Stalin

INDEX

Illustrations are indicated by Gallery number

Abakumov, Viktor Semenovich, 273, 303, 369n39

Agriculture: collectivization, 110–113, 115–116, 299, 300, 322

and famine policy, 38, 117

and food shortages, 184–185, 278, 300–301, 323–324

grain expropriation, 101, 102–104, 105, 110, 119–120

grain reserves, 349n35

interregnum period reforms, 302, 315

livestock production, 299–300, 374n15

and New Economic Policy (NEP), 64, 110

private plots, 7, 111, 112, 124, 278

quotas for grain deliveries, 123–124

tsarist reforms, 27. See also Peasants

Air Force: accident rate in, 186

capacity of, 183, 187

modernization of, 184

destruction of at start of war, 201–202

Akhmatova, Anna, 265, 368n9

Alcohol consumption, at Stalin’s dacha, 5–6

Alekseev, N. P., 56–57

Alexander III, 11

Alliluev, Pavel, 134, 256, 258, 259

Alliluev, Sergei, 252

Allilueva, Anna, 30, 256, 258, 259

Allilueva, Nadezhda. See Stalin, Nadezhda Allilueva

Allilueva (Alliluyeva), Svetlana: birth of, 253

childhood of, 254, 256, Gallery 8, 9, 11

on dacha lifestyle, 4, 191

defection of, 260

Jewish husband of, 259, 286

in public appearance, 136, 137

relationship with father, 256–257, 258, 259

at Stalin’s deathbed, 250, 313–314

on Stalin’s health, 196–197

on suicide of mother, 255

Alliluev family, Stalin’s friendship with, 48–49, 252

Andreev, Andrei, 365n142

Anti-Comintern Pact, 154

Anti-retreat units, 223, 237, 242

Anti-Semitism, as state policy, 284–285, 304, 309

Antonov, Aleksei Innokentievich, 227, 364n99

Appeasement policy, 163, 167, 168

Archival sources: citizens’ letters, 300–301, 327–329, 377n35, n38

newly accessible, ix, xii, xv

Stalin Collection, xiii–xiv

types of, xii

visitor logs, xiii

Aristov, Averky, 301

Atom bomb: Soviet, 293

U.S., 248

Baberowski (Baberovski), Jörg, 21

Baku, Social Democratic movement in, 26–27

Balitsky, Vsevolod, 115

Bank deposits, and currency reform, 275, 277, 279

Baramiia, Mikhail, 304–305

Batum, revolutionary violence in, 22–23

Beaverbrook, Lord, 212

Belarus: German invasion of, 204

and German-Soviet non-aggression pact, 166

Red Army campaign of 1944, 231

forced resettlement campaign in, 174

Soviet occupation of, 170

Beria, Lavrenty Pavlovich: 2, 5, 40, 260, Gallery 8, 14

biography of, 332–333n1

bribery charge against, 304–305

on collaborators, 232

and ethnic deportations, 233–234

fall of, 333n1

on German prisoners of war, 231

in interregnum period, 312

in leadership reorganizations, 282, 303

and Molotov scandal, 271, 272

poisoning charge against, 338n1

Politburo appointment of, 177

on Red Army crimes against civilians, 234

at Stalin’s deathbed, 142, 143, 189, 312

and Stalin’s wartime safety, 211

state security under, 181

in wartime leadership, 203, 204, 205, 206, 225, 240, 269

as Yezhov’s deputy, 159–160

Berlin blockade, 281

Berlin Conference, 247–248

Berlin operation, 246–247

Bessarabia, 166, 173, 174

Biography: archival exposés, ix–x

memoirs as source for, xiv–xv

pitfalls of genre, xi–xii

Bliukher, Vasily, 163

Bogdanov, Aleksandr, 94

Bolsheviks: armed robbery by, 25–26

centralized party organization of, 36–38

at European party congresses, 25

falsification of history of, 95

revolutionary agenda of, 24

Stalin’s conflicts with colleagues, 63

Stalin’s purge of old guard, 137–139, 140

Stalin’s rise in leadership ranks, 28, 54, 65–66

war readiness of, 153. See also Civil War

Collective leadership

Lenin

Revolution of 1917

Borisov, Mikhail, 128, 132, 133

Britain: appeasement of Hitler, 163, 167

Churchill-Stalin meetings, 224, 230, 244

and Polish invasion, 169–170

in postwar settlement, 270

second front plan, 223–224, 228, 229

wartime aid to Stalin, 211, 212

Budenny, Semen, 202, 361n21

Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich: 68, 90, 94, Gallery 6

on anti-Trotsky coalition, 81–82

biography of, 343n55

execution of, 140

-Kamenev secret meeting, 107

as oppositionist, 105, 106, 108

in power struggle, 75–76, 77, 78, 80

Bukovina, 173

Bulgakov, Mikhail Afanasyevich, 96, 346n10

Bulganin, Nikolai Aleksandrovich, 2

biography of, 333n1

in interregnum period, 312

in Mao’s Moscow visit, 289

at Stalin’s deathbed, 142, 189, 312

Stalin’s promotion of, 303

in wartime leadership, 241

Bulgaria, in Communist bloc, 281

Cannibalism, in famine of 1932–1933, 119

Capital investment, postwar, 299, 322

Capture by enemy provisions (Order No. 270), 210

Caucasus region, culture of violence in, 21–22

Central Committee: February-March 1937 plenum, 154–155

majority faction, 80

Presidium, 305–306, 312

Presidium Bureau, 306, 311, 312

Special Sector, 329

Stalin’s reorganization of, 178

Chadaev, Yakov, 181, 202, 221

Chamberlain, Austen, 88

Chamberlain, Neville, 163

Chapaev (film), 96

Charkviani, Khristofor, 14

Chechens, forced relocation of, 233

Chiang Kai-shek, 288

“Children’s literature,” xiv–xv

China-Soviet relations: collective leadership debate on, 90

in Korean War, 294, 296

Mao’s Soviet visit, 149, 287–288, 289–293

non-aggression pact of 1937, 156

treaty of 1945, 91, 288, 290

treaty of 1950, 291–292

Chinese civil war, 286, 288

Chizhikov, Petr, 251

Chochia, Grigory, 25

Chubar, Vlas, 177

Chuikov, Vasily, 171–172

Churchill, Winston, 269

Iron Curtain speech of, 267

and second front plan, 223–224, 228, 229

-Stalin meetings, 224, 230, 244, Gallery 12

Civil War: casualties of, 54

opponents of Bolsheviks in, 53

Polish front, 59–61

Stalin’s missions during, 54–56

Stalin-Trotsky conflict, 61–63

Tsaritsyn terror campaign during, 56–59

Clausewitz, Carl von, 95

Cold War, origins of, 266–267

Collaborators with Nazi occupation, prosecution of, 232

Collective leadership, Gallery, 6, 7

anti-Trotsky coalition in, 80, 81–82

