Stalin: The Enduring Legacy

1

Oswald Spengler, The Hour of Decision (New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1963), 61.

2

K R Bolton, ‘Jünger and National-Bolshevism’ in Jünger: Thoughts & Perspectives Vol. XI (London: Black Front Press, 2012).

3

Association for the Study of the Planned Economy of Soviet Russia.

4

League of Professional Intellectuals.

5

K R Bolton, ‘Jünger and National-Bolshevism’, op. cit.

6

Cited by John J Stephan, The Russian Fascists (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1978), 338.

7

K R Bolton, ‘Francis Parker Yockey: Stalin’s Fascist Advocate’, International Journal of Russian Studies, Issue No. 6, 2010, http://www.radtr.net/dergi/sayi6/bolton6.htm

8

See Chapter III: ‘The Moscow Trials in Historical Context’.

9

R Service, Comrades: Communism: A World History (London: Pan MacMillan, 2008), 97.

10

Ibid., 98.

11

Ibid., 107.

12

Ibid., 109.

13

Ibid., 116.

14

G Dimitrov, Dimitrov and Stalin 1934-1943: Letters from the Soviet Archives, 32, cited by R Service, ibid., 220.

15

R Service, ibid., 220.

16

G Dimitrov, op. cit., cited by Service, ibid., 221.

17

R Service, ibid., 222.

18

Ibid.

19

Hungarians.

20

Richard Overy, The Dictators: Hitler’s Germany and Stalin’s Russia (London: Allen Lane, 2004), 201.

21

L I Shvetsova, et al. (eds.), Rasstrel’nye spiski: Moskva, 1937-1941: …Kniga pamiati zhertv politicheskii repressii. (‘The Execution List: Moscow, 1937-1941: …Book of Remembrances of the victims of Political Repression’), (Moscow: Memorial Society, Zven’ia Publishing House, 2000), 229.

22

L Sedov, ‘Why did Stalin Need this Trial?’, The Red Book on the Moscow Trials, http://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/sedov/works/red/ch01.htm

23

Ibid., ‘Domestic Political Reasons’.

24

R Service, op. cit., 240-241.

25

Ibid., 242.

26

Ibid.

27

Ibid.

28

Given that when Trotsky was empowered under Lenin he established or condoned the methods of jurisprudence, concentration camps, forced labour, and the ‘Red Terror’, that were later to be placed entirely at the feet of Stalin.

29

Karl Marx, ‘Proletarians and Communists’, The Communist Manifesto, (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), 68.

30

K R Bolton, ‘The State versus Parental Authority’, Journal of Social, Political & Economic Studies, Vol. 36, No. 2, Summer 2011, 197-217.

31

K Marx, Communist Manifesto, op. cit.

32

See Chapter V.

33

L Sedov, op. cit., ‘Reasons of Foreign Policy’.

34

L Trotsky, The Revolution Betrayed, Chapter 7, ‘Family, Youth and Culture’, http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1936/revbet/ch07.htm

35

K R Bolton, ‘The Psychopathology of the Left’, Ab Aeterno, No. 10, Jan,-March 2012, Academy of Social and Political Research (Athens), Paraparaumu, New Zealand. The discussion on Marx and on Trotsky show their pathological hatred of family.

36

L Trotsky, The Revolution Betrayed, op. cit., ‘The Thermidor in the Family’.

37

‘There is no proletarian, not even a communist, movement that has not operated in the interests of money, in the directions indicated by money, and for the time permitted by money◦– and that without the idealist amongst its leaders having the slightest suspicion of the fact’. Oswald Spengler, The Decline of The West (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1971),Vol. II, 402.

38

L Trotsky, op. cit.

39

Ibid.

40

Ibid.

41

Ibid.

42

Ibid.

43

Ibid.

44

Ibid.

45

Ibid.

46

Ibid.

47

See below.

48

A laudatory article on the ‘Dalton Plan’ states that the Dalton School was founded in New York in 1919 and was one of the most important progressive schools of the time, the Dalton Plan being adopted across the world, including in the USSR. It is described as ‘often chaotic and disorganized, but also intimate, caring, nurturing, and familial’. Interestingly it is described as a synthesis of the theories of John Dewey and Carleton Washburne. ‘Dalton School’, http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/1902/Dalton-School.html

Dewey along with the Trotsky apologist Sidney Hook (later avid Cold Warrior and winner of the American Medal of Freedom from President Ronald Reagan) organised the campaign to defend Trotsky at the time of the Moscow Purges of the late 1930s. See Chapter II below.

49

A Zhdanov, Speech at the discussion on music to the Central Committee of the Communist Party SU (Bolshevik), February 1948.

50

Hewlett Johnson, The Socialist Sixth of the World (London: Victor Gollanncz, 1939), Book IV, ‘New Horizons’, http://www.marxists.org/archive/johnson-hewlett/socialistsixth/ch04.htm

51

R Overy, op. cit., 255-256.

52

Ibid.

53

Ibid., 257.

54

Ibid., 258.

55

Ibid., 352.

56

Ibid., 353.

57

Ibid.

58

K R Bolton, Revolution from Above, op. cit., 134-143.

59

Overy, op. cit., 361.

60

Ibid., 366-367.

61

Ibid., 366.

62

Ibid., 371.

63

Ibid., 376.

64

T S Eliot, Notes Towards the Definition of Culture (London: Faber and Faber, 1967).

65

Zhdanov, op. cit., 6.

66

Encyclopaedia of Soviet Writers, http://www.sovlit.net/bios/proletkult.html

67

Zhdanov, op. cit., 6-7.

68

Ibid., 7

69

Ibid.

70

The Big Five◦– a group of Russian composers during the 1860’s: Balakirev, Mussorgsky, Borodin, Rimsky-Korsakov, Cui.

71

Zhdanov, op. cit., 7-8.

72

Ibid., 12.

73

Frances Stonor Saunders, The Cultural Cold War: the CIA and the world of arts and letters (New York: The New Press, 1999), 256.

74

Breton was the founding father of Surrealism. Joining the Communist Party in 1927 he was expelled in 1933 because of his association with Trotsky. Breton wrote of Surrealism in 1952: ‘It was in the black mirror of anarchism that surrealism first recognised itself’.

75

In Mexico Trotsky lived with Diego Rivera and then with Diego’s wife the artist Frida Kahlo, having reached Mexico in 1937, where he was assassinated by a Stalinist agent in 1940.

