daryaee, Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire (London, 2009), рр. 2–5.

155

Многие ученые писали о переменах. См. Canepa, The Two Eyes of the Earth: Art and Ritual of Kingship between Rome and Sasanian Iran (Berkeley, 2009).

156

M. Canepa, ‘Technologies of Memory in Early Sasanian Iran: Achaemenid Sites and Sasanian Identity’, American Journal of Archaeology 114.4 (2010), рр. 563–596; Weber, ‘Wahram II: König der Könige von Eran und Aneran’, Iranica Antiqua 44 (2009), рр. 559–643.

157

О сасанидской чеканке в целом – R. Göbl, Sasanian Numismatics (Brunswick, 1971).

158

M. Boyce, Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices (London, 1979).

159

R. Foltz, ‘Zoroastrian Attitudes toward Animals’, Society and Animals 18 (2010), рр. 367–378.

160

The Book of the Counsel of Zartusht, рр. 2–8, in R. Zaehner, The Teachings of the Magi: A Compendium of Zoroastrian Beliefs (New York, 1956), рр. 21–22. См. также M. Boyce, Textual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism (Manchester, 1984).

161

См., например, M. Boyce, Textual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism (Manchester, 1984), рр. 104–106.

162

M. Boyce and F. Grenet, A History of Zoroastrianism (Leiden, 1991), рр. 30–33. О зороастрийских верованиях, включая молитвы и вероучения, см. Boyce, Textual Sources, рр. 53–61; о ритуалах и практиках – рр. 61–70.

163

J. Harmatta, ‘Late Bactrian Inscriptions’, Acta Antiqua Hungaricae 17 (1969), рр. 386–388.

164

M. Back, ‘Die sassanidischen Staatsinschriften’, Acta Iranica 18 (1978), рр. 287–288.

165

S. Shaked, ‘Administrative Functions of Priests in the Sasanian Period’, in G. Gnoli and A. Panaino (eds), Proceedings of the First European Conference of Iranian Studies, 2 vols (Rome, 1991), 1, рр. 261–273; T. Daryaee, ‘Memory and History: The Construction of the Past in Late Antiquity’, Name-ye Iran-e Bastan 1.2 (2001–2002), рр. 1–14.

166

Back, ‘Sassanidischen Staatsinschriften’, р. 384. Полную надпись см. в M. – L. Chaumont, ‘L’Inscription de Kartir à la Kaʿbah de Zoroastre: text, traduction et commentaire’, Journal Asiatique 248 (1960), рр. 339–380.

167

M.-L. Chaumont, La Christianisation de l’empire iranien, des origines aux grandes persécutions du IV siècle (Louvain, 1988), р. 111; G. Fowden, Empire to Commonwealth: Consequences of Monotheism in Late Antiquity (Princeton, 1993), рр. 28–29.

168

R. Merkelbach, Mani und sein Religionssystem (Opladen, 1986); J. Russell, ‘Kartir and Mani: A Shamanistic Model of their Conflict’, Iranica Varia: Papers in Honor of Professor Ehsan Yarshater (Leiden, 1990), рр. 180–193; S. Lieu, History of Manicheanism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China: A Historical Survey (Manchester, 1985). О Шапуре и Мани см. M. Hutter, ‘Manichaeism in the early Sasanian Empire’, Numen 40 (1993), рр. 2–15.

169

Р. Gigoux (ed. and tr.), Les Quatre Inscriptions du mage Kirdir, textes et concordances (Paris, 1991). А также C. Jullien and F. Jullien, ‘Aux frontières de l’iranité: “nasraye” et “kristyone” des inscriptions du mobad Kirdir: enquête littéraire et historique’, Numen 49.3 (2002), рр. 282–335; F. de Blois, ‘Naṣrānī Ναζωραȋος) and ḥanīf (ἐθνικός): Studies on the Religious Vocabulary of Christianity and of Islam’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 65 (2002), рр. 7–8.

170

S. Lieu, ‘Captives, Refugees and Exiles: A Study of Cross-Frontier Civilian Movements and Contacts between Rome and Persia from Valerian to Jovian’, in Р. Freeman and D. Kennedy (eds), The Defence of the Roman and Byzantine East (Oxford, 1986), рр. 475–505.

