Fontevrault, order of, 791, 792
food, 557, 560, 787, 813, 836-837
doles of, 831
Jewish, 357-358
Moslem, 342
football, 841
“Forest Cantons,” 687
forests, 465, 514, 559-560
forgery, 526*, 814, 828, 844, 944, 1072
forks, 836
Formosus, 538
formulas, 524, 986
magic, 997-998
fornication, 806, 822, 824, 843, 927
Forth, Firth of, 501
fortification, 271, 471, 570, 892
Fortunatus of Hippo, 671
Fortunatus of Poitiers, 78, 93, 94, 1024
Forty Thieves, 262, 275
Foulques, Abbé, 935
foundlings, 1002
Fountains Abbey, 871, 883
“Four Doctors,” 916
“Four Duties,” 212
France, 57, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 198, 226, 236, 238, 298, 317, 342, 366, 375, 384, 387, 392, 397, 400, 401, 402, 441, 447, 452, 460-461, 464, 466, 473, 474, 480, 484, 495, 500, 502, 518, 528, 533, 534, 537, 543, 545, 553, 554, 555, 556, 558, 561, 564, 565, 566-567, 571, 573, 577, 578, 586, 594, 598, 599, 603, 606, 610, 615, 616, 617, 620, 621, 622, 623, 626, 627, 632, 633, 640, 642, 646, 647, 663, 664, 667, 669, 670, 671, 673, 674, 675, 677, 679, 682, 683, 684, 685, 686, 688-697, 699, 708, 712, 717, 726, 743-744, 756, 758, 766, 767, 770, 774, 775, 776, 779, 782, 783, 785, 792, 801, 809, 812, 813, 814, 815, 816, 821, 823, 828, 831, 833, 835, 837, 838, 839, 840, 841, 842, 847, 849, 850, 851, 858, 861, 868, 870, 879, 881, 882, 883, 886, 892, 893, 894, 899, 901, 903, 904, 905, 906, 908, 913, 919, 923, 932, 935, 949-954, 957, 989, 993, 1002, 1003, 1019, 1020, 1025, 1039, 1042, 1044, 1058, 1086
central, 776
east central, 686
northeastern, 690
northern, 640, 904, 1042
southeastern, 637, 904
southern, 292, 354, 386, 404, 415, 553, 691, 771, 772, 874, 901, 904, 955, 1007, 1036, 1037, 1042
southwestern, 827, 828, 1036
western, 699
France, Anatole, 60, 87, 983, 1086
Francesca da Rimini, 101, 1037, 1065, 1070, 1071, 1080
Franche-Comté, 695
Francia, 462, 466, 688
Francis, St., 17, 649, 753, 768, 792-802, 805, 809, 843, 855, 888, 977, 978, 996, 1077, 1085
Franciscans, 332, 401, 693, 769, 798, 801-802, 804, 805, 809, 922, 955, 959, 960, 971, 977, 980, 981, 988, 1006, 1014
Franco of Cologne, 898
Franconia, 88, 511
Frangipani family, 706
Frankfort, 369, 566, 615, 642, 664
Franks, 22-23, 43, 47, 88-92, 107, 109, 114, 311, 312, 376, 450, 452, 454, 458, 460, 461, 462, 468, 470, 481, 489, 510, 525, 531, 534, 544, 566-567, 587, 590, 591, 596, 651, 652, 654, 665, 763, 832
East, 510
realm of, 536
Franzesi family, 729
fraternities, 289, 332, 621, 1084
Fraternity of the Holy Ghost, 824
fraud, 824, 1013
Frauendienst (Ulrich), 1039, 1041
Fredegar, 460
Fredegunda, 92, 93
Frederick I Barbarossa, 469, 594, 595, 598, 599, 602, 622, 661-662, 665, 707, 714, 718, 761, 848, 909, 916, 987, 1020
Frederick II, 93, 370, 375, 564, 568, 602, 606, 607, 608, 612, 621, 625, 632, 658, 663-664, 678, 690, 698, 704, 705, 706, 714-725, 729, 763, 764, 765, 771, 777, 778, 779, 797, 801, 817, 840, 857, 861, 887, 909, 910, 911, 919, 961, 962, 988, 990, 994, 1000, 1003, 1037, 1038, 1041, 1056, 1063, 1085
Frederick of Aragon, 812
free will, 68-69, 413, 939, 952, 973, 974, 988
freedmen, 112
freedom, 347, 972, 976, 982, 1062, 1078
charters of, 673
communal, 638
intellectual, 443, 724
of peasantry, 644-645
religious, 349, 367
of thought, 818, 921
of worship, 282, 721
Freeman, E. A., 825
freemen, 553-554, 679
English, 676
freethinkers, 265, 955-958
Jewish, 367
Freiberg, 622
Freiburg im Breisgau, 960
French Revolution, 370, 388, 637, 640, 641, 858, 865, 869, 879, 887, 922*, 948
Frescobaldi family, 628, 729
Frescobaldi, Dino, 1057
frescoes, 276, 287, 426, 449, 455, 457, 479, 853-856, 888, 889, 890, 1056
friars, 785-818, 922, 1013, 1052
Friars Minor, 795-802
Friars Preachers, 803, 995
Fribourg, 687
Friday Mosque, Ardistan, 274
Isfahan, 309, 317
Frigga, 507
Frisia, 471, 474, 510, 535, 646
Frisians, 22, 461, 534, 905
Fritzlar, 535
Fritigern, 24
Froissart, Jean, 571, 575, 616, 681, 822
fruits, 298, 357, 613, 837
stone, 859
Fulbert, Abélard’s enemy, 935-937
Fulbert of Chartres, 476, 571, 877, 914, 1023
Fulda, 466, 476, 514, 535, 564, 786
Fulk IV, Count of Anjou, 688
Fulk V, Count of Anjou, 592
Fulk de Neuilly, 602
funds, 458, 763, 814, 876, 878, 914, 916, 919
furniture, 272, 432, 435, 835, 836
furs, 379, 624, 655, 833
Fustat, al-, 283, 284, 413, 414
Futuhat (ibn Arabi), 1068
Gabirol, ibn (Avicebron), 255, 372, 396-400, 405-406, 417, 910, 911, 954, 963, 964, 1006
Gabriel, 163-164, 176, 212, 238
Gaddi family, 1066
Gaels, 80, 495
Gagik I, 205
Gainas, 26
Gaiseric, 30, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 74, 108, 111
Gains, jurist, 112
Galahad, 1045, 1046
Galand, Jean, 782
Galen, 49, 121, 240, 249, 330, 408, 437, 910, 911, 912, 1009, 1017, 1070
Galicia, 458, 459
galilee, 872
Galilei, Galileo, 1082
Gall, St., 743
Galla Placidia, 36-37, 132, 827
Gallerani family, 628
“Gallican” movement, 923
Gallipoli, 599, 605
Gallus, 3, 10, 11, 347
Gallus, Marcus Aelius, 156
Galswintha, 92
Gamaliel, 137
gambling, 157, 433, 830, 838, 1026
game preserves, 840
games, 31, 432, 559, 838, 841, 1025
Gan Eden, 355
Gandersheim, 514, 515
Gandzha (Kirovabad), 324
Gaonate, 366-368, 411, 416
“Garden of His Delight, The” (Jehuda Halevi), 398
gardens, 271, 515
Garonne River, 474, 617, 645
Garter, order of the, 578
Gascoigne, Thomas, 926*
Gaul, 3, 7, 13, 22-25, 28-30, 36-37, 40, 42, 43, 47, 55, 56, 57, 80-83, 85-95, 107, 114, 128, 135, 208, 292, 349, 445, 450, 461, 462, 491, 492, 497, 522, 528, 531, 532, 533, 552, 565, 640, 748, 897
Gauls, 28, 41, 481, 617, 903
Gaultier de Coincy, 557, 747
Gaunilo, 933
Gawain, 822, 1045, 1046
Gayamurth, 269
Gaza, 132, 282, 607
Ge Hinnom (Sheol), 355
Gebel al-Tariq, 291
Gebir, see Hayyan, Jabir ibn
Gelasius I, St., 42
Gellius, Aulus, 32
Gemaras, 185, 211, 226, 350-352, 401, 409
gems, 287, 304, 440, 455, 613, 833, 835, 847, 848, 849, 876, 908, 992, 1005
generation, spontaneous, 994
Genesis, 66, 78, 134, 352*, 370*, 405, 412, 416, 417, 489, 490
Julian on, 15-16
genethlialogy, 987-988
Geneva, 463, 615, 687
Genevieve, St., 848
Gengra, Council of, 45
Genoa, 100, 404, 448, 451, 586, 592, 599, 602, 606, 612, 615, 617, 620, 624, 626, 627, 628, 630, 635, 638, 641, 652, 663, 705, 712, 713, 722, 811, 812, 868, 989, 992, 1064, 1080, 1085
Bank of, 713
Genoese, 456, 605, 608, 708, 709, 862, 994
Geoffrey of Anjou, 670*
Geoffrey de Lusignan, 596
Geoffrey of Monmouth, 81, 1019, 1045
Geoffrey de Noyers, 884
Geoffrey, Bishop of Chartres, 940
geography, 242, 244, 329, 612, 992, 993, 994, 1007, 1009, 1010, 1084
geology, 248, 992, 994, 1067
geomancy, 911, 987
geometry, 242, 244, 273, 438, 915, 1011
Egyptian, 989
of refraction, 996
George, Admiral, 704
George, Bishop of Alexandria, 18
George, St., 591, 743, 1021-1022
Georgia, 308, 340, 440
Gerald of Wales (Giraldus Cambrensis), 499, 681, 735-736, 786, 899, 908, 982*, 992
Gerard of Cremona, 241, 247, 403, 911, 912
Gerbert of Aurillac (Sylvester II), 342, 445, 450, 475, 479, 512-513, 540, 586, 909, 988, 989
Gerbold, St., 986
Gerhoh of Reichersburg, 572
Gerona, 400
Germain, St., 531
Germania (Tacitus), 23*
Germans, 12, 13, 23, 25, 30, 38, 41, 43, 80, 89, 90, 202, 321, 444, 453, 454, 471, 492, 509, 510-516, 536, 544, 593, 594, 595, 618, 624, 655, 658, 659, 664, 666, 685, 686, 832, 838, 848, 897, 903
Germanus, Bishop of Auxerre, 533
Germany, 12, 81, 208, 236, 320, 328, 384, 387, 391, 393, 400, 417, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 450, 461, 466, 471, 473, 475, 480, 509, 510-516, 525, 531, 532, 534-535, 537, 543, 545, 546-547, 548, 550, 553, 554, 564, 568, 571, 575, 578, 589, 594, 598, 600, 603, 609, 610, 615, 619, 622, 624, 626, 627, 631, 633, 634, 638, 640, 642, 646, 658, 660, 661-665, 686, 688, 690, 695, 714, 715, 716, 717, 722, 724, 756, 760, 763, 765, 766, 768, 770, 774, 784, 801, 809-810, 813, 815, 835, 842, 850, 857, 868, 870, 882, 886, 893, 901, 903, 905, 906, 913, 935, 960, 984, 992, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1033, 1040, 1041, 1045, 1046, 1049
eastern, 661, 788
southern, 1039
western, 534, 553, 1025
Gershom ben Jehuda, 369, 380, 400-401
Gervase of Canterbury, 884
Gesta Danorum (Absalon of Lund), 1019
Gesta Francorum, 591, 1019
Gesta pontificum (William of Malmesbury), 1019
Gesta regum Anglorum (William of Malmesbury), 1019
Gesta Romanorum, 1019
Geza I, 658
Geza, Prince, 445
Ghassan, 157, 171
Ghazali, al-, 255, 256, 257, 279, 331-333, 405, 406, 911, 954, 957, 963, 1068
Ghazni, 203, 204, 231, 243, 247, 249, 268
Ghent, 466, 474, 476, 618, 623, 640, 642, 648, 685, 886, 888
Gherardesca, Ugolino della, 1073, 1080
Gherardo da Borgo, 809
Ghibellines, 811, 815
Gibbon, Edward, 156*, 239
Gibbs, J. Willard, 995
Gibraltar, 291, 292, 307, 414, 617
Gilbert de la Porree, 476, 479, 945, 950-951
Gilbert, St., 792
Gildas, 81, 575
Gilson, Etienne, 964*
Giotto, 657, 793, 802, 811, 846, 852, 855, 888, 890, 1066, 1082
campanile of, 865
Giovanni da Capistrano, St., 387
Giovanni Pisano, 861-862, 889
Giralda, Seville, 315, 329, 342, 891
Giraldus Cambrensis, see Gerald of Wales
girls, 778, 807, 823, 879, 913, 914, 915
Gisela, daughter of Charlemagne, 466
Gisela, wife of Stephen I, 445
Giudecca, Venice, 711
Giuki, 1033
Giunta Pisano, 854
Glaber, Ralph, 542
gladiatorial shows, 844
Glanville, Ranulf de, 678
Glaser, Eduard, 155*
glass, 275, 286, 311, 318, 440, 624, 836, 849-850, 874, 880, 892, 997
burning, 289
Egyptian and Syrian, 287
enameled, 276, 287, 856
mirrors, 613
Saracen, 318*
stained, 134, 317, 611, 850, 851, 852, 853, 856-857, 872, 875, 878, 879, 882, 884, 886, 887, 891, 892
Venetian, 613
glassmakers, 342, 375, 491, 850
glasses, magnifying, 996
Glastonbury, 491, 752
gleemen, 489, 901, 1054
globe, celestial, 329
Glossa ordinaria (Accursius the elder), 917
Glossary of Drugs (Maimonides), 409
“glossators,” 630, 917
Gloria, 749
Gloucester Cathedral, 871, 882, 883
Glycerius, 42
Gobi Desert, 155, 993
God, 47, 62, 73, 75, 89, 90, 92, 93, 96, 100, 107, 124, 127, 130, 131, 163, 167, 168, 175, 177, 178, 179, 181, 182, 184, 192, 211, 212, 213, 214, 217, 221, 222, 223, 225, 235, 239, 245, 249-250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 258, 259, 260, 265, 266, 269, 305, 324, 331, 332, 334, 337, 353-356, 359, 367-368, 382, 390, 399, 400, 406, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 478, 518, 523, 542, 548, 587, 630, 646, 672, 724, 734, 736, 738, 741, 769, 779, 785, 794, 796, 797, 798, 808, 810, 820, 824, 825, 826, 828, 829, 895, 896, 907, 930, 932, 933, 938, 940, 943, 944, 945, 946, 950, 952, 957-958, 959, 960, 964, 967, 968, 969, 971, 972, 973, 974, 975, 976, 981, 988, 992, 1003, 1006, 1008, 1009, 1017, 1029, 1041, 1048, 1052, 1056, 1057, 1063, 1067-1068, 1069, 1074, 1077, 1078, 1079
grace of, 68-69, 70, 260, 523, 674, 1065, 1075
knowledge of, 70, 258, 412
love of, 324, 940, 941, 946
nature of, 176, 951
will of, 477, 665, 1004, 1063
wisdom of, 250, 940, 946
word of, 186, 211, 353, 407, 523, 706, 790, 945
Godfrey of Bouillon, 389, 589, 590, 591, 592
Godfrey of Lorraine, 543
gods, 354, 507, 984, 1047
Godgifa (Godiva), 488
Godwin, Earl, 493
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 399, 739, 795, 905, 1039, 1053
goiter, 999
gold, 287, 465, 847, 848, 851, 876
Golden Book of Venice, 710
“Golden Bull,” 658
Golden Fleece, order of, 578
Golden Horde, 656
Golden Horn, 4, 424, 650
Golden Legend (Voragine), 747, 1022, 1053
Goldsmith, Oliver, 159
goldsmiths, 376, 440, 491, 846, 848, 849
goliards, 900, 1025, 1027, 1053
Good Friday, 1028
“good sense,” 327*
Gorm, 502
Goslar, 622, 769, 778
Gospel, 51, 184, 186, 211, 212, 243, 367, 490, 499, 521, 532, 739, 803, 852, 965, 977, 982
Fourth, 15, 749, 776
“Lothaire,” 479
“Vienna,” 466
gospels, apocryphal, 828, 853, 857
Gotha, battle of, 444
Gothic, architecture, 127, 689, 697, 859, 861-894, 895, 897, 899, 949
art, 441
Byzantine-Romanesque, 888
decorated, 883, 884, 885
early English, 883, 885
English, 882-885
flamboyant, 893
French, 874, 875-882, 887, 891, 893
German, 886-887
glass, 882
Italian, 887-890
Northern, 892
perpendicular, 883, 893
Spanish, 890-892
Tuscan, 888, 889, 890
Gothic alphabet, 46
“Gothic War,” no, 456, 519
Goths, 4, 22, 23-25, 27, 36, 39, 42, 46, 47, 80, 86, 87, 99, 100, 109, 110, 115, 150, 434, 446, 456, 458, 507, 510, 579, 605
Gotland, 619, 666
Gottfried of Strasbourg, 905, 1048-1049
Gottschalk, 477, 589
government, 294, 296, 309, 311, 312, 450, 467, 468, 565, 726, 729, 759, 812, 818, 828, 903, 917, 952, 1015, 1016, 1063, 1084
Islamic, 225-227, 442
representative, 504, 641, 679, 758, 1083
in Spain, 700
Visigothic, 370
Gozihr, 142
Gozlin, Bishop of Paris, 474
Gradenigo, Pietro, 709
graduates, university, 929, 930
grammar, 288, 336, 371, 438, 466, 530, 912, 915, 1007
chair of, 914
German, 466
Greek, 1009
Hebrew, 368, 395-396, 1009
Grammar (Priscian), 124
grammarians, 305, 319, 395, 497, 525
Granada, 96, 271, 296, 298, 300, 304, 307, 315, 316, 338, 371, 372, 396, 397, 398, 575, 698
granaries, municipal, 641
Grand Book on Music (al-Farabi), 279
Grand Canal, Venice, 619, 711, 868
“Grand Catalan Company,” 651
Grande Encyclopédie (Diderot), 1016
Gratian, 25, 34, 77, 85, 86, 630, 754-755, 820, 916, 1077
gravitation, 328, 867, 997
Gray, John de, Bishop of Norwich, 674
Great Charter, 677
Great Council of 1254, 678, 679
Great Khan, 608, 656, 993
“Great Russians,” 445, 654
Greco, El, 440, 891
Greece, 3, 19, 27, 38, 44, 76, 118, 129, 134, 136, 138, 139, 143, 145, 147, 204, 208, 228, 241, 245, 249, 423, 426, 428, 434, 441, 442, 446, 453, 529, 530, 651, 831, 847, 857, 861, 893, 895, 901, 913, 989, 990, 1027, 1085, 1086
rediscovery of, 240, 249-250, 443
greed, 379, 531, 534, 819, 820, 842, 844
Greek Anthology, 124, 437
Greek Church, 811
fire, 424-425, 997
Greeks, 23, 27, 41, 82, 119, 134, 136, 137, 144, 147, 157, 189, 190, 192, 242, 243, 244, 258, 279, 280, 282, 290, 321, 328, 415, 424, 425, 432, 443, 444, 446, 507, 528, 544, 587, 593, 595, 604, 605, 619, 709, 763, 765, 831, 903, 931, 984, 996, 1001, 1002, 1006
Greene, Robert, 1014
Greenland, 502, 504, 508, 510
Gregory I the Great, St., 55, 388, 519-524, 526, 533-534, 554, 633, 733, 735, 737, 748, 764, 820, 821, 831, 895, 896, 907
Gregory II, St., 426, 535
Gregory III, St., 451
Gregory V, 539
Gregory VI, 540, 545
Gregory VII, St. (Hildebrand), 74, 93, 94, 388, 450, 469, 484, 494, 513-514, 526, 542, 545-551 586, 658, 667, 757, 758, 760, 762, 813, 817, 937
Gregory IX, 370, 388, 393, 607, 612, 631, 655, 716, 719-722, 723, 734, 755, 759, 764, 775, 779-780, 783, 784, 817, 914, 923, 954, 1085
Gregory X, Blessed, 389, 765, 768, 811, 963
Gregory, Bishop of Alexandria, 8
Gregory Nazianzen, St., 55, 62-63, 78, 441, 1028
Gregory of Nyassa, St., 62
Gregory of Tours, St., 91, 92, 349, 856, 1002
“Grey Goose,” 506
grilles, 286, 865
grocer, 620
Grosseteste, Robert, 628, 843, 884, 912, 925, 980, 988, 991, 992, 995, 996, 1006, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1016, 1029
Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, 493, 496
Gruoch, wife of Macbeth, 501
Guadalquivir River, 302, 315, 645
Gudrun, 1033
Guelfs, 594, 727, 729, 730, 811
Guesclin, Bertrand du, 563
guesthouses, 829, 921-922
Gui, Bernard, 780, 783
Guibert of Nogent, 541, 639, 745
Guibert, Archbishop of Ravenna, 550
Guide to the Duties of the Heart (Bahya), 910
Guide to the Perplexed (Maimonides), 401-412, 414, 910, 961, 964
Guido, Archbishop of Milan, 457
Guido of Arezzo, 897-898
Guido, Duke of Tuscany, 538
Guido da Polenta, 1065
Guido da Siena, 854
Guido of Vigevano, 989
guilds, 140, 262, 376, 436, 618, 629, 633-637, 640, 648, 649, 700, 708, 727, 729, 730, 752, 753, 826, 831, 841, 847, 854, 863, 864, 893, 917, 920, 1025, 1083
craft, 635-637, 648, 727
English, 634, 826
Flemish, 886
Florentine, 890
student, 917
textile, 826
of women, 826
Guillaume, Durand, 748, 899
Guillaume de Lorris, 1051-1053
Guillaume le Maire, 756
guilt, 736, 816, 820, 1013
Guinevere, 1037, 1045
Guinzelli, Guido, 1057, 1075
Guiscard, Bohemond, 453
Guiscard, Robert, 452, 543, 550, 589, 703, 1078
Guiscard, Roger, 453
Gulistan (Sa’adi), 327
Gundobad, 89-90
Gunnar, 505, 1033
Gunnbjörn Ulfsson, 504
gunpowder, 425, 570, 611, 997, 1010-1011, 1015, 1084
Gunther, 1034-1035
Gunthram, 92, 349
Gurgan, 144, 231, 247
Gurnemanz, 1048
Gutenberg, Johann, 277
Guthrum, 483
Guy de Dampierre, 685, 686
Guy de Lusignan, 596, 597, 598, 599
Guyot of Provins, 834
Gyda, wife of Harald Haarfager, 502
gynecological treatises, 404
Haakon the Good, 503
Haakon “the Great Earl,” 503
Haarlem, 640, 686
Habbus, King, 371, 397
habeas corpus, 677, 1083