It is of interest that Rivera was commissioned personally by John D Rockefeller Jr to paint the mural for the RCA lobby of the prestigious Rockefeller Center, which was being constructed in 1931 as a showplace for Rockefeller power. Abby, John D Rockefeller Jr’s wife, had bought Rivera’s paintings for her personal collection, had Rivera’s art exhibited at the Rockefeller controlled Museum of Modern Art, and had socialised with Rivera and Frida Kahlo. Nelson Rockefeller negotiated the commission with Rivera. The theme was to be: ‘Man at the Crossroads Looking with Hope and High Vision to the Choosing of a New and Better Future’. With such a theme it should be obvious as to how it would be interpreted by an enthusiastic communist, whose sketch depicted a falling capitalism with the bright future of fluttering red flags and a saintly visage of Lenin. Because of press ridicule over a capitalist subsiding a piece of revolutionary art, the mural was reluctantly dismantled. Ron Chernow, Titan: the Life of John D Rockefeller Sr (New York: Little Brown & Co., 1998), 669-670.

76

Leon Trotsky, André Breton, Diego Rivera, Towards a Free Revolutionary Art, 25 July 1938.

77

Ibid.

78

The Saatchi Gallery, London.

79

Wilmot Robertson, op. cit.

80

Leon Trotsky, Breton, Rivera, 1938, op. cit.

81

‘Motherwell was a member of the American Committee for Cultural Freedom’, the US branch of the Congress for Cultural Freedom; as was Jackson Pollock. Frances Stonor Saunders, op. cit., 276. Both Partisan Review editors Philip Rahv and William Phillips became members of the American committee of the CCF. Saunders, ibid., 158.

82

Clement Greenberg, ‘Avant-Garde and Kitsch’, Partisan Review, 1939, 6:5 pp. 34-49. The essay can be read at: http://www.sharecom.ca/greenberg/kitsch.html

83

Clement Greenberg, ‘American Type Painting’, Partisan Review, Spring 1955.

84

John O’Brien, ‘Introduction’, The Collected Essays and Criticism of Clement Greenberg , (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993) vol.3, xxvii.

85

Ibid., xxviii.

86

Ibid.

87

Sidney Hook, 1949, quoted on the CIA website: ‘Cultural Cold War: Origins of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1949-50’; https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/docs/v38i5a10p.htm#rft1

88

Hook also served as a ‘contract consultant’ for the CIA. Saunders, op. cit., p. 157.

89

Described by Carleton Beals, one of the Dewey Commission members who went to Mexico, ostensibly to cross-examine Trotsky as to the Stalinist allegations against him, as ‘Trotsky’s pink tea party’, and a contrivance to exonerate Trotsky. Beals resigned amidst much acrimony from the venerable Prof. Dewey et al, but the Dewey findings exonerating Trotsky continue to be cited as the final answer to Stalin’s accusations. Carleton Beals, “The Fewer Outsiders the Better: The Master Comes to Judgement,” Saturday Evening Post, 12 June 1937. http://www.revleft.com/vb/fewer-outsiders-better-t124508/index.html See: Chapter III, ‘The Moscow Trials’.

90

Meyer co-founded the United World Federalists with James Warburg,scion of the famous banking family, with the aim of promoting a World Government.

91

Chapter VI, ‘Origins of the Cold War’.

92

‘Gloria Steinem and the CIA: C.I.A. Subsidized Festival Trips: Hundreds of Students Were Sent to World Gatherings’, The New York Times, 21 February 1967. http://www.namebase.org/steinem.html

93

CIA, https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/95unclass/Warner.html

94

Myron Kolatch, ‘Who We Are and Where We Came From’, The New Leader, http://www.thenewleader.com/pdf/who-we-are.pdf (accessed 27 January 2010). The New Leader stopped publication as a print edition and became online in 2006.

95

Saunders, op. cit., 163.

96

Trotsky himself began as a Menshevik, the chief rival to Bolshevism after the two factions split in the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. Trotsky then straddled both factions for much of his career, only definitively becoming a Bolshevik with the triumph of the Leninist party in November 1917.

97

Saunders, op. cit., 163.

98

Saunders describes Partisan Review as having been founded in the 1930s by ‘a group of Trotskyites from City College, originating in the Communist Party front group, the John Reed Club’. Saunders, ibid., p. 160. When Partisan Review was on the verge of bankruptcy Sidney Hook appealed for assistance, and Henry Luce, the publisher of Time, gave a grant of $10,000, while donating Time Inc. shares to the American Committee for Cultural Freedom. (Saunders, ibid. 162). Partisan Review, whose editor William Phillips was cultural secretary of the American Committee of Cultural Freedom, continued to received CIA funding as did The New Leader. Saunders, ibid., 163.

99

Ibid., 231.

100

Ibid., 221.

101

Ibid., 27-28.

102

Tunku Varadarajan, ‘A Brief Encounter, Melvin Lasky is a legend. Better yet, he dislikes Maureen Dowd’, The Wall Street Journal, 6 April , 2001, http://www.opinionjournal.com/taste/?id=90000394

103

Saunders, op. cit., 71.

104

‘Franz Borkenau’, Spartacus Educational, http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:m2miYnAvig0J; www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/SPborkenau.htm

105

Saunders, ibid., 71.

106

Russell was a patron of the CCF. Saunders, op. cit., 91. He like other Leftists and internationalists regarded Stalinist Russia as the chief obstacle to world government after World War II, to the extent that the famous ‘pacific’ guru advocated the atomic bombing the USSR. Russell, ‘The Atomic Bomb and the Prevention of War’, Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, 1 October, 1946).

107

CIA website: ‘Cultural Cold War: Origins of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1949-50’; op. cit.

108

F Chernov, ‘Bourgeois Cosmopolitanism and its reactionary role’, Bolshevik: Theoretical and Political Magazine of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) ACP(B), Issue #5, 15 March 1949, 30-41.

109

Ibid.

110

Ibid.

111

Ibid.

112

Ibid.

113

Ibid.

114

Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party, 10 February 1948.

115

Actually, the art of Fascist Italy embraced Futurism and other modernist trends, existing side-by-side with a revival of Roman Classicism, and Italy was in this respect more tolerant of artistic innovations than Stalinist Russia. On ‘Futurism’ in Italy see: K R Bolton, Artists of the Right, ‘Marinetti’ (San Francisco: Counter-Currents Publishing, 2012). 32-52

116

F Chernov, op. cit.

117

Ibid.

118

Karl Marx, ‘Proletarians and Communists’, The Communist Manifesto (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), 71-72.

119

Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels, ‘Speech on the question of free trade delivered to the Democratic Association of Brussels at it public meeting of January 9, 1848’, Collected Works, Volume 6 (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1976).

120

F Chernov, op. cit.

121

F Chernov, op. cit.

122

Ibid.

123

Ibid.

124

See: Chapter V, ‘Origins of the Cold War’.

125

F Chernov, op. cit.

126

Saunders, op. cit., 257.

127

Ibid., 263.

128

Research Reports from the Rockefeller Archive Center, Spring, 1997.

129

Saunders, op. cit., 257.