171

A. Kitchen, C. Ehret, S. Assefa and C. Mulligan, ‘Bayesian Phylogenetic Analysis of Semitic Languages Identifies an Early Bronze Age Origin of Semitic in the Near East’, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 276.1668 (2009), рр. 2702–2710. Некоторые исследователи говорят о североафриканском происхождении семитских языков, например, D. McCall, ‘The Afroasiatic Language Phylum: African in Origin, or Asian?’, Current Anthropology 39.1 (1998), рр. 139–144.

172

R. Stark, The Rise of Christianity: A Sociologist Reconsiders History (Princeton, 1996), и R. Stark, Cities of God: The Real Story of How Christianity Became an Urban Movement and Conquered Rome (San Francisco, 2006). Взгляды и методология Старка оказались противоречивыми, см. Journal of Early Christian Studies 6.2 (1998).

173

Pliny the Younger, Letter 96, ed. and tr. B. Radice, Letters and Panegyricus, 2 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1969), 2, рр. 284–286.

174

Там же, Letter 97, 2, рр. 290–292.

175

J. Helgeland, R. Daly and Р. Patout Burns (eds), Christians and the Military: The Early Experience (Philadelphia, 1985).

176

M. Roberts, Poetry and the Cult of the Martyrs (Ann Arbor, 1993); G. de Ste Croix, Christian Persecution, Martyrdom and Orthodoxy (Oxford, 2006).

177

Tertullian, Apologia ad Nationes, 42, in Tertullian: Apology: De Spectaculis, ed. and tr. T. Glover (London, 1931), р. 190; G. Stoumsa, Barbarian Philosophy: The Religious Revolution of Early Christianity (Tübingen, 1999), рр. 69–70.

178

Tertullian, Apologia, 8, р. 44.

179

W. Baum and D. Winkler, Die Apostolische Kirche des Ostens (Klagenfurt, 2000), рр. 13–17.

180

S. Rose, Roman Edessa: Politics and Culture on the Eastern Fringes of the Roman Empire, 114–242 CE (London, 2001).

181

T. Mgaloblishvili and I. Gagoshidze, ‘The Jewish Diaspora and Early Christianity in Georgia’, in T. Mgaloblishvili (ed.), Ancient Christianity in the Caucasus (London, 1998), рр. 39–48.

182

J. Bowman, ‘The Sassanian Church in the Kharg Island’, Acta Iranica 1 (1974), 217–220.

183

The Book of the Laws of the Countries: Dialogue on the Fate of Bardaisan of Edessa, tr. H. Drijvers (Assen, 1965), р. 61.

184

J. Asmussen, ‘Christians in Iran’, in The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods (Cambridge, 1983), 3.2, рр. 929–930.

185

S. Brock, ‘A Martyr at the Sasanid Court under Vahran II: Candida’, Analecta Bollandiana 96.2 (1978), рр. 167–181.

186

Eusebius, Evaggelike Proparaskeus, ed. K. Mras, Eusebius Werke: Die Praeparatio Evangelica (Berlin, 1954), 1.4, р. 16; A. Johnson, ‘Eusebius’ Praeparatio Evangelica as Literary Experiment’, in S. Johnson (ed.), Greek Literature in Late Antiquity: Dynamism, Didacticism, Classicism (Aldershot, 2006), р. 85.

187

Р. Brown, The Body and Society: Men, Women and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity (London, 1988); C. Wickham, The Inheritance of Rome: A History of Europe from 400 to 1000 (London, 2009), рр. 55–56.

188

B. Dignas and E. Winter, Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity (Cambridge, 2007), рр. 210–232.

189

См. A. Sterk, ‘Mission from Below: Captive Women and Conversion on the East Roman Frontiers’, Church History 79.1 (2010), рр. 1–39.

190

О конверсии см. R. Thomson (ed. and tr.), The Lives of St Gregory: The Armenian, Greek, Arabic and Syriac Versions of the History Attributed to Agathaneglos (Ann Arbor, 2010). W. Seibt, Die Christianisierung des Kaukasus: The Christianisation of Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia, Albania) (Vienna, 2002), и M.-L. Chaumont, Recherches sur l’histoire d’Arménie, de l’avènement des Sassanides à la conversion du royaume (Paris, 1969), рр. 131–146.

191

Eusebius of Caesarea, Bios tou megalou Konstantinou, ed. F. Winkelmann, Über das Leben des Kaisers Konstantin (Berlin, 1992), 1.28–30, рр. 29–30. Об обращении Константина и в целом о ситуации в то время см. сборник эссе N. Lenski (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine (rev. edn, Cambridge, 2012).