Habib, ibn, 338
Hadi, al-, 197, 220
Hadith, 211-212, 226, 227, 236, 238, 250, 288, 332
Hadram, al-, 304-305
Hadrian I, 452, 470, 748
Hadrian II, 462, 541
Hadrian IV, 662, 681, 707, 760-761, 952
Hadrian V, 1075
Hadrian, Emperor, 114, 861
Wall of, 108, 501
Hadrianople (Adrianople), 24, 428, 436, 569, 605
Hafiz, 322
Hafsa, 172, 181
Hagar, 161, 216
haggada, 352
Hague, The, 686
Haimon of Normandy, 878
Hainault, 648, 685, 686
Haitham (Alhazen), Muhammad ibn, al-, 244, 249, 288-289, 995, 1011, 1012
Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, al-, 193
Hakam II, 293-294, 304
Hakim, al-, 285, 286, 287, 288, 585
halacha, 185, 352, 353
Halévy, Joseph, 155
Halfdan the Black, 502
Hallaj, Husein al-, 258
Hamadan, 232, 247, 248
Hamburg, 618, 624, 642, 665
Hamdan ibn al-Ashrath (Qarmat), 261-262
Hamdanids, 202
Hamdis, ibn, 291
Hamilton, Sir William, 983
Hammad, 263
Hammadids, 314
Hammer, J. von, 322
Hamza, 169
Hanbal, Ahmad ibn, 226-227, 251
handicrafts, 298, 375-376, 514, 552, 696, 706, 710, 785, 1083
hanging, death by, 378, 392, 393, 707, 778
Hanifa ibn Thabit, Abu, 226
Hanifi, al-, 720
Hanifs, 163
Hanseatic League, 376, 506, 616, 618-619, 620, 633, 654-655, 666, 700
Hanukkah, festival of, 359
Hapsburg counts, 687
Harald Bluetooth, 502, 536
Harald Haarfager, 502-503, 504, 509
Harald Hardrada, 494-495
Harald Harefoot, 493
Harald the Stern, 504
Haram al-Sharif, Al-, Jerusalem, 228
harbors, 666, 994
Harding, St. Stephen, 788, 789
harem, 221-222, 223, 299, 433, 471
Hariri, Abu Muhammad al-, 320
harmony, 847, 899, 1085
Harold II, 493-495, 496, 684, 851, 924
Harran, 239, 253
Harrow, 578
Harthacnut, 493
Hartker, illuminator at St. Gall, 852
Hartmann von Aue, 905, 1049
Harun al-Rashid, 150, 196-200, 201, 203, 207, 208, 220, 221, 222, 225, 231, 232, 233, 235, 236, 246, 250, 264, 278, 280, 297, 313, 333, 343, 370, 428, 440, 469
Harvey, William, 403
Harz Mountains, 622
Hasan, son of Ali, 192, 193
Hashim, 162, 166
Hashimites, 165, 191, 195, 210
Hastings, battle of, 495, 851
Hater of Beards (Julian), 19
Haura, al-, 596
hawking, 786, 928
Hawqal, ibn, 208, 230, 242, 290-291
Hayy ibn Yaqzan (ibn Tufail), 334-335
Hayyan, Jabir ibn (Gebir), 245, 249, 315, 996
Hazm, Abu Muhammad Ali ibn, 305
heaven, 331, 342, 355, 498, 530, 733, 743, 820, 943, 976*, 978, 1046, 1067-1068, 1070, 1076-1081
heavens, motion of, 991, 1011-1012
observation of, 402-403
Hebrides, 502, 532, 683, 754
Hegira, 166, 372
Heimskringla (Snorri Sturluson), 1032
Heine, Heinrich, 365, 396, 905
Heinrich von Meissen, 1042
Helen of Troy, 1022, 1070
Helena, mother of Constantine I, 5
Helena, wife of Julian the Apostate, 11, 13
hell, 322, 331, 333, 342, 355, 478, 523, 732, 733, 736, 820, 825, 843, 907, 928, 933, 974, 986, 988, 991, 992, 1009, 1028, 1038, 1050, 1058, 1065, 1067, 1068, 1069-1073, 1074, 1080, 1081
heliocentric system, 991
Heliodorus, 1044
Hellenism, 19, 21, 219
Hellespont, 425, 594, 599
Héloïse, 827, 903, 914, 934, 935-938, 942-944, 947, 948, 1018
hemophilia, 357
hemorrhages, 800*
Hengist and Horsa, 80
Henoticon (Zeno), 115, 103
Henri de Mondeville, 1001, 1016
Henry I, King of England, 571, 625, 668, 669
laws of, 676
Henry I “the Fowler,” Holy Roman Emperor, 511, 660
Henry I, King of France, 480
Henry II, King of England, 377, 392, 598, 626, 640, 670-674, 678, 679, 681-684, 689, 690, 761, 768, 784, 828, 987, 1042, 1075
Henry II, Duke of Bavaria, 445
Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, St., 400, 513, 766
Henry III, King of England, 378, 392, 567, 628, 677, 678, 683, 684, 693, 695, 817, 861, 883, 885
Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor, 513, 540, 543, 571, 658, 660, 778, 1020
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, 389, 453, 480, 494, 513-514, 545, 546, 548-550, 586, 589, 658, 661, 662, 663, 667
Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, 514, 661, 760
Henry X, Duke of Bavaria, 661
Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, 663, 673, 705, 714, 761, 778, 1041, 1063-1064
Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor, 664
Henry VIII, King of England, 427, 678
Henry, Abbot of Clairvaux, 821
Henry of Aragon, 909
Henry, Bishop of Strasbourg, 784
Henry, Bishop of Uppsala, St., 659
Henry, brother of Otto I, 511
Henry, brother of Otto IV, 715
Henry, Count of Burgundy, 701
Henry of Ghent, 958
Henry of Huntingdon, 681
Henry the Lion, 861
Henry, Archbishop of Mainz, 391
Henry Raspe, Landgrave of Thuringia, 723
Henry, Count of Schwerin, 666
Henry, son of Frederick II, 715, 716, 722
Henry, son of Henry II (England), 672
Heraclea, 436, 453
Heracleides Ponticus, 991
Heracleitus, 353*, 1070
Heraclius, father of Emperor Heraclius, 423-424
Heraclius, 140, 147, 149, 151, 189, 389, 423-425, 430, 433, 434, 437, 440, 524
heraldry, 342, 562, 669, 835
Herat, 191, 232, 268, 276, 278, 308, 312, 339
mosque of, 274
herbals, 853, 997
heresy, 46-50, 249, 276, 301, 335, 338, 374, 410, 413, 415, 478, 525, 528-530, 543, 564, 567, 722, 725, 734, 755, 769-785, 790, 801-3, 824, 922, 923, 926, 930, 940, 945, 946, 956, 957-958, 967, 974, 977, 1000
Albigensian, 373, 415, 764, 769-776, 923, 954
Arian, 771
Bogomil, 444
Catharist, 773
Florentine, 783
Jewish, 367
Moslem, 257-262, 312
Paterine, 708
Pelagian, 533
Waldensian, 708
Herion, 130
Herman of Salza, 715
Hermandad de Castilla, 699
Herman, Bishop of Bamberg, 548
Hermann, Archbishop of Cologne, 390
Hermann, Landgrave of Thuringia, 1047
Hermann, Bishop of Metz, 547
Hero of Alexandria, 240, 912, 990, 1009
Hero and Leander (Musaeus), 124
Herodotus, 126, 161, 238, 989
“Heroic” cycle, 498
Heroides (Ovid), 1018, 1085
herring, 837
fisheries, 618
trade, 645
Hertford, Synod of, 487
Hesiod, 10
Hethum I, 652
Hexaemeron (Ambrose), 1008
Hexham, church at, 491
Hezekiah, 1078
Hibbur ha-meshihah (Abraham ben Hiyya), 403, 911
Hierapolis, 145, 146, 147
Higden, Ranulf, 682
highways, 465, 621, 839
Hilarius, 1029
Hilary, Bishop of Aries, St., 50
Hilary, Bishop of Poitiers, St., 57, 135, 747
Hildebert, Archbishop of Mainz, 511
Hildebert of Lavardin, 1018, 1023-1024, 1025, 1027
Hildebrand, see Gregory VII Hildegarde of Bingen, St., 809-810, 998
Hildesheim, 514, 516, 960
Cathedral, 909
Hillel, 226, 351, 362, 419
Hillel II, 347
Himilco, 82
Himyarites, 119, 146, 156
Hincmar, Archbishop of Reims, 403, 474, 477, 526, 531, 633, 880
Hinnom, 355*
Hipparchus, 242
Hippo, 38, 67, 74, 289
Hippocrates, 121, 240, 408, 910, 912, 923, 1070
Hippodrome, Constantinople, 5, 6, 14, 105
Hira, 157, 171, 188, 189
Hisham, 195, 263, 292, 303
Hisham II, 294, 306
Hisham III, 296
Hisham, ibn, 237
Histoire de St. Louis (Joinville), 1020-1021
Historia Britonum (Geoffrey), 1019, 1045
Historia calamitatum mearum (Abélard), 937, 942, 944
Historia ecclesiastica (Ordericus Vitalis), 1019
Historia rerum in partibus transmarinus gestarum (William of Tyre), 1020
historians, 125-126, 305, 319, 429, 495, 501, 698, 795, 804, 987, 991, 1015, 1084
Byzantine, 312
French, 697, 1020
Latin, 1019
Moslem, 237-239, 302, 304
history, 73, 249, 315, 329, 333, 343, 352, 368, 372, 438, 478, 497, 807, 808, 894, 1015, 1016, 1022, 1083, 1084
Biblical, 1032
Egyptian, 285
European, 1020
fictional, 1019
Islamic, 1020
monastic, 804
Norse, 1032
Spanish, 698
History of Animals (Aristotle), 912
History of the Church (Socrates), 125
History of the Franks (Gregory), 94
History of the Goths (Cassiodorus), 99
History of India (al-Biruni), 243-244
History of the Jewish Kings in the Second Commonwealth (Abraham ibn David), 407
History of Latin Christianity (Milman) 694*
History of the Lombards (Paul the Deacon), 451
History Against the Pagans (Orosius), 30
History of the Philosophers (al-Qifti), 322
History of the Roman Empire (Zosimus), 125
Hitler, Adolf, 480, 759
Hittin, 597, 598
Hobbes, Thomas, 253, 1082
“hocus-pocus,” 749*
Hohenstaufens, 594, 661, 665, 726, 816
Holinshed, Raphael, 674
Holland, 473, 663, 886
Holy Ghost, 528, 529, 739, 950
Holy Grail, 1019, 1045, 1046, 1047-1048
Holy Land, 54, 343, 602, 606, 612, 792
Holy Lavra, monastery of, Mt. Athos, 530
Holy Roman Empire, 468, 469-470, 479-480, 511, 512, 687, 690, 698, 707, 726, 1062
Holy Sepulcher, 147, 389, 585, 587, 1028
Church of, 228, 440, 716
Holy Week, 385, 393, 752, 896
holydays, 358-359, 402, 559, 751, 841, 863
Holyrood, 683
Homer, 10, 33, 268, 325, 507, 975, 1044, 1070
homes, 271-272, 382, 420, 432, 643, 680-681, 786, 835-839, 847
for the aged, 433
homosexuality, 113, 220, 341, 821
Horns, see Emesa
honor, 360, 563, 575, 578, 701, 829, 1084
Honoratus, St., 57
Honoria, 40, 41
Honorius I, Emperor, 26-28, 29, 31, 33, 35-37, 41, 56, 64, 67, 70, 80, 126
Honorius I, Pope, 383, 524-525
Honorius III, Pope, 479, 715, 716, 764, 775, 799, 803, 846, 956
Honorius, Bishop of Autun, 994, 1055
Horace, 323, 915, 1018, 1070, 1085, 1086
Horairah, Abu, 173
Hormizd II, 143
Hormizd IV, 146
horns, hunting, 840
horoscopes, 988
horse racing, 433, 840
horses, 157, 298, 559
bronze, 455
hospices, 78, 433, 693, 839, 921-922, 927
Hospitalers, 593, 597, 598, 601, 602, 610, 713
hospitality, 379, 495, 518, 818, 839
hospitals, 78, 246, 293, 311, 330, 379, 433, 435, 531, 636, 652, 693, 785, 807, 831, 837, 998, 1001-1002
European, 1084
foundling, 330, 824
leper, 794, 1002
hostages, 723, 724
Hôtel-Dieu, Paris, 921
houris, 179, 185
hours, canonical, 807
of labor, 647, 864
House of Lords, 676*
“House of Wisdom,” Baghdad, 240, 911
Hrothgar, 490
Hroswitha, 515, 1027
Hruodland, see Roland
Hubert de Romans, 768
Hugh de Balsham, Bishop of Ely, 926
Hugh, Abbot of Cluny, St., 537
Hugh Capet, 475, 479-480, 540
Hugh, Cardinal, 548
Hugh the Great, 475
Hugh of Lincoln, St., 392
Hugh de Payens, 593
Hugh Primas, 1025
Hugh of St. Victor, 750, 808, 958
Hulagu, 310, 340
humanism, 719, 724, 894, 1086
Humboldt, Alexander von, 1005
Hume, David, 332, 817, 931, 983
Humiliati, 769
humility, 803, 1006-1007, 1060, 1075
humor, 786, 838, 934, 1029, 1055, 1067
Hunain ibn Ishaq, 240, 246, 910, 911
Hundred Years’ War, 90, 565, 882, 894
Huneric, 41
Hungary, 37, 38, 43, 387, 444-445, 513, 535, 537, 603, 607, 612, 622, 658-659, 663, 664, 760, 762, 801, 810, 864, 892, 903
Huns, 4, 24, 25, 26, 36, 38-41, 80, 339, 443, 445, 446, 579, 614, 659, 906, 1035
Kotrigur, 116
White, 144
Hunt, Leigh, 261
hunting, 505, 666, 691, 720, 786, 840, 1005
husbandry, 702, 925, 1005
Husein, son of Ali, 193, 217, 228, 252
Hushiel, Rabbi, 269
Husri, 307
Huss, John, 74, 784, 1082
hydromancy, 987
hygiene, 356, 409, 807, 835, 1001, 1003
“Hymn to a King’s Son,” (Julian), 15
hymns, 264, 384, 476, 749-751, 895, 896, 1026, 1027, 1085, 1086
Hypatia, 61, 62, 122-123, 125, 319
Hypatius, 105-106
Hywel the Good, 496
Iacobus de Mandra, 916, 918
Iacopo d’Alemannia, 888
Iacopo da Lentino, 1056
Iacopo de Vorágine, 1022
Iamblichus, 9
Iblis, 177, 1068
Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi, 280
Ibrahim, son of Mohammed, 172
Ibrahim, son of Walid I, 195
Iceland, 81, 447, 497, 502, 504, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 666, 899, 1031-1036
iconography, Byzantine, 134
Iconoclasts, 425-427, 437, 439, 441, 528, 845, 846, 853, 858
Id al-Fitr, 215
Ideal City (al-Farabi), 253
idolatry, 261, 270, 274, 410, 732
Idrisi, 229, 230, 329, 703, 704
Ifriqiya, 283, 285
ignorance, 96, 442, 470, 579, 1015, 1083
Île de France, 480-481, 869, 876, 882
Iliad (Homer), 134, 269, 270, 1081
illiteracy, 465, 578, 788, 801, 908
Illuminati, 289
illumination, 133-134, 277, 278, 466, 492, 499, 501, 853
Illyricum, 3, 86, 446
images, 356, 425-428, 467, 524, 527, 528, 531, 769, 846, 858
Imago mundi (Pierre d’Ailly), 1010
imam, 213
Imans, 217, 261, 265, 284
Immaculate Conception, 747, 973*
immigration, 371, 446, 660, 683
immorality, 547, 764, 784, 806, 946
immortality, 324, 331, 332, 355, 407, 413, 415, 478, 954-955, 959, 964*, 971, 981, 1057, 1068
immunities, clerical, 671, 927
imprisonment, 113-114, 393, 431, 473, 568, 676, 722, 777, 781, 782, 783
Imru’lqais, 159
In Praise of Baldness (Synesius), 61
In Praise of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Albertus Magnus), 961
incantations, 416, 417, 742, 985
Incarnation, 735, 933, 964, 980, 1069
incest, 416, 528, 822, 824
income, 465, 765, 767, 813
incontinence, 460, 541, 1075, 1076
incubation, artificial, 994
independence, 293, 472, 637, 699, 701
Index of Forbidden Books, 163
Index of the Sciences (al-Nadim), 238
India, 49, 108, 118, 119, 134, 138, 140, 143, 145, 150, 156, 157, 161, 203, 204, 206, 208, 219, 230, 231*, 238, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 258, 270, 271, 272, 273, 279, 282, 285, 310, 326, 343, 376, 397, 542, 616, 910, 989, 992, 1010, 1054, 1082
north, 156*
northwest, 196
India (al-Biruni), 242
Indian Ocean, 119, 283, 404
individualism, 195, 365, 810, 854
individuation, principle of, 968-969, 977, 981
“Indo-European” peoples, 156*
inductive method, 981
indulgences, 611-612, 621, 739-740, 753, 760, 764, 767, 774, 784, 863, 945
Indus River, 144, 196, 244, 339
Industrial Revolution, 560, 637
industry, 298, 308, 315, 371, 375, 429, 432, 445, 454, 456, 487, 552, 560, 565, 621-625, 642, 649, 652, 685, 686, 696, 710, 712, 731, 767, 816, 845, 915, 949, 975, 976, 1015
Aragonese, 701
Byzantine, 435, 436
English, 669
Flemish, 613
of Florence, 728
Islamic, 207
Italian, 613
of monks, 753
Persian, 140
socialistic, 792
treatise on, 359
Venetian, 710
Ine, King, 634
Ineffabilis amor (Boniface VIII), 813
infanticide, 76-77, 180, 504, 505, 824, 844
infection, 357, 1001, 1003
Inferno (Dante), 1067, 1068, 1076
infinity, 977
inflections, 903-904
Ingeborg, wife of Philip II, 689
Ingelheim, 466, 473, 476
inks, 906
colored, 852
inlay, 287, 848, 849, 908
Innocent I, St., 69-70
Innocent II, 702, 707, 756, 760, 791, 946-947
Innocent III, 74, 377, 388, 469, 541, 546, 551, 567, 568, 602, 603, 604, 605, 606, 617, 631, 632, 659, 674, 675, 677, 689, 698, 708, 714-715, 716, 758, 759, 761-764, 767, 770, 771, 773, 774, 775, 777, 778, 779, 792, 793, 798, 799, 801, 805, 806, 808, 811, 817, 825, 843, 897*, 920, 955, 1002, 1085
Innocent IV, 388, 607, 608, 612, 632, 652, 658, 723-725, 759, 765, 781, 817, 850, 919, 925, 993
Inns of Court, 924
Inquisition, 388, 402, 410, 416, 676, 680, 692, 721, 755, 764, 765, 769-784, 785, 802, 803, 816, 956, 958, 986, 988, 1000, 1083
insane, 330, 1002
Institutes (Justinian), 699
Institutiones (Tribonian et al.), 112
Institutiones divinarum (Cassiodorus), 99
instruments, 901, 1008, 1010
astronomical, 305, 991
musical, 279-280, 342, 499, 901
surgical, 1001
insurance, 629, 635
disability, 766
intarsia, 849
interdict, 639, 671, 675, 689, 707, 716, 723, 727, 755-756, 762, 763, 774, 812
interest, 436
forbidden, 377, 378, 631
on loans, 627, 628, 630-633, 975
rates, 120, 385, 632
remission of, 377
intestines, burning of, 1003
intolerance, 373, 387, 784, 1083
intoxication, 323, 837
intubation, 1001
Introduction to the Categories of Aristotle (Porphyry), 99
Introduction to the History of Science (Sarton), 239*
invasions, 290, 293, 456, 492, 560, 579, 775, 843, 913
Anglo-Saxon, 533
barbarian, 444, 453, 510, 633, 727, 728, 854, 895, 984
of Britain, 501
Danish, 483, 486, 492
Germanic, 497, 499, 532, 552
Lombard, 451, 453, 520
Mongol, 653, 654, 657, 658, 1003
Moslem, 458
Norman, 472, 552, 626
Pict, 501
inventions, 1010, 1015
investiture, 513-514, 546-548, 564, 661, 760, 551
Iona, 499, 532, 534
Ionic order, 128, 129
Iran, see Persia
Iraq, 136, 152, 157, 188, 191, 192, 207, 210, 226, 227, 232, 317, 348, 366, 397
Ireland, 80, 81, 82-84, 89, 447, 465, 466, 473, 493, 495, 496-501, 502, 510, 534, 670, 675, 681-683, 735, 748, 761, 832, 841, 984, 992
Irene, Empress, 197, 198, 200, 427, 827
Irnerius, 630, 754, 916
iron, 847, 848
irrigation, 202, 206, 646
Isa, Ali ibn, 246
Isaac I Comnenus, 431
Isaac II Angelus, 603, 604
Isaac the Blind, 417
Isaac ibn Ezra, 397, 398
Isaac Israeli, 403, 405, 911, 963, 1006
Isaac Judaeus, 910
Isaac ben Meir, 401
Isaac ben Mordecai, 404
Isaac of Cordova, St., 301
Isaac of Syria, St., 62
Isaiah, 176, 965
Book of, 398
Isabel of Gloucester, 674
Isabel, St., Queen of Portugal, 702
Isabella II, Queen of Spain, 315
Isabella of Angoulême, 674
Isabella, wife of Frederick II, 719
Isabella, wife of Philip II, 687
Isabelle, wife of Edward II, 90
Isbahan ibn Qara, 331
Isauria, 425
Iseult, 1049
Isfahan, 148, 203, 232, 248, 263, 294, 309, 312, 384, 385
Isfahani, al-, 263, 294
Ishaq, Hunain ibn, 240, 246, 910, 911
Ishaq, son of al-Mawsili, 280
Ishaq, Muhammad ibn, 163, 237
Isidore, architect, 130, 131*
Isidore of Seville, 95-96, 738, 907, 1077