130

Ibid., 258.

131

Ibid., 257.

132

Saunder, op. cit., 260.

133

Ibid., 261.

134

Ibid.

135

Ibid.

136

Ibid., 262. Luce’s Life magazine featured Jackson Pollock in its August 1949 issue, giving Pollock household fame. Saunders, ibid., 267.

137

Ibid., 263.

138

Ibid., 267.

139

Russell Lynes, Good Old Modern Art: An Intimidate Portrait of the Museum of Modern Art (New York: Atheneum, 1973), cited by Saunders, op. cit., 267.

140

The National Endowment for Democracy was established in 1983 by Act of US Congress, at the prompting of Tom Kahn, an adherent of the Shachtmanite wing of US Trotskyism; which has supported US foreign policy since the Cold War.

141

Schwartz was a supporter of the Trotskyist Fomento Obrero Revolucionario during the 1930s. Like possibly most Trotskyists of note he ended up as a ‘neo-conservative’ (which is neither ‘new’ nor ‘conservative’), and writes as a columnist for National Review; a phenomenon that would not have surprised Stalin. Schwartz affirmed that, ‘To my last breath I will defend Trotsky… The Shachtmanites, in the 1960s, joined the AFL-CIO in its best Cold War period, and many became staunch Reaganites’. Stephen Schwartz, ‘Trotskycons?,’ National Review, 11 June 2003: http://faceoff.nationalreview.com/comment/comment-schwartz061103.asp

142

Chernov, op. cit.

143

Peters was assigned to the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, where he was responsible for future warfare. Prior to becoming a Foreign Area Officer for Eurasia, he served exclusively at the tactical level. He is a graduate of the US Army Command and General Staff College. Over the past several years, his professional and personal research took Peters to Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Ossetia, Abkhazia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Pakistan, Turkey, Burma, Laos, Thailand, and Mexico, as well as the countries of the Andean Ridge. He has published widely on military and international concerns. Peters retired in 1998 with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, and continues to write widely as a novelist, essayist and is a frequent media commentator. Peters’ primary area of expertise appears to be Eurasia and the former Soviet bloc states, those states that are particularly targeted by the ‘colour revolutions’ instigated by the National Endowment for Democracy, and others.

144

Ralph Peters, ‘Constant Conflict’, Parameters, Summer 1997, 4-14. http://www.usamhi.army.mil/USAWC/Parameters/97summer/peters.htm

145

Ibid.

146

K R Bolton, Revolution from Above, op. cit., ‘Huxley’s Brave New World’, 48-54.

147

R Peters, op. cit.

148

Ibid.

149

Ibid.

150

Ledeen is a leading member of the US foreign policy Establishment. He has been a consultant to the US National Security Council, State Department and Defense Department, and served as special adviser to US Secretary of State Alexander Haig in 1981, after having worked as an adviser for Italian Military Intelligence. He is a contributing editor to National Review, and a media commentator. Having been a scholar with the American Enterprise Institute, Ledeen currently works with the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, which aims for ‘regime change’ in states not in accord with globalism.

151

Michael Ledeen, ‘Creative Destruction: How to wage a revolutionary war’, National Review online, 20 September 2001. http://old.nationalreview.com/contributors/ledeen092001.shtml

152

One of Trotsky’s publishers was Secker & Warburg, London, which published the Dewey Commission’s report, The Case of Leon Trotsky, in 1937. The proprietor, Fredric Warburg, became head of the British section of the Congress for Cultural Freedom. (Frances Stonor Saunders,op. cit., 111).

Trotsky’s Where is Britain going? was published in 1926 by George Allen & Unwin. His autobiography, My Life, was published by Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1930. Stalin: an appraisal of the man and his influence, was published posthumously in 1946 by Harpers.

153

The most salient example being the hagiographies by Isaac Deutscher, The Prophet Armed (1954), The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky 1921-1929 (1959), and The Prophet Outcast (Oxford University Press, 1963).

154

‘Origins of the Cold War: How Stalin Foiled a New World Order’, Chapter V below.

Russian translation: ‘Origins of the Cold War’, Red Star, Russian Ministry of Defense, http://www.redstar.ru/2010/09/01_09/6_01.html

155

K R Bolton, ‘Mikhail Gorbachev: Globalist Super-Star,’ Foreign Policy Journal, April 3, 2011, http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/04/03/mikhail-gorbachev-globalist-super-star/

Russian translation: “Mikhail Gorbachev: Globalist Super-Star,” Perevodika, http://perevodika.ru/articles/18345.html

156

Tony Halpin, ‘Vladimir Putin Praises Stalin for Creating a Super Power and Winning the War’, The Sunday Times, London, December 4, 2009, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article6943477.ece

157

Tony Halpin, op. cit.

158

Armand Hammer, Witness to History (Kent: Coronet Books, 1987), 160. Here Hammer relates his discussion with Trotsky and how the Commissar wished to attract foreign capital. Hammer later laments that this all turned sour under Stalin.

159

Richard B Spence, ‘Interrupted Journey: British Intelligence and the Arrest of Leon Trotsky, April 1917’, Revolutionary Russia, 13 (1), 2000, 1-28.

Spence, “Hidden Agendas: Spies, Lies and Intrigue Surrounding Trotsky’s American Visit January-April 1917,” Revolutionary Russia, Vol. 21, No. 1., 2008.

160

Peter Grosse, ‘Basic Assumptions’, Continuing The Inquiry: The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996, (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2006). The entire book can be read online at: Council on Foreign Relations: http://www.cfr.org/about/history/cfr/index.html

161

The 1933 charges against employees of Metropolitan-Vickers, including six British engineers, accused of sabotage and espionage. M Sayers and A E Kahn, The Great Conspiracy Against Russia (London: Collett’s Holdings, 1946), 181-186.

162

P Gregory, ‘What Paul Gregory is writing about’, December 18, 2010, http://whatpaulgregoryisthinkingabout.blogspot.com/2010/12/stalin-putin-justice-bukharin.html

163

Jack Kemp, et al, Russia’s Wrong Direction: What the United States Can and Should do, Independent Task Force Report no. 57 (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2006) xi. The entire publication can be downloaded at: http://www.cfr.org/publication/9997/

164

As was the case when Russia was condemned with Cold War-type rhetoric for going to the assistance of South Ossetia after the invasion by Georgia in 2008.

165

‘Senator McCain on Khodorkovsky and US-Russia relations’, Free Media Online, December 18, 2010, http://www.govoritamerika.us/rus/?p=17995

166

The same situation arose with the jailing of the ‘punk’ female group ‘Pussy Riot’ for staging a filth-ridden stunt against Putin in a Russian Orthodox Cathedral, their jailing having become a cause celebre among anti-Putin interests in Russia and around the world. This is a perfect example of ‘rootless cosmopolitanism’ that continues to be used against Russia.