192

Sozomen, Ekklesiastike Historia, ed. J. Bidez, Sozomenus: Kirchengeschichte (Berlin, 1995), 2.3, р. 52.

193

Eusebius, Bios tou megalou Konstantinou, 2.44, р. 66.

194

A. Lee, ‘Traditional Religions’, in Lenski, Age of Constantine, рр. 159–180.

195

Codex Theodosianus, tr. C. Pharr, The Theodosian Code and Novels and the Simondian Constitutions (Princeton, 1952), 15.12, р. 436.

196

Eusebius, Bios tou megalou Konstantinou, 3.27–8, р. 96.

197

Там же, 3.31–2, р. 99.

198

Р. Sarris, Empires of Faith (Oxford, 2012), р. 22–23.

199

Eusebius, Vita Constantini, 4.13, р. 125; перевод в Dodgeon and Lieu (eds), The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars A. D. 226–363: A Documentary History (London, 1991), р. 152. Даты см. в G. Fowden, Empire to Commonwealth: Consequences of Monotheism in Late Antiquity (Princeton, 1993), рр. 94–99.

200

J. Eadie, ‘The Transformation of the Eastern Frontier 260–305’, in R. Mathisen and H. Sivan (eds), Shifting Frontiers in Late Antiquity (Aldershot, 1996), рр. 72–82; M. Konrad, ‘Research on the Roman and Early Byzantine Frontier in North Syria’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 12 (1999), рр. 392–410.

201

Sterk, ‘Mission from Below’, рр. 10–11.

202

Eusebius, Vita Constantini, 5.56, р. 143; 5.62, рр. 145–146.

203

T. Barnes, ‘Constantine and the Christians of Persia’, Journal of Roman Studies 75 (1985), р. 132.

204

Aphrahat, Demonstrations, M. – J. Pierre, Aphraate le sage person: les exposés (Paris, 1988–1989), no. 5.

205

J. Walker, The Legend of Mar Qardagh: Narrative and Christian Heroism in Late Antique Iraq (Berkeley, 2006), 6, р. 22.

206

См. в целом J. Rist, ‘Die Verfolgung der Christen im spätkirchen Sasanidenreich: Ursachen, Verlauf, und Folgen’, Oriens Christianus 80 (1996), рр. 17–42. Доказательства не без проблем интерпретации – S. Brock, ‘Saints in Syriac: A Little-Tapped Resource’, Journal of East Christian Studies 16.2 (2008), рр. 184–186.

207

J. Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia, 500 BC to 650 AD (London, 2001), р. 202.

208

O. Knottnerus, ‘Malaria in den Nordseemarschen: Gedanken über Mensch und Umwelt’, in M. Jakubowski-Tiessen and J. Lorenzen-Schmidt, Dünger und Dynamit: Beiträge zur Umweltgeschichte Schleswig-Holsteins und Dänemarks (Neumünster, 1999), рр. 25–39; Р. Sorrel et al., ‘Climate Variability in the Aral Sea Basin (Central Asia) during the Late Holocene Based on Vegetation Changes’, Quaternary Research 67.3 (2007), рр. 357–370; H. Oberhänsli et al., ‘Variability in Precipitation, Temperature and River Runoff in W. Central Asia during the Past ~2000 Yrs’, Global and Planetary Change 76 (2011), рр. 95–104; O. Savoskul and O. Solomina, ‘Late-Holocene Glacier Variations in the Frontal and Inner Ranges of the Tian Shan, Central Asia’, Holocene 6.1 (1996), рр. 25–35.

209

N. Sims-Williams, ‘Sogdian Ancient Letter II’, in A. Juliano and J. Lerner (eds), Monks and Merchants: Silk Road Treasures from Northern China: Gansu and Ningxia 4th–7th Century (New York, 2001), рр. 47–49. Также см. F. Grenet and N. Sims-Williams, ‘The Historical Context of the Sogdian Ancient Letters’, Transition Periods in Iranian History, Studia Iranica 5 (1987), рр. 101–122; N. Sims-Williams, ‘Towards a New Edition of the Sogdian Letters’, in E. Trembert and E. de la Vaissière (eds), Les Sogdiens en Chine (Paris, 2005), рр. 181–193.