Isidorus Mercator, 525
Isis, 75, 746
Islah al-majisti (ibn Aflah), 329
Islam, 122, 137, 151, 153-344, 347, 356, 366, 367, 372, 375, 393, 402, 403, 405, 408, 414, 431, 432, 434, 450, 454, 465, 468, 529, 530, 554, 586, 594, 603, 607, 610, 612, 613, 614, 616, 617, 622, 642, 651, 652, 654, 655, 721, 738, 769, 798, 831, 840, 901, 906, 913, 919, 932, 955, 966, 977, 982, 984, 987, 989, 991, 999, 1023, 1054, 1068
Eastern, 210, 235-281, 317, 319, 320, 338, 368, 405, 442, 989
Spanish, 241, 291-307
Western, 282-307, 334
Ismaili doctrine, 261, 262, 282, 289, 309
Isolde, 1037
Israel, 161, 229, 353, 355, 364, 366, 396, 398-399, 410
Eastern, 411
Israfel, 178
Istakhr, see Persepolis
Italica, 96
Italian-Byzantine school, 855
Italians, 241, 606, 628, 817
Italy, 3, 4, 11, 19, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42-43, 47, 55, 56, 57, 80, 83, 86, 97, 98, 99, 100, 107, 109, 110-111, 114, 115, 116, 117, 128, 130, 132, 145, 147, 208, 209, 236, 264, 342, 349, 369, 376, 383, 384, 387, 393, 397, 403, 404, 423, 426, 443, 444, 445, 450, 451-458, 402, 464, 466, 473, 491, 510, 511-513, 515, 519, 520, 528, 530, 531, 537, 539, 547, 549, 550, 552, 553, 554, 563, 571, 575, 578, 586, 615, 616, 619, 622, 624, 627, 632, 633, 638, 642, 646, 648-649, 651, 661, 662, 663, 664, 665, 694, 697, 705, 725-727, 762, 766, 769, 771, 774, 779, 782, 783, 788, 791, 792, 798, 799, 808, 809, 812, 831, 840, 841, 847, 851, 854, 856, 862, 870, 876, 882, 887-890, 892, 894, 901, 903, 904-905, 906, 908, 913, 916, 919, 920, 932, 945, 951, 958, 961, 963, 990, 991, 1001, 1003, 1006, 1039, 1042, 1044, 1045, 1056, 1057, 1062, 1063, 1074, 1080, 1081
Byzantine, 845
central, 290, 451, 452, 525, 830, 888
eastern, 451, 553
Greek, 544
Norman, 431, 452-453, 703-705
northern, 514, 520, 550, 553, 554, 638, 724, 783, 801, 809, 888, 956, 1057, 1062
Ostrogothic, 97-102
pre-Renaissance, 703-731
Renaissance, 187, 249, 341, 1085, 1086
southern, 290, 403, 432, 440, 443, 554, 621, 663, 664, 716, 725, 761, 783, 831, 832, 912, 919, 956, 998
Ither, 1048
Itil, 446, 447
Itinerarium mentis in Deum (Bonaventura), 959
Ivan-i-Kharka, 148
Ivo, St., Bishop of Chartres, 806, 914
ivory, 133, 846, 847, 849
Iwein (Chrétien), 1049
Jabrites, 217
Jacob ben Machir Tibbon, 415
Jacob ben Meir, 410
Jacob ibn Ezra, 397
Jacob ibn Tibbon, 910
Jacopone da Todi, 750, 897*
Jacqueries, 869
Jacques de Vitry, 768, 927
Jafar, 199, 207, 233, 278
Mosque of, 273
Jafariya, 201
Jaffa, 592, 600, 601, 607, 608
Jagatai, 339
Jahiz, Othman Amr al-, 245
Jahwar, ibn, 296
Jaime I, see James I
Jalubi, 315
James I, King of Aragon, 373, 402, 404, 698-699, 701, 783
James II, King of Aragon, 979, 1000
James, St., 458
bones of, 752
Jamshid, 269
Janda, Lake, 97
Japan, 140, 149, 263, 272, 910, 993
Japheth, 370*
Jarrow, 483, 488
Jassas, ibn al-, 209
Jauhar, 286
Jean de Meung (Clopinel), 944, 1052-1053, 1055
Jean d’Orbais, 880
Jean le Texier, 878, 879
Jean Petit, 952
Jeanne of Navarre, 647
Jeanne of Toulouse, 776
Jehuda Halevi, see Khazari, al-
Jehuda Hanasi, 211, 351, 352*, 364
Jehuda ibn Daud Chayuj, 396
Jehuda ibn Ezra, 373
Jenghiz Khan, 339-340, 655
Jerome, St., 45, 57-55, 57, 59, 69, 72, 78, 135, 348, 522, 526, 901, 908, 1018
Jerome of Ascoli, 1014
Jerusalem, 45, 59, 132, 147, 151, 156, 166, 169, 183, 185, 190, 194, 216, 218, 228, 229, 230, 270, 273, 285, 289, 319, 338, 341, 348, 350, 355*, 359, 366, 385, 389, 399, 424, 431, 440, 458, 469, 585, 586, 590, 591, 592, 593, 595, 597, 598, 600, 601, 602, 607, 608, 715, 716, 752, 754, 865, 874, 909, 1019, 1044, 1068
Assizes of, 592
Latin Kingdom of, 592-594, 596, 609
Jerusalem Delivered (Tasso), 589
Jesuits, 978
jewelry, 131, 285, 287, 311, 376, 833, 834, 876
Jewish National Council, 347
“Jewish Pope,” 760
Jews, 15, 16, 56, 93, 97, 100, 122, 139, 140, 142, 147, 163, 164, 166, 167, 169-170, 171, 182, 184, 185, 186, 194, 202, 208, 211, 214, 216, 218, 219, 222, 223, 226, 238, 240, 243, 252, 285, 290, 299, 309, 312, 328, 333, 337-338, 345-419, 425, 426, 432, 436, 447, 465, 589, 592, 598, 610, 617, 619, 627, 628, 629, 630, 631, 660, 675, 690, 695, 696, 700, 711, 715, 721, 732, 777, 780, 831, 910, 925, 938, 939, 941, 966, 978, 979, 988, 990, 1003, 1006, 1031, 1041
apostate, 370
Ashkenazic, 382
Babylonian, 348, 368, 369
Byzantine, 389
and Christians, 385-394
converted, 521
Egyptian, 369, 414
English, 374, 397-392
Exchequer of, 377
French, 370, 390, 692
German, 369, 370*, 389, 391
German and French, 353
Greek, 369, 375
heretical, 411
Hungarian, 369
in Islam, 366
Italian, 370, 417
medieval, 350, 366-419
Palestinian, 347, 366, 375, 385
pre-Moslem, 185
Qaraite, 406
“Rabbanite,” 367
Spanish, 95, 370-373, 395, 399, 400, 991
JHVH, 354
jihad, 182
Jimena, wife of El Cid, 460
Joachim of Flora, 723, 808-809, 1000, 1068
Joachimsthal, 622
coins of, 622
Joan of Arc, 923
Joan, sister of Richard I, 600
Job, 412, 965, 1049
Book of, 48, 523
Jocelyn of Brakelond, 885, 926, 1019
Jocius of London, 921
John I, St., Pope, 101
John VIII, Pope, 529, 535, 538
John X, Pope, 538
John XI, Pope, 538
John XII, Pope, 512, 538-539
John XIII, Pope, 512, 539
John XIV, Pope, 539
John XVI, Pope, 539
John XXI, Pope, 977, 999-1000
John XXII, Pope, 682, 802, 899, 978
John Asen I, 657
John Asen II, 657
John I Tzimisces, Byzantine Emperor, 429-430, 444
John the Baptist, 743, 744, 745
John Cassian, St., 57
John II Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor, 650
John Damascene, St., 55, 219
John the Deacon, 897
John of Ephesus, 106
John of Holywood (Joannes de Sacrobosco), 990
John Lackland, King of England, 377, 494, 640, 648, 658, 672, 673-679, 690, 695, 763, 828, 992
John of Palermo, 990
John, Patriarch of Jerusalem, 54
John the Divine, St., 9, 53, 743
John of Salisbury, 476, 681, 735, 899, 909, 914, 923, 944, 950, 951-953, 985, 1027
John of Spain, see Daud, ibn
John III Vatatzes, 651, 652-653, 719
John of Vercelli, 1014
John Vladimir, Serbian prince, 446
joint-stock company, 627
Joinville, Jean de, 393, 608, 692, 693, 697, 822, 830, 1020-1021
Jonah ben Abraham Gerundi, 415
Jonah ibn Janaeh, 396
jongleurs, 563, 795, 901, 1027, 1029, 1054, 1055
Jonson, Ben, 124
Jordan River, 151, 274, 596, 716
Jordanes, 37, 38-39
Jordanus Nemorarius, 995
Jorden, Raimon, 1038
Joseph, 185, 268
Joseph of Arimathea, 752, 1046
Joseph ibn Migas, 408
Joseph ibn Naghdela, 372
Joshua Rotulus, 134
jousting, 574, 840
Jovian, 20-21, 25, 31, 34, 143
Joyeuse, 570
Juan de Colonia, 891
Jubais, ibn, 596
Jubayr, ibn, 330, 704
jubilee year 1300, 753, 813
Judah ben Moses ibn Tibbon, 381
Judah ben Saul ibn Tibbon, 910
Judah Halevi, 255
Judah ibn Quraish, 396
Judaism, 55, 139, 156, 163, 167, 168, 170, 174, 176, 181, 184, 200, 226, 227, 252, 305, 347-365, 366, 367, 369, 382, 388, 391, 401, 405, 406, 413, 414, 415, 419, 721, 939, 953, 977, 987, 1068, 1083
Reformed, 353*
Judaism in the … Christian Era (Moore), 351*
Judea, 58, 343, 347
judges, 297, 341, 350, 463, 506, 711, 828, 829, 924, 1004
judgment, 676, 755, 972, 981
of the dead, 733*
Judgment Day, 94, 178, 327, 362
Judith, wife of Louis the Pious, 472, 473, 515
Judith, wife of Tostig, 493
Julian the Apostate, 3, 9, 10-21, 26, 31, 34, 56, 78, 121, 123, 143, 347-348
Juliana of Cornillon, Blessed, 752
“Juliana” (Cynewulf), 491
Julius I, St., 8, 50
Jumièges, abbey of, 869
church of, 479, 494
Jund-i-Shapur, 138, 145, 239, 246, 258
Junta, 700
jurata, 463, 680
jurists, 304, 982
class of, 566
jury system, 680, 828, 1083
justice, 374, 480, 484, 527, 547, 933, 1063
Justin I, 100-101, 104, 108, 115
Justin II, 146, 423, 434
Justina, wife of Valentinian I, 25, 56
Justinian I the Great, 26, 47, 89, 100, 102, 103-117, 119-121, 123, 125, 126, 129-131, 138, 145-146, 148, 155, 156, 389, 401, 423, 430, 431, 434, 451, 519, 524, 718, 744, 755, 1074, 1077
Code of, 111-114, 630, 754, 777, 916, 917
Justinian II, 425
Jutes, 22, 80, 450, 483, 492, 905
Jutland, 80, 471
Juvenal, 53, 55, 76, 120, 1018
Kaaba, 159, 161, 163, 164, 165, 169, 170, 171, 193, 200, 213, 215, 216, 217, 228, 229, 259, 262, 325, 596
Kaddish, 356
Kadisiya, battle of, 152
Kainuka, banu-, 168, 169
Kalbi, Husein al-, 290
Kalonymos family, 370
Kamil, Malik al-, 311, 312, 607, 716, 719, 955
Kant, Immanuel, 71, 332, 972, 980, 981
Karakorum, 339, 656, 658, 993, 1012
Kars, 205
Kashgar, 207, 308, 993
Kathisma, 6
Kavadh I, 144
Kavadh II, 151
Kells, 499, 532
Kelso, 683
Kenneth I Mac Alpin, 501
Kenneth III, 501
Kent, 483, 484
Kepler, Johannes, 289
Kerak, fortress of, 596, 597, 892
Kerbela, 193, 252
Kermanshah, 149, 232
Kether Malkuth (ibn Gabirol), 399
Keys of the Sciences (Muhammad ibn Ahmad), 241
Khadija, 162, 163, 164, 165, 172
Khagani, 320-321
Khaibar, 173, 349
Khaizuran, 221
Khaldun, ibn, 141, 199, 240, 320, 334, 464
Khalid ibn al-Walid, 151, 170, 187, 188-190, 282
Khalid, son of Barmak, 197
Khalil, 609
Khallikan, Muhammad ibn, 247, 248, 253, 320
Khanfu (Canton), 208
Khariji (Seceders), 192, 217
Khazari, al- (Jehuda Halevi), 398-400, 406-407, 417, 910
Khazars, 446-447, 448, 653
Khiva, 243, 329
Khodainama (Danishwar), 268
Khordadhbeh, ibn, 242, 376
Khosru I Anushirvan, 108, 128, 138, 141, 144-146, 149, 150
Khosru II Parvez, 138, 141, 146-148, 149, 228, 423, 424
Khumarawayh, 284
Khurasan, 151, 200, 202, 203, 209, 210, 242, 247, 259, 274, 278, 339
Khurramiyya, 209
Khuzini, Abu’l Fath al-, 328
Khuzistan, 278
Khwarizm, 237, 241, 243, 244, 311, 339
Khwarizmi, Muhammad ibn Musa al-, 241, 243, 305, 321, 911, 991
Kibt, 61*
Kiddush, 358
kidneys, 1000, 1001
Kiev, 441, 445, 447, 448, 653-654, 655, 656, 863
Kildare, 84
Kilwardby, Robert, 977
Kinana, 170
Kimchi, David, 396, 415
Joseph, 396, 910
Moses, 396
Kindi, Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-, 249, 251, 279, 898, 911, 954, 957, 1011
King Roger’s Book (Idrisi), 704
“king’s evil,” 986
kings, 270, 277, 308, 314, 327, 365, 377, 404, 438, 446, 448, 459, 469, 474, 480, 487, 488, 495, 506, 515, 526, 531, 546-548, 559, 560, 564-566, 572, 634, 638, 647, 658, 692, 699, 722, 727, 736, 752, 758, 760, 767, 778, 786, 790, 791, 807, 810, 812, 814, 817, 818, 825, 833, 845, 863, 878, 879, 923, 976, 986, 996, 1000, 1003, 1005, 1055
Achae-menid, 142, 149
British, 1019
Burgundian, 1032
Carolingian, 475, 480, 552
English, 377, 392, 566
French, 525, 541, 547, 566, 876, 880, 914
German, 512, 514, 525, 661
Ghassanid, 160
Irish, 500, 682
Lakhmid, 157
Lombard, 461
Merovingian, 370, 460, 480, 530-531, 552, 848
Moslem, 341
Norman, 291
Norse, 502-504
Persian, 348
Sasanian, 366
Seljuq, 317
Spanish, 459, 638, 697, 700, 919
Visigothic, 891
Kiot, 1047
Kitab al-Aghani (Abu’l Faraj), 263, 294
Kitab al-Amanat (al-Saadia), 368
Kitab al-Aqidah al-rafiah (Abraham ibn Daud), 407
Kitab al-Falaha (al-Awan), 330
Kitab al-Hawi (al-Razi), 246
Kitab al-Jami (Baitar), 330
Kitab al-Kulliyat fi-l-tibb (Averroës), 335
Kitab al-Lugah (al-Saadia), 368
Kitab al-Manazir (al-Haitham), 288-289
Kitab al-Mansuri (al-Razi), 247, 910
Kitab al-Rujari (Idrisi), 329
Kitab al-Shifa (Avicenna), 248, 255, 256-257
Kitab al-Siraj (Maimonides), 409
Kitab al-Tasir (Avenzoar), 330
Kitab mizan al-hikmah (al-Khuzini), 328
Kitab shakl al-qatta (Nasir), 328
Knight of La Tour-Landry, 822
knights, 459, 553, 571, 572-578, 638, 667, 671, 731, 746, 778, 822, 826, 829, 832, 838, 876, 1013, 1031, 1042, 1047, 1050
Arthurian, 496
French, 701
German, 575, 729
Norse, 1032
Templar, 593, 627, 716
Walloon, 664
knowledge, 260, 288, 325, 327, 332, 563, 795, 820, 913, 941, 945, 967-968, 972, 986, 1014, 1067
transmission of, 903-930
Kol Nidre, 384
Kolzim, Mt., 58
Königsberg, 618, 893
Konya, 311, 317, 325
Koran (Qur-ân), 114, 162*, 163, 164, 175-186, 209, 211, 213, 215, 219, 221, 222, 223, 225, 226, 227, 228, 230, 235, 236, 237, 241, 247, 250, 251, 252, 254, 256, 259, 260, 264, 273, 276, 277, 278, 283, 287, 288, 305, 307, 320, 332, 336, 349, 353*, 362, 367, 372, 377, 395, 406, 407, 596, 911, 1068, 1083
eternity of, 353*
Kossara, wife of John Vladimir, 445
Kriemhild, 40, 1034-1036
Krum, Khan, 443, 657
Kublai Khan, 993
Kufa, 175, 191, 192, 193, 196, 207, 212, 229, 232, 245, 251, 262, 264, 273, 277
Kuhin al-Attar, al- 403
Kulin, 658
kupah, 379
Kuraiza, banu-, 168, 170
Kurds, 13, 652
Kutna Hora, 660
Kyrie eleison, 749, 895
labor, 285, 375, 634, 636, 643, 647, 788, 864
laboratories, 330, 1004, 1008
Labrador, 504, 506
Lactantius Firmianus, 46, 78
Lacy, Hugh de, Bishop of Winchester, 884
Lady Chapel, 747, 863, 883, 885
La Fontaine, Jean de, 1054
La Fossalta, 724
Lagny, 615
Lambert le Bègue, 809
Lambert, Duke of Spoleto, 538
Lambert li Tors, 1044
lamps, 838-839, 848
street, 285, 302
Lancelot, 575, 1019, 1045, 1046, 1071
land, 485-486, 505, 552, 560, 564, 567, 823, 924
ownership of, 118, 120, 370, 375, 434-435, 463, 464, 480, 486, 497, 553, 607, 631, 647, 667, 679-680, 786*
Landfried, 661-662
Landulf of Aquino, 961
Lanfranc, 479, 482, 494, 668, 669, 741, 828, 871, 916, 932
Lanfranchi, Guido, 1001, 1016
Langton, Stephen, 674-675, 677, 763
language, 343, 466, 578, 903, 904
languages, 208, 396, 489, 719, 905, 906-908, 979, 983, 1006, 1008, 1012, 1027, 1029, 1030, 1084
Alemannic, 905
Anglo-Saxon, 487
Arabic, 121, 158-159, 176, 201, 236, 237, 239-241, 244, 246, 248, 262, 267, 279, 282, 367, 371, 376, 395, 396, 403, 406, 411, 413, 596, 607, 715, 716, 719, 868, 876, 910, 911, 919, 979, 989, 990, 1009
Aramaic, 349, 352, 367*, 396, 401
Bavarian, 905
British (Celtic)* 81, 489
Bulgarian, 445
Castilian, 459, 698
Catalan, 459
Chaldaic, 979, 1009
Danish, 905
Dutch, 905
Eastphalian, 905
English, 81, 264, 484, 485, 681, 683, 684, 841, 903-904, 905, 906, 910
Flemish, 685, 905
Franconian, 905
Frank, 376
French, 81, 605, 685, 792, 904, 905, 906, 936, 1020, 1029, 1084
Frisian, 905
Gaelic, 496
Galician, 702
Galician-Portuguese, 698
German, 81, 445, 466, 489, 515, 618, 904, 905
Great Russian, 445
Greek, 65, 96, 112, 124, 126, 205, 239, 240, 349, 376, 437, 450, 461, 477, 497, 515, 531, 715, 719, 895, 909, 912, 919, 923, 925, 1006, 1086
Hebrew, 121, 158, 349, 368, 371, 383, 384, 395, 396, 401, 402, 403, 407, 411, 413, 698, 910, 919, 925, 936, 979, 1006, 1008
Icelandic, 905
Irish, 489
Italian, 451, 456, 792, 905, 1027, 1056, 1058, 1062, 1066, 1081
Kufic, 229
Latin, 65, 85, 88, 94, 95, 99, 112, 121, 124, 236, 371, 403, 411, 450, 456, 461, 466, 484, 488, 515, 698, 719, 770, 792, 903, 904, 905, 906, 909, 910-912, 915, 919, 927, 936, 1006, 1009, 1018, 1022, 1024, 1025, 1027, 1029, 1044, 1058, 1062, 1066
Little Russian, 445
Neo-Hebraic, 352, 409
Norwegian, 905
Old Norse, 504*
Pahlavi, 262
Persian, 203, 248, 267, 376, 445
Pict, 489
Polish, 445
Portuguese, 702
Provençal, 459. 904, 1057
Ruthenian, 445
Sanskrit, 244, 262
Saxon, 489, 905
Serbo-Croat, 445
Silesian, 905
Slavonic, 376, 445
Slovak, 445
Slovene, 445
Spanish, 95, 376, 910
Swedish, 905
Syriac, 121, 138, 239, 240, 912
Thuringian, 905
Tuscan, 905, 1057
Ukrainian, 445
Wendish, 445
West-phalian, 905
langue d’oc, 770, 904
Languedoc, 292, 393, 771, 773, 774, 778, 783, 803, 816, 1057
langue d’oïl, 904
Laon, 475, 476, 639, 864, 876, 914, 935, 940
Cathedral, 857, 859, 860, 865
“lapidaries,” 992
Lapo da Pistoia, 854
Lapo Gianni, 1057
Las Huelgas, 766
Las Navas de Tolosa, battle of, 314, 697
Last Judgment, 166, 184, 185, 211, 491, 732, 733, 849, 860, 867, 877, 881, 885, 889, 964, 1052, 1069
Last Supper, 748, 1046
Lat, al-, 161
Lateran Council, in 1057, 545
in 1059, 546
Second, 572, 707
Third, 387, 630-631, 768, 914
Fourth, 387, 388, 567, 606, 734, 739, 740, 741, 745, 763-764, 914, 954
Lateran Palace, Rome, 51, 538, 550
Latif, al-, 329
Latin, in Africa, 108-109
codices, 479
knowledge of, 926
modifications in, 903
script, 489
Latini, Brunetto, 696, 1015-1016, 1058, 1067, 1072
latrines, 611, 835, 1003
Latvians (Letts), 659
Lauda Sion (Aquinas), 897, 964, 1026
Laudibiliter (Hadrian IV), 681-682
law, Anglian, 486
Anglo-Saxon, 484, 486, 678, 830
anti-Jewish, 370, 373
barbarian, 637, 754, 844
Byzantine, 429, 434
codes, 434, 448, 451, 496, 784
commercial, 434, 620, 641, 680, 699
criminal, 360, 662, 830
Danish, 666
English, 567, 666, 672, 678-680, 905
European, 652, 1085
feudal, 375, 464, 547, 566-569, 679, 692, 917
forestry, 675
French, 696, 838
game, 840
Germanic, 486, 665, 667, 825
Han-seatic, 618
history of, 117
Icelandic, 504
international, 620
maritime, 506, 618, 620-621, 699
modification of, 352
moral, 353*, 809, 844
Moslem, 226, 227, 254, 276, 341, 348, 363
municipal, 681, 729
natural, 938, 939, 955, 956, 957, 975, 1063
Norman, 667*, 678
Norse, 506
Persian, 141, 348
Saxon, 486, 825