division of functions, 80–81

expulsion of leftist opposition, 83–86, 90, 100

and foreign threats campaign, 88–89

and New Economic Policy (NEP), 81, 82, 87, 88, 110

opponents of Stalin’s rise to power, 82–83, 104–105, 106, 108

policy debates within, 89–91

purge of oppositionists, 137–139

Stalin faction in, 105, 106

after Stalin’s death, 310–313

Stalin’s resignation offer, 79–80, 91

Stalin’s restructuring of NEP, 100–106

victory of Stalin faction, 106–108

Collectivization, agricultural, 110–113, 115–116, 299, 300, 322

Cominform, creation of, 267

Conquest, Robert, 150

Constitution, liberalization of, 134–135

Consumer goods: price of, 321–322, 324

shortages of, 276–278

Corruption, and currency reform, 278–279

Cosmopolitanism campaign, 284, 286

Crimea: ethnic deportations from, 232, 233

Soviet-German Front in, 220, 221, 228

Yalta Conference, 244–246, 289, Gallery 12

Currency reform, 274–280, 321

Czechoslovakia: in Communist bloc, 280

German invasion of, 164

Munich Agreement on, 163–164

Slansky trial, 307

–Soviet mutual assistance treaty, 135

Dacha (“near dacha”): Gallery 10

landscaping of, 4–5

library at, 93–96, 346n5

renovations of, 3–4

security personnel at, 33, 36, 92, 142–143, 189, 338n2

social gatherings at, 5–7, 93, 196

Stalin’s death at, 33, 92, 142–144, 338n1

Dachas, southern, 191, 193, 359n42

Daily Herald, 270–271

Daladier, Édouard, 163

Danilov, V. P., 348n19

Deikina, V. F., 300–301

Denunciations, 328

Dimitrov, Georgy, 171

Disease epidemics, 119

“Dizzy with Success” (Stalin), 114

Djilas, Milovan, 5, 196, 235

Doctors’ Plot, 196, 307–309, 314

Draule, Milda, 130

Dureiko, N. M., 132–133

Dzerzhinsky, Feliks Edmundovich, 71, 73, 344n66

Eastern Europe: Berlin blockade, 281

liberalization in interregnum period, 316

military buildup in, 297

sovietization of, 266, 267, 270, 280, 370n62

Stalin’s enemies campaign in, 281

and Titoism, 280–281

Eastern Front. See Soviet–German Front

Economy: and capital investment, 299, 302

and currency reform, 274–280, 321

interregnum period reforms, 302, 315

postwar recovery, 279–280

and price reduction, 321–322

Sovnarkom Bureau oversight of, 178–179

standard of living, 262

Terror’s impact on, 161

urbanite advantages in, 321

and war mobilization, 184–185, 274

wartime leadership of, 240–241. See also Agriculture

Famine

Industrialization

New Economic Policy (NEP)

Edinonachalie, in Red Army, 238

Eikhe, Robert, 177

Ellman, Michael, 332n10

Engels, Friedrich, 94

Erenburg, Ilya, 236

Erickson, John, 201

Espionage, Soviet, 357–358n76

Estonia: and German-Soviet non-aggression pact, 166

postwar repression in, 268

forced resettlement campaign in, 174

sovietization of, 170–171, 173

Ethnic groups: forced resettlement of, 232–234

and russification policy, 325. See also Jews, Soviet

Famine: of 1921–1922, 64, 118

of 1931–1933, 3, 7, 38, 116, 117–122

of 1936, 124

as political weapon, 38

postwar, 261, 267

preferential treatment of urbanites, 321

Fedorenko, Nikolai, 292

Feuchtwanger, Lion, 162

Fifth column, Stalin’s suspicions of, 155–157, 162

Film screenings, 2–3, 93, 96–97, 347n12

Filtzer, Donald, 280

Finland: and German-Soviet non-aggression pact, 166

Soviet invasion of (Winter War), 172–173, 186

“Five” (ruling group), 1

Five-Year Plan: First, 109, 116, 117, 123

Second, 124

Food shortages, 184–185, 278, 300–301, 323–324

Foreign intelligence, Stalin’s suspicions of, 155–157, 162

Foreign policy: arms race, 297–298

Baltic states occupation, 170–171

breakdown in relations with West, 266–267

China (See China-Soviet relations)

under collective leadership, 88–89

Doctors’ Plot as tool of, 309

and European alliances, 123, 135, 163

Finland invasion (Winter War), 172–173, 186

German-Soviet non-aggression pact, 164–169, 170, 174

Hitler-Molotov four-way alliance negotiations, 174–176

in interregnum period, 315–316

and Japanese border clashes, 163, 168–169

and Japanese postwar settlement, 248–249, 270

and Japanese threat, 123, 153, 156

and Korean War, 294–296, 298, 316

“kowtowing to the West” campaign, 265–266, 285, 286

and Munich Agreement, 163–164

and nuclear capability, 293

Polish occupation, 170

postwar challenges for, 261–262

preemptive strike plan, 182–183

sovietization of postwar Eastern Europe, 266, 267, 270, 280, 370n62

sovietization under Molotov–Ribbentrop pact, 171, 173–174

and Spanish civil war, 153–154

and spheres of influence, 171, 244

Stalin’s caution and pragmatism in, 298

Terror’s consequences for, 162

and Titoism, 280–281

United Nations boycott, 372n95

war readiness in, 153, 164, 183–188

Foreign press, rumors of power struggle in, 269, 270–271

France, Anatole, 95

France: appeasement of Hitler, 163, 167

fall of, 173

and Polish invasion, 169–170

-Soviet mutual assistance treaty, 135

Franco, Francisco, 153

Genghis Khan, 138

Georgia: ethnic deportations from, 233

Mingrelian Affair, 304–305, 314–315

in Transcaucasian Federation dispute, 71–72, 73, 74, 75

Georgian language, Stalin’s use of, 97

German–Soviet Front. See Soviet-German Front Germany: Berlin blockade, 281

Politburo plan for revolution in, 77–78

Red Army crimes against civilians, 234–235

Weimar, 123. See also Nazi Germany

Goebbels, Joseph, xiv

Golovanov, Aleksandr, 214, 230

Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 281

Gorbachev, M., 192

Gori, Stalin’s birth in, 11

Gori Theological School, 11, 14–15, Gallery 2

Gorky, Maxim, 95, 96

Gorlizki, Yoram, 1

Grain requisitions, forced, 101, 102–104, 105, 110, 119–120

Grain reserves, 349n35

Great Leap policy, 108–109, 117

Great Terror. See Terror

Gridneva, Ye. G., 319

Harriman, Averell, 8–9, 195, 212, 230

History of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks): Short Course, 95