167

C Gershman, ‘The Fourth Wave: Where the Middle East revolts fit in the history of democratization—and how we can support them’, The New Republic, March 14, 2011. NED, http://www.ned.org/about/board/meet-our-president/archived-presentations-and-articles/the-fourth-wave

168

‘The Case of the Trotskyite-Zinovievite Terrorist Centre’, Heard Before the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the U.S.S.R., Report of Court Proceedings, ‘Indictment’, Moscow, August 19-24, 1936.

169

Sidney Hook, ‘Reader Letters: The Moscow Trials’, Commentary Magazine, New York, August 1984, http://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/the-moscow-trials/

170

Joseph E. Davies, Mission to Moscow (London: Gollancz, 1942), 26.

171

Ibid., 34.

172

London Observer, August 23, 1936.

173

Davies, op. cit., 35.

174

Cited by A Vaksberg, Stalin’s Prosecutor: The Life of Andrei Vyshinsky (New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991), 123.

175

D N Pritt, ‘The Moscow Trial was Fair’, Russia Today, 1936-1937. Sloan http://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/sections/britain/pamphlets/1936/moscow-trial-fair.htm

176

Ibid.

177

Ibid.

178

Tomsky had committed suicide.

179

Pritt, op. cit.

180

Jeremy Murray-Brown, ‘The Moscow Trials’, Commentary, August 1984, http://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/the-moscow-trials/

181

Ibid.

182

Sidney Hook, ibid.

183

See: Chapter V, ‘Origins of the Cold War.’

184

Central Intelligence Agency, ‘Cultural Cold War: Origins of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1949-50’, https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/docs/v38i5a10p.htm#rft1

185

For example, a position supported by leading US Trotskyite Max Shachtman, Shachtmanism metamorphosing into a virulent anti-Sovietism, and providing the impetus for the formation of the National Endowment for Democracy. Trotsky’s widow Natalya as early into the Cold War as 1951 wrote a letter to the Executive Committee of the Fourth International and to the US Socialist Workers Party (May 9) stating that her late husband would not have supported North Korea against the USA, and that it was Stalin who was the major obstacle to world socialism. ‘Out of the Shadows’ Time, June 18, 1951. ‘Natalya Trotsky breaks with the Fourth International’, http://www.marxists.de/trotism/sedova/english.htm

Given the many Trotskyites and Trotsky sympathizers such as Sidney Hook, became apologists for US foreign policy against the USSR, it might be asked whether Stalin’s contention that Trotskyites would act as agents of foreign powers was prescient?

186

George Novack, “‘Introduction,’ The Case of Leon Trotsky’, International Socialist Review, Vol. 29, No.4, July-August 1968, 21-26.

187

Ibid.

188

‘Russia: Trotsky and Woe’. Time, January 11, 1937. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,757254,00.html

189

Novack, op. cit.

190

Descriptions by Novack.

See also: John Dewey, Jo Ann Boydston, John J McDermot, John Dewey: The Later Works, (Southern Illinois University, 2008), 640.

191

Carleton Beals, ‘The Fewer Outsiders the Better: The Master Comes to Judgement’, Saturday Evening Post, 12 June 1937. http://www.revleft.com/vb/fewer-outsiders-better-t124508/index.html.

192

Ibid.

193

John Chamberlain, A Life with the Printed Word, (Chicago: Regnery, 1982), 65.

194

Veteran British Trotskyite Tony Cliff laments of this phenomenon: ‘The list of former Trotskyists who in their Stalinophobia turned into hard-line Cold War liberals is much longer’. Tony Cliff, ‘The Darker the Night the Brighter the Star, 1927-1940’, http://www.marxists.org/archive/cliff/works/1993/trotsky4/15-ww2.html

195

The Freeman, August 13, 1951, http://mises.org/journals/oldfreeman/Freeman51-8.pdf La Follette served as “managing editor,” (p. 2).

196

K R Bolton, ‘America’s ‘World Revolution’: Neo-Trotskyist Foundations of U.S. Foreign Policy’, Foreign Policy Journal, May 3, 2010, http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2010/05/03/americas-world-revolution-neo-trotskyist-foundations-of-u-s-foreign-policy/

197

Ibid.

198

In 1950 Goldman declared himself to be a ‘right-wing socialist’. In 1952 he admitted collaborating with the FBI, and stated, ‘if I were younger I would gladly offer my services in Korea, or especially in Europe where I could do some good fighting the Communists’. A M Wald, The New York Intellectuals, (New York 1987), 287.

199

‘British Trotskyism in 1931’, Encyclopaedia of Trotskyism Online: Revolutionary History, http://www.marxists.org/history/etol/revhist/backiss/vol1/no1/glotzer.html Glotzer was another of the Trotskyite veterans who became an ardent defender of the USA as the bulwark against Stalinism. He was prominent in the Social Democrats USA, whose honorary president was Sidney Hook.

200

Gershman gave an eulogy at the ‘Albert Glotzer Memorial Service’ in 1999. http://www.ned.org/about/board/meet-our-president/archived-presentations-and-articles/albert-glotzer-memorial-service

201

John Dewey, Jo Ann Boydston, John J McDermot, op. cit., 641. Dewey is also shown here to have been in communication with American Trotskyite luminary Max Eastman.

202

‘Trotsky’s Trial’, Time, International Section, May 17, 1937.

203

It would be a mistake nonetheless to see Time as an amiable pro-Soviet mouthpiece. Several months previously a lengthy Time article was scathing in its condemnation of the 1937 Moscow Trial and the confessions. ‘Old and New Bolsheviks’, Foreign News Section, Time, February 1, 1937. See also: ‘Russia: Lined With Despair’, Time, March 14, 1938.

204

J Dewey, et al., The Case of Leon Trotsky: Report of Hearings on the Charges Made Against Him in the Moscow Trials by the Preliminary Commission of Inquiry into the Charges Made Against Trotsky in the Moscow Trials, ‘Point 6: The Resignation of Carleton Beals,’ 1937. http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1937/dewey/report.htm

205

Carleton Beals, op. cit.

206

Ibid.

207

J Arch Getty, “Trotsky in Exile: The Founding of the Fourth International,” Soviet Studies, Vol.38, No. 1, January 1986, 24-35.

208

Getty, ibid., Footnote 18, Trotsky Papers, 15821.

209

As will be shown below, Prof. Rogovin, a Trotskyite who has studied the Soviet archives, quite recently sought to show that the Trotskyites were the focus of an important Opposition bloc since 1932.

210

C Beals, op. cit.

211

Ibid.

212

Leon Trotsky, My Life (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1930), Chapter 42, ‘The Last Period of Struggle within the Party,’ http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1930/mylife/ch42.htm

213

Ibid.