schools of, 226-227, 434, 496, 765, 916-917, 919, 923, 924
Spanish, 699
Venetian, 710, 711
Visi-gothic, 986
law, canon, 434, 547, 554, 572, 632, 668, 679, 680, 754-756, 759, 767, 779, 811, 822, 824, 825, 826, 914, 916, 918, 920, 923, 924, 928, 949, 1083
law, civil, 360, 365, 434, 566, 569, 572, 694, 777, 826, 923, 924, 1083
faculty of, 920
Law, Jewish, 351, 352, 353-364, 365, 375, 379, 380
food regulations of, 386
Mosaic, 367, 939
oral, 350, 351, 367, 368
Talmudic, 353-365, 366, 369
written, 350, 351, 368
law, Roman, 23, 89, 90, 107, 111, 434, 437, 566, 567, 568, 630, 637, 662, 665, 695, 699, 707, 718, 754, 756, 777, 781, 784, 824, 844, 917, 949, 1077
study of, 916
“law of wreck,” 620
Lawrence, St., 744
Laws (Plato), 240, 784
lawyers, 114, 338, 496, 690, 695, 696, 708, 757, 833, 917, 930, 1052
“Lay of the Battle of Maldon,” 489
Layamon, 1045
lazar houses, 194
Lea, Henry Charles, 781
Leaning Tower of Pisa, 865, 868
learning, 265, 293, 314, 319, 351, 369, 371, 378, 395, 466, 484, 513, 698, 720, 788, 795, 909, 930, 932, 935, 1006, 1008, 1020, 1052
leather industry, 284, 624, 635
lechery, 264, 487, 534, 822, 928, 1013
Lechfeld, 444, 512
Lecky, W. E. H., 757
“lectors,” 896
lectures, 309, 381, 528, 918 921, 928
legacies, 530-531, 766
Legenda aurea (Voragine), 1022
Legenda sanctorum (Voragine) 1022
legends, 364, 456, 497
Breton, 1042
of Mary, 747
of Santa Clara, 805-806
of St. Francis, 792*, 797
on tapestries, 851
legists, 347, 975
legitimacy, laws of, 755
Legnano, battle of, 641, 662, 761
Leibniz, G. W. von, 243, 739, 972
Leif Ericsson, 504
Leinster, 82, 496, 532, 682
Le Mans, 639, 672
Cathedral, 857
lenses, 288, 925, 995, 1011
Lent, 58, 60, 711, 748
Leo I, Emperor of the East, 97, 113
Leo I the Great, St., Pope, 40, 41, 49, 50, 51, 630, 933
Leo II the Magnificent, King of Armenia, 652
Leo III the Isaurian, Byzantine Emperor, 389, 425-426, 434
Leo III, St., Pope, 468-469, 525
Leo IV, Byzantine Emperor, 427, 937
Leo IV, St., Pope, 290, 530
Leo V, Byzantine Emperor, 428, 527-528
Leo VI, Byzantine Emperor, 429, 435
Leo VIII, Pope, 512, 538-539
Leo IX, St., Pope, 450, 452, 541, 542, 543-545, 737, 758, 764, 777, 937
Leo X, Pope, 919, 983, 1085
Leo XIII, Pope, 978, 1063
Leo the Deacon, 437
Leo, Friar, 795-796, 799
Leo of Salonika, 438
Leofric, Earl, 488
León, 294, 295, 373, 417, 459, 638, 702, 891, 919
Cathedral, 891-892
Council of, 459
Cortes of, 700
Leonardo da Vinci, 243, 289, 995
Leopold, Duke of Austria, 673
Leovigild, 95
leprosy, 357, 379, 794, 837, 1002, 1003, 1021, 1042, 1049
Lerida, 892, 919
Lérins, 57, 83
Lesser Armenia, 652, 653
Lethe, 1076
“Letter to the Princes and People of Italy” (Dante), 1063
lettering, “Gothic,” 906
Kufic, 273, 277, 317
letters of credit, 629
Levant, 465, 629
reopening of, 614
levirate, 362
lexicographers, 305, 319, 395-396
Libanius, 9, 10, 15, 17, 19, 20, 62, 63, 121, 435
Liber abaci (Fibonacci), 990
Liber Augustalis (Frederick II), 718
Liber continens (al-Razi), 246, 912
Liber de causis, 996
Liber de coloribus faciendis (Peter of St. Omer), 997
Liber doctrinae puerilis (Lully), 979
Liber experimentorum (al-Razi), 910
Liber Gomorrhianus (Peter Damian), 542
Liber ignium ad comburendos hostes (Marcus Graecus), 997
Liber introductorius (Michael Scot), 988
Liber lapidum (Marbod), 992
Liber pastoralis curae (Gregory I), 521
Liber perditionis, 985
Liber sex principiorum (John of Salisbury), 951
liberty, 560, 637, 676, 677, 678, 701, 721, 722, 728, 776, 827, 844, 1062
Liberius, St., 8, 50
libraries, 282, 285, 287, 304, 319, 339, 340, 437, 450, 474, 483, 536, 539, 652, 811, 909, 921
of Constantinople, 605, 914
Islamic, 237
at Fulda, 515
at Merv, 329
monastic, 476, 906
mosque, 257
private, 909, 1032
Libre de contemplado en Dieu (Lully), 979
Libre del orde de cavalyeria (Lully), 979
Lichfield Cathedral, 883
Liedbert, Bishop of Cambrai, 752
Liége, 474, 476, 514, 618, 623, 686, 769, 861, 914
Liegnitz, battle of, 658
Life of Alfred (Asser), 491
Life of Anthony (Athanasius), 57
Life of Mohammed (Muhammad ibn Ishaq), 237
Life of Reason (Santayana), 336*
light, action of, 289
rays, 1011
refraction of, 288
studies of, 289
lighthouses, 615, 618
Lijus Adam (Adam de la Halle), 1029
Lille, 470, 615, 623, 640, 642, 648, 685, 690, 851
Limburg, 441, 686
Limoges, 474, 849
Lincoln, 392, 635, 640
Cathedral, 392*, 857, 871, 883, 884-885
Lindisfarne Gospels, 491
lingua gallica, 904
lingua romana, 904
Lisbon, 624, 702, 710, 919, 1085
lists, tournament, 574
litanies, 742, 747, 796, 895
lithotomy, 437
Lithuania, 391, 659
literacy, 94, 383, 395, 454, 531, 563, 653, 908, 1018
literature, 78-79, 121, 124-126, 293, 312, 313, 314, 320, 341, 350, 371, 372, 397, 432, 451, 470, 485, 496, 500, 509, 544, 578, 650, 652, 657, 669, 684, 750, 767, 798, 827, 876, 903, 910, 915, 931, 935, 950, 1015, 1016, 1019, 1027, 1030, 1039, 1052, 1066, 1084, 1085
Anglo-Saxon, 489
apocalyptic, 1068
Armenian, 205
Biblical and rabbinical, 408
Byzantine, 124-126, 429, 437
Catalan, 979
Christian, 530
classical, 476, 529, 530, 846, 907
English, 905, 1030
European, 578
French, 905, 1030, 944
German, 515, 1030
Hebrew, 380, 395, 402
Icelandic, 1031-1036
Islamic, 220, 236-238, 262-270, 334, 343, 911
Italian, 1030, 1056
Latin, 906, 949
medieval, 786, 792*, 820, 947
Persian, 310, 322
Portuguese, 698
Sasanian, 270
Scottish, 502
Spanish, 698, 1030
translated Greek, 444
Little Flowers of St. Francis, see Fioretti
liturgy, 135, 356, 476, 528, 535, 745, 748, 898, 900, 1025, 1027, 1028, 1083
Liutgard, 465
Liutprand, 451, 452, 464
livery, 833
Lives of the Caesars (Suetonius), 467
Lives of the Philosophers (Diogenes Laërtius), 912
Livonia, 618, 659, 766
Livonian Knights, 655, 659
Livre des Métiers (Étienne Boileau), 635
Livy, 31, 283, 987, 1018
Llywelyn the Great, 684
Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, 684
loans, 385, 454, 627, 630-633, 766, 925
Locke, John, 972
logic, 250, 254, 288, 332, 336, 405, 915, 951, 964, 980, 982, 983, 1007, 1009, 1015, 1022
Logos, 16, 17, 48, 66, 130, 249, 250, 251, 254, 416, 417, 478, 945
Loire River, 37, 83, 91, 475, 480, 531, 554, 614, 617, 645, 904, 1052
Lois d’Oléron, 620
Lombard League, 662, 714, 761
second, 722-723
Lombard style, 479, 491, 868
Lombardo, Pietro, 1065
Lombards (Langobardi), 22, 42, 89, 114, 117, 290, 423, 434, 443, 451-452, 454, 461, 510, 519, 521, 525, 610, 628, 631, 695, 696, 831
Lombardy, 451-452, 512-513, 516, 533, 550, 633, 663, 708, 722, 761, 771, 892, 1056
iron crown of, 462
London, 369, 375, 483, 681, 1020
London Bridge, 621, 822-823
longbows, 570, 678
“Long Walls,” Constantinople, 104
Lord of Misrule, 841
Lord’s Prayer, 212, 985
lore, Christian, 865
faery, 1018
medical, 457, 998
rabbinical, 403
racial, 1032
Loreto, 753
Lorraine, 473, 480, 663, 686, 695
Lorsch, 476, 514, 516, 535, 766
Lothaire I, Holy Roman Emperor, 472, 473, 916
Lothaire II, King of Lorraine, 526, 760
Lothaire III, Holy Roman Emperor, 661
Lothaire IV, King of France, 475
Lothair, King of Italy, 511
Lotulphe, 940
Louchard family, 627
Louis I the Pious, Holy Roman Emperor, King of France, 370, 470, 471, 472-473, 477, 536, 766
Louis II the Stammerer, King of France, 290, 472, 474
Louis II the German, King of Germany, 472, 473, 510-511, 904
Louis III the Child, King of Germany, 511
Louis III, King of France, 474
Louis IV, King of France, 475
Louis IV the Bavarian, Holy Roman Emperor, 1063
Louis V, King of France, 475
Louis VI, the Fat, King of France, 434, 639, 688, 689
Louis VII, King of France, 390, 594, 595, 639, 640, 671, 689, 827, 857, 876
Louis VIII, King of France, 677, 690, 775, 778, 891
Louis IX, King of France, St., 312, 377, 393, 401-402, 480, 564, 568, 608, 612, 615, 647, 690-694, 695, 696, 698, 699, 723, 724, 725-726, 766, 776, 778, 817, 822, 823, 838, 879, 880, 909, 986, 993, 1002 1016, 1020-1021, 1038, 1085
sons of, 608
Louis X, King of France, 644
Louis XVI, King of France, 480
Louis, Duke of Orléans, 952
Louis of Thuringia, 716
Louvain, 249, 623, 686
Louvre, Paris, 690, 691, 849
love, courtly, 576-579, 1044, 1051
deification of, 1059
family, 381
illicit, 1037
parental, 269, 819, 913
philosophy of, 1057
poetry of, 750, 1066
tales of, 324, 1042-1043
Low Countries, 769, 920
Lowlands, 615, 622, 646, 832, 853, 888, 903
Loyola, St. Ignatius, 528-529, 978
Lübeck, 615, 618, 642, 645, 830, 915
Lucan, 1018, 1070
Lucca, 370, 616, 624, 638, 713, 1064
Lucena, 371, 372, 398
Lucian, 15, 437
Lucius III, 779
Lucretius, 96, 256, 955
Ludmilla, St., 660
Ludolf, son of Otto I, 512
Lügenfeld, 472
Luke, 353*
Gospel of, 385
Lull, Ramón (Raymond Lully), 404, 418, 734, 979-980
Lunel, 415
Lupercalia, 34, 75
Lutgardis, St., 764
Luther, Martin, 74, 784, 986
Luzumiyyat (al-Ma’arri), 265-267
Lyons, 85, 86, 292, 386, 615, 688, 706, 723, 916, 1001
archbishop of, 758, 770
Cathedral, 860
councils of, 723, 745, 768, 811, 899, 963
Ma arri, al-, 255, 265-267, 275, 323, 1068
Mabinogion, 496, 684, 1045
Macarius, St., 58-59
Macbeth, 501-502
Maccabaeus, Judas, 1078
Maccabees, 359
Macedonia, 3, 47, 369, 428, 434, 443, 657
Macedonius, 8
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 297, 724, 1062
“machines,” submarine, 1010
MacLiag, poet laureate, 498
MacMurrough, Dermot, 682
Macrobius, Ambrosius Theodosius, 32, 87, 991
Madonna and Child with Angels (Cimabue), 855
madrasa, 317
Madrid, 257, 305
Maerlant, Jacob van, 686
Maestà (Duccio), 854-855
Maetani, Lorenzo, 889
Magan, 156
Magdeburg, 514, 618
Archbishop of, 758
Magellan, Ferdinand, 992, 1085
Maggior Consiglio, 709-710
Magi, 139, 141, 142
magic, 139, 217, 352, 357, 364, 417, 433, 970, 984, 985-986, 988, 989, 996, 1000, 1005, 1015, 1049
Magister Salernus, 997
Magna Carta, 464, 658, 690, 903, 1083
Magna moralia (Aristotle), 240
Magna moralia (Gregory I), 523
Magnaura, palace of, Constantinople, 439
magnets, 996
Magnus the Good, 503, 506
Magyars, 227, 444-445, 446, 475, 511-512, 575, 579, 637, 657, 658, 659-660, 831, 845
Mahasin, ibn-abi’l-, 330
Mahdi, al-, 197, 231-232, 280
Mahdi (Redeemer), 261
Mahmud, 203, 209, 231-232, 243, 244, 247, 268-269, 276
Mahon, 500
Maimon ben Joseph, 408
Maimonides (Moses ben Maimon), 252, 257, 338, 368, 385-386, 395, 403, 405, 407-418, 776, 910, 953, 957, 963-964, 969, 977, 984, 1005
Maine, 689
barons of, 674
Mainz (Magontiacum), 37, 88, 369-370, 380, 390, 400-401, 465, 476, 511, 513-514, 516, 598, 619, 640, 1042
archbishop of, 758
Cathedral, 870
councils at, 543, 550, 740
Diet of, 514
maisons-Dieu, 809
Majorca, 373, 699, 979
Majorian, 42, 805
mal des ardents, 1003
Malachi, King of Meath, 500
Malaga, 298, 307, 315, 329, 371, 396
malaria, 379
Malatesta, Gianciotto, 1070
Paolo, 1070
Malcolm II, 501
Malcolm III, 502, 683
Malcolm IV, 683
Maldon, 485, 924
Malik ibn Anas, 226
Malik Shah, 308-309, 310, 312, 321, 338, 371
Malocello, Lanzarotte, 992
Malory, Sir Thomas, 81, 489, 1045, 1049, 1086
Malta, 289
Knights of, 610
Mamluks, 209, 312-313, 317, 340, 609, 653
Mamun, al-, 198, 200-202, 208, 218, 222, 227, 231, 240-242, 244, 247, 250-252, 280, 438, 911
Manfred, 612, 699, 719, 725-727, 765, 909, 1056, 1074
Mangu Khan, 1012
Mani, 139, 142, 150
Manicheans, 47, 64, 66, 67, 100, 112, 139, 142, 425, 528, 771, 777-778
manners, 137, 223, 263, 442, 487, 578, 819-844, 1084
manors, 558, 766, 785
Manrique, Bishop of Leon, 891
Mansur, Abu Jafar al-, 197, 200, 225, 232-233, 240-241, 250, 292
Mansur, Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-, 338
Mansur, Muhammad ibn Abi Amir, al-, 262,* 294-295, 296, 297, 302-303, 306
Mansur, Nuh ibn, 247, 268
Mansur, Yaqub al-, 335
Mansura, 313, 608
Mansuri, al- (al-Razi), 203
Mantes, 668, 876
Mantiqal-Tayr (Farid al- Din Attar), 324
Mantua, 543, 549, 662, 712, 722, 916, 1057
Manual for Oculists (ibn Isa), 246
Manuel I Comnenus, 594, 595, 603, 650, 708
manufacturing, 436, 552, 700, 888
manumission, 77, 113
manuscripts, 277, 282, 285-286, 466, 500, 531, 536, 906
Arabic, 257
classic, 532, 818, 907
Greek, 443, 949
illuminated, 277, 287, 442, 479, 499, 516, 530, 846, 852
musical, 900-901
papal, 909
Turkish, 319
Manzikert, battle of, 308, 431, 586
Map, Walter, 787, 1045
mappae mundi, 994
maps, 242, 329, 992, 994
Maqamat (al-Hamadhani), 263
Maqamat (al-Hariri), 320
Maqqari, al-, 293, 295, 297, 298, 302, 306
Maqrizi, 287
marble, 432, 439, 455, 457, 858, 861, 869, 885, 888, 889
Marbod, Bishop of Rennes, 992
Marburg, 784
Marc Aurèle (Renan), 786*
Marcella, St., 51, 52, 55
Marcellinus, St., 67
Marcellus, 121
Marcian, 40
Marcus Aurelius, 14, 23, 73, 77, 101, 135, 843
Mardonius, 10
Margaret, Duchess of Brapant, 901
Margaret, Queen of Scotland, 683
Maria, wife of Honorius, 27
Marie, Countess of Champagne, 577-578, 1045, 1046
Marie de France, 1042-1043
Marienburg, 610
Marib, 156
Mariolatry, 49, 746
Mar-Isaac, 366
Maristan al-Mansur, Cairo, 330
maritime regulations, 620-621
mark, value of, 378*
Mark, King of Cornwall, 1049
Mark, St., 455
markets, 432, 434, 560, 643
Marmoutier, 57
Marozia, 538
marquetry, 287, 849
Marraqesh, 286, 316, 334, 335
Marraqushi, Hasan al-, 328
marriage, 77, 137, 181, 380-381, 387, 418, 505, 528, 576, 738, 741, 754, 755, 757, 764, 765, 823-825, 826, 937, 943, 1041
clerical, 541-542, 546, 548, 551, 668, 770
early, 362, 380
Islamic, 220-223
Jewish, 361-362
Mars, 137, 264, 987, 991
Marseille (Massalia), 30, 47, 57, 85, 404, 448, 591, 599, 606, 612, 615, 616, 617, 639, 648, 688, 771, 857, 868, 1085
Marsh, Adam, 925, 1006
Marsilius of Padua, 708
Martial, 76, 1018
Martianus Capella, 99, 915, 991
Martin I, St., 525
Martin IV, 713, 726
Martin V, 632
Martin, St., 47, 57, 94
Martin, Raymond, 919
Martinus, 916
Martorana, Palermo, 704-705, 852
martyrdom, 300, 301, 408, 945, 979-980
Mary, Virgin, 48, 69, 75, 77, 81, 127, 128, 131, 185-186, 230, 238, 401, 426, 496, 575, 576, 579, 691, 727, 732, 744, 746-748, 772, 796, 799, 826, 827, 841, 853, 860, 861, 886, 889, 895, 973*, 1018, 1024, 1038, 1054, 1079, 1084
Mary I, Queen of England, 680
Mary Magdalen, 743, 744
Mary, wife of Mohammed, 172
Mashallah, 403
Mashhad, 217, 231, 268, 317
Masjid al-Aqsa, Al-, Jerusalem, 228
Masjid al-Haram, 161
Masjid-i-Jami, Isfahan, 317
Maslama ibn Ahmad, 305
Mass, 75, 527, 740, 748-750, 768, 884, 895, 896
massacre, 295, 339, 340, 372, 379, 391, 474, 485, 500, 639, 648, 685, 726, 775
“Master of Hungary,” 647
masters, 922-924, 926, 927, 929
Masud II, 232, 243-244
Masudi, al-, 141, 201, 207, 238, 245, 262, 263
materialism, 331, 405, 955, 956
materia medica, 240, 249
Materia Medica (Dioscorides), 240
mathematics, 240, 244, 288, 321, 328, 372, 398, 403, 408, 437, 438, 497, 539, 720, 911, 919, 925, 980, 988, 989-992, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1022
Mathnawi-i-Ma’nawi (al-Rumi), 325
Matilda, Countess of Tuscany, 549, 726, 766, 827
Matilda, daughter of Henry I, 670
Matilda, Queen, 481, 668, 827, 851, 869
matter, 406, 955, 977, 994-997, 1004, 1009
Matthew, 353*, 794
Gospel of, 161
Maud, wife of Henry I, 669
Maurice, 146, 147, 150, 423
Mawsili, Ibrahim al-, 280
Maximus, Magnus Clemens, 25, 47, 80
Maximus of Ephesus, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 20
May Day, 841
Mayeul, Abbot of Cluny, 537
Mazdak, 144, 209, 309
Meadows of Gold and Mines of Precious Stones (al-Masudi), 238, 262
measures and weights, 680, 685
Meath, 82, 496, 499
king of, 500
Mecca, 155*-157, 159-161, 162-171, 182, 183, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 197, 198, 207, 212, 213, 215, 220, 224, 228, 229, 230, 231, 236, 262, 266, 272, 273, 280, 331, 596, 597
mechanics, 990, 995
Mechanics (Hero of Alexandria), 240
Mechilta, 352*
Mechlin, 885, 886
Médard, St., 743
Medical Aphorisms (Maimonides), 408-409
medicaments, 245, 342
medicine, 121-122, 138, 240, 246, 248-249, 288, 330, 334, 341, 352, 371, 372, 395, 403, 408, 429, 438, 456, 457, 476, 497, 505, 530, 720, 826, 913, 915, 917, 919, 920, 923, 924, 997-1003, 1006, 1007, 1013, 1022
Arabic, 245-249, 403, 911, 923
encyclopedia of, 335, 437
Greek, 1084
Italian, 923, 998, 1001
Jewish, 359, 404, 910, 923, 998
medieval, 986
Moslem, 245-249, 330, 342, 1006
Sicilian, 291
Medina (Yathrib), 155*, 156, 163, 166-171, 187, 189, 190, 191, 192, 194, 199, 207, 214, 215, 225, 226, 228, 229, 273, 274, 349, 596, 624
Medinat-al-Salam (Baghdad), 232
Mediterranean, 38, 91, 132, 146, 208, 229, 283, 376, 432, 448, 450, 464, 469, 477, 525, 586, 598, 602, 614, 616, 695, 699, 703, 713, 728, 776, 845, 1051
Islam in, 289-291
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 759*
Meir, Rabbi, 351, 353, 355, 359, 364
meistersingers, 1042
Mekor Hayim (ibn Gabirol), 406, 911