Hitler, Adolf, 149, 153

appeasement of, 163, 167, 168

-Molotov four-way alliance negotiations, 174–176

purges of, 165

-Stalin non-aggression pact, 165–169, 174

suicide of, 247. See also Nazi Germany

Hoarding, 276–277

Hopkins, Harry, 211

Hosking, Geoffrey, 325

Housing, 324, 376n23

Hungary, in Communist bloc, 281

Ignatiev, Semen Denisovich, 36, 41, 142, 144, 303, 304, 308, 318, 339n15

Industrialization: absenteeism and employee turnover, 185

consumer goods production, 276–278, 321–322, 324

First Five-Year Plan growth targets, 109, 116–117

Great Leap policy, 108–109

interregnum period reforms, 302, 315

and liberalization policy, 124–125

military production, 183–184, 297–298

New Economic Policy (NEP), 64, 101

postwar production, 267

and Stakhanovites, 320–321

Terror’s impact on, 161

wartime management of, 240

working conditions under, 324–325

Ingush, forced relocation of, 233

Inner circle, Gallery 14

composition of, 1, 332–334n1

dachas and apartments of, 35, 191

face-to-face communications with, 1–2

memoirs of, xiv

Molotov scandal, 269–272

movie screenings for, 2–3, 347n12

shifts in balance of power, 178–179, 272–274, 282, 303, 306–307

at Stalin’s deathbed, 142–144, 189

Stalin’s power over, 1, 144–147

at Stalin’s social gatherings, 5–7, 93

wartime domestic duties of, 240–241

Intelligentsia, attacks on, 265

Israel, 285–286

Italy: Allied victories in, 229

postwar settlement, 270

in Tripartite Pact, 174

Ivan the Terrible, Stalin’s view of, 94, 95

Japan: in Anti-Comintern Pact, 154

invasion of China, 156

military threat from, 123, 153, 156

in postwar settlement, 248–249, 270

-Soviet border clashes, 163, 168–169

in Tripartite Pact, 174

Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, 284

Jews, Soviet: cosmopolitanism campaign against, 284, 286

discrimination against, 284, 304

in Doctors’ Plot, 307–309

and Israel, 285–286

purge of Molotov’s wife, 283–284

and Stalin’s anti-Semitism, 284–285, 286

Jolly Fellows (film), 96

Jughashvili, Besarionis (Stalin’s father), 11, 12, 14

Jughashvili (Geladze), Ekaterine (Stalin’s mother), 11, 12, 13–14, 15, 20, 23, 252, Gallery 1

Jughashvili, Iosif. See Stalin, Joseph

Kaganovich, Lazar Moiseevich, Gallery 7, 14

biography of, 352n5

in interregnum period, 312

purge of family member, 314

and Stalin’s daughter, 256–257

Stalin’s power over, 144, 146, 147

in wartime leadership, 207, 214

Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich: biography of, 345–346n102

compromising evidence against, 106

and expulsion of left opposition, 90

as oppositionist, 105

purge of wife, 144

Kamenev, Lev Borisovich, 69, 70, 191, 194

and abdication of tsar, 42

biography of, 340–341n1

Bukharin’s secret meeting with, 107

execution of, 139

Politburo expulsion of, 84–85

and Kirov’s murder charge, 131

and Kremlin Affair, 139

on Lenin-Stalin conflict, 73

in moderate (rightist) faction, 43–44, 46

opposition to Bolshevik seizure of power, 50, 51, 52

as oppositionist, 82–84, 87

in power struggle, 79, 80

Provisional Government crackdown on, 48

Kapler, Aleksei, 258

Karpets, P. K., 319

Katyn massacre, 170

Kautsky, Karl, 94

Kazbegi, Alexandre, 17

Kelbakiani, 19–20

Kerensky, Aleksandr, 49

Kerr, Archibald, 230

Ketskhoveli, Lado, 18, 21

Kharkov, Battle of, 221, 222

Khmelkov, N. M., 263

Kholodov, N. I., 300

Khoroshenina, Serafima, 251

Khrushchev, Nikita: on agricultural commission, 301–302

biography of, 333n1

on fall of France, 173

in interregnum period, 312, 314

in Kirov murder investigation, 128

memoirs of, xiv, 333n1

Politburo appointment of, 177

Stalin characterized by, 5

on Stalin’s ceremonial farewell, 317

at Stalin’s deathbed, 142, 143, 189, 312, 338n1

on Stalin’s exile, 30

Stalin’s promotion of, 303

at Stalin’s social gatherings, 2, 5, 6

in wartime leadership, 221

and Zhukov, 360n2

Kibirov, I. I., 31

Kiev: fall of, 212–213

liberation of, 228

Kiev Theological Seminary, 18

Kim Il Sung, 294, 295, 296

Kirov, Sergei Mironovich, Gallery 7

biography of, 339n7

bodyguards of, 133

and collective leadership, 83

motive for murder of, 130–131

murder of, 34, 127–129

and plot against Stalin, 127

Stalin’s involvement in murder of, 131–134

vacation with Stalin, 193, 194

Kirponos, Mikhail, 212, 213

Kliueva, Nina, 265

Kolkhozes (collective farms), 110–113, 299, 300

Korean War, 294–296, 298, 316

Kornilov, Lavr, 49

Kosarev, Aleksandr Vasilyevich, 131, 351n66

Kosior, Stanislav, 177

Kostov, Traicho, 281

Kosygin, Gallery 14

Kovalev, I. V., 361n27

“Kowtowing to the West” campaign, 265–266, 285, 286

Kremlin: German bombing of, 218

movie theater in, 2–3, 96–97

purge of staff, 139

Stalin’s office in, 2, 242, 311

Kremlin Affair, 139

Kronstadt rebellion, 64

Kruglov, Sergei, 276

Krupskaia, Nadezhda, 70, 72, 82

Kulaks: collectivization campaign against, 111–113

executions of, 116, 150

grain requisitions from, 101, 102–104, 105, 110

forced resettlement of, 38, 112, 116

Kulik, Grigory Ivanovich: biography of, 340n20

murder of wife, 40

as Stalin’s emissary to front, 201

Kulik-Simonich, Kira, 40

Kuomintang, 286, 288

Kuperin, I. I., 311

Kurile Islands, 248, 249, 290

Kuromiya, Hiroaki, 120

Kursk, Battle of, 226–227, 228

Kutuzov, Mikhail, 2, 242, 264

Kuzakova, M. P., 251

Kuznetsov, Aleksi Aleksandrovich, Gallery 14

biography of, 353n6

in leadership reorganization, 282

in Leningrad Affair, 144, 282–283

Kuznetsov, Nikolai Gerasimovich, 202, 213, 361n22

Labor camps, 38, 268, 325

Lake Khasan, Battle of, 163

Lakoba, Nestor, Gallery 10

Lashevich, Mikhail, 84

Latvia: and German-Soviet non-aggression pact, 166

postwar repression in, 268

forced resettlement campaign in, 174

sovietization of, 170–171, 173

League of Nations, 123, 173

Lend-Lease aid, 212

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich: assassination attempt on, 57, 128