214

Verbatim Report of Central Committee, IV, 33, cited by Trotsky at the ‘third session’ of the Dewey Commission hearings. Trotsky alludes to this, writing: ‘Zinoviev and Kamenev openly avowed that the “Trotskyists” had been right in the struggle against them ever since 1923’. Trotsky, ibid.

215

Ibid.

216

Ibid.

217

Ibid.

218

Ibid.

219

The Case of Leon Trotsky, ‘Third Session’, April 12, 1937. http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1937/dewey/session03.htm

220

Ibid.

221

Vyshinsky, ‘Verbatim Report’, 464, quoted by Goldman, The Case of Leon Trotsky, op. cit.

222

Vadim Rogovin, 1937: Stalin’s Year of Terror (Mehring Books, 1998), 63. Note: Mehring Books is a Trotskyite publishing house.

223

R Sewell, ‘The Moscow Trials’ (Part I), Socialist Appeal, March 2000, http://www.trotsky.net/trotsky_year/moscow_trials.html

224

Social-Demokraten, September 1, 1936, 1.

225

The Case of Leon Trotsky, Fifth Session, April 13, 1937, http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1937/dewey/session05.htm

226

Sven-Eric Holström, ‘New Evidence Concerning the ‘Hotel Bristol Question in the First Moscow Trial of 1936,’ Cultural Logic, 2008, 6.2, ‘The Copenhagen Street Directory and Telephone Directory’.

227

Ibid., 6.3, ‘Photographic evidence’, Figure 7.

228

Getty, 1986, op. cit., 28.

229

See: ‘Kirov Assassination’ below.

230

Trotsky, My Life, op. cit., Chapter 43.

231

L Trotsky, ‘A Letter to the Politburo’, March 15, 1933, Writings of Leon Trotsky (1932-33) (New York: Pathfinder Press), 141-2.

232

Ibid. ‘Renunciation of this programme is of course out of the question’.

233

Ibid.

234

‘An Explanation’, May 13, 1933, Writings of Leon Trotsky (1932-33), ibid., 235.

235

Trotsky, ‘Declaration to the Sixth Party Congress’, December 16, 1926, cited in Trotsky, My Life, op. cit., Chapter 44.

236

Trotsky, ‘Nuzhno stroit’ zanovo kommunistcheskie partii i International’, Bulletin of the Opposition, No. 36-37, 21, July 15, 1933.

237

Trotsky, ‘Klassovaya priroda sovetskogo gosudarstava’, Bulletin of the Opposition, No. 36-37, October 1, 1933, 1-12. At Moscow Vyshinsky cited this article as evidence that Trotsky advocated the violent overthrow of the Soviet state. The emphasis of the word ‘force’ is Trotsky’s.

238

Ibid.

239

Trotsky, ‘Their Morals and Ours: In Memory of Leon Sedov’, The New International, Vol. IV, no. 6, June 1938, 163-173, http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1938/morals/morals.htm

The New International was edited by Max Shachtman, whose post-Trotskyite line laid a basis for the ‘neo-con’ movement and support of US foreign policy during the Cold War. CIA asset Sidney Hook was a contributor to The New International. (December 1934, http://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/hook/1934/12/hess-marx.htm; April 1936, http://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/hook/1936/04/feuerbach.htm). Albert Goldman, Trotsky’s lawyer at the Mexico Dewey hearings, was also a contributor.

240

Ibid.

241

Ibid.

242

R Conquest, Stalin and the Kirov Murder (London; 1989).

243

N S Khrushchev, “Secret Address at the Twentieth Party Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union,” February 1956; Henry M Christman (ed.) Communism in Action: a documentary history (New York: Bantam Books, 1969), 176-177.

244

‘Letter of an Old Bolshevik: The Key to the Moscow Trials’, New York, 1937.

245

Anna Larina Bukharina, Nezabyvaemoe (Moscow, 1989); This I Cannot Forget (London, 1993), 276.

246

A Resis (ed.) Molotov Remembers (Chicago: Ivan R Dee, 1993), 353.

247

A Yakovlev, ‘O dekabr’skoi tragedii 1934’, Pravda, 28th January, 1991, 3, ‘The Politics of Repression Revisited’, in J Arch Getty and Roberta T Manning (editors), Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives (New York, 1993), 46.

248

J Arch Getty, Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered: 1933-1938 (Cambridge; 1985), 48.

249

Vadim Rogovin, 1937: Stalin’s Year of Terror (Mehring Books, 1988), 64.

250

R Conquest, The Great Terror: Stalin’s Purge of the Thirties (London, 1973), 86.

251

J Arch Getty, op. cit., 209.

252

The Crime of the Zinoviev Opposition (Moscow, 1935), 33-41.

253

Report of Court Proceedings: The Case of the Trotskyite-Zinovievite Terrorist Centre (Moscow, 1936), 41-42.

254

Vadim Rogovin, ‘Stalin’s Great Terror: Origins and Consequences’, lecture, University of Melbourne, May 28, 1996. World Socialist Website: http://www.wsws.org/exhibits/1937/lecture1.htm

255

Ibid.

256

Ibid.

257

http://www.wsws.org/exhibits/1937/title.htm

258

American President Woodrow Wilson’s principal adviser and confidante.

259

Henry Wickham Steed, Through Thirty Years 1892-1922 A personal narrative, ‘The Peace Conference, The Bullitt Mission’, Vol. II. (New York: Doubleday Page and Co., 1924), 301.

260

Ibid.

261

Ibid.

262

Samuel Gompers, ‘Soviet Bribe Fund Here Says Gompers, Has Proof That Offers Have Been Made, He Declares, Opposing Recognition. Propaganda Drive. Charges Strong Group of Bankers With Readiness to Accept Lenin’s Betrayal of Russia’, The New York Times, 1 May 1922.

263

Richard B Spence, ‘Hidden Agendas: Spies, Lies and Intrigue Surrounding Trotsky’s American Visit, January-April 1917’, Revolutionary Russia, Volume 21, Issue 1 June 2008, 33–55.

264

Ibid.

265

It is more accurate to state that Trotsky managed to straddle both the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks until the impending success of the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917.

266

Ibid.

267

Ibid.

268

Military Intelligence Division, 9140-6073, Memorandum # 2, 23 August 1918, 2. Cited by Spence, op. cit.

269

Spence, ibid.

270

Wiseman became a partner in 1929.

271

‘Sir William’s New Bank’, Time, October 17 1955.

272

The foregoing on Trotsky’s associations from Spain to New York and his transit back to Russia are indebted to Spence, op. cit.

273

Edward M. House, ed. Charles Seymour, The Intimate Papers of Col. House (New York: Houghton, Mifflin Co.), Vol. III, 421.