Melania, Sts., 51, 78
Melchiades, St., 525, 526
Mellitus, Bishop of London, 487
melody, 896-901
Melior, papal legate, 878
Meloria, naval battle of, 713
Melormus, 854
Melrose, 683, 885
Menachem ben Saruk, 395-396
menagerie, 719, 994
Menas, 130
mendicancy, 465, 831
Meno (Plato), 912, 949
mercenaries, 282, 294, 677, 829
merchants, 157, 270, 282, 294, 370, 385, 432, 436, 447, 448, 553, 565, 617, 620, 631, 643, 647, 680, 685, 700, 709, 711, 771, 829, 839, 841, 845, 980, 1013, 1085
German, 665
Italian, 376, 652, 849, 989, 990
Jewish, 369, 370, 376, 386, 392, 395
Moslem, 447
Oriental, 440
Venetian, 455, 652, 993
Mercia, 483-484, 487, 488, 496, 678
Mercury, 987, 991
Merida, 37, 96, 292
Merlin, 987, 1019, 1045
Merovingians, 91-95
Mersen, Treaty of, 510-511
Merton, battle of, 483
Merv, 200, 207, 231, 237, 312, 317, 321, 329, 339
Merwan II, 195, 196
Mesopotamia, 13, 31, 49, 128, 151, 152, 156*, 188, 196, 202, 204, 206, 231*, 270, 273, 310, 311, 317, 340, 341, 348, 385, 558
Mesrob, 205
Mesrur, 199
Messiah, 169, 184, 217, 230, 305, 314, 356, 372, 384-385, 402, 411, 417
Messina, 290, 599, 704
Straits of, 703
metallurgy, 298, 436, 720
Metalogicon (John of Salisbury), 951
metals, 245, 298, 514, 622-623, 848, 1004
metalworkers, 275, 318, 342, 376, 700, 848
Metamorphoses (Ovid), 1018, 1085
metaphysics, 255, 336, 964, 966, 980, 982, 1006, 1007, 1057
Greek, 953
of Aquinas, 968-969
of Avicenna, 982
Metaphysics (Aristotle), 240, 255, 912, 954, 966
meter, 263, 395, 1022, 1032
Methodius, 535
Metz, 40, 88, 92, 369, 525, 526, 640, 686, 897
Cathedral, 440
Meuse River, 12, 37, 88, 617, 618, 645, 809
Michael I, 528
Michael II the Stammerer, 428, 477
Michael III, 428, 529
Michael IV, 430
Michael V, 430
Michael VI, 430
Michael VIII Paleologus, 652, 765
Michael Angelus, 651
Michael Scot, 386, 720, 911-912, 961, 988
Michelangelo, 1081
Michelet, Jules, 873
Michieli II, Vitale, 708-709
microscope, 238, 925, 1011
Midrash, 352*
midwives, 997
Mieszko I, 660
migration, 343, 445, 450, 555, 560, 642, 913, 1042
German, 473, 832
to Palestine, 392
Slav, 445, 661
Slavic, 447
Milan, 11, 25, 27, 28, 33, 40, 55, 56, 65, 66, 100, 110, 134, 135, 370, 451, 457, 542, 548, 617, 623, 624, 642, 662, 68o, 712, 714, 722, 726, 756, 778, 783, 791, 897, 916, 1063, 1064
Cathedral, 883, 888
military orders, 610-611
millionaires, 285
Milman, Henry Hart, 694*
Milton, John, 124, 489
minarets, 286, 303, 865
mineral rights, 622-623
mineralogy, 992
miniatures, 133-134, 277, 319, 441, 499, 653, 851, 852-853
mining, 118, 207, 298, 436, 514, 622-623, 660, 1004
ministeriales, 665, 1054
Minnedienst, 1039
minnesingers, 901, 1036, 1039-1042, 1058
Minorites, 795-802
minstrels, 279, 484, 684, 838, 840, 901, 1037, 1039, 1054, 1055
mint, Spanish, 294
mintage, 564, 625
miracle plays, 635, 643, 1029
miracles, 59, 60, 351, 354, 364, 416, 442, 456, 522-523, 524, 672, 742, 744, 769, 828, 878, 946, 954, 955, 984, 1019, 1020
Miriam, 185, 215
Mirror of Perfection, see Speculum perfections
mirrors, 289, 850, 1011
Mirsad al-Ibad, 322
Mishna, 185, 211, 226, 350-353, 383, 401, 409, 416
Mishna Torah (Maimonides), 409, 410, 413
Misopogon (Julian), 19
Missa de potatoribus, 900
missals, 846, 852, 906
missionaries, 261, 285, 461, 499, 522, 532, 534, 535, 802, 980
Mithraism, 9, 16, 139
Mixolydian mode, 895
mnemonic aids, 307, 927, 1022
mobs, 390, 391, 392, 771, 777-778, 780, 925
“Model Parliament,” 679, 700
Modena, 42, 642, 662, 712, 918
moderni, 932, 935, 952, 1082
modes, Greek, 895
Moesia, 24, 116, 443
Mohallabi, 210
Mohammed, 4, 93, 97, 151, 155-186, 187, 188, 191, 192, 195, 211, 217, 219, 221, 223, 224, 225, 226, 229, 235, 239, 250, 252, 256, 263, 270, 276, 282, 300, 301, 335, 368, 372, 385, 386, 395, 524, 588, 593, 597, 612, 720, 734, 746, 1068, 1072
influence of, 174
sketch of, 1020
successors of, 187-205
Mohammedan era, beginning of, 166
Mohammedanism, 170, 183, 186, 200, 204, 219, 252, 289, 301, 305, 311, 331-332, 333, 356, 406, 408, 413, 445, 585, 653, 958, 1012, 1083
Mohi, battle of, 658
Moissac, 643
monks of, 773
Moisson, synod at, 540
Molay, Jacques du, 610
Molloy, King of Desmond, 500
monarchy, 459, 506, 572, 690, 691
absolute, 513, 699
constitutional, 677, 975
French, 783, 930
German, 664
hereditary, 566, 661
Hungarian, 658-659
monasteries, 295, 311, 313, 378, 404, 405, 423, 426, 427, 432, 435, 440, 445, 461, 466, 474, 475, 476, 481, 483, 484, 517, 520, 527, 531, 532, 533, 535, 536, 537, 552, 554, 559, 564, 627, 629, 631, 637, 643, 651, 652, 654, 693, 732, 763, 766, 767, 785-786, 802, 828, 831, 835, 837, 839, 841, 846, 863, 869, 907, 913, 914, 926, 996, 998, 1002, 1024, 1032
Benedictine, 519, 537, 909
Cluniac, 786
Cistercian, 377, 791, 847
English, 683, 853
French, 536, 868
German, 547, 906
Irish, 500
life, regulation of, 754, 785-787
orders, new, 787
reform, 764
monasticism, 51, 57-61, 62, 332, 342, 401, 518, 524, 754, 764, 785-788, 804, 805, 868, 960, 1013
Mondino, 989
money, 369, 555, 566, 625-630, 643, 767, 829
money-changing, 377
moneylenders, 377-379, 385, 392, 436, 627, 631, 669, 975
Mongolia, 208, 339, 340, 616, 655
Mongols, 204, 227, 237, 310, 312, 329, 338-341, 343, 446, 608, 652, 657, 658, 660, 817, 993
Monica, St., 64-66
monks, 401, 426, 527, 753, 891, 1019, 1078
as artists, 846, 864
Benedictine, 445, 534, 645, 805, 869
Cistercian, 666, 695, 788
Cluniac, 864
Dominican, 392, 919
Franciscan, 799, 806, 925
German, 515-516
Irish, 491, 497, 499, 534
Italian, 868
Russian, 650
Sufi, 332
monogamy, 341, 381, 826, 1053
Monologion (Anselm), 933
Monomakh Erand Prince of Kiev, 654
Monophysites, 46, 49, 103, 108, 112, 115-116, 188, 233, 305, 425, 426
monopoly, 378, 619, 635, 1084
monotheism, 261, 364
monothelism, 524-525
Monreale, 705, 852
Cathedral, 705
Mont Ste.-Geneviève, 934, 944, 951
Mont St. Michel, monastery of, 882
Montaigne, Michel Eyquem, Sieur de, 87, 983, 1086
Montaperto, battle of, 725, 727, 730
Monte Cassino, 290, 439, 457, 465, 476, 517, 519, 530, 537, 550, 786, 805, 845, 846, 916, 961
Montecatini, battle of, 1064
Montfort, Simon de (1160?-1218), 603, 775
Montfort, Simon de (1208?-1265), 678-679
months, 402-403
Montpellier, 403, 404, 415-416, 588, 617, 648, 697, 699, 771, 775, 803, 822, 918, 922, 998, 1000
University of, 249, 414, 923, 926
moon, 288, 337, 402, 985, 987, 1011, 1077
Moore, Georg Foote, 351*
Moors, 22, 38, 95, 97, 109, 249, 291, 292, 297-307, 315, 316, 370, 373, 450, 458, 459, 460, 462, 575, 663, 697, 698, 699, 702, 799, 874, 923, 1031
morale, 413, 458, 473, 792
morals, 120-121, 182, 256, 332, 336, 360, 379, 382, 433, 450, 521, 531, 547, 564, 577, 579, 732, 765, 771, 786, 819-844, 929, 931, 933, 938, 973, 1007, 1012, 1015, 1016, 1067, 1083
Anglo-Saxon, 487-488
Christian, 419, 631, 843, 976
clerical, 543
German, 665
in Gaul, 93-94
Islamic, 180-184, 223, 419
Jewish, 378-382, 939
Oriental, 705
Persian, 141
single unity of, 817
of women, 576
Moravia, 444, 535, 657, 660, 661, 663
More, Henry, 418
Morea, see Peloponnesus
Moreh Nebuchim (Maimonides), 411-414
Morgarten, battle of, 687
Morisco style, 315, 316
Morocco (Maghreb), 140, 202, 208, 219, 273, 282, 283, 285, 292, 307, 314, 315, 328, 334, 372, 396, 408
Mort Renart, La, 1054
mortality, 362, 445, 571, 821, 1003
mortgages, 627, 766
mortmain, 679, 766
Mosaic Law, 185
mosaics, 134, 272, 274, 303, 304, 317, 426, 432, 439, 440, 441, 449, 455, 457, 467, 479, 704, 705, 846, 850, 851-852, 856, 857, 876
Moscow, 654, 656
Mosella (Ausonius), 85
Moselle River, 85, 390, 617, 642
Moses, 16, 184, 211, 212, 214, 229, 350, 353, 361, 365, 408, 410, 720, 820, 939
Moses ben Chanoch, 372
Moses ibn Ezra, 397, 398
Moses ben Shem Tob, 417-418
Moses of Salerno, 912
Moses ibn Tibbon, 910
Moslems, 49, 97, 114, 139, 151, 160, 161, 167, 168, 169, 170, 175, 180, 181, 183, 185, 186, 187-344, 353*, 355, 360, 366, 367, 371, 384-385, 387, 395, 405, 407, 408, 410, 416, 418, 424, 425, 426, 428, 429, 430, 432, 442, 444, 447, 458, 460, 461, 465, 525, 554, 579, 588, 590, 592, 596, 599, 600, 604, 607, 610, 617, 629, 647, 692, 697, 698, 700, 703, 711, 717, 719, 721, 732, 734, 777, 780, 792, 798, 898, 966, 978, 982, 987, 988, 992, 996, 1004, 1009, 1056
also see Arabs
mosques, 272-274, 285, 286-287, 291, 293, 302, 311, 313, 316, 317
Mosul, 136, 202, 207, 231, 257, 280, 310, 312, 319, 329, 595
Great Mosque of, 317
motet, 899
Moville, 500, 532
Mowaffaq, al-, 210
“Mozarabs,” 299
Mshatta, 274
Muallaqat, 159
Muawiya I, 171*, 191-193, 230
muezzin, 264
Mugha, 306
Muhajirin, 167
Muhammad ibn Ahmad, 241
Muhammad ibn Hasan, 218
Muhammad, son of Ismail, 261
Muizz, al-, 284
Mukhariq, 280, 281
mullahs, 332
Munich, 391
Munk, Salomon, 406
Munster, 82, 496
Muntasir, al-, 201*, 202
Muqaddasi, Muhammad al-, 228-230, 242, 274
Muqanna, Hashim al-, 209-210
Muqtadir, al-, 209, 233
Muqtafi, al-, 208, 233
murals, 276, 319, 426, 432, 479, 657-658, 851, 853-856
Murcia, 298, 304, 698
murder, 390, 391, 410, 451, 530, 538, 569, 829, 925, 928
Musa ibn Nusayr, 97, 209, 291-292
Musa, son of Jafar al-Sadiq, 261
Musaeus, 124
Muscovy, 656
music, 31, 138, 157, 160, 270, 277, 286, 334, 342, 356, 372, 384, 403, 437-438, 466, 495, 497, 505, 574, 684, 748, 752, 824, 838, 895-902, 915, 928, 1007, 1028, 1085
Byzantine, 1351
Greek, 449
Irish, 499
Islamic, 278-281
musical competition, 280, 895
instruments, 278
notation, 135, 279, 895, 896, 897, 898, 1085
Musical Introduction (Alypius), 135
musicians, 280, 297, 701, 901
Mustakfi, Muhammad al-, 296
Mustanjid, al-, 338
Mustansir, 285, 287, 319
mosque of, 317
Mustasim, al-, 340
Mutadid, al-, 233, 297
Mutamid, al-, 201*, 297, 306-307, 371, 459, 460
Mutanabbi, Ahmad ibn Husein al-, 202, 264-265, 267
Mutasim, al-, 210, 276
Mutassim, Abu Ishaq al-, 201, 251
Mutawakkil, al-, 201, 224, 240, 252, 276
Mutazilites, 249, 250-252, 301, 367, 958
Muthanna, 151
mutilation, 391, 464, 569
Muzaffar I, al-, 409
Mu’jam al-Buldan (Yaqut), 329
Myriobiblion (Photius), 529
mysteries, sacred, 416, 787, 907, 945-946
mystery plays, 515, 643, 752, 1029
mysticism, 332, 337, 338, 395, 402, 416-418, 521, 769, 806, 801-811, 857, 959, 967, 979, 1060, 1085
Islamic, 257-262, 342, 1057
Jewish, 416
Oriental, 769
Persian, 324
mythology, 16, 261, 456, 506-508, 984, 1005, 1019, 1032, 1084
Nabati, al-, 329
Nachmanides (Moses ben Nachman), 366, 402, 418
Nadhir, banu-, 168, 169
Nadim, Muhammad al-, 238
Naghzala, Ismail ibn, 296
Nahavand, battle of, 152
Najat (Avicenna), 255
Najmud-din-Razi, 323
Nantes, 474, 615, 617, 931
napkins, 836
Naples, 98, 109, 110, 290, 440, 452, 538, 553, 616, 632, 633, 703, 725, 726, 728, 857, 911, 1000
University of, 720, 910, 919, 961, 963, 998
Napoleon I, 3, 105, 480, 784, 851, 922*, 1016
Naram-Sin, 156
Narbonne, 36, 37, 85, 396, 471, 541, 615, 771, 910, 916
Archbishop of, 758, 774, 814
congregation of, 415
council at, 776, 907
Narses, 110, 451
Nashki script, 277
Nasir, Muhammad al-, 314
Nasir-i-Khosru, 229, 285, 287, 313, 585
Nasir ud-Din al-Tusi, 328
Nathan ben Yechiel, 396
Natural History (Pliny), 984
Nature of Things, The (Neckam), 1015
Nature of Things, The (Thomas of Cantimpré), 1015
Naumburg, 861
Cathedral, 886
Navarre, 293, 462, 695
kingdom of, 458, 459
naves, 865, 866, 867, 871, 872, 881, 882
navigation, 615-616, 991, 994, 996, 1010, 1085
Nayin, Congregational Mosque at, 274
Nazareth, 230, 607
Nazianzen, 55, 62-63, 78
Near East, 50, 51, 55, 58, 59, 188, 192, 202, 206, 207, 218, 225, 236, 245, 249, 254, 263, 282, 326, 343, 375, 404, 454, 528, 585, 586, 589, 625, 706, 892, 895
Nebuchadrezzar, 232, 370*
Neckam, Alexander, 1006, 1013, 1015, 1017
necromancy, 417, 987
Negroes, 209, 210, 216, 831
Nennius, 81, 84, 1045
Neon, Bishop of Ravenna, 132
Neoplatonism, 9-10, 66, 123-125, 138, 244, 251, 258, 337, 406, 407, 416
Neopythagoreanism, 244, 416
Nepos, Julius, 42
nepotism, 464
Nerez, 657
Neri, 730, 731, 1061
Nero, 92, 129
Neroni, Bartolommeo, 889
Nerva, 31, 843
nerves, 956, 1001
Nestorianism, 49, 188, 233, 426
Nestorius, 48-49, 112, 946
neumes, 135, 896, 898, 901
Neustria, 92, 93
New Forest, 667
New Testament, 52, 178, 364, 748, 907
Newcastle, 622
Newfoundland, 504
Newman, John Henry, 398
Niall Glundubh, 497
Niall of the Nine Hostages, 82-83
Nibelungenlied, 40, 496, 508, 1030, 1032-1036, 1044
Niebuhr, Carsten, 155*
Nicaea, 586, 589-590, 651-652
Council of, 7, 78, 630, 741, 764, 1082
Second Council of, 427
Niccolò Pisano, 727, 861-862, 889, 1058, 1086
Nicene Creed, 7, 8, 34, 56, 57, 61, 528, 544
Nicephorus I, 199-200, 427, 428, 443
Nicephorus II Phocas, 230, 429, 430, 432
Nicephorus Blemydes, 949
Nicetas, 750
Nicholas, St., 62*
Nicholas I, St., 478, 526, 529, 535
Nicholas II, 453, 482, 545, 546
Nicholas III, 780, 802, 1072
Nicholas IV, 782
Nicholas V, 919
Nicholas of Cusa, 387
Nicholson, R. A., 267*
Nichomachus Flavianus, 35
Nicomachus, 99
Nicomedia, 9, 10, 11, 46
Nietzsche, F. W., 183, 711, 725, 957
Nietzscheans, 253-254
Nika revolt, 129, 130
Nile River, 58, 59, 193, 286, 288, 607, 608, 874
Nine Books of Disciplines (Varro), 915
Nishapur, 207, 231, 273, 312, 319, 321, 323, 324, 339
Great Mosque of, 274
Nisibis, 49, 128, 132, 231*, 239
Nizam al-Mulk, 308-309, 312, 319, 371
Nizami (Ilyas abu Muhammad), 312, 324
Nizami-i-Arudi, 321, 323
Nizamiya College, Baghdad, 319, 331, 326
Njal, 1033
Noah, 156*, 184, 258
nobles, 348, 392, 435, 459, 460, 461, 463, 465, 472, 473, 474, 475, 481, 512, 550, 566, 575, 640, 643, 646-647, 651, 653, 696, 699, 707-708, 718, 726, 730, 778, 825, 827, 840, 845, 861, 863, 1037, 1039, 1041
Aragonese, 698
Danish, 666
English, 492, 493, 667, 669, 675-677, 870
French, 691, 774, 814
German, 511, 514, 549, 664, 961
Hungarian,’ 658
Italian, 651, 722
Roman, 545, 706
Russian, 448
Scotch, 683
Visigothic, 298
Nogaret, Guillaume de, 695
nomads, 270, 446, 447
nominalism, 932, 934, 935, 950, 951, 1013
Nonus Almansoris (al-Razi), 247
Norbert, St., 791, 941
Norman Conquest, 486, 489, 492, 493, 667-669, 678, 851
Normandy, 473-474, 475, 479, 480, 481, 485, 493, 494, 496, 510, 553, 591, 666, 668, 669, 671, 674, 681, 688, 689, 693, 758, 774, 865, 869, 870, 882, 920, 931, 1019, 1054
Normans, 286, 431, 444, 452-453, 475, 487, 492, 534, 543-544, 551, 568, 575, 586, 599, 662, 663, 669, 680, 681, 683, 684, 703, 704, 706, 831, 832, 851, 905
Norns, 507
Norse, 80, 473-474, 481, 492, 502-510, 575, 906, 913
North Africa, 3, 38, 47, 64, 67, 118, 155, 192, 196, 219, 261, 284, 289, 291, 314, 316, 326, 349, 368, 369, 411
North Sea, 376, 465, 514, 534, 617, 618, 645, 664, 665, 1005
Northampton, 392
Treaty of, 684
Northumberland, 483, 495, 533-534, 683, 684
Norway, 81, 493, 500, 502-504, 508, 553, 619, 666, 683, 1033
Norwegians, 473, 489, 502, 504, 532, 832
Norwich, 369, 487, 642, 829
Cathedral, 871, 883
Notker Balbulus, 476, 897
Notker Labeo, 476
Notre Dame, Paris, 317, 690, 697, 848, 860, 865, 875, 877, 882, 893, 894, 899, 914, 920, 921, 927, 928, 935, 1085
school of, 920, 933, 934
Nottingham Castle, 622
Novellae (Justinian), 112
Novgorod, 208, 447, 448, 615, 618, 619, 653, 655, 656, 754
novices, 532, 913, 922
Noyon, 639, 876
Cathedral, 873
numerals, 241, 244, 911, 989-991, 995, 1084
numerology, 364, 985, 1067
Numidia, 22, 64
nunneries, 404, 472, 527, 732, 757*, 766, 836, 841
nuns, 427, 467, 497, 536, 756, 805-807, 830, 831, 846, 847, 850, 942, 944, 997, 998, 1002
Nuremberg, 391, 514, 619, 623, 641, 642, 822
Nursia, 517, 536
nursing, 807, 831, 998, 1002
Nur-ud-din, 310-312, 329, 330, 594, 596, 1020
Nur-ud-Din Ali, 408
Nuwas, Abu (Hasan ibn Hani), 198, 220, 264
oaths, 381, 389, 775, 779, 829, 830
for Jews, 389
Obadiah, Book of, 370*
Obadiah Abu Isa ben Ishaq, 384-385
Obeida, Abu, 189, 190
Obeidallah, 193
Obeidallah ibn Muhammad, 284
Obituaries of Men of Note (Ibn Khallikan), 320
oblates, 536, 785, 913
Obolla, 210
observations, astronomical, 288, 305
obstetrics, 998, 1001
Occam, 923, 979, 983, 1082
occultism, 245, 249, 720, 911, 979, 984, 988, 1083
Ockley, Simon, 334
O’Connor, Rory, King of Ireland, 682
Octavian, son of Alberic, 538
octoechoes, 895
oculists, 246
“Ode to Zion” (Jehuda Halevi), 399-400
Odenathus, 143
Oder River, 511, 575, 646, 658, 659, 664
Odin, 507, 508-509, 567, 1032
Odo (Eudes), Count of Paris, 474, 475
Odo of Cluny, 537, 897
Odoacer, 42-43, 97, 99
Odofredus, 916, 926*
Odom of Deuil, 650
Odyssey (Homer), 269
Oesterley, W. O., 351*
Of Generation and Corruption (Aristotle), 966
Of Heaven and Earth (Aristotle), 966
Offa, 465
Officium ribaldorum, 900
O’Flainn, Eochaid, 498
Ogadai, 340, 658
O’Hartigan, Kenneth, 498
oikoumene, 45
Oise River, 617, 876
Olaf I Tryggresson, 485, 503