death of, 79

death mask of, 2

evacuation of sarcophagus of, 203

federation proposal of, 68–69

health of, 65, 68, 70, 74

as military leader, 264

New Economic Policy (NEP) of, 7, 64–65

and invasion of Poland, 59–60

in Provisional Government crackdown, 48, 49

return from Switzerland, 45

revolutionary action plan of, 44–47

revolutionary teachings of, 24

and seizure of power, 50–51, 52

Stalin attacked by, 72–74, 79

–Stalin relationship, 25, 28, 46, 54, 64–65, 67–68, 69–75

Stalin’s correspondence with, 32, 60

Stalin’s support for revolutionary agenda of, 47–49, 52–53

Stalin as student of, 24, 53, 93–94

and Stalin–Trotsky conflict, 62–63

“testament” of, 73, 79, 91, 137

-Trotsky relationship, 51–52, 65–66, 70

on Tsaritsyn terror campaign, 58

Leningrad Affair, 144, 282–283, 310

Leningrad Blockade, 213, 225

Leningrad magazine, 265

Letter writing, citizen, 300–301, 327–329, 377n35, n38

Lewin, Moshe, 74

Liberalization policy, 124–125

Literature: censorship of, 96

in Stalin’s library, 95

Stalin’s taste in, 17, 93, 95–96

Lithuania: and German-Soviet non-aggression pact, 166

postwar repression in, 268

forced resettlement campaign from, 174

sovietization of, 170–171, 173

Litvinov, Maksim Maksimovich, 164, 356n37

Liushkov, Genrikh, 162

Livestock production, postwar, 299–300, 374n15

Lozgachev, P. V., 4

Ludwig, Emil, 16

Main Guard Directorate, 33–34, 35–36

Makhrovsky, Konstantin, 56–57

Malenkov, Georgy Maksimillianovich: 2, Gallery 14

biography of, 332n1

capital investment reduction under, 302

in interregnum period, 312

in leadership reorganizations, 178, 181, 272–273, 282, 303

and Molotov scandal, 271, 272

Politburo appointment of, 177

at Stalin’s deathbed, 143, 189, 311, 312

on Timoshenko, 222

in wartime leadership, 200, 204, 205, 207, 214, 216, 222, 225, 240, 269

Malinovsky, Roman, 28, 29, 32, 337n48

Malinovsky, S. V., 14–15

Mao Zedong, 286

and Korean War, 296

Moscow visit of, 149, 287–288, 289–293

Marshall Plan, 267

Martin, Terry, 325

Martov, Yuly Osipovich, 85, 86, 345n95

Mekhlis, Lev Zakharovich, 199, 220, 221, 360n9

Mensheviks: opposition to armed robberies, 26

in party congresses, 25

in Petrograd Soviet, 43, 44

and Provisional Government, 50

revolutionary agenda of, 24

Menshikov, Mikhail, 144

Merkulov, Vsevolod Nikolaevich, 273, 369n38

Merzliakov, M. A., 31

Meyerhold, Vsevolod Emilyevich, 97, 347n13

Mgeladze, Akaky, 359n42

Miasnikov, Aleksandr, 189, 197, 311

Mikhail, Grand Duke, 42

Mikhoels, Solomon Mikhailovich, 40, 284, 340n23

Mikoyan (Mikoian), Anastas Ivanovich, Gallery 7

on agricultural policy, 302

assassination attempt on, 35

biography of, 334n2

China visit of, 288

dismissal of, 144, 283

in interregnum period, 311

in leadership reorganizations, 178–179, 306–307

and Leningrad Affair, 283

memoirs of, xiv, 332n10

and Molotov scandal, 271, 272

on Moscow evacuation, 214

on Presidium makeup, 306

on price reduction, 321–322

in Stalin faction, 105

at Stalin’s social gatherings, 6

Stalin’s threat to, 144

Stalin’s vacation with, 192

in wartime leadership, 204, 205, 206, 207, 225, 240, 241, 269

Mikoyan (Mikoian), Sergo, 206, 332n10

Military. See Air Force

Soviet-German Front

Red Army

Military production: German, 186–187

Soviet, 183–184, 297–298

Mingrelian Affair, 304–305, 314–315

Mola, Emilio, 153

Molotov, Vyacheslav Mikhailovich: 192, Gallery 14

in Baltic states negotiations, 171

biography of, 333–334n2

on collective leadership, 89–90

dismissal of, 144, 284

in foreign affairs post, 164–165, 180

foreign press rumors blamed on, 269, 270–271

and German invasion, 199, 200–201

on grain expropriation, 101

-Hitler four-way alliance negotiations, 174–176

and Hitler-Stalin non-aggression pact, 166

in interregnum period, 311, 312

on Kaganovich, 147

in leadership reorganizations, 178, 179–180, 181, 306–307

in Mao’s Moscow visit, 289

negotiations with West, 267

and postwar settlement, 269–270

purge of wife, 283–284, 314

in Stalin faction, 105

Stalin’s attacks on, 181–182, 270–272, 283

on Stalin’s mental state, 197, 204–205

on Stalin’s security, 34

Stalin’s threat to, 144, 146

on Trotsky, 154

in wartime leadership, 202, 204, 205, 206, 214, 216, 225, 240, 269

Western allies visited by, 223

Monetary reform, 274–280, 321

Montefiore, Simon Sebag, ix Moscow Conference, 212

Moscow, Siege of: defenses in, 217

and evacuation plans, 214–216

October Revolution anniversary celebrations in, 217–219

political stability during, 216

popular uprisings during, 216–217

Stalin’s presence during, 227–228

Movie screenings, 2–3, 93, 96–97, 347n12

Munich Agreement, 163–164, 167

Munitions industry, 183–184, 185–186

Murphy, David, 357–358n76

Music, Stalin’s taste in, 97

Nakhimov, Pavel, 242

Nationalities. See Ethnic groups Nationalities commission, 65

NATO, 281, 297

Nazaretian, Amaiak, 66–67

Nazi Germany: in Anti-Comintern Pact, 154

collaborators in occupied territories, 232

collapse of, 231, 247

invasion of Czechoslovakia, 164

invasion of Poland, 169–170

invasion of Soviet Union, 173, 176, 187–188, 198–202

military production of, 186–187

in Munich Agreement, 163–164, 167

occupation of Europe, 173, 174

-Soviet non-aggression pact, 165–169, 174

Stalin’s overtures to, 164–166

in Tripartite Pact, 174. See also Soviet-German Front

Nevsky, Aleksandr, 242

New Economic Policy (NEP): under collective leadership, 81, 82, 110

under Lenin, 7, 64–65

party infighting over, 87, 88

Stalin’s restructuring of, 100–104

New York Times, 271

Nicholas II, abdication of, 42

Nicolaevsky, Boris, 22

Nikolaev, Leonid: background of, 129–130

execution of relatives, 351n68

motives for Kirov’s murder, 130–131

murder of Kirov, 128–129, 131–132, 351n68

prior detentions by NKVD, 132

NKVD: fabricated evidence of, 140

formation of, 125

in Kirov murder investigation, 131–133

in Kremlin Affair, 139

Order No.00447, 150

purge of, 140, 160

in Trotsky murder, 174

Yezhov’s direction of Terror, 157, 158–159

Nomenklatura: new stock, 147

privileged lifestyle of, 320

purge of, 139–140, 144, 150, 282–283, 304, 320

Stalin’s control over, 36–37, 147–148

Stalin’s reorganization of, 178

Norway, German occupation of, 174

Nuclear development, 293, 297

October Revolution, 8, 50–53

anniversary of, 217–219

Onufrieva, Pelageia, 251–252

Order No. 227, 223

Order No. 270, 210

Ordzhonikidze, Grigory Konstantinovich: 66, 82, 192, Gallery 7

biography of, 343n55

on Central Committee expulsion of left opposition, 90

on factional disputes, 106–107

and “Georgian Affair,” 71, 73

health of, 102

on industrialization, 109

and Lenin-Stalin conflict, 73

on peasant uprisings, 115

in power struggle, 76

in Stalin faction, 105

suicide of, 140, 177

Ordzhonikidze, Zinaida, 253

Orlov, A. Ya., 289

Osinsky, Valerian Valerianovich, 85–86, 345n92

Ostrovskii, Aleksandr, 19

Panic-mongers and cowards, campaign against, 223

Parade of Our Troops on Moscow’s Red Square on 7 November 1941 (film), 218–219

Party apparat. See Nomenklatura

Patricide, The (Kazbegi), 17

Paulus, Friedrich, 225, 258

Pavlov, Dmitry, 208

Peasants: currency reform impact on, 278

and famines, 38, 116, 117–122

income of, 353n16

postwar discontent of, 262

forced resettlement of, 38, 322

revolts of, 110, 113–115, 323

taxation of, 302

working conditions of, 324–325. See also Agriculture

Kulaks

Penal colonies, 38

Penalty battalions, 223, 237, 242

Pereprygina, Lidiia, 30, 31, 252, 338n60

Peter the Great, Stalin’s view of, 94, 95

Petrograd Soviet, 43, 44, 52

Petrovskaia, Stefaniia, 251

Petrovsky, Grigory, 177

Plato, 95

Plekhanov, Georgy, 94

Poland: Civil War campaign in, 59–61

in Communist bloc, 281, 297

German invasion of, 169–170

and German-Soviet non-aggression pact, 166

Katyn massacre, 170

postwar settlement in, 245, 248

Warsaw uprising, 244

Politburo: abolition of, 305–306

eavesdropping on members, 145, 353n10

execution of members, 144, 177

expulsion of leftist opposition, 84–86

independence in day-to-day work, 310–311

power struggle in, 75–81, 86–87

reorganizations of leadership, 66, 177–179, 303

replaced during Great Terror, 177–178

Stalin’s appointment to, 54

Stalin’s dictatorial powers approved by, 180–181

Stalin’s domination of, 144–147, 176–177, 241

voting process in, 370n66

wartime domestic duties of, 240–241

and wartime leadership, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 238, 241