210

E. de la Vaissière, ‘Huns et Xiongnu’, Central Asiatic Journal 49.1 (2005), рр. 3–26.

211

Р. Heather, Empires and Barbarians (London, 2009), рр. 151–188; A. Poulter, ‘Cataclysm on the Lower Danube: The Destruction of a Complex Roman Landscape’, in N. Christie (ed.), Landscapes of Change: Rural Evolutions in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (Aldershot, 2004), рр. 223–254.

212

См. F. Grenet, ‘Crise et sortie de crise en Bactriane-Sogdiane aux IVe – Ve s de n.è.: de l’héritage antique à l’adoption de modèles sassanides’, in La Persia e l’Asia Centrale da Alessandro al X secolo. Atti dei Convegni Lincei 127 (Rome, 1996), рр. 367–390; de la Vaissière, Sogdian Traders, рр. 97–103.

213

G. Greatrex and S. Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars, Part II, AD 363–630 (London, 2002), рр. 17–19; O. Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns (Los Angeles, 1973), р. 58.

214

Ученые долго спорили о датировании этого строения, J. Nokandeh et al., ‘Linear Barriers of Northern Iran: The Great Wall of Gorgan and the Wall of Tammishe’, Iran 44 (2006), рр. 121–173.

215

J. Howard-Johnston, ‘The Two Great Powers in Late Antiquity: A Comparison’, in A. Cameron, G. King and J. Haldon (eds), The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East, 3 vols (Princeton, 1992–1996), 3, рр. 190–197.

216

R. Blockley, ‘Subsidies and Diplomacy: Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity’, Phoenix 39 (1985), рр. 66–67.

217

Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier, рр. 32–33.

218

См. Heather, Fall of the Roman Empire, рр. 191–250.

219

St Jerome, ‘Ad Principiam’, Select Letters of St Jerome, ed. and tr. F. Wright (Cambridge, MA, 1933), 127, р. 462.

220

Jordanes, Getica, 30, in Iordanis Romana et Getica, ed. T. Mommsen (Berlin, 1882), рр. 98–99.

221

J. Hill, Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Late Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE: An Annotated Translation of the Chronicle of the ‘Western Regions’ from the Hou Hanshu (Charleston, NC, 2009).

222

Sarris, Empires of Faith, рр. 41–43.

223

В документе начала четвертого века перечисляются племена, которые влились в Римскую империю, см. A. Riese (ed.), Geographi latini minores (Hildesheim, 1964), рр. 1280–1289. Другие примеры см. Sidonius Apollinaris, ‘Panegyric on Avitus’, in Sidonius Apollinaris: Poems and Letters, ed. and tr. W. Anderson, 2 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1935–1956), 1, р. 146.

224

Ammianus Marcellinus, Rerum Gestarum Libri XXX, 31.2, 3, р. 382.

225

Priscus, Testimonia, fragment 49, ed. and tr. R. Blockley, The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire: Eunapius, Olympiodorus, Priscus, and Malchus, 2 vols (Liverpool, 1981–1983), 2, р. 356.

226

Ammianus Marcellinus, Rerum Gestarum Libri XXX, 31.2, 3, р. 380.

227

D. Pany and K. Wiltschke-Schrotta, ‘Artificial Cranial Deformation in a Migration Period Burial of Schwarzenbach, Central Austria’, VIAVIAS 2 (2008), рр. 18–23.

228

Priscus, Testimonia, fragment 24, 2, рр. 316–317. Об успехе гуннов см. Heather, Fall of the Roman Empire, рр. 300–348.

229

B. Ward-Perkins, The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization (Oxford, 2005), р. 91ff.

230

Salvian, Œuvres, ed. and tr. C. Lagarrigue, 2 vols (Paris, 1971–1975), 2, 4.12. Перевод из E. Sanford (tr.), The Government of God (New York, 1930), р. 118.

231

Zosimus, Historias Neas, ed. and tr. F. Paschoud, Zosime, Histoire nouvelle, 3 vols (Paris, 2000) 2.7, 1, рр. 77–79.

232

Asmussen, ‘Christians in Iran’, рр. 929–930.

233

S. Brock, ‘The Church of the East in the Sasanian Empire up to the Sixth Century and its Absence from the Councils in the Roman Empire’, Syriac Dialogue: First Non-Official Consultation on Dialogue within the Syriac Tradition (Vienna, 1994), 71.