Olaf II the Saint, 503, 504
Olaf the White, 500
Olaf Skoffkonung, 502
old age, 831, 1006
Old Testament, 16, 183, 185, 186, 211, 240, 351, 362, 364, 368, 387, 395, 396, 398, 401, 411, 425, 528, 535, 769, 776, 808, 907, 910, 1006
Oleg, 448
Olga, Princess, 448
oligarchy, 648, 706, 709
olifants, 840, 1031
Oliver of Malmesbury, 995
Olivier, 1030, 1031
Olivo de Venezia, 850
Olybrius, 42
Olympic Games, 9
Olympius, 28, 35, 41
Omar I, (Umar Abn al-Khattab), 151-152, 165, 166, 172, 180-190, 192, 208, 215, 218, 220, 227, 228, 252, 258, 282
Omar II, 194-195, 214
Omar Khayyam, 231, 248, 275, 309, 312, 321-323, 327
Omeir, 168
Omurtag, 443
On the Occult Operations of Nature (Aquinas), 966
On the Celestial Hierarchy, 123
“On the Consulate of Stilicho” (Claudian), 33
On the Ecclesiastical Hierarchy, 123
On the Elements (Isaac Israeli), 405
On Evil (Aquinas), 966
On Foods (Galen), 912
On Free Will (Augustine), 68
On the Destruction of Britain (Gildas), 81
On the Divine Names, 123
On the Divine Unity and Trinity (Abélard), 90
On the Generation and Corruption of Animals (Aristotle), 240, 911, 912
On the Government of God (Salvian), 30
On the Heavens (Aristotle), 912
On the Heavens and the Earth (Aristotle), 911
On the Improvement of the Moral Qualities (ibn Gabirol), 406
On the Laws and Customs of England (Bracton), 678
On the Marriage of Philology and Mercury (Martianus Capella), 915
On the Measurement of the Circle (Archimedes), 911
On Monarchy (Dante), 664
On the Multiplication of Vison (Roger Bacon), 1011-1012
On Mystical Theology, 123
On the Parts of Animals (Aristotle), 912
“On Perspectival Science” (Roger Bacon), 1011
On Power (Aquinas), 966
On the Principles of Nature (Aquinas), 966
On the Properties of Things (Bartholomew of England), 1015
On the Recovery of the Holy Land (Dubois), 696
On the Relics of Saints (Guibert), 745
On the Resurrection of the Dead (Maimonides), 413
On the Rule of Princes (Aquinas), 966
On the Soul (Aristotle), 240, 912, 966
On the Syllogism (al-Farabi), 911
On Truth (Aquinas), 966
On the Unity of the Intellect Against Averroes (Albertus Magnus), 957
On the Unity of the Intellect Against the Averroists (Aquinas), 962
On the Unity of the Intellect (Aquinas), 966
On Virtues (Aquinas), 966
On the Mind (Aquinas), 966
oneiromancy, 987
opals, 992
operations, 437, 720, 1000, 1001
opthalmology, 246, 330, 403
Oporto (Portus Cale), 701*
optics, 289, 403, 995-996, 988, 1007, 1008, 1010, 1011-1012, 1084
Optics (al-Kindi), 251
Optics (Ptolemy), 912
Opus maius (Roger Bacon), 289, 1011-1012, 1014, 1015
Opus minus (Roger Bacon), 1007, 1008-1009
Opus tertium (Roger Bacon), 1007, 1011
oratory, 528, 903, 915
Orcagna, Andrea, 889
orchestras, 280
“ordeals of God,” 567-568
order, 470, 485, 579, 811, 817, 969
moral, 332, 535, 536, 818, 820, 933, 945
orders, mendicant, 779, 806, 1085
military, 659
monastic, 693, 758, 768, 785, 786*, 791-792
military religious, 697
“Ordinance of Omar,” 333
ordinances, 374, 641, 813
Ordericus Vitalis, 571, 742, 833, 907, 1019
Orestes, prefect of Alexandria, 122-123
Orestes, regent of Italy, 42
Organon (Aristotle), 3, 99, 250, 949
organs (biology), 357
organs (music), 279, 902
Organum, 899
Oribasius, 120, 121, 437
Orient, 127, 405, 441, 992, 1010
spices from, 836
Origen, 46, 55, 733
Orlandi, Guido, 1057
Orleans, 92, 474, 481, 639, 648, 697, 769, 771, 778, 914, 916, 923, 1025, 1051
Council of, 387, 630
University of, 926, 1018
“Ormsby Psalter,” 853
Ormuzd, 137, 139, 140, 147
ornament, Arabic, 846
Byzantine, 442, 449
Gothic, 875, 888, 892
Moorish, 291
Romanesque, 846
Orosius, 30, 69, 484
Orontes River, 33, 328, 591
O’Rourke, Tiernan, 682
orphans, 379, 433, 531, 652, 755, 824, 831, 1002
Orseolo II, Peter, 454, 455
orthodoxy, 265, 267, 309, 311, 333, 341, 437, 776, 783, 811, 907, 923, 939, 954, 1008, 1015, 1068
Christian, 250, 977
Islamic, 331, 332, 405
Orvieto, 770, 958, 962
Cathedral, 811, 862, 888, 889
Osier, Sir William, 885
Ossian, 498
Ostia, 41, 290, 616
Ostrogoths, 22, 24, 25, 28, 97, 107, 109, 110, 117
Oswald, King of Northumberland, 534
Othman ibn Affan, 175, 190-191, 193, 304
Otranto, 403, 404, 440, 633
Otrar, 339
Otto I the Great, 444, 450, 469, 511-512, 515, 538-539, 564, 568
Otto II, 512, 536, 857
Otto III, 512-513, 539, 540
Otto IV, 685, 690, 714, 715, 763, 778
Otto, Bishop of Constance, 546
Otto of Freising, 1020
Ottokar I, 660, 1075
Ottokar II, 660
Ottoman Turks, 171*, 313
Ourique, battle of, 702
Ovid, 787, 907, 915, 939, 1018, 1053, 1070, 1085
Oviedo, 458
Cathedral, 891
oxen, 298, 559, 645
Oxford, 487, 622, 628, 635, 640, 672, 676, 784, 853, 903, 908, 915, 922, 955, 979, 980, 990, 995, 998, 1006, 1014
University, 135, 914, 924-926, 927, 928, 929, 977
Oxus River, 142, 144, 193, 203
Pachomius, St., 51, 57, 59
Pachymeres, George, 949
Paderborn, 462, 463, 468
Padua, 451, 453, 616, 662, 708, 712, 722, 723, 919, 960, 998, 1062
University of, 338, 414, 956
paganism, 7-10, 18, 35, 73, 75, 76, 126-127, 425, 426, 451, 456, 462, 464, 483, 503, 529, 530, 553, 907, 916, 945, 974, 976, 977, 986
pageantry, 432, 433, 752-753, 839, 840, 858
pages, 566, 572
painting, 270, 276, 286, 287, 319, 491, 686, 748, 752, 802, 846-847, 851-857, 860, 889, 1028, 1085
Byzantine, 133
Islamic, 276, 319
Italian, 855
mural, 853-856, 857
Renaissance, 455, 727
Roman, 854
Sasanian, 149
Palace School, Carolingian, 476, 478
palaces, 263, 271, 274, 279, 282, 291, 293, 296, 302, 316, 429, 432, 435, 444, 449, 454, 456, 466, 657, 888
Palencia, 802, 919
Palermo (Panormus, Balerm), 282, 289, 290, 329, 374, 388, 403, 457, 624, 642, 680, 703, 714, 717, 726, 911
University of, 291
Palestine, 55, 69, 117, 125, 151, 156*, 161, 196, 206, 218, 226, 227, 229, 238, 273, 285, 292, 312, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 356, 367, 384, 385, 391, 392, 402, 404, 408, 411, 414, 415, 585, 588, 592, 593, 596, 597, 599, 601, 603, 605, 606, 607, 608, 609, 612, 616, 651, 673, 691, 716, 717, 752, 792, 827, 865, 980, 982, 992, 1006, 1020
Palestrina, 812, 1085
“palimpsest,” 906
Palladius, 41, 83, 84
Pallavicino, Oberto, 725, 783, 1085
Palm Sunday, 393, 751
Palma, 892, 919, 979
palmers, 585
Palmyra, 143, 201, 242
Pamiers, abbey of, 773
Pamplona, 458, 462
Pandectae, 111, 434
Pandnama (Sa’di), 326
Pandulf, Duke of Capua, 543, 675
Pange lingua (Aquinas), 751
Pange lingua (Fortunatus), 94
pantomimes, 433
Pannonia, 37, 57, 97, 434, 444, 446, 451
pantheism, 324, 810, 955, 1013
Pantheon, Rome, 126, 130, 131, 530
Panticapeum (Kerch), 446
papacy, 452, 456, 461, 469, 511, 513, 521, 524-527, 530, 537-541, 543, 544, 566, 628, 638, 662, 664, 678, 694, 695, 697, 699, 714, 715, 717, 722, 723, 726, 729, 758, 759-765, 767, 783, 803, 811-816, 852, 899, 909, 917, 923, 983, 1008, 1012, 1013, 1020, 1062, 1063, 1082, 1083
Papak, 142
papal bulls, 668
legates, 549, 551, 668, 677, 779
Papal League, 727
Papal States, 389, 512, 543, 545, 663, 706-708, 714, 715, 716, 717, 725, 730, 761, 763, 812, 813, 1063
paper, 236, 304, 319, 624, 906
Paracelsus (Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim), 418
Paraclete (oratory), 941, 942, 944, 947-948
paradise, 179, 181, 182, 337, 341, 368, 413, 896, 1009, 1050, 1052, 1067, 1069, 1070, 1076, 1077, 1080
Paradise Lost (Milton), 270, 1022
Paradiso (Dante), 72*, 1061, 1065, 1067
paralysis, 330, 791
“pardoners,” 740
parentage, 76, 360, 361, 380, 382, 757*, 785, 823
Paris (Lutetia), 12, 81, 92, 122, 150, 263, 388, 402, 403, 414, 415, 432, 461, 474, 475, 476, 481, 615, 621, 624, 635, 642, 647, 648, 670, 674, 680, 688, 696, 697, 717, 776, 814, 822, 823, 826, 827, 831, 835, 840, 849, 850, 876, 877, 882, 903, 914, 915, 918, 919, 920, 934, 935, 937, 939, 948, 951, 955-956, 959, 960, 962, 979, 980, 982*, 990, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1002, 1006, 1029, 1036, 1052, 1070
Cathedral, see Notre Dame, Paris
Council of, 838, 955-956
Paris, University of, 246, 247, 287, 404, 675, 920, 922*-929, 931, 936, 954, 956-957, 959, 962, 977, 1001
Paris Company for the Transit of Merchandise by Water, 634
Paris Psalter, 441
Paris, Matthew, 612, 627, 720, 725, 767, 803, 850, 920, 926, 1020
parishes, 758, 765, 863
Parliament, 119, 365, 459, 486, 646, 678, 679, 700, 822, 823, 826, 858, 1083
Parma, 662, 712, 724, 770, 916
parodies, 841, 900, 1025
Parthenon, Athens, 126, 530, 860-861, 893
Parzival (Wolfram), 1039, 1085
Pascal, Blaise, 808
Paschal lamb, 388
rites, Jewish, 392*
Paschal II, 514, 546, 661
Paschasius, St., 856
Passion, 385, 752
Passion Play, 1028
Passover, 358, 386
Past and Present (Carlyle), 926
Pastoral Care (Gregory I), 484
Pastoureux, 647-648
Patarines, 767, 770, 780, 783
Pater noster, 742, 749
Paternon, Filippo, 779
pathology, 249
Patras, 435, 436, 616
patriarchs, 349, 428, 527, 528-529, 530, 867, 1008
patricius, 42, 43, 97, 100
Patrick, St., 82, 83-84, 89, 496, 498, 735, 1068
“Patrimony of Peter,” 706
patronage, 276, 306, 1039
Patzinaks, 446, 586, 653
Paul III, 919
Paul of Aegina, 437
Paul, Bishop of Constantinople, 8
Paul the Christian, 402
Paul the Deacon, 451, 465
Paul, St., 9, 45, 66, 68, 69, 73, 84, 123, 127, 194, 523, 528, 547, 753, 881, 965, 976, 1068
Paul the Silentiary, 856
Paula, 51, 52, 54, 55, 59, 78
Paulicians, 47, 425, 528
Paulinus, missionary, 534
Paulinus of Pella, 29-30
Paulinus, St., 56, 85, 86
Pavia, 40, 98, 444, 451, 452, 462, 466, 616, 638, 712, 714, 916, 1025, 1026
Synod of, 761
University of, 916
peace, 470, 571-572, 755, 804, 818, 844
Peace of God, 571
peasant proprietorship, 425, 553, 644, 648
peasants, 118, 298, 424, 430, 435, 444, 447-448, 465, 481, 485, 519, 571, 578, 640, 644-645, 646, 647, 650, 656, 687, 688, 704, 778, 791, 816, 832, 841, 1007
free, 434, 497, 503, 505
German, 514, 664, 665
Italian, 731
Persian, 140
Peckham, John, 924, 925, 960, 962-963, 978, 995
pederasty, 220, 267, 299, 380, 821
Pedro I, 315
Pedro II, 698, 772
Pedro III, 373, 699, 726, 1037, 1075
Peipus, Lake, battle on, 655, 659
Pelagius, Franciscan monk, 557
Pelagius, heresiarch, 48, 54, 69-70, 946
Pelagius II, 520, 522
Pelayo, 458
Peloponnesus (Morea), 27, 118, 434, 651
Pembroke, Richard de Clare, Earl of, 682
Pembroke, William Marshal, Earl of, 677
penalties, 113-114, 374, 567, 620, 662, 820, 825, 829, 830, 844, 1075
ecclesiastical, 755
feudal, 568
for heresy, 782-783
professorial, 917
penance, 415, 543, 735, 738, 739, 764, 821, 824, 974, 985
penitential days, 359
formulas, 824
Penitentials, 739, 821
penny, 626
Pentateuch, 184, 350, 353, 356, 367, 377, 383, 409, 410, 416, 939
Pentecost, 75, 358, 751
Pepin I, 460
Pepin II, 461, 534
Pepin III the Short, 261, 292, 452, 463, 525, 662
Pepin, son of Charlemagne, 471
Pepin, King of Aquitaine, 472, 473
Pepo, 916
Perceval, 1019, 1045, 1046, 1047
Perceval le Gallois (Chrétien), 1045
Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris, 948
Pereyaslavl, 653, 656
perfecti, 771
Perfectus, 300, 301
Périgueux, churches at, 868
Peri stephanon (Clemens), 56
perjury, 569, 755, 829, 928
Perotinus, 899
perpetual-motion machine, 996
persecution, 282, 285, 289, 348, 349, 364, 366, 370, 373, 389, 395, 415, 418, 427, 428, 440, 528, 533, 769, 784, 945, 1015
Persepolis, 136, 142, 148, 149
Persia, 3, 13, 17, 19-20, 22, 49, 108, 110, 118, 119, 128, 129, 136-152, 155, 156, 157, 171, 185, 188, 195, 196, 202, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 219, 224, 225, 230, 232, 238, 240, 245, 247, 249, 251-252, 258, 264, 267-270, 271, 273, 274, 276, 278, 279, 310, 315, 317, 329, 340, 341, 343, 348, 366, 369, 389, 404, 423, 424, 441, 442, 572, 616, 769
eastern, 200
northeastern, 217
Sasanian, 136-150, 238, 309, 343, 441
western, 136
Persian Gulf, 151, 155, 203, 207, 208, 616, 993
Persians, 4, 20, 22, 89, 116, 136-152, 186*, 190, 192, 195, 202, 208, 216, 225, 243, 251-252, 264, 269, 270, 275, 280, 292, 318, 328, 348, 423, 424, 425, 446, 451, 874, 876
Persis, 142
Persons, three, 940, 969
Perspectiva communis (John Peckham), 995
perspective, 925, 995, 1008
Perugia, 706, 708, 761, 793, 795, 809, 815, 888, 998
Peruzzi family, 628, 889
Pessinus, 18
pestilences, 836, 1003
Petachya of Ratisbon, 404
Peter of Abano, 956, 988
Peter Asen, 657
Peter of Blois, 958
Peter of Castelnau, 774, 803
Peter Damian, St., 542, 735, 768, 787, 907, 1018, 1023, 1068, 1078
Peter I the Great, 1082
Peter the Hermit, 585, 589
Peter of Ireland, 961
Peter Lombard, 953, 965, 966-967, 1009, 1077
Peter Martyr (Piero da Verona), St., 783
Peter of Montreuil, 694
Peter, Prior of Holy Trinity, 736
Peter, St., 53, 84, 523, 526, 739, 1079
Peter of St. Omer, 997
Peter the Venerable, 390, 786, 911, 944, 946-947
Peter’s Pence, 767, 1041
Peterborough Cathedral, 871, 884
Peterhouse, Cambridge, 926
Petit, Jean, 952
Petrarch, 126, 1037, 1039, 1081, 1082, 1085, 1086
Petronilla, Queen, 698
Petronius Arbiter, 41, 1018
Petrus Hispanus, 999-1000, 1005, 1009, 1016
Petrus Peregrinus, 996, 1016
Phaedo (Plato), 912
Phantasticus (Lully), 979
Pharisees, 350, 367
pharmacology, 245-246, 403, 999
Pheidias, 5, 10, 133
Philip I, 541, 589, 668, 688
Philip II Augustus, 393, 548, 564, 599, 602, 606, 611, 672, 673, 674, 675, 677, 685, 688-690, 691, 695, 715, 738, 756, 766, 774, 825, 1085
Philip III, 1075
Philip IV the Fair, 393, 566, 568, 610, 615, 644, 648, 680, 685, 694*, 695-697, 729, 756, 766, 782, 812-816, 821, 823, 1052, 1085
Philip VI, 696, 986
Philip, Count of Flanders, 778, 1045
Philip of Swabia, Holy Roman Emperor, 763
Philo Judaeus, 240, 250, 416
philology, 305, 368, 395, 396, 437, 528, 1006
philosopher’s stone, 245, 996
philosophers, 264, 294, 314, 319, 332, 335, 479, 530, 531-532, 724, 731, 818, 867, 927, 930
Christian, 1077
French, 882
Greek, 244, 258, 283, 1008
Islamic, 300, 337-338, 719, 919
Jewish, 405-407, 954
scholastic, 402, 951, 1009
philosophy, 121-124, 267, 286, 294, 305, 312, 320, 322, 331, 332, 333, 334, 336, 338, 341, 371, 372, 395, 396, 397, 398, 400, 406-408, 409, 414, 415, 416, 418, 437, 438, 477, 515, 517, 528, 567, 719-720, 802, 807, 808, 821, 844, 876, 879, 899, 903, 910, 911, 912, 913, 914, 920, 923, 926, 930, 931, 934, 935, 938, 939, 945, 949-983, 984, 988, 989, 1008, 1012, 1014, 1015, 1027, 1052, 1057, 1058, 1062, 1067, 1083-1086
Arabic, 257, 334, 337-338, 406, 910, 913, 961, 982, 1068
Byzantine, 121-124
Catholic, 341
Greek, 123, 241, 251, 252, 253, 254, 405, 477, 893, 911, 931, 953
Islamic, 240, 249-257, 335, 336, 342, 343, 403, 982, 1006
Jewish, 255, 402, 405-401, 910
Renaissance, 724
scholastic, 697, 756, 803, 877, 913, 921, 933, 939, 949, 953, 960
Thomistic, 967-978
Phlegyas, 1071
phylacteries, 356
Phocas, 147, 423, 424
Photius, 429, 438, 439, 526, 528, 529
Phrygian mode, 895
phylarchs, 157
physicians, 291, 304, 319, 330, 370, 710, 757, 826, 833, 956, 986, 987, 997, 999, 1002
Christian, 612
court, 371
Jewish, 370, 373, 387-388, 403, 404, 612, 1084
Moslem, 245, 246, 247, 612, 720, 1001, 1084
physics, 328, 329, 336, 911, 912, 925, 990, 994, 995, 1009, 1010
Physics (Aristotle), 240, 253, 405, 912, 925, 954, 966
Physiognomia (Michael Scot), 988
Physiologus, 1005
Piacenza, 42, 616, 662, 712, 770, 996
Council of, 431, 549, 586
University of, 919
Pico della Mirandola, 418
Picts, 22, 80, 489, 501
pictures, 426, 807, 864, 880
Pierleoni family, 706, 760
Piero delle Vigne, 717-719, 724, 962, 1056
Pierre de Bruys, 778
Pierre de Dreux (Mauclerc), Duke of Brittany, 880
Pierre de Montereau, 877, 882
Pierrefonds, 892
Piers Plowman, 585
piety, 267, 294, 336, 356, 358, 389, 416, 431, 433, 467, 471, 527, 736, 804, 810, 822, 844, 896, 944, 1022
pigments, 997
pilgrimage, 215-216, 259, 266, 333, 458, 752-753, 783, 806, 877, 878, 884, 992, 1069
pilgrims, 404, 530, 542, 767, 839, 867, 871, 1002
pillage, 290, 339, 379, 391, 444, 445, 474, 475, 500, 639, 906
pillar hermits, 60
Pinturicchio, 889
“pious frauds,” 828, 844
pipe rolls, 980*
piracy, 290, 436, 465, 506, 509
pirates, 450, 454, 471, 474, 496, 510, 614, 618, 619
Pirke Aboth, 363
Pisa, 404, 448, 457, 474, 586, 592, 602, 612, 616, 617, 638, 663, 705, 707, 713, 729, 756, 779, 854, 861, 862, 863, 868, 989, 990, 1064, 1073, 1080
Campo Santo, 862
Cathedral, 457, 855
Pisani family, 628
Pistoia, 854, 862, 1062, 1080
Cathedral, 848
Placidia, 41
plague, 116, 423, 435, 520, 558, 716, 1003, 1019
planets, 305, 337, 353*, 985, 991, 1005, 1077, 1078
planisphere, 244
planting and reaping, 789
plants, 797, 853, 860, 987, 994, 997-998, 1005, 1016
Plato, 9, 16, 65, 66, 70, 73, 122, 123, 138, 240, 250, 251, 335, 381, 406, 477, 506, 784, 820, 912, 931, 933, 941, 949, 950, 959, 965, 971, 1014, 1052, 1070