and world revolution, 77–78

young generation in, 177, 181. See also Collective leadership

Popular front against fascism, 135

Poskrebyshev, Aleksandr, 255, 329

Postyshev, Pavel, 177

Pravda, 44, 51, 79, 89, 93, 113, 155, 193, 236, 308, 314

Presidential Archive of the Russian Federation (APRF), xiv

Presidium, of Central Committee, 305–306, 312

Presidium Bureau, of Central Committee, 306, 311, 312

Preventive war theory, 183, 184

Prisoners of war: German, 231

Soviet, 210

Private peasant plots, 7, 111, 112, 124, 278

Prosveshchenie (Enlightenment) (magazine), 94

Provisional Government: crackdown on Bolsheviks, 48–49

formation of, 42

and Kornilov mutiny, 49–50

overthrow of, 45, 50–53

socialist support for, 43

Purges: during Civil War, 56–59

under collective leadership, 89

Doctors’ Plot, 196, 307–309, 314

Leningrad Affair, 144, 282–283, 310

Mingrelian Affair, 304–305, 314–315

of Molotov’s wife, 283–284, 314

of nomenklatura, 139–140, 144, 150, 282–283, 304, 320

rehabilitation of victims, 314–315

Shakhty Affair, 107

of state security, 34–35, 36, 40, 303–304. See also Terror

Radzinsky, Edvard, ix, 338n1

Rajk, Laszlo, 281

Rakosi, Matyas, 196, 290, 297

Rape, by Red Army, 234–235

Rationing, abolition of, 275, 278

Razin, Ye. A., 264, 265

Reconciliation campaign, 135–136

Red Army: anti–government sentiment of peasant recruits, 105

in Baltic states, 170–171

Berlin operation of, 246–247

in Civil War, 55–56, 59–61

crimes against civilians, 234–236

in Eastern Europe, 244

in Finland (Winter War), 172–173, 186

growth of, 185–186

in Japanese border clashes, 163

modernization of, 183–184

in Poland, 170

postwar buildup, 297–298

purge of, 155, 161, 162–163, 186, 355n31

Stalin’s critique of command, 186, 219, 236–237

Stalin’s reorganizations of command, 237–239, 273–274

Stalin-Trotsky conflict over, 61–63. See also Soviet-German Front

Religion, 242–243, 325

Retail prices, and currency reform, 277, 278

Revolution of 1905, 24–25

Revolution of 1917: Bolshevik seizure of power, 50–53

escalation of, 47

Lenin’s radical action plan, 44–46

Lenin–Stalin collaboration during, 46, 47–49, 50

moderate (rightist) Bolshevik faction in, 43–44, 46–47, 50, 51

outbreak of, 42. See also Provisional Government

Rhee, Syngman, 294

Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 165, 166, 174

Rieber, Alfred, 21

Robins, Raymond, 120–121

Rokossovsky, Konstantin Konstantinovich, 222–223, 297, 364n94

Roosevelt, Franklin: 269, Gallery 12

correspondence with Stalin, 228, 246

and Hopkins mission to Moscow, 211

and Red Army criminal behavior, 235–236

representatives at Moscow Conference, 212

and second front plan, 223, 228, 229, 230

Roskin, Grigory, 265

Rozengolts, Arkady, 152

Rudzutak, Yan Ernestovich: biography of, 345n100

compromising evidence against, 106

execution of, 177

as oppositionist, 90

Rukhadze, Nikolai, 304–305

Russian Federation, proposals for, 68–69

Russian language proficiency, Stalin’s, 97–98

Russian Orthodox Church, reconciliation with, 242–243

Russification policy, 325

Russo–Japanese War of 1905, 248

Rybalko, R. S., 319

Rykov, Aleksei Ivanovich: 80, 191, Gallery 6

biography of, 344n80

execution of, 140

expulsion of, 108

and left opposition, 90

as oppositionist, 105, 106, 108

Sakhalin: oil pipeline, 179

and postwar settlement, 248, 289

Salaries, 35, 353n16

Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mikhail, 95

Sapronov, Timofei Vladimirovich, 85, 345n94

Savings bank deposits, and currency reform, 275, 277, 279

Schulenburg, Friedrich von der, 199

Second front plan, 223–224, 228, 229, 230

“Secret Five” group, 177–178

Security system. See NKVD

State security Seliavkin, Aleksei, 126, 350n58

Sevastopol, siege of, 221

Shakhty Affair, 107

Shakhurin, Aleksei, 187, 215–216

Shaposhnikov, Boris Mikhailovich, 201, 361n14

Shcherbakov, Aleksandr Sergeevich: biography of, 356–357n57

Politburo appointment of, 177

in wartime leadership, 214, 216

Shepilov, Dmitry, 314

Shkiriatov, Matvei, Gallery 14, 311

Sholokhov, Mikhail Aleksandrovich, 119, 121–122, 349n39

Shostakovich, Dmitry Dmitryevich, 97, 347n14

Shtemenko, Sergei, 229–230, 247, 297

Shumiatsky, Boris, 2, 3, 347n12

Shvernik, Nikolai, 311

Siberia: grain expropriation in, 101, 102–104

Stalin’s exile in, 23, 29–32, 190

Simonov, Konstantin, 144–145, 213, 313

Slansky, Rudolf, 307

Smirnov, Vladimir Mikhailovich, 85, 345n93

Smolensk, Battle of, 210–211

Smolny Institute, Kirov’s murder at, 128–129

Social Democratic movement: in Baku, 26–27

European congresses of, 25

factions of, 24

radical wing of, 21

in revolution of 1905, 24–25

Stalin’s involvement in, 18, 19, 21, 22–24. See also Bolsheviks

Mensheviks

Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs), 43, 50, 158

Sokolnikov, Grigory Yakovlevich, 87, 345n97

Soviet-German Front: capture by enemy provisions (Order No. 270), 210

casualties of, 208, 220, 222, 224, 232, 261, 263