234

A. Cameron and R. Hoyland (eds), Doctrine and Debate in the East Christian World 300–1500 (Farnham, 2011), р. xi.

235

W. Barnstone, The Restored New Testament: A New Translation with Commentary, Including the Gnostic Gospels of Thomas, Mary and Judas (New York, 2009).

236

N. Tanner, The Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, 2 vols (Washington, DC, 1990), 1; A. Cameron, The Later Roman Empire, AD 284–430 (London, 1993), рр. 59–70.

237

См. Р. Wood, The Chronicle of Seert. Christian Historical Imagination in Late Antique Iraq (Oxford, 2013), рр. 23–24

238

S. Brock, ‘The Christology of the Church of the East in the Synods of the Fifth to Early Seventh Centuries: Preliminary Considerations and Materials’, in G. Dagras (ed.), A Festschrift for Archbishop Methodios of Thyateira and Great Britain (Athens, 1985), рр. 125–142.

239

Baum and Winkler, Apostolische Kirche, рр. 19–25.

240

Synod of Dadjesus, Synodicon orientale, ou Recueil de synods nestoriens, ed. J. Chabot (Paris, 1902), рр. 285–298; Brock, ‘Christology of the Church of the East’, рр. 125–142; Brock, ‘Church of the East’, рр. 73–74.

241

Wood, Chronicle of Seert, рр. 32–37.

242

Gregory of Nazianzus, De Vita Sua, in D. Meehan (tr.), Saint Gregory of Nazianzus: Three Poems (Washington, DC, 1987), рр. 133–135.

243

Св. Кирилл Александрийский, письмо Павлу Префекту, in J. McEnerney (tr.), Letters of St Cyril of Alexandria, 2 vols (Washington, DC, 1985–1987), 2, 96, рр. 151–153.

244

S. Brock, ‘From Antagonism to Assimilation: Syriac Attitudes to Greek Learning’, in N. Garsoian, T. Mathews and T. Thomson (eds), East of Byzantium: Syria and Armenia in the Formative Period (Washington, DC, 1982), рр. 17–34; также то же самое – ‘Christology of the Church of the East’, рр. 165–173.

245

R. Norris, The Christological Controversy (Philadelphia, 1980), рр. 156–157.

246

Brock, ‘Christology of the Church of the East’, рр. 125–142; также см. Baum and Winkler, Apostolische Kirche, рр. 31–34.

247

F.-C. Andreas, ‘Bruchstücke einer Pehlevi-Übersetzung der Psalmen aus der Sassanidenzeit’, Sitzungsberichte der Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaften (1910), рр. 869–872; J. Asmussen, ‘The Sogdian and Uighur-Turkish Christian Literature in Central Asia before the Real Rise of Islam: A Survey’, in L. Hercus, F. Kuiper, T. Rajapatirana and E. Skrzypczak (eds), Indological and Buddhist Studies: Volume in Honour of Professor J. W. de Jong on his Sixtieth Birthday (Canberra, 1982), рр. 11–29.

248

Sarris, Empires of Faith, р. 153.

249

О совете 553 – R. Price, The Acts of the Council of Constantinople of 553: Edited with an introduction and notes, 2 vols (Liverpool, 2009). Сирийский текст с переводом – S. Brock, ‘The Conversations with the Syrian Orthodox under Justinian (532)’, Orientalia Christiana Periodica 47 (1981), рр. 87–121, и S. Brock, ‘Some New Letters of the Patriarch Severus’, Studia Patristica 12 (1975), рр. 17–24.

250

Evagrius Scholasticus, Ekklesiastike historia, 5.1, Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius Scholasticus, tr. M. Whitby (Liverpool, 2005), р. 254.

251

О компиляции текстов и датах см. R. Lim, Public Disputation: Power and Social Order in Late Antiquity (Berkeley, 1991), р. 227.

252

Sterk, ‘Mission from Below’, рр. 10–12.

253

О 300 мучениках Наджрана см. I. Shahid, ‘The Martyrdom of Early Arab Christians: Sixth Century Najran’, in G. Corey, Р. Gillquist, M. Mackoul et al. (eds), The First One Hundred Years: A Centennial Anthology Celebrating Antiochian Orthodoxy in North America (Englewood, NJ, 1996), рр. 177–180. О путешествии Козьмы Индикоплова см. S. Faller, Taprobane im Wandel der Zeit (Stuttgart, 2000); H. Schneider, ‘Kosmas Indikopleustes, Christliche Topographie: Probleme der Überlieferung und Editionsgeschichte’, Byzantinische Zeitschrift 99.2 (2006), рр. 605–614.