Plato of Tivoli, 911
playing cards, 838
plays, 701, 752, 840, 841, 1027, 1029
pleurisy, 471
plica polonica, 1003
Pliny, 31, 87, 238, 502, 994, 1005, 1008, 1016, 1017
Pliska, 443
Plotinus, 9, 66, 122, 255
Pneumatics (Philo of Byzantium), 240
Po River, 40, 451, 616, 645, 646, 708, 710, 712, 714
podestas, 662, 708, 729, 730, 797
Poema del Cid, 1031
poetry, 157, 160, 263-270, 286, 288, 290, 292, 297, 312, 334, 342, 371, 372, 395, 429, 467, 515, 531, 576, 579, 650, 684, 701, 736, 747, 752, 818, 901, 915, 964, 1022, 1036, 1056-1062, 1065-1081, 1085
allegorical, 1051
Anglo-Saxon, 489-491
French, 925
Gallic, 85-86
German, 466, 515
Hebrew, 384, 396-400, 1023
Icelandic, 508
Irish, 497-499
Latin, 466, 1022, 1023, 1027
love, 563, 750, 979, 1036, 1057, 1061, 1068, 1085
Moslem, 159-160, 263-270, 300, 306-307, 320, 342, 343
Persian, 267-270, 319-328
Portuguese, 702
pre-Islamic, 259
religious, 325, 384
troubadour, 577, 578
poets, 157, 263-270, 279, 291, 293, 294, 297, 304, 306-307, 309, 312, 319, 340, 371, 372, 395, 396, 495, 497, 576, 579, 666, 673, 701, 731, 827, 903, 1019, 1036, 1056-1058
Christian, 1068
German, 575, 905, 1039
Goliardic, 1025
French, 882
Islamic, 159-160, 319-323, 320
Italian, 1057
love, 907, 1057
Norse, 507-509
Roman, 515
pogroms, 370, 372, 385, 390, 391, 392, 393, 401, 660
Balkan, 657
Poitiers, 85, 91, 94, 292, 577, 643, 851, 951
Poitou, 393, 675, 690
Poland, 375, 391, 535, 537, 619, 658-660, 663, 832, 903, 1003
Poles, 445, 657, 659, 661
police, 820, 930
politics, 371, 433, 438, 528, 775, 786, 1032
ecclesiastical, 828
Italian, 811
papal, 521, 524-527
Shia, 254
Politics (Aristotle), 912, 966, 974
Pollentia, 27, 31, 41
polo, 841
Polo, Andrea, 993
Maffeo, 993
Marco, 242, 309, 318, 404, 710, 993
Niccolò, 993
Polycraticus (John of Salisbury), 951-952
polygamy, 93-94, 137, 172, 179, 181, 183, 222, 348, 362, 380, 503, 505, 530
polyphony, 899-900
polytheism, 83, 260, 261, 341, 354, 456, 932
Pomerania, 510, 659, 660
Pontine Marshes, 98
poor (class), 299, 378, 379, 427, 430, 433, 451, 454, 464, 465, 472, 480, 484, 487, 506, 521, 560, 575, 640, 648, 652, 654, 660, 671, 691, 785, 803, 1002
“Poor Catholics,” 770
Poor Clares, 805, 806
Poor Men of Lyons, 770, 780
Poore, Richard, 806, 885
poorhouses, 379
Pope, Arthur Upham, 270*, 274*
Popes, 50-51, 349, 365, 388-389, 440, 452, 456, 459, 467, 468, 512, 513, 515, 521, 524-527, 528, 533, 537-538, 543, 544, 547, 564, 566, 572, 638, 657, 663, 677, 678, 697, 703, 706-708, 714, 717, 721, 722, 727, 728, 729, 731, 739, 754, 756, 758, 759, 763, 767, 768, 779, 782, 786, 790, 791, 802, 803, 810-812, 815, 831, 845, 862, 930, 968, 988, 1000, 1012, 1041, 1062, 1067, 1068, 1072, 1085
population, growth of, 642
pork, 357, 837
Porphyry, 99, 240, 932, 938
Port Royal, convent of, 805
Portinari, Folco, 729, 1059, 1065
Portiuncula, Assisi, 798, 799, 801
portolani, 994
portraiture, 276, 319
ports, 290, 434, 436, 448, 454, 465, 616, 617, 651, 700, 708
Portugal, 701-702, 762, 869, 919
post, 225-226, 299, 621-622
Posterior Analytics (Aristotle), 911, 912, 925
potatoes, 837
pottery, 150, 270, 275, 278, 287, 318, 339, 342, 432, 441, 624, 686, 849, 997
“pound sterling,” 619, 626
poverty, 79, 347, 359, 378, 405, 423, 450, 456, 459, 495, 519, 552, 579, 647, 649, 656, 732, 769, 788, 794, 798, 799, 801, 803, 804, 805, 808, 831, 854, 894, 903, 1083
evangelical, 770, 785, 793, 959
Islamic, 343
Jewish, 939
power, 293, 295, 338, 469, 475, 513, 525, 547, 662, 690, 795, 814, 832, 1062
Arab, 282
Bulgarian, 430
French, 876
German, 661
of Greek Empire, 431-437
imperial, 513, 547
Mongol, 993
Norman, 705
Samanid, 247
Pozzuoli, 716
Practica chirurgiae (Roger of Salerno), 1000
Practica oculorum (Benvenutus Grassus), 403
Practica geometriae (Leonardo Fibonaca), 990
Praetextatus, 32-33, 34, 50
Pragmatic Sanction, 694
Prague, 660, 664
Praxiteles, 133, 861
prayer, 212-214, 259, 356, 382, 383, 518, 527, 738, 742-748, 769, 785, 799, 807, 943, 947, 955, 976, 986, 1021, 1022
Prayer Book for Roisterers, 900
preaching, 795, 798, 802, 803
precarium, 553
predestinarianism, 252, 477
predestination, 177, 249, 250, 976, 1078
pregnancy, 360
prelates, 391, 427, 433, 461, 473, 475, 511, 513, 526, 579, 675, 682, 718, 799, 811, 849, 854, 861, 867, 1004, 1008, 1013, 1019
Prema, 72
Premonstratensians, 791, 941
Přemyslid dynasty, 660, 661
presbyteroi, 45
Preslav, 444, 657
“Prester John,” 992
prices, 119, 285, 374, 378, 465, 640, 647, 718, 755, 767, 795, 813, 1084
priests, 310, 437, 448, 466, 467, 472, 474, 489, 496, 497, 520, 525, 531-532, 648, 695, 756, 757, 758, 765, 768, 769, 772, 825, 839, 864, 895, 900, 907, 913, 914, 937, 1027, 1032, 1054
“primates,” 758
primogeniture, 567, 679-680
Prince, The (Machiavelli), 724
printing, 263, 611, 906, 1054
“Priory of the Arts,” 730
Priscian, 124, 908
Priscillian, 47, 778
Priscus, 20, 123
prisoners, 379, 430, 571, 782, 831, 844
Probus, 23, 104, 108
processions, 432, 643, 839, 850, 866, 895, 986
Proclus, 123
Procopius, 37, 41, 98, 101, 106, 107, 109, 115, 117, 120, 125-126, 131, 133, 137, 144, 145
production, 554
large-scale, 1083
nationalized, 718
professions, 359, 371, 553, 696, 908
professors, 288, 818, 917, 918, 923, 957, 958, 988, 1006, 1009
profits, 377, 378, 628, 631
Prognostics (Hippocrates), 912
Prohaeresius, 9
prohibitions, 270, 273, 379, 403, 819, 954
proletariat, 647, 685, 686
promissory notes, 629
pronunciation, 903-904
propanganda, 263, 336, 851, 1063
Propertius, 466, 1085
property, 113, 295, 297, 363, 382, 435, 445, 463, 468, 525, 552, 567, 576, 766, 770, 777, 778, 784, 794, 802, 805, 823, 826, 928, 975
church, 300, 543, 675, 754, 767, 770, 773, 813
prophecies, 412, 987
prophets, 261, 365, 867, 987, 1008
proscription, 470, 780, 954
prose, 263, 491, 563
English, 806
German, 476
Gallic, 86-87
Latin, 466, 515, 810
Persian, 319
rhymed Arabic, 320
Prose Edda (Sturluson), 1032
Proslogion (Anselm), 933
prosody, 437, 497
prostitution, 76, 120-121, 157, 380, 433, 467, 554, 693, 806, 822-823, 927, 974, 1025
Provence, 57, 92, 264, 342, 393, 402, 415, 417, 473, 480, 615, 623, 663, 672, 688, 697, 719, 769, 771, 792, 831, 832, 1056, 1057, 1058
Proverbs, 353*
Provins, 615, 643
Prudentius, Aurelius Clemens, 56, 78
Prussia, 37, 514, 610, 618, 1000
Psalms, 161, 184, 325, 356, 397, 479, 748, 915
psalters, 479, 770, 852, 853
Psellus, Michael, 438-439, 949
Pskov, 655
psychology, 336, 966, 981, 999
Ptolemy, Claudius, 99, 122, 135, 240, 242, 244, 288, 329, 860, 879, 911, 912, 991, 1009, 1011
Ptolemy of Lucca, 974*
public works, 311, 313, 641
publicity, 693, 908
publishing, 294, 814, 907-908
Pudsey, Hugh de, 872
Pulcheria, 103
Pullen, Robert, 924
pulpits, 859, 865
Pumbeditha, 348, 366, 367, 368
punctuation, 906, 908
punishments, 355, 360, 368, 374, 486, 506, 632, 735, 778, 781, 819-820, 937, 943, 1067-1068, 1073
Punjab, 203
purdah, 180, 220, 221, 341
purgation, 1067, 1073
(medical), 999
Purgatorio (Dante), 1067, 1073-1076
purgatory, 523, 735, 740, 784, 834, 1067-1069
Purim, 359
Puritans, 820, 884
Pyrenees, 37, 95, 292, 458, 462, 480, 497, 553, 617, 670, 695, 752, 1030
pyromancy, 987
Pythagoras, 135, 820, 985
Qadarites, 217
Qadi, al-Fadil al-Baisani al-, 408
Qaim, al-, 204
Qairwan, 282, 283, 284, 292, 369, 403, 405
mosque of, 274, 286, 287
Qalaun, Sultan, 330
Qanun-fi-l-Tibb (Avicenna), 223, 224, 248-249, 255, 256-257
Qaraites, 367, 373, 407, 418
qasida, 159
Qasim, 193
Qasim Muhammad, Abu’l, 296-297
Qasir, al-, 276
Qasr-ibn-Wardan, 874
Qatai, 284
Qays Majnun, 324
Qifti, ibn al-, 319
Qilij Arslan, 590, 595
Quaternuli (David of Dinant), 955
Quintessence of Experence (al-Razi), 223
Quintilian, 1018
Quinze-vingt, Les, 1002
quacks, 305, 326, 997
quadrants, 241, 242
Quadripartitum (Ptolemy), 240
quadrivium, 99, 915
Quaestiones naturales (Abélard), 1003-1004
quodlibeta, 921
Quraish, 161-162, 165-171, 182, 191, 192, 228
Qusay, 161, 162
Qusayr Amra, 271, 276
Qutaiba, ibn, 238
Qutayba ibn Muslim, 209
Qutuz, 313, 340
Rab (Abba Areca), 348, 356, 364, 376
Rabanus Gauma, 926*
Rabanus Maurus, 514-515, 824
rabbis, 352*, 364, 366, 367, 382, 383, 419
Rabelais, François, 923, 983, 1052, 1086
Rabia al-Adawiyya, 259
Rabina II bar Samuel, 351
Rabula, 134
Radagaisus, 28
Ragusa, 436, 446, 657
raids, barbarian, 654
Danish, 483, 871
Finnish, 659
Magyar, 450, 476, 536, 614, 637
Moslem, 290, 450, 536, 614, 845
Norman, 293, 450, 536, 545
Norse, 476, 473–474, 475, 492, 499-500, 511, 614, 637, 845, 913, 914
Rainald von Dassel, 1025
Ramadan, 163, 212, 214, 215
Ramón Berenguer, 698
ransoms, 379, 393, 460, 571, 673
Rape of Proserpine (Claudian), 33
Raphael, 290, 1066
Raqqa, 200, 207, 231, 242
Rashdall, Hastings, 926*, 927*
Rashi, 352*, 395, 401, 409
Rathari, 451
Rationale divinorum officiorum (Guillame Durand), 748
rationalism, 250, 314, 338, 415, 790, 808, 917, 940, 946, 955, 982
Ratisbon, see Regensburg
Ratramnus, 741
Ravenna, 27, 28, 38, 39, 94, 98, 109, 110, 128, 129, 132-133, 426, 440, 451, 452, 467, 616, 626, 708, 723, 857, 916, 1065
Council of, 740
Ravensburg, 624
Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse, 589, 590, 773, 774-775, 827, 923, 1037
Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse, 775-776
Raymond of Agiles, 591
Raymond, Archbishop of Toledo, 910
Raymond of Peñafort, 402, 783, 966
Raymond du Puy, 593
Raymond Roger, Count of Foix, 773, 774
Rayy, 136, 207, 237, 246, 312, 317, 339
Razi, al-, 203, 223, 246, 247, 249, 408, 910-912
reading, 785, 908, 1055
Reading, 483, 484
Real Presence, 741
realism, 859, 869, 885, 931-934, 950, 951, 1013
reason, 265, 324, 325, 331-332, 338, 343, 368, 405, 407, 411, 412, 477, 523, 724, 807, 808, 917, 938, 939, 940, 945, 946, 950, 956, 957, 974, 978, 980, 981, 982, 1004, 1052, 1067, 1083
rebellion, 292, 339, 340, 347, 472, 481, 511, 512, 514, 644-645, 672, 683, 724
Recared I, 47, 95, 370, 349
records, 908*, 1008
“rectors,” university, 917, 918
Red Sea, 58, 119, 155, 156, 157, 161, 208, 349, 404, 596, 616
reform, 266, 521, 666, 811
monastic, 536, 791, 792
“Reform Manifesto,” 723
Reformation, 547, 708, 784, 809, 810, 820, 1082, 1086
refraction, 995, 996, 1011
Refugees, 167, 169, 170
Regensburg (Ratisbon), 390, 595, 619, 960
Reggio Calabria, 616
Reggio Emilia, 549, 712, 765, 918
Regiomontanus, 328
Reginald of Châtillon, 596, 597
Reginald of Piperno, 966*, 976*
Reginald, subprior of Canterbury, 674
Regnault de Cormont, 881
Regno, 717, 718, 720, 723, 725, 857, 1056, 1066
“regular clergy,” 756
regulations, economic, 378, 436
guild, 635-636
medical, 999
nautical, 434
university, 917, 921, 928
Reichenau, 476, 514, 515, 535
Reims, 12, 37, 91, 92, 474, 475, 476, 479, 481, 536, 615, 623, 639, 771, 864, 876, 914, 940
Cathedral, 132, 579, 697, 846, 853, 856, 859, 860, 861, 865, 873, 875, 876, 880-881, 882-885, 892, 893, 1085
coronations at, 566
Council of, 543
relics, 404, 426, 432, 442, 523, 524, 706, 743-745, 762, 764, 791, 863, 882
reliefs, 274, 848, 853, 857-862, 887, 889
religion, 98, 138, 182-184, 265, 266, 279, 301, 302, 305, 309, 324, 331-332, 336, 338, 341, 349, 350, 360, 361, 372, 396, 398, 402, 406, 411, 425, 433, 442, 456, 461, 463, 467, 504, 506-507, 515, 536, 577, 653, 670, 710, 732, 736, 747, 770, 808, 816, 820, 828, 842-844, 847, 893, 900, 905, 917, 944, 964, 980, 981, 1012, 1015, 1018, 1020, 1052, 1083, 1086
Babylonian, 366
Christian, 341, 958
Hindu, 243
Jewish, 341, 382-385, 405, 446
Mohammedan, 183-184, 321, 331-333, 341
reliquaries, 846, 848, 849
Rembrandt, 419
Remi, St., 57, 91
Remy of Auxerre, 476
Renaissance, 79, 111, 122, 316, 343, 456, 578, 613, 637, 649, 665, 719, 724, 731, 764, 771, 854, 862, 873, 890, 906, 913, 923, 982, 1027, 1082, 1085, 1086
Byzantine, 437-443
Carolingian, 471
Italian, 240, 650, 854, 1085-1086
Macedonian, 432
Ottonian, 512, 514, 913
Persian, 136
of the twelfth century, 949
Renan, Ernest, 87, 786*
“Renegades,” 299
rent, 555, 631, 632, 786
Representation of Adam, 1028
representative institutions, 699, 700
Republic (Plato), 240, 506
reredos, 455, 866
residence halls, 924, 927
responsa, 111-112
responses, antiphonal, 896, 1027
resurrection, 266, 331, 367, 735, 816, 955, 958, 1077
Reuchlin, Johann, 365, 418
Reval, 664, 666
revenues, 297-298, 369, 432, 442, 484, 521, 552, 718, 764-766, 767
Church, 521, 766, 813
college, 924
ecclesiastical, 758, 814, 831
local, 713, 831
royal, 465, 566, 690
revolt, 295, 372, 373, 426, 427, 430, 431, 436, 438, 462, 619, 672, 682, 982, 1061, 1064
Ghibelline, 729
Guelf, 729
Lombard, 664, 761
Magyar, 658
in Palermo, 726
Saxon, 549
of thanes, 666
of workers, 655
revolution, 262, 428, 442, 538, 637, 638, 808, 854, 987, 1065
Abbasid, 292
agricultural, 643-646
architectural, 317, 870
economic, 613-649, 915
Gothic, 875
legal, 678
mathematical, 989-992
medical, 404
musical, 899-900
religious, 314
scientific, 1009
Spanish, 296
rewards, 355, 360, 368, 944, 1067
Reynard the Fox, 1053-1054
Reza Khan, 274*
rhapsodes, Greek, 1054
Rhazes, see Razi, al-
Rhenish League, 619
rhetoric, 288, 305, 466, 915, 918, 944
Rhetoric (Aristotle), 912
Rhine River, 12, 22, 25, 27, 37, 38, 40, 88, 389, 473, 510, 511, 531, 589, 606, 614, 615, 617, 618, 619, 642, 645, 665, 685, 686, 690, 695, 809, 1032-1033, 1034, 1035
Rhineland, 91, 391, 589, 646, 685-687
Rhodes, 289, 431, 434, 616, 620
Knights of, 610
Rhodri the Great, 496
Rhone River, 12, 33, 292, 473, 474, 617, 645, 665
rhyme, 263, 264, 750, 1022-1023, 1066
Rhys ab Gruffydd, 684
rhythm, 264, 279, 490, 896, 900, 1022
Rialto, Venice, 710, 453
rich (class), 350, 378, 390, 433, 437, 451, 454, 487, 527, 648, 654, 833
Richalm, monk, 734
Richard I Coeur de Lion, 310, 375, 392, 414, 485, 599-602, 638, 672-673, 674, 682, 683, 695, 808, 828, 892, 1036, 1037
Richard II, Duke of Normandy, 492
Richard of Cornwall, King of the Romans, 564, 1049
Richard of St. Victor, 750, 958
Ricimer, 23, 42
Riga, 618, 659, 664
Rigaud, Bishop of Rouen, 806
Rimini, 616, 708, 770
Ring of the Nibelungs (Wagner), 1032
rings, 833, 849, 986
Risalat al-Ghufran (al-Ma‘arri), 1068
ritual, 185, 358, 364, 382, 417, 463, 745, 863, 900, 985, 986, 1022
burlesques of, 841-842
Catholic, 748-754
Christian, 896
Church, 754
dedication, 867
Jewish, 356-359
of knighthood, 572-573
murders, 388, 389, 391, 721, 780
Talmudic, 356-359
Riza, Iman, 217
tomb of, 317
roadhouse signs, 614*
roads, 308, 465, 500, 536, 552, 559, 560, 621, 718, 829, 903
“Robber Synod,” 49
robbery, 265, 410, 542, 575, 829, 842, 928, 1072
Robert I, Duke of Normandy, 480, 481
Robert II the Pious, King of France, 480
Robert II, Duke of Normandy, 668-669
Robert, King of Naples, 1000
Robert of Arbrissol, 791
Robert of Chester, 911, 991
Robert of Clari, 433
Robert de Coucy, 880
“Robert the Dominican,” 780
Robert of England, 995
Robert de Luzarches, 881
Robert of Molesmes, 788
Robert the Strong, 475
Robin Hood, 648, 667*
Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 334
Roccasecca, 961, 962
Roch, St., 743
Rochester Cathedral, 871, 883
rock reliefs, Persian, 149
Roderick, 97
Roffredus, 918-919
Roger II, 329, 510, 703-705, 714, 717, 773
Roger, Bishop of London, 628
Roger, Count of Béziers, 291, 775
Roger of Salerno, 999, 1000
Roland, 462, 464, 570, 576, 822, 1030-1031
Rollo (Rolf) of Normandy, 510, 669, 674
Roman d’Alixandre (Lambert, Alexander), 1044
Roman Empire, 4, 19, 23, 25, 26, 28-31, 36, 37, 79, 88, 117, 141, 186, 510, 624, 663, 817, 843, 903, 1077, 1082
Eastern, 609-610, 857
Holy, 662
Western, 28-43, 609
Roman Republic, 513, 538, 707, 817
Roman de la Rose, 697, 767, 1044, 1051-1053
Roman de Troie, 1044
romance, 497, 578, 832, 949, 1085
age of, 1019-1055
philosophical, 334-335
religious, 979
Romance of Layla and Majnun (Nizami), 324
romances, 1018-1022, 1042-1051, 1054
Arabic, 300
Arthurian, 1085
cycle of, 1044-1045
Greek, 1044
medieval, 576
Oriental, 611
Romanesque, 127, 450, 452, 457, 479, 516, 859, 861, 865-866, 868-870, 874, 877, 883, 884, 891, 892, 895, 897
Norman, 494
Rhenish, 516
Romans, 16, 23, 27, 30, 35-36, 39, 41, 80, 81, 89, 95, 98, 99, 118, 134, 136, 140, 202, 225, 303, 328, 386, 430, 456, 468, 495, 537-542, 550-551, 558, 662, 701*, 706, 784, 831, 908, 945, 984, 989, 990, 1002, 1022
Romantic movement, 578, 894
Romanus I Lecapenus, 435
Romanus II Argyrus, 429, 430, 512
Romanus III, 430
Romanus IV Diogenes, 308, 431
Romanus, monk, 135, 895
Romaunt of the Rose (tr. Chaucer)* 1052*