in Crimea, 220, 221, 228

crimes against civilians, 234–236

defeats in early stages of war, 208, 209–210, 222, 238, 263–265

final battles, 243–244

first days of combat, 201–205

Kharkov, Battle of, 221, 222

Kursk, Battle of, 226–227, 228

Lend-Lease aid, 212

Leningrad Blockade, 213, 225

Moscow Siege, 213–219, 227–228

penalty battalions/anti-retreat units, 223, 237, 242

physical destruction in, 232, 261

popular uprisings/disturbances in, 216–217

ratio of forces, 231

repressive measures in, 209–210, 223, 237, 242

Smolensk, Battle of, 210–211

Stalingrad, Battle of, 224–225, 228, 238

Stalin’s emissaries at, 201, 208–209

Stalin’s strategic directives in, 208, 210, 212–213, 217, 219–221, 225, 226–227, 239–240

Stalin’s visits to, 227–228

in Ukraine, 212–213, 221, 222, 228

victories of 1944, 230–231

Zhukov’s commands, 212, 213, 214, 360n2. See also Stalin, Joseph, wartime leadership of

Sovnarkom Bureau of the USSR: Commission on Current Issues, 365n136

formation of, 178–179

function of, 181

Spain, repression of foreign espionage, 156

Spanish Civil War, 153–154, 163

Special Sector, 329, 377nn35–37

Spheres of influence in Europe, 244

Stakhanov, Aleksei, 320–321

Stakhanovites, 320–321

Stalin, Joseph, Gallery 3, 13, 15

“agree and ignore” approach of, 105–106

in airplane flight, 229–230

anti-Semitism of, 284–285, 286

apologists for, ix, x–xi

arrests of, 23, 27, 28, Gallery 4

biographies of, ix–x, 149, 331n2

birth of, 11

bodyguards of, 33–36, 92, 189, 338–339n5

and Bolshevik armed robbery, 26

in car crash, 34

and Caucasian culture of violence, 21–22

childhood and youth of, 11–14

in Civil War Southwestern Front, 59–61

in Civil War Tsaritsyn command, 54–56, Gallery 5

Civil War Tsaritsyn terror campaign of, 56–59

in collective leadership (See Collective leadership)

collectivization policy of, 110–113, 115–116, 299, 300

conflict with Bolshevik colleagues, 63

consolidation of power, 176–181

constitutional liberalization by, 134–135

dachas of, 3–7, 191, 193, Gallery 10

death of, 313–314

dictatorial powers of, 36–39, 180–181, 303

“Dizzy with Success,” 114

double agent rumors about, 27

economy under (See Economy)

editor of Pravda, 44, 51

education of, 12, 13, 14–20, Gallery 2

on espionage threat, 154–155

at European party congresses, 25

exile of, 23, 27, 29–32, 42, 98, 190, 251

family life/relations with children, 253, 254, 256–260, Gallery 9, 11

famine explanation of, 120–122

federation proposal of, 69

film favorites of, 96–97

final days of, 33, 92, 142–144, 189, 310–313, 338n1

on foreign intelligence threat, 155–157, 162, 284

foreign policy of (See Foreign policy)

and foreign press rumors of leadership struggle, 269, 270–271

funeral and ceremonial farewells, 314, 317–318

generalissimo rank of, 225–226, 261

as general secretary of party, 66–67, 108

grain expropriation policy of, 101, 102–104, 105, 110, 119–120

health of, 145, 189–197, 303

historical interests of, 94–95

-Hitler non-aggression pact, 165–169, 174

ideological influences on, 7, 93–94

industrialization policy of, 108–109, 117, 124–125, 267, 298, 299

inner circle of (See Inner circle)

and Kirov’s murder, 128, 129, 130–134

Kremlin office of, 2, 242, 311

languages, knowledge of, 97–98, 289

Lenin cited in speeches of, 93

-Lenin relationship, 25, 28, 46, 54, 64–65, 67–68, 69–75, Gallery 5

Lenin’s attack on, 72–74, 79

Lenin’s ideological influence on, 24, 53, 93–94

Lenin’s revolutionary agenda supported by, 47–49, 50, 52–53

letters from public sent to, 300–301, 327–329, 377n35, n38

libraries of, 93–96, 138, 346n5

literary tastes of, 17, 93, 95–96

Mao’s visit to, 149, 287–288, 289–293

marriage to Nadezhda Allilueva, 49, 252–256, Gallery 8

marriage to Yekaterina Svanidze, 25, 27, 250–251

marshal rank of, 226

medical care of, 189, 192, 196–197, 309

mental state of, 151–153, 197, 204–205

on military professionals, 59

modest facade of, 148–149

-Molotov relationship, 181–182, 269, 270–272

musical tastes of, 97

name change of, 28

official trips of, 102

oratory of, 97

parents of, 11, 13, Gallery 1

personality of, 7, 21–22, 40–41, 149, 181, 197, 270, 289

physical defects of, 13–14, 190

plot against, 127

poetry of, 17

postwar challenges to, 262–263

power over subordinates, 1, 144–149

in power struggle for leadership, 75–81, 86–87

on preemptive strike, 182–183

and private agriculture, 7, 112, 124

promotion of younger generation leaders, 177, 181, 196

public appearances of, 136–137, 326

public image of, 329–330

public sentiment at death of, 318–319

radicalization during seminary years, 18–20, 21

reading materials/information sources of, 92–96, 327

reconciliation campaign of, 135–136

reorganization of leadership, 178–179, 272–274, 303, 306–307

reorganization of military command, 237–239, 273–274

reorganization of political structure, 305–306

research on (See Archival sources)