274

Peter Grosse, Continuing The Inquiry: The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996, (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2006), ‘Basic Assumptions’. The entire book can be read online at: http://www.cfr.org/about/history/cfr/index.html

275

Armand Hammer, Witness to History (London: Coronet Books, 1988), 221.

276

Ibid., 160.

277

Ibid., 221.

278

David North, ‘Leon Trotsky and the Fate of Socialism in the 20th Century’, opening lecture to the International Summer School on ‘Marxism and the Fundamental Problems of the 20th Century’, organised by the International Committee of the Fourth International and the Socialist Equality Party of Australia, Sydney, Australia, January 3 1998. David North is the national secretary of the Socialist Equality Party in the USA, and has lectured extensively in Europe, Asia, the US and Russia on Marxism and the program of the Fourth International. http://www.wsws.org/exhibits/trotsky/trlect.htm (accessed 12 March 2010).

279

Albert E Kahn and Michael Sayers, The Great Conspiracy Against Russia, (London: Collet’s Holdings Ltd., 1946).

280

Antony Sutton, op. cit., 39-42.

281

Kahn and Sayers, op. cit. 29.

282

‘Calls People War Weary, But Leo Trotsky Says They Do Tot Want Separate Peace’, The New York Times, 16 March 1917.

283

The real purpose of the American Red Cross Mission in Russia was to examine how commercial relations could be established with the fledgling Bolshevik regime, as indicated by the fact that there were more business representatives in the Mission than there were medical personnel. See: Dr Anton Sutton, Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution (New York: Arlington House Publishers, 1974), 71-88. K R Bolton, Revolution from Above (London: Arktos Media Ltd., 2011) 63-64.

284

‘Gives Bolsheviki a Million’, Washington Post, 2 February 1918, cited by Sutton, op. cit., 82-83.

285

The New York Times, 27 January 1918, op. cit.

286

Kahn and Sayers, op. cit., 29.

287

R H Bruce Lockhart, British Agent (London: G P Putnam’s Sons, 1933), Book Four, ‘History From the Inside’, Chapter I.

288

Antony Sutton, op. cit., 84, 86.

289

R H Bruce Lockhart, op. cit.

290

Ibid., Chapter III.

291

Ibid.

292

Ibid. Lockhart observed that while the German peace terms received 112 votes from the Central Executive Committee of the Bolshevik Party, there had been 86 against, and 25 abstentions, among the latter of whom was Trotsky.

293

Ibid., Chapter IV.

294

That at least was the perception of Stalinists of Trotsky’s depiction by the West, as portrayed by Kahn and Sayers, op. cit., 194.

295

Kahn and Sayers cite a number of Lenin’s statements regarding Trotsky, dating from 1911, when Lenin stated that Trotsky slides from one faction to another and back again, but ultimately ‘I must declare that Trotsky represents his own faction only…’ Ibid., 195.

296

Ibid., 199.

297

Leon Trotsky, Leon Sedov: Son-Friend-Fighter, 1938, cited by Kahn and Sayers, 205.

298

Ibid., 204.

299

R H Bruce Lockhart, op. cit., Book Three: War & Peace, Chapter IX. Lockhart described Savinkov as a professional ‘schemer’, who ‘had mingled so much with spies and agents-provocateurs that, like the hero in his own novel, he hardly knew whether he was deceiving himself or those whom he meant to deceive’. Lockhart commented that Savinkov had ‘entirely captivated Mr Churchill, who saw in him a Russian Bonaparte’.

300

Reilly, the British ‘super agent’ although widely known for his anti-Bolshevik views, prior to his becoming a ‘super spy’ and possibly working for the intelligence agencies of four states, by his own account had been arrested in 1892 in Russia by the Czarist secret police as a messenger for the revolutionary Friends of Enlightenment.

301

Kahn and Sayers, op. cit., 208.

302

Commissariat of Justice, Report of the Case of the Anti-Soviet ‘Bloc of Rights and Trotskyites’, Heard Before The Military Collegium of the Court of the USSR, Moscow, March 24 1938, 307.

303

Ibid., 288.

304

Ibid., 293.

305

Ibid.

306

Ibid.

307

Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, ‘Eschatology and the Appeal of Revolution’, California Slavic Studies, Volume. II, University of California Press, California, 1930, 116.

308

Ibid.

309

Shachtman was one of the two most prominent Trotskyites in the USA according to Trotskyist historian Ernest Haberkern, Introduction to Max Shachtman, http://www.marxists.org/archive/shachtma/intro.htm

310

‘British Trotskyism in 1931’, Encyclopaedia of Trotskyism Online: Revolutionary History, http://www.marxists.org/history/etol/revhist/backiss/vol1/no1/glotzer.html

311

Max Shachtman, Behind the Moscow Trial (New York: Pioneer Publishers, 1936).

312

Max Shachtman, ‘Trotsky Begins the Fight’, The Struggle for the New Course (New York: New International Publishing Co., 1943).

313

Ibid.

314

Ibid.

315

Leon Trotsky, In Defence of the Soviet Union, Max Shachtman, ‘Introduction.’ (New York: Pioneer Publishers, 1937).

316

James P Cannon, a veteran Trotskyist and former colleague of Shachtman’s.

317

Max Shachtman, ‘The Crisis in the American Party: An Open Letter in Reply to Comrade Leon Trotsky’, New International, Vol.6 No.2, March 1940), 43-51.

318

Ibid.

319

Max Shachtman, ‘The Nature of the Stalinist Parties: Their Class Roots, Political Role and Basic Aim’, The New International: A Monthly Organ of Revolutionary Marxism, Vol.13 No.3, March 1947, 69-74.

320

Max Shachtman, ‘Stalinism on the Decline: Tito versus Stalin The Beginning of the End of the Russian Empire’, New International, Vol. XIV No.6, August 1948, 172-178.

321

Max Shachtman, ‘The Congress of the Fourth International: An Analysis of the Bankruptcy of “Orthodox Trotskyism”’, New International, Vol.XIV, No.8, October 1948, 236-245.

322

Max Shachtman, ‘Reflections on a Decade Past: On the Tenth Anniversary of Our Movement’, The New International: A Monthly Organ of Revolutionary Marxism, Vol.16 No.3, May-June 1950, 131-144.

323

Natalia Sedova Trotsky, May 9, 1951, Labor Action, June 17, 1951, http://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/socialistvoice/natalia38.html

324

American Federation of Labor-Central Industrial Organization.

325

Haberkern, op. cit.

326

Sidney Hook, ‘Education in Defense of a Free Society’, 1984, Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities, National Endowment for Humanities, http://www.neh.gov/whoweare/jefflect.html

327

Edward S Shapiro, ‘Hook Sidney’, First Principles: The Home of American Intellectual Conservatism, 3 July 2009.