254

The History of Theophylact Simocatta: An English Translation with Introduction and Notes, ed. and tr. M. Whitby and M. Whitby (Oxford, 1986), 5.10, р. 147.

255

См. Wood, Chronicle of Seert, р. 23.

256

B. Spuler, Iran in früh-Islamischer Zeit (Wiesbaden, 1952), рр. 210–213; Р. Jenkins, The Lost History of Christianity (Oxford, 2008), рр. 14, 53; также см. S. Moffett, A History of Christianity in Asia, 2 vols (San Francisco, 1998); J. Asmussen, ‘Christians in Iran’, рр. 924–948.

257

A. Atiya, A History of Eastern Christianity (London, 1968), р. 239ff.

258

Agathias, Historion, 2.28, Agathias: Histories, tr. J. Frendo (Berlin, 1975), р. 77.

259

О молитвах см. Brock, ‘Church of the East’, р. 76; о выборах – Synod of Mar Gregory I, Synodicon orientale, р. 471.

260

T. Daryaee (ed. and tr.), Šahrestānīhā-ī Ērānšahr: A Middle Persian Text on Late Antique Geography, Epic and History (Costa Mesa, CA, 2002).

261

M. Morony, ‘Land Use and Settlement Patterns in Late Sasanian and Early Islamic Iraq’, in Cameron, King and Haldon, The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East, 2, рр. 221–229; F. Rahimi-Laridjani, Die Entwicklung der Bewässerungslandwirtschaft im Iran bis Sasanidisch-frühislamische zeit (Weisbaden, 1988); R. Gyselen, La géographie administrative de l’empire sasanide: les témoignages sigilographiques (Paris, 1989).

262

Р. Pourshariati, Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran (London, 2009), рр. 33–60. Также см. Z. Rubin, ‘The Reforms of Khusro Anushirwān’, in Cameron, Islamic Near East, 3, рр. 225–297.

263

A. Taffazoli, ‘List of Trades and Crafts in the Sassanian Period’, Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 7 (1974), рр. 192–196.

264

R. Frye, ‘Sasanian Seal Inscriptions’, in R. Stiehl and H. Stier, Beiträge zur alten Gesichte und deren Nachleben, 2 vols (Berlin, 1969–1970), 1, рр. 79–84; J. Choksy, ‘Loan and Sales Contracts in Ancient and Early Medieval Iran’, Indo-Iranian Journal 31 (1988), р. 120.

265

Daryaee, ‘Persian Gulf Trade’, 1–16.

266

E. de la Vaissière, Histoire des marchands sogdiens (Paris, 2002), рр. 155–161, 179–231. N. Sims-Williams, ‘The Sogdian Merchants in China and India’, in Cadonna and L. Lanciotti (eds), Cina e Iran: da Alessandro Magno alla dinastia Tang (Florence, 1996), рр. 45–67; J. Rose, ‘The Sogdians: Prime Movers between Boundaries’, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 30.3 (2010), 410–419.

267

F. Thierry and C. Morrisson, ‘Sur les monnaies Byzantines trouvés en Chine’, Revue numismatique 36 (1994), рр. 109–145; L. Yin, ‘Western Turks and Byzantine Gold Coins Found in China’, Transoxiana 6 (2003); B. Marshak and W. Anazawa, ‘Some Notes on the Tomb of Li Xian and his Wife under the Northern Zhou Dynasty at Guyuan, Ningxia and its Gold-Gilt Silver Ewer with Greek Mythological Scenes Unearthed There’, Cultura Antiqua 41.4 (1989), рр. 54–57.

268

D. Shepherd, ‘Sasanian Art’, in Cambridge History of Iran, 3.2, рр. 1085–1086.

269

О Пасхе – Eusebius, Vita Constantini, 3.18, р. 90. Примеры законодательства в отношении смешанных браков – Codex Theodosianus, 16.7, р. 466; 16.8, рр. 467–468.

270

L. Feldman, ‘Proselytism by Jews in the Third, Fourth and Fifth Centuries’, Journal for the Study of Judaism 24.1 (1993), рр. 9–10.

271

Там же, р. 46.