in revolution of 1905, 24–25

in revolutionary movement, 42, 43–44, 46–47, 51

rise in Bolshevik leadership ranks, 28, 54, 65–66

romantic relationships of, 30, 251–252, 255

seats of power, 1–2

and “Secret Five” leadership group, 177–178

seventieth birthday celebration, 290

Siberian visit of 1928, 102–104, 326

in Social Democratic movement, 18, 19, 21, 22–24

social gatherings of, 5–7, 196

sovietization goal of, 171–172

and Spanish Civil War, 154

state security controlled by, 39–40, 145, 158

succession to, 310–316

theatrical tastes of, 97

in Tiflis weather station job, 21

-Trotsky conflict over Polish Front, 61–63

as tsarist heir, 8–9

vacations in south, 191–194, 268–269, 303–304, Gallery 8, 10

under Vlasik, 35

war preparations of, 183–187

world-view of, 7–8, 98–99

writings of, 320, Gallery 16

writing style of, 97

See also Purges

Stalinist system

Terror

Stalin, Joseph, wartime leadership of: Gallery 11

at Berlin Conference, 247–248

in Churchill meetings, 224, 230

and collaborators with Nazi occupation, 232

combat operation directives in, 208, 210, 212–213, 217, 219–221, 225, 226–227, 239–240

Command Headquarters in, 202

defeats blamed on subordinates, 221–223

and domestic policy, 240–241

emissaries to front, 201, 208–209

ethnic deportations policy, 232–234

explanation of Red Army retreat, 263–265

in first days of war, 203–205

front line visit of, 227–228

and German invasion, reaction to, 187–188, 198–202

and health problems, 194–196, 214

in Japanese war, 248–249

and Lend–Lease aid, 211–212

and mental health problem, 204–205

and military command structure, 237–239

and military leadership reorganization, 241–242

and military staffing decisions, 220–221

mistrust of Western Allies, 246, 248, 266

and Moscow evacuation, 214–216

and prisoners of war procession, 231

propaganda campaign, 217–219

radio address (3 July 1942), 207

and Red Army crimes against civilians, 234–236

Red Army criticized by, 186, 219, 236–237

and religious reconciliation, 242–243

repressive measures in, 209–210, 223, 237, 242

and second front plan, 223–224, 229, 230

State Defense Committee in, 205–207

at Tehran Conference, 229–230

at Yalta Conference, 244–246, Gallery 12

Stalin, Nadezhda Allilueva (second wife): Gallery 8

biography of, 334n8

career of, 252–253

and Khrushchev, 333n1

marriage of, 49, 252, 254–255

suicide of, 3, 255–256

Stalin, Svetlana (daughter). See Allilueva (Alliluyeva), Svetlana Stalin, Vasily (son): Gallery 11

birth of, 152

childhood of, 254, 256

death of, 260

public appearance of, 136–137

relationship with father, 257, 258, 259–260

at Stalin’s deathbed, 250

Stalin, Yakov (son): Gallery 11

birth of, 250–251

childhood and youth of, 25, 27, 252–253

as prisoner of war, 258

relationship with father, 253, 257

Stalin, Yekaterina Svanidze (first wife), 25, 27, 250–251

Stalin Collection of the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History (RGASPI), xiii–xiv