328

Again, there is obfuscation with the use of the term ‘anti-Communist’. What is meant in such cases is not opposition to Communism, but opposition to Stalinism, and the course the USSR had set upon after the elimination of the Trotskyites, et al. Many of these so-called ‘anti-Communists’ in opposing the USSR considered themselves loyal to the legacy of Trotsky.

329

Tom Kahn, ‘Max Shachtman: His Ideas and His Movement’, Editor’s Note on Kahn, Dissent Magazine, 252 http://www.dissentmagazine.org/democratiya/article_pdfs/d11Khan.pdf

330

Tom Kahn, Democratiya 11, 2007, reprinted in Dissent Magazine, ibid., 258.

331

Fred Barbash, ‘Bush: Iraq Part of ‘Global Democratic Revolution’: Liberation of Middle East Portrayed as Continuation of Reagan’s Policies’, Washington Post, 6 November 6, 2003.

332

Gershman served as Senior Counsellor to the United States Representative to the United Nations beginning in 1981. As it happens, the Representative he was advising was fellow Social Democrats comrade, Jeane Kirkpatrick, who had begun her political career in the (Trotskyist) Young People’s Socialist League, a branch of the Shachtmanist-orientated Socialist Party, as had many other ‘neo-cons.’

333

The Social Democrats USA had originated in 1972 after a split with the Trotskyist-orientated Socialist Party. The honorary chairman of the Social Democrats USA until his death in 1984 was Prof. Sidney Hook.

334

Glotzer was a leading Trotskyist. Expelled from the Communist Party USA in 1928 along with Max Shachtman, they founded the Communist League and the subsequent factions. When the Socialist Party factionalised in 1972 Glotzer joined the Social Democrats◦– USA faction, which remained closest to Shachtmanism, and which supported US foreign policy. Even in 1981 Glotzer was still involved with luminaries of the Socialist Workers Party. “British Trotskyism in 1931”, Encyclopaedia of Trotskyism Online: Revolutionary History, http://www.marxists.org/history/etol/revhist/backiss/vol1/no1/glotzer.html (Accessed 7 March 2010).

335

Rachelle Horowitz, “Tom Kahn and the Fight for Democracy: A Political Portrait and Personal Recollection”, Dissent Magazine, pp. 238-239. http://www.dissentmagazine.org/democratiya/article_pdfs/d11Horowitz.pdf (Accessed 8 March 2010).

336

Ibid., 209.

337

Ibid., 211.

338

Ibid., 234.

339

Ibid., 235.

340

Ibid., 246.

341

‘About NED’, National Endowment for Democracy, http://www.ned.org/about (accessed 7 March 2010).

342

David Lowe, ‘Idea to Reality: NED at 25: Reauthorization’, NED, http://www.ned.org/about/history (accessed 7 March 2010).

343

Jacob H Schiff, ‘Jacob H Schiff Rejoices, By Telegraph to the Editor of the New York Times’, New York Times, March 18, 1917. This can be viewed at The New York Times online archives: http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9802E4DD163AE532A2575BC1A9659C946696D6CF

Jacob Schiff, ‘Loans easier for Russia’, The New York Times, 20 March 1917. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9B04EFDD143AE433A25753C2A9659C946696D6CF

John B Young (National City Bank) ‘Is A People’s Revolution’, The New York Times, March 16 1917.

‘Bankers here pleased with news of revolution’, ibid.

‘Stocks strong◦– Wall Street interpretation of Russian News’, ibid.

344

‘Bolsheviki Will Not Make Separate Peace: Only Those Who Made Up Privileged Classes Under Czar Would Do So, Says Col. W B Thompson, Just Back From Red Cross Mission’, The New York Times, January 27 1918.

345

Armand Hammer of Occidental Petroleum, who had been a concessionaire at the earliest stages of the Soviet regime, stated of his meeting with Trotsky that he was questioned as to how US capitalists regarded Russia as a ‘desirable field for investment?’ Trotsky, having returned from the Urals, thought that the region had great possibilities for American capital. Armand Hammer, Hammer: Witness to History (London: Coronet Books, 1988), 160.

346

Lenin had stated to Hammer: ‘The New Economic Policy demands a fresh development of our economic possibilities. We hope to accelerate the process by a system of industrial and commercial concessions to foreigners. It will give great opportunities to the United State’. Ibid., 143.

347

Antony Sutton, National Suicide: Military Aid to the Soviet Union (New York: Arlington House, 1973).

348

For Roosevelt’s commitment to friendship with Stalin see the CIA essay: Gary Kern, How “Uncle Joe” Bugged FDR, Central Intelligence Agency, https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol47no1/article02.html

349

A A Gromyko, Memories. (London: Arrow Books, 1989).

350

For example, G Edward Griffin, The Fearful Master: A Second Look at the United Nations (Boston: Western Islands, 1964).

351

Quigley was an eminent historian and governmental adviser, and taught at Foreign Services School, Georgetown University, Harvard and Princeton universities. President Clinton spoke of Quigley as his adviser when at Harvard.

352

Hence the title of Quigley’s magnum opus, Tragedy and Hope (New York: Macmillan Co., 1966).

353

Caroll Quigley, Tragedy and Hope, ibid., 892.

354

Ibid., 893.

355

Ibid., 895.

356

Ibid.

357

Ibid.

358

Bernard Baruch, The Baruch Plan, 1946. http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Deterrence/BaruchPlan.shtml

359

A A Gromyko, op. cit.

360

Dulles suspected that the peace initiative came from the Emperor himself.

361

‘Ladies of the Press’, panel-interview programme, WOR-TV, New York, January 19, 1963. http://www.greenwych.ca/dulles.htm

362

Bob Fisk, “The Decision to Bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki,” II, 1983. The article can be found at: http://www.greenwych.ca/hiro2bmb.htm

363

Ibid.

364

Bernard Baruch, NY Tribune, April 17, 1947. cited by Fisk, ibid.

365

Frances Stonor Saunders, op. cit., 91.

366

Bertrand Russell, ‘The Atomic Bomb and the Prevention of War’, Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, October 1, 1946, 5.

367

Ibid., 2.

368

Ibid., 3.

369

Ibid.

370

Bertrand Russell, Has Man a Future? (Hammondsworth: Penguin Books, 1961), 25.

371

Peter Grosse in his semi-official history of the CFR, calls the Council ‘the East Coast foreign policy establishment’. P Grosse, Continuing the Inquiry, op. cit., Chapter: ‘X’ Leads the Way,’ http://www.cfr.org/about/history/cfr/x_leads.html

372

Ibid., ‘The First Transformation’.

373

Ibid., ‘X Leads the Way’. “X” was Kennan, an anonymous policy-maker.

374

Ibid.