272

Р. Schäfer, Jesus in the Talmud (Princeton, 2007); Р. Schäfer, M. Meerson and Y. Deutsch (eds), Toledot Yeshu (‘The Life Story of Jesus’) Revisited (Tübingen, 2011).

273

G. Bowersock, ‘The New Greek Inscription from South Yemen’, in A. Sedov and J. – F. Salles (eds), Qāni’: le port antique du Ḥaḍramawt entre la Méditerranée, l’Afrique et l’Inde: fouilles russes 1972, 1985–1989, 1991, 1993–1994 (Turnhout, 2013), рр. 393–396.

274

J. Beaucamp, F. Briquel-Chatonnet and C. Robin (eds), Juifs et chrétiens en Arabie aux Ve et VIe siècles: regards croisés sur les sources (Paris, 2010); C. Robin, ‘Joseph, dernier roi de Himyar (de 522 à 525, ou une des années suivantes)’, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 34 (2008), рр. 1–124.

275

G. Bowersock, The Throne of Adulis: Red Sea Wars on the Eve of Islam (Oxford, 2013), рр. 78–91.

276

Brock, ‘Church of the East’, р. 73.

277

Walker, The Legend of Mar Qardagh; text, рр. 19–69.

278

Y. Saeki, The Nestorian Documents and Relics in China (2nd edn, Tokyo, 1951), рр. 126–127; D. Scott, ‘Christian Responses to Buddhism in Pre-Medieval Times’, Numen 32.1 (1985), рр. 91–92.

279

См. E. Pagels, The Gnostic Gospels (New York, 1979); H. – J. Klimkeit, Gnosis on the Silk Road: Gnostic Texts from Central Asia (San Francisco, 1993); K. King, What is Gnosticism? (Cambridge, MA, 2003).

280

Р. Crone, ‘Zoroastrian Communism’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 36.4 (1994), 447–462; G. Gnoli, ‘Nuovi studi sul Mazdakismo’, in Convegno internazionale: la Persia e Bisanzio (Rome, 2004), рр. 439–456.

281

Hui Li, Life of Hiuen-tsang, tr. Samuel Beal (Westport, CT, 1973), р. 45.

282

Там же, р. 46; R. Foltz, ‘When was Central Asia Zoroastrian?’, Mankind Quarterly (1988), рр. 189–200.

283

S. Beal, Buddhist Records of the Western World (New Delhi, 1969), рр. 44–46.

284

G. Mitchell and S. Johar, ‘The Maratha Complex at Ellora’, Modern Asian Studies 28.1 (2012), рр. 69–88.

285

Раскопки и исследования были проведены в 1970-х годах командами из Японии и Афганистана, см. T. Higuchi, Japan-Afghanistan Joint Archaeological Survey 1974, 1976, 1978 (Kyoto, 1976–1980).

286

О датировании комплекса Бамиан с 600 года, см. D. Klimburg-Salter, ‘Buddhist Painting in the Hindu Kush c. VIIth to Xth Centuries: Reflections of the Co-existence of Pre-Islamic and Islamic Artistic Cultures during the Early Centuries of the Islamic Era’, in E. de la Vaissière, Islamisation de l’Asie Centrale: processus locaux d’acculturation du VIIe au XIe siècle (Paris, 2008), рр. 140–142; также см. F. Flood, ‘Between Cult and Culture: Bamiyan, Islamic Iconoclasm, and the Museum’, Art Bulletin 84.4 (2002), р. 641ff. Информация есть также здесь L. Morgan, The Buddhas of Bamiyan (London, 2012).

287

Цитируется по Power, Red Sea, р. 58.

288

I. Gillman and H. – J. Klimkeit, Christians in Asia before 1500 (Ann Arbor, 1999), рр. 265–305.

289

G. Stroumsa, Barbarian Philosophy: The Religious Revolution of Early Christianity (Tübingen, 1999), рр. 80, 274–281.

290

J. Choksy, ‘Hagiography and Monotheism in History: Doctrinal Encounters between Zoroastrianism, Judaism and Christianity’, Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 14.4 (2010), рр. 407–421.

291

Pseudo-Dionysius of Tel Mahre, Chronicle (Known Also as the Chronicle of Zuqnin), Part III, tr. W. Witaksowski (Liverpool, 1996), р. 77.

292

Procopius, Hyper ton polemon, 2.22–3, in History of the Wars, Secret History, Buildings, ed. and tr. H. Dewing, 7 vols (Cambridge, MA), 1, рр. 450–472.