Stalingrad, Battle of, 224–225, 228, 238

Stalingrad (Tsaritsyn), in Civil War, 54–59

Stalinist system: beneficiaries of, 320–322

campaigns and counter-campaigns of, 39

“inevitable Stalinism” theory, xi

modernization as justification for, x–xi

nostalgia for, 330

public mood under, 319–330

victims of, 37–38, 322–323

Standard of living, 262, 323–324

State Defense Committee, 205–207, 240

State security: under Beria, 181, 332–333n1

formation of NKVD, 125

interregnum period reform of, 315

investigation of secret police abuses, 125–126

party opposition suppressed by, 83–85

purges of, 34–35, 36, 40, 303–304

reorganization of, 340n19

reports/summaries as information source, 327

Stalin’s control of, 39–40, 145, 158

Stalin’s guards, 33–34, 35–36

torture by, 38

in wartime, 216

at Yalta Conference, 245–246. See also NKVD

Sudoplatov, Pavel, 353n10

Suny, Ronald Grigor, 12–13

Suvorov, Aleksandr, 2, 242

Svanidze, Aleksandr, 250, 256, 258

Svanidze, Maria, 134, 136

Svanidze, Yekaterina, 25, 27, 250–251

Svanidze family, 250

Svechin, Aleksandr, 95

Sverdlov, Yakov, 29, 30

Tehran Conference, 229–230

Telenkov, S. M., 319

Ter-Petrosian, Simon (Kamo), 26

Terror: anti-Semitic campaign, 340n23

“anti-Soviet elements” operations, 150–151

apologists’ view of, x

casualties of, 38, 151

and class war, 8

conspiracy theories as pretext for, 136

economic consequences of, 161

ended by Stalin’s successors, 314–315

expansion of, 141

foreign intelligence threat as pretext for, 155–157

foreign relations consequences of, 162

grievances and complaints about, 161

against Kremlin staff, 139

against Kulaks, 116, 150

Kirov’s murder as pretext for, 34, 128, 131–132, 134

literature on, 354n1

military consequences of, 162–163, 186

“nationalities” operations, 151

against old guard Bolsheviks, 137–139, 140, 147

overcrowding of camps and prisons in, 122–123, 125

against party and state apparats, 139–140, 144

against Politburo members, 177

political consequences of, 176–177

postwar repression, 268

pullback on, 125–127

against Red Army, 155, 161, 162–163, 355n32

and reconciliation campaign, 135–136

Stalin’s instigation and orders in, 40–41, 150–153, 157–159

Stalin’s relatives as victims of, 257–258

against state security, 34–35, 36, 140, 160

targeted killings, 40

as tool of Stalinist system, 322–323

winding down of, 157, 160–162, 194

Yezhov’s direction of, 139, 140, 152, 157, 158–159, 351n66

Theater, Stalin’s taste in, 97

Tiflis: Bolshevik armed robbery at, 25–26

Social Democratic movement in, 21, 22, 26

Tiflis Meteorological Station, 21

Tiflis Theological Seminary, 15–20, 190

Timoshenko, Semen Konstantinovich: biography of, 359–360n2

and German invasion, 198, 199, 200, 202, 204

in wartime leadership, 207, 221, 222

Tito, Josip Broz, 280–281

Tkachev, R. A., 311

Tolstoy, Leo, 95

Tomsky, Mikhail Pavlovich: biography of, 347–348n8

Politburo expulsion of, 108

as oppositionist, 105, 107

suicide of, 140

Torture, 38

ban on, 315

Tovstukha, Ivan, 192

Tripartite Pact, 174–176

Trotsky, Lev Davidovich, 15, 31, 191

anti-Trotsky coalition, 80, 81–82

biography of, 336n13

and Bukharin–Kamenev meeting, 107

expulsion of, 84–85, 90

-Lenin relationship, 51–52, 65–66, 70

murder of, 40, 85, 174

NEP strategy criticized by, 87

oratory of, 52

power struggle with Stalin, 77, 78

Red Army command of, 55

-Stalin conflict over Polish Front, 61–63

Tsaritsyn terror campaign opposed by, 58–59

works of, 15, 94

Truman, Harry, 248, 267

Tsaritsyn (Stalingrad), in Civil War, 54–59, Gallery 5

Tucker, Robert, ix, 72

Tukhachevsky, Mikhail Nikolaevich, 140, 352n85, Gallery 10

Twenty Letters to a Friend (Allilueva), 260

Uglanov, Nikolai Aleksandrovich, 105, 107, 108, 348n8

Ukraine: collaboration policy in, 232

famine of 1932–1933, 119

and German-Soviet non-aggression pact, 166

peasant uprisings in, 114–115

forced resettlement campaign in, 174

Soviet-German Front in, 212–213, 221, 228

Soviet occupation of, 170

Ukrainian Labor Army, 342n45

Ulam, Adam, ix

Ulianova, Maria Ilinichna, 68, 70, 71, 343n58

United Nations: and Korean War, 295

Soviet boycott of, 372n95

United States: at Berlin Conference, 248

–Israel relations, 285–286

in Korean War, 294, 295

Lend-Lease aid of, 211, 212

Marshall Plan, 267

in postwar settlement, 270

second front plan of, 223–224, 228, 229, 230

at Tehran Conference, 230

Urban population, 278, 375n11

preferential treatment of, 321–322

Valedinsky, L. A., 192

Vasilenko, Vladimir, 307–308

Vasilevsky, Aleksandr Mikhailovich: biography of, 362n59

on command structure, 238

on Kiev defeat, 213

marshal rank of, 226

on Moscow evacuation, 215

on Stalin’s strategic decisions, 225, 227, 239

Vinogradov, Vladimir, 197, 307, 308

Violence: Caucasian culture of, 21–22

Stalin’s pathology of, 40–41

Visitor logs, in archives, xiii Vlasik, Nikolai Sidorovich, 35, 304, 339n8

Voikov, Petr, murder of, 88–89

Volkogonov, Dmitri, ix, 6, 338n1, 367n6

Voroshilov, Kliment Yefremovich: 78, 172, 186, Gallery 8, 10, 14

biography of, 334n2

in Civil War command, 55, 57

in collective leadership, 90

in Stalin faction, 105

vacation with Stalin, 194

in wartime leadership, 202, 205, 206, 220–221

Vorozheikin, Grigory, 285

Vovsi, Miron, 307–308

Voznesensky, Nikolai Alekseevich: Gallery 14

biography of, 352–353n6

in leadership reorganization, 272, 282

in Leningrad Affair, 144, 282–283

Politburo appointment of, 177

Sovnarkom Bureau appointment of, 178–179, 181

in wartime leadership, 205, 206, 207, 214, 240

Vyshinsky, Andrei, 146

Warsaw uprising, 244

White movement, 53

Winter War, 172–173

Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspectorate, 65

Working conditions, 324–325

World revolution, Politburo plans for, 77–78

World War II: Allied victories in 1943, 229

Berlin Conference, 247–248

Berlin operation, 246–247

collapse of Nazi Germany, 231

final battles of, 243–244, 246

German invasion of Poland, 169–170

German invasion of Soviet Union, 176, 187–188, 198–202

German occupation of Europe, 173, 174

postwar settlement, 269–270

second front plan, 223–224, 228, 229, 230

Tehran Conference, 229–230

Yalta Conference, 244–246, 290, Gallery 12. See also Soviet-German Front

Stalin, Joseph, wartime leadership of

Wrangel, Petr, 59, 60, 61

Yagoda, Genrikh Grigoryevich, 255

biography of, 351n69

and Kirov murder investigation, 131

purge of, 140, 160

Yakovlev, Aleksandr, 157

Yalta Conference, 244–246, 289, Gallery 12

Yegorov, Alexandr, Gallery 10

Yegorov, Petr, 307, 308Yemelianov, Nikolai, 49

Yenukidze, Avel Safronovich, 139, 193, 352n82

Yezhov, Nikolai Ivanovich, 154

biography of, 351n66

execution of, 160

on Kirov’s murder, 131

removal of, 157, 159–160

Terror directed by, 139, 140, 152, 157, 158–159

Yugoslavia, 235, 280–281

Zagumenny, Sergei, 102

Zaleski, Eugene, 267

Zhdanov, Andrei Aleksandrovich: Gallery 11

in anti-intelligentsia campaign, 265

biography of, 335n19

and breakdown in relations with West, 267

and Central Committee, 178

death of, 282

in leadership reorganizations, 180, 181, 272, 273

Politburo appointment of, 177

protégés of, 352–353n6

at Stalin’s social gatherings, 6

in wartime leadership, 207

Zhdanov, Yuri, 260

Zhemchuzhina, Polina (Molotov’s wife), 283–284, 314

Zhou Enlai, 298

Zhukov, Georgy Konstantinovich: biography of, 360n2

in Command Headquarters, 202, 204

on Crimean defeat, 221

on crimes against civilians, 236

and foreign press rumors, 269

on German intelligence, 209

and German invasion, 198, 199–200, 201, 202

marshal rank of, 226

Stalin’s criticism of, 241, 273–274

as Stalin’s emissary, 201

and Stalin’s strategic decisions, 213, 227

wartime commands of, 212, 213, 214, 360n2

Zinoviev, Grigory Yevseevich, 70, 98, 194, 282

and anti-Trotsky coalition, 81–82

biography of, 341n9

Bolshevik seizure of power opposed by, 50, 51, 52

execution of, 139

expulsion of, 84–85, 90

and Kirov’s murder charge, 131

as oppositionist, 82–84, 87

in power struggle, 75–76, 77, 78, 79, 80

in Provisional Government crackdown, 48, 49

Zoshchenko, Mikhail, 265, 368n9

Zubkova, Elena, xiv–xv

Zverev, Arseny, 274, 275, 277

Zvezda (magazine), 265