375

Ibid., “The First Transformation.,” http://www.cfr.org/about/history/cfr/first_transformation.html

376

Ibid.

377

K R Bolton, ‘Mikhail Gorbachev: Globalist Super-Star’, Foreign Policy Journal, April 3, 2011; http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/04/03/mikhail-gorbachev-globalist-super-star/

378

The Gorbachev Foundation, “About Us, The Foundation Projects and Structural Subdivisions,” http://www.gorby.ru/en/rubrs.asp?rubr_id=302

379

Ibid.

380

George H W Bush, speech before US Congress, March 6, 1991.

381

For example, the “Eurasian” concept whose chief proponent is Prof. Alexander Dugin, head of the Center for Conservative Research, Moscow State University, who advocates a “multi-polar” world of power bloc “vectors” as an alternative to globalization.

382

Jack Kemp, et al, Russia’s Wrong Direction: What the United States Can and Should do, Independent Task Force Report no. 57 (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2006) xi. The entire publication can be downloaded at: http://www.cfr.org/publication/9997/

383

Richard N Haass, CFR President, ibid.

384

K R Bolton, ‘The Globalist Web of Subversion’, Foreign Policy Journal, February 7, 2011; http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/02/07/the-globalist-web-of-subversion/

385

Ibid., 4.

386

Ibid., 5.

387

Ibid., 6.

388

Ibid., 7.

389

It is often overlooked that Stalin had inherited the totalitarian structure that had already been established by Lenin and Trotsky, who were hardly charitable in their dealings with opponents.

390

See Chapter I.

391

Leon Trotsky, ‘The Workers’ State, Thermidor and Bonapartism’, International Socialist Review, Vol.17 No.3, Summer 1956, 93-101, 105, http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1935/02/ws-therm-bon.htm

392

Leon Trotsky, The Revolution Betrayed, op. cit., http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1936/revbet/ch07.htm

393

Warsaw Pact and Comecom, military and economic blocs respectively.

394

K R Bolton, The Red Face of Israel, Foreign Policy Journal, 2 August 2010 http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2010/08/02/the-red-face-of-israel/all/1

395

Arkady Vaksberg, Stalin Against the Jews (New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1984), inter alia.

396

Paul Lendvai, Anti-Semitism in Eastern Europe (London: Macdonald & Co., 1972), 243-245.

397

See Chapter II.

398

J Brent and V P Naumov, Stalin’s Last Crime: The Doctors’ Plot (London: John Murray, 2004), 1-10.

399

Ibid., 214.

400

Ibid., 94.

401

Ibid., 184.

402

Ibid., 258.

403

Ibid., 297.

404

Ludo Martens Another view of Stalin (1995 John Plaice, 1995), http://www.plp.org/books/Stalin/node153.html

405

Former counter-intelligence officer and member of Stalin’s bodyguard who defected to the West in 1954.

406

P Deriabin, Watchdogs of Terror: Russian Bodyguards from the Tsars to the Commissars (1984), 321.

407

Amy Knight, Beria: Stalin’s First Lieutenant (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1993), 179.

408

J Brent and V P Naumov, op. cit., 313.

409

Ibid., 314.

410

Ibid., 314–315. No high alcohol level was found in Stalin’s blood or urine. 320.

411

Ibid., 315.

412

Ibid., 316.

413

Ibid., 317.

414

Ibid.

415

Molotov Remembers, p. 237, cited by Brent and Naumov, ibid., 320.

416

J Brent and V P Naumov, ibid., 321.

417

Ibid., 322.

418

Ibid.

419

Ibid., 339.

420

Ibid., 325-327.

421

K R Bolton, ‘Mikhail Gorbachev: Globalist Super-Star’, Foreign Policy Journal, April 3 2011, http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/04/03/mikhail-gorbachev-globalist-super-star/

422

Thaddeus Wittlin, Commissar: The Life and Death of Lavrenti Pavlovich Beria (New York: Macmillan, 1972), 354.

423

Ibid., 363-365.

424

On the Crimes and Anti-Party, Anti-Government Activities of Beria, Plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, July 2-7 1953.

425

Shlomo Avineri, Moses Hess: Prophet of Communism and Zionism (New York University, 1985).

426

Karl Marx, On the Jewish Question, 1844. www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/jewish-question/

427

Walter Laqueur, The Black Hundred: The Rise of the Extreme Right in Russia, (New York: Harper Perennial, 1993).

428

Ibid.

429

Winston Churchill, ‘Zionism versus Bolshevism: a struggle for the soul of the Jewish people’, London: Illustrated Sunday Herald, February 8, 1920, 5.

430

Laurence Krane, ‘Chaim Weizmann, Builder of Israel’, The Jewish Magazine, October 2002, http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:iZ0Sh9qb5vkJ:www.jewishmag.com/60mag/weizmann/weizmann.htm

431

I Braginsky, et al., Zionism: Instrument of Imperialist Reaction, (Moscow: Novosti Press Agency Publishing House, 1970).

432

I Bragnaski, ibid., ‘The Class Essence of Zionism’.

433

I Braginksy,ibid., 84.

434

F Farrel, ‘The American Jewish Plot Against Europe’, Common Sense, issue no. 598, 1 February, 1974, 2.

435

Ibid., 113, 125.

436

Ibid., 126.

437

Ibid., 263.

438

Ibid., 267.

439

Yuri Ivanov, Caution, Zionism! Essays on the Ideology, Organisation and Practice of Zionism, (Moscow: Progressive Publishers, 1970).

The description on the back cover stated: ‘Caution, Zionism! by Soviet Marxist historian Yuri Ivanov is a convincing exposé of modern Zionism as an ideology, a system of organisations and the practical policies of the wealthy Jewish bourgeoisie. Basing his arguments on numerous documents and facts, the author shows that Zionism has been and is a bellicose reactionary force working against the genuine national interests of all people, the Israeli people inclusive’. The book is online at: http://home.alphalink.com.au/~radnat/zionism/index.html

440

Pionerskaya Pravda, 10 October 1981.

441

Ivan Shevtsov, In the Name of the Father and the Son (Moskovskii Rabochii, 1970).

442

V Begun, Creeping Counter-Revolution (Minsk, 1975).

443

V Begun, Invasion Without Arms (Minsk, 1977).

444

Lev A Korneyev, Class Essence of Zionism (Moscow, 1983).

445

Walter Laqueur, op. cit.

446

Kris Roman, ‘Euro-Rus: International Conference on Friday 27 and Saturday 28 June: Russia and the European Building Thought’, June 6, 2008, http://eurorusactivities.wordpress.com/2008/06/06/euro-rus-international-conference-on-friday-27-and-saturday-28-june-%E2%80%9Crussia-and-the-european-empire-building-thought%E2%80%9D/