Rome, 3, 16, 23, 26, 27-28, 30, 31-32, 33-36, 38, 39, 40, 41-43, 44, 45, 46, 50-51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 59, 65, 66, 69, 72, 74, 76, 87, 91, 95, 98, 99, 100, 109-110, 115, 118, 120, 127, 128, 130, 132, 134, 135, 136, 139, 140, 143, 144, 145-147, 149, 156, 201, 202, 204, 216, 284, 290, 297, 340, 379, 381, 389, 396, 404, 426, 432, 440, 450, 452, 453, 456, 458, 465, 467, 468-469, 471, 474, 495, 501, 512, 517, 520, 521, 522, 526, 527, 529, 530, 533, 535, 537-541, 544, 545, 547, 549, 550, 552, 588, 612, 616, 621, 629, 633, 642, 651, 653, 662, 672, 674, 680, 681, 682, 697, 706, 707, 713, 716, 729, 730, 753, 756, 759, 760, 765, 767, 770, 776, 791, 798, 803, 811, 812, 813, 814, 815, 823, 831, 845, 849, 857, 893, 903, 904, 906, 911, 916, 935, 966, 979, 998, 1000, 1002, 1003, 1023, 1039*, 1064, 1078, 1082, 1085, 1086
churches in, 127, 439, 846, 852, 1002
synod at, 548, 549, 788, 1059
University of, 811, 919
Romulus Augustulus, 42
Roncesvalles, battle of, 462, 1030
roofs, 643, 865-867, 870, 871, 879, 880
rosary, 742
Roscelin, Jean, 697, 808, 931, 932, 940, 949, 953
rose windows, 875, 880, 881
Rosh-ha-Shana, 359
Rostislav, Prince, 535
Rostov, 448, 656
rota system, 653
Rotharis, 633
Rothschild, Meyer Amschel, 380
Rouen, 473, 475, 476, 492, 494, 615, 617, 618, 639, 643, 648, 668, 674, 882, 1037
Cathedral, 857, 859, 882
Round Table, 575, 1045
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 78
Rua, 38
Ruadhan, St., 84
Rubaiyat (Omar Khayyam), 248, 322-323
Rudagi, 267-268
Rüdiger, Bishop of Speyer, 389
Rudolf I, 660, 664, 811, 1074
Rudolf I, King of Burgundy, 686
Rudolf III, King of Burgundy, 686
Rudolf of Swabia, 550
Rufinus, 26, 51, 55, 59, 60
rugs, 272, 278, 287, 318, 319, 851
Rügen, 666
naval battle of, 503
rule, monastic, 536, 756, 785, 787, 788, 798
“Rum,” sultanate of, 311
Rumaykiyya, 297
Rumi, Jalal ud-din al-, 245, 312, 324-325, 339, 340
Runnymede, 676, 677
runes, 509
Rural Code, 434
Rurik, 448
Rus, 447, 448
Rusafa, 232, 233
Ruskin, John, 881
Russia, 3, 24, 39, 43, 62*, 204, 209, 367, 432, 443, 444, 446-448, 473, 502, 510, 535, 536, 544, 615, 616, 617, 619, 653-657, 658, 659, 832, 895, 1082
Russians, 4, 436, 442, 586
Russkaya Pravda, 653
Rustam, 151-152, 269, 270
Rutebeuf, 746
Ruthard, Archbishop of Mainz, 390
Ruthwell, 491
Ryazan, 653, 656
Saad, 151-152
Saadia ben Joseph al-Fayyumi (Saadia Gaon), 367-368, 405, 417
Saale River, 510, 550
Sabaeans, 156, 218, 243
Sabbah, Hasan ibn al-, 309-310
Sabbath, 185, 358, 382, 386, 410
saboraim, 352
Sachsenspiegel, 665
“Sacramentary” (Hadrian I), 748
sacraments, 523, 528, 529, 707, 732, 738-742, 769, 985, 1054
sacrifice, animal, 348, 356
human, 507
sacrilege, 277, 755
Sadducees, 350, 367
Sa‘d ibn Zangi, Atabeg, 326
Sa‘ di (Musharrif ud-Din ibn Muslih ud-Din Abdallah), 197, 312, 325-328, 379
Sadillot, 242
Sadiq, Jafar al-, 261
Saemund the Wise, 508
Saffah, al- (Abu al-Abbas), 196-197
Saffarids, 202
“Saga of Olaf Tryggvesson” (Snorri), 504
sagas, 496, 822, 1030-1036
Sahara Desert, 155, 284
Sahdi, Ibrahim al-, 329
Sahih (al-Bukhari), 211
Said ibn Judi, 306
St. Albans, 377, 871, 1020
St. André (Aube), 627
“St. Anthony’s fire,” 1002
St. David’s, 496
Cathedral, 871
St. Denis, 476, 876, 882
abbey of, 461, 694, 696, 743, 786, 791, 847, 852, 876-877, 938, 940
St. Gall, 384, 466, 476, 533, 564, 786, 1028
St. Gildas (Morbihan), 942
St. Giles, prior of, 816
St. Gilles (Gard), 774
St. Gotthard Pass, 533, 621
St. John’s Eve, 745
St. Mark’s, Venice, 440, 441, 455, 605, 709, 868
mosaics of, 851-852
St. Omer, 671, 853
St. Peter’s, Rome, 36, 127, 520, 530, 544, 550, 707, 865
abbey of, 839
church of, 100, 290
spire of, 882
St. Peter’s Church, Glastonbury, 486
St. Quentin, 623, 639, 690
St. Riquier, abbey of, 786
St. Sophia, Constantinople, 5, 62, 63-64, 105, 106, 117, 126, 129-131, 148, 155, 205, 231, 432, 438, 439, 455, 605, 856, 896
St. Victor, monastery of, 750, 808, 921, 934
Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin, 87
Sainte Chapelle, Paris, 694, 849, 875, 882
saints, 261, 310, 332, 3-33, 342, 426, 456, 515, 523, 527, 531, 736, 743, 745, 769, 797, 802, 806, 807, 853, 857, 863, 867, 891, 896, 1029, 1054, 1079
saints’ days, 1022
Saisset, Bernard, 814
Sala (Ijssel) River, 88
Saladin, 108, 223, 229, 286, 310-311, 312, 313, 317, 318, 333, 366, 408, 413, 596-598, 600-602, 673, 715, 827, 828, 955, 1020
Salamanca, 903, 979
cathedrals at, 891
University of, 919
Salerno, 290, 291, 403, 404, 452, 456, 457, 616, 703, 923, 1001
school at, 370, 997, 998, 999
Salic Law, 88-90, 696
Salih, al-, 312
Salimbene, Fra, 694, 713, 765, 804, 830, 1019
Salisbury, 640, 667, 951
Cathedral, 883, 885
Sallust, 72, 1018
Salonika (Thessalonica), 25-26, 132, 436, 440, 453, 535, 616, 619, 651, 657, 739
salvation, 260, 355, 941, 976, 1075
Salvation Army preachers, 733*
Salvian, 29, 30, 65
Salvino d’Amarto, 996
Salzburg, 622
Archbishop of, 758
Council of, 1025
Samanids, 203, 206
Samarkand, 49, 194, 206-207, 231, 236-237, 339, 340
Samarra, 201, 275, 276
Great Mosque of, 273
Samo, 660
Samson, Abbot of Bury St. Edmund’s, 786, 926
Samuel, Tsar of Bulgaria, 430, 446
Samuel Halevi (Ismail ibn Naghdela), 296, 371, 396, 397
Samuel ben Judah ibn Tibbon, 413, 910
Samuel ben Meir, 401
San Germano, Treaty of, 717
San Gimignano, 835, 892
Sancho I, King of León, 459
Sancho I, King of Navarre, 293
Sancho III the Great, King of Navarre, 458
sanctity, 442, 468, 786, 791, 810, 844, 945, 946
sanctuary, 567, 753
Sängerkrieg, 1039
sanitation, 681, 835, 1003
Santa Claus, 62*
Santayana, George, 336*
Santiago de Compostela, 295, 638
Cathedral, 458, 869
Santiago, Knights of, 697
Saône River, 473, 475, 481, 617
Sapienza, Rome, 919
sapphires, 992
Sappho, 907, 1086
Saracens, 157, 244, 245, 290, 387, 403, 425, 453, 454, 462, 464, 468, 474, 519, 529, 530, 538, 554, 572, 575, 592, 593, 597, 601, 617, 692, 713, 716, 717, 719, 811, 906, 979, 980
Saragossa, 95, 292, 307, 334, 396, 404, 462, 697
Sarai, 656
Sardica (Sofia), 104, 443
Council of, 533
Sardinia, 27, 110, 116, 289, 349, 474, 606, 616, 760
Sargent, John Singer, 318
Sarre, Friedrich, 275
Sarton, George, 239*
Sarus, 36
Sarvistan, 148
Sasanians, 136-150, 225, 232, 275
Satan, 47, 73, 77, 126, 137, 216, 259, 354, 489, 733-734, 736, 769, 825, 909, 933, 967, 970, 984, 986, 1021, 1068
satire, 263, 786, 804, 841, 1025, 1051-1055
Saturn, 987
heaven of, 1078
Saturnalia (Macrobius), 32
Sauda, 166, 167
Sava, St., 657
Savonarola, Girolamo, 76, 568, 834, 890
Saxo Grammaticus, 89, 1019
Saxons, 22, 43, 80, 81, 89, 107, 450, 461, 462, 483, 492, 501, 510, 513, 514, 532, 533, 535, 665, 683, 832, 905, 1045
Saxony, 444, 462, 473, 483, 511, 514, 550, 623, 646, 661
Sayfu’l-Dawla al-Hamadani, 202, 253, 264
Scala, Can Grande della, 731, 1065, 1066, 1067
scalds, 509, 1032, 1054
Scandinavia, 208, 432, 448, 450, 451, 473, 502, 509, 617, 618, 646, 656-666, 903, 984
Scandinavians, 473, 504*
Schedula diversarium artium (Theophilus), 847
Scheldt River, 473, 617, 618, 685
Schiller, J. C. F. von, 664, 1039
schism, 469, 528-529, 1072
Eastern, 544-545
Schleswig, 80, 504*
Schnoudi (Schenute), St., 51
scholars, 270*, 288, 291, 304-306, 340-342, 347-349, 410, 437, 465, 466, 476, 484, 497, 501, 515, 526, 532, 719, 720, 903, 909, 914, 967-968, 1009, 1051
Babylonian, 366
Christian, 386, 698
German, 960
Islamic, 235-239, 328-331, 373, 698
Jewish, 370, 373, 386, 388, 396, 414, 698, 721, 910
Spanish, 401
wandering, 379, 746, 767, 900, 1018
scholarship, 270*, 650
scholarships, 288, 371, 922, 926
Scholastica, St., 805
Scholasticism, 252, 257, 406, 524, 917, 921, 940, 955, 958-961, 979, 982-983, 1015, 1084
schools, 304, 313, 317, 340, 347, 348, 349, 466, 484, 488, 497, 500, 513, 536, 578, 636, 640, 642, 652, 755, 818, 908, 912-915, 916, 927*, 928, 929, 949, 953, 979, 1002, 1018, 1085
“abacus,” 915
for boys, 449
bardic, 497-498
cathedral, 466, 666, 914, 915, 916, 919, 920
of church music, 897
Dominican, 922, 960
Irish, 531
Italian, 904
Jewish, 351, 371, 383, 404, 416
medical, 456, 956
monastic, 476, 481, 501, 514, 666, 903, 913
Moslem, 252, 333, 457
Roman, 913
schoolteachers, 291, 828
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 71
Schwabenspiegel, 665
science, 121-122, 243, 285, 293, 305, 312, 331, 332, 333, 336, 341, 353, 371, 372, 395, 405, 415-416, 418, 438, 450, 457, 470, 476, 497, 528, 719-720, 795, 802, 807, 844, 879, 903, 911, 912, 925, 933, 934, 949, 956, 961, 980, 984, 988, 1003-1004, 1007, 1010, 1015, 1016, 1058, 1067, 1068, 1084, 1085
Byzantine, 121-124
Christian, 984-1017
Greek, 241, 342, 911, 916, 984
Islamic, 239-245, 288, 321, 328-331, 342, 343, 403, 450, 910, 913, 982, 1004, 1006
Jewish, 402-404
scientists, 304, 309, 319, 340, 395, 719, 802, 1086
Scito te ipsum (Abelard), 945
Scivias (Hildegarde), 810
Sclerus, Bardas, 430
Scotland, 447, 495, 496, 498, 507-502, 531, 532, 670, 673, 675, 678, 679, 681-684, 832, 883
Scots, 22, 80, 496, 682-684
scribes, 350, 907, 908
scriptoria, 99, 466
Scriptum principale (Roger Bacon), 1007
Scriptures, 11, 18, 78, 96, 115, 163, 169, 184, 185, 338, 353, 387, 398, 400, 410, 414, 415, 476, 526, 688, 773, 795, 808, 907, 938, 956, 961, 966, 967, 1008
authority of, 70, 929, 953, 981
Hebrew, 352*, 353, 355, 407, 938, 966
scrofula, 986
sculptors, 129, 133, 847, 848, 858, 869, 875, 881, 884, 889
sculpture, 149, 270, 274, 276, 278, 425, 432, 686, 748, 752, 857-862, 868-869, 877, 879, 883, 885, 886, 887, 889, 890, 1028, 1066, 1085, 1086
Gothic, 341, 697, 858, 860-861, 862
Islamic, 318
Romanesque, 869
scutage, 676
Scythians, 39, 82, 446
Sea of Marmora, 5, 103-104, 432
seals, 833, 849
Sebastian, St., 743
“Second Order of Irish Saints,” 531
Secret Doctrine, 417
Secretum Secretorum, 911
sects, 282, 338, 341, 420, 434, 768, 770, 771, 820
“secular canons,” 788
secularization, 756, 816, 917
Seder, 358
Sefer-ha-Bahir (Isaac the Blind and Azriel), 417
Sefer Yezira, 417
Sefer ha-Zohar (Moses ben Shem Tob), 417-418
sefiroth, 417
Segovia, 892
Seine River, 37, 474, 475, 481, 559, 617, 634, 645, 688, 690, 876, 877, 919, 927
Seleucia, 136
self-government, 366, 369, 434, 459, 638, 640, 662, 707, 715, 917
Seljuqs, 257, 311, 312, 316, 318, 338, 586, 652
Selvo, Domenico, 851
Semites, 89, 156*, 172, 185
Sempringham, order of, 792
Senate, Byzantine, 428, 431
Roman, 25, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 42, 43, 50, 98, 101, 111, 114, 456, 707, 708
Venetian, 457, 603, 709, 711
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus, 20, 55, 87, 1010, 1014, 1018, 1027, 1070
seneschals, 560, 688
Senlac, see Hastings
Senoch, St., 57
Sens, 12, 475, 639, 671, 841
Bishop of, 541
Cathedral, 856
Council of, 479, 946
Sententiarum libri IV (Peter Lombard), 953, 965, 1009
Sephardim, 370*, 370
Sepphoris, 347, 351
Septuagint, 240, 535
“sequences,” 897
Serapion, St., 59
Serbia, 444, 446, 535, 544, 657, 658, 762
Serene, 384
serfdom, 93, 113, 209, 298, 425, 435, 442, 459, 465, 466, 553, 554, 555-558, 560, 578, 609, 644, 650, 659, 664, 665, 666, 667, 669, 679, 682, 686, 687, 690, 696, 766, 785, 824, 825, 844, 1083
Sergius III, 538
Sergius, Patriarch of Constantinople, 424, 895
Serindia, 118, 119
sermons, 521, 749, 903, 944, 1013, 1018, 1068
servants, 463, 554
service, military, 375, 434, 463, 927
Severus Livius, 42
Severus Sebokht, 241
Seville, 37, 95-97, 271, 279, 291, 293, 296-297, 298-299, 304, 306-307, 314, 315, 320, 329, 330, 335, 338, 371, 383, 459, 460, 623, 624, 697, 698, 891, 909
Cathedral, 315-316
University of, 919
sewage, 835, 1003
sextants, 242
sexuality, 357, 361, 381, 409, 456, 464, 611, 757*, 764, 787, 821-824, 830, 835, 927, 973, 976
Sfax, 132, 316, 703
Shafii, Muhammad al-, 226
Shāhnama (Firdausî), 137, 138, 268, 269
Shahrastani, Muhammad al-, 320
Shahr-Baraz, 151
Shajar-al-Durr, 312
Shakespeare, William, 651, 1019, 1045, 1080, 1081
Shammai, 362
Shams al-Maali Qabus, 231, 247
Shams-i-Tobrizi, 325
Shaprut, Hasdai ben, 294, 371, 372, 396, 459
Shapur (city), 143, 149
Shapur I, 142-143, 149, 150
Shapur II, 13, 20, 128, 139-140, 141, 143
Sharazuri, al-, 322
Shariyar, 268
Shavuot, feast of, 358
Sheba, Queen of, 156
shekinah, 354, 360
Shem Tob, 910
Shema Yisrael, 184, 354, 356
shepherds, 552, 791, 1027
sheriffs, 680
Sheroye, 148, 151
Sherwood Forest, 667*
Shl’ites, 103, 217, 252, 261, 309, 367
Shrewsbury, 1019
shipbuilding, 506, 615
Shiraz, 148, 203, 207, 232, 271, 273, 278, 326
Shirin, 147
Shirkuh, 310, 311
shoes, 834
shops, 420, 432, 454, 914, 1083
shorthand, 906
shrines, 303, 846, 849, 870
Shushtar, 143
Sic et non (Abélard), 754, 939-940, 953
Sicilian Vespers, 726, 730
Sicily, 27, 36, 98, 109, 110, 116, 140, 208, 236, 264, 273, 282, 286, 289-291, 342, 343, 349, 375, 393, 403, 404, 442, 453, 510, 529, 571, 586, 599, 611, 616, 621, 622, 624, 645, 663, 664, 665, 694, 699, 703-705, 709, 714, 715, 716, 717, 719, 724, 726, 760, 761, 792, 812, 813, 831, 852, 857, 909, 911, 989, 990, 1056, 1086
see Two Sicilies
Siddhantas, 241
Sidjistani Society, 254
Sidon, 207, 229, 600, 607, 609
Sidonius, Archbishop of Mainz, 531
siege, 570, 658
Siegfried (Sigurd), 508, 1032-1035
Siena, 616, 642, 658, 727, 797, 798, 811, 838, 854, 861, 862, 888, 889, 998, 999, 1028, 1064
Cathedral, 855*, 861-862, 888-889
University of, 919
Siete Partidas, 699
Siffin, battle of, 192
Sigebert, 91-92
Siger of Brabant, 338, 923, 955, 957-958, 962, 1068, 1077
Signorelli, Luca, 889
Sigrid, Queen of Sweden, 503
Sigurd, see Siegfried
Sigurd Jorsalafare, 992
Sigvat Thordarsson, 509
Silesia, 375, 660, 905
silk, 118-119, 367, 376, 379, 440, 624, 826
silver, 847, 876
Silverius, St., 115
Simeon, King of Bulgaria, 444, 657
Simeon, Patriarch of Jerusalem, 585
Simeon Stylites, 60
Simon ben Yohai, 417, 418
Simon of Tournai, 736
simony, 430, 521, 541, 543, 547, 548, 551, 755, 760, 770, 1072
Simurgh, 324
sin, 264, 278, 353*, 354-355, 360, 523, 527, 732, 733, 736, 738, 740, 770, 796, 820, 821, 907, 927, 945, 946, 973, 974, 976, 985, 991, 1013, 1067-1069, 1073, 1075, 1076
Sina, ibn, see Avicenna
Sinai, Mt., 353, 358
sines, tables of, 328
singing, 306, 384, 505, 749-751, 896, 898, 899, 1054, 1057
Sinjar, 242, 310, 312, 317, 320
Sirat, al-, 178
Siricius, St., 45
Sirmium, 13, 39
Sis, 652
Sisebut, King, 370, 372, 375
Sixtus III, St., 51
Siyasat-nama (Nizam), 309
skepticism, 265, 267, 301, 331, 332, 353, 367, 405, 736, 816, 955-958, 1020, 1084
slaves, 29-30, 32-33, 77, 93, 112-113, 118, 280, 290, 298, 334, 347, 369, 370, 424, 434, 435, 436, 442, 448, 459, 465, 486-487, 497, 531, 542, 553-554, 711, 719, 734, 824, 831, 975-976, 1083
Christian, 375, 454
Islamic, 209, 792
Jewish, 375
Russian, 653
Viking, 506
Slavs, 4, 423, 424, 428, 430, 432, 434, 443-449, 462, 471, 529, 535-536, 554, 575, 610, 657, 659, 660, 664, 665, 832
Slovaks, 445, 535
slums, 316, 650
smallpox, 265, 335
smelting, 623, 848
Smolensk, 448, 653
Smyrna, 9, 436, 651
Snorri Sturluson, 503, 504, 509, 1032
societies, 379, 1084
society, 450, 486, 504-505, 578, 718, 777, 818-820, 821, 825, 839-842, 975, 1083
feudal, 553-556
Islamic, 219-224, 234, 280-281
Sasanian, 136-142
Viking, 509-510
Welsh, 495
Socrates, 20, 244, 254, 776, 933-934, 937, 1014, 1070
Socrates, historian, 7, 25, 122, 123, 125
sodomy, 719, 927, 1071
Sogdiana, 119, 136, 209
Sohrab, 269, 270
Soissons, 91, 92, 461, 473, 769, 771, 876, 897, 940, 946
soldiers, 55-57, 429, 432, 434, 500, 553, 559, 560, 822, 823, 1000
Soliloquium (Bonaventura), 959
Solomon, 130, 156, 229, 343
Solomon, Exilarch, 367
Solomon ben Abraham, 414, 415
Solomon ben Abraham ben Adret, 415, 416
Solomon ibn Gabirol (Avicebron), 396-397
Solon, 446, 654, 1065
Somme River, 88, 91
Sonartorrek (Skallagrimsson), 509
Song of Songs, 48, 352*, 353, 398
songs, 279, 292, 381, 484, 684, 818, 899-901, 934, 936, 1025, 1027, 1042, 1054
popular, 837, 1030
sacred, 382, 747, 896
sonnets, 562-563, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059
Sophistici elenchi (Aristotle), 912
Sophists, 125, 250, 975
Sophocles, 89, 283, 605
Sora, 717
Soranus, 121, 1001
Sorbonne, Paris, 922
sorcery, 433, 984, 985
Sordello, 1057, 1074
Sosigenes, 991
soul, 256, 417, 959, 971-972, 981
Southampton, 610, 640
Sozomen, 20, 125
Spain, 3, 4, 22, 25, 32, 37, 38, 43, 47, 92, 107, 114, 116, 117, 140, 150, 155, 158, 194, 202, 206, 208, 209, 211, 218, 219, 236, 242, 257, 270, 273, 275, 283, 284, 291-307, 314, 320, 338, 343, 349, 367, 368, 369, 372-373, 376, 379, 380, 383, 384, 386, 387, 393, 396-401, 404, 405, 407, 415, 416, 417, 423, 442, 447, 458-460, 521, 525, 530, 537, 539, 553, 572, 578, 586, 611, 615, 616, 617, 622, 624, 627, 642, 644, 645, 663, 678, 692, 697-701, 748, 752, 760, 770, 774, 782, 783, 799, 801, 831, 832, 848, 849, 851, 853, 864, 869, 882, 890-892, 897, 898, 899, 901, 903, 904, 911, 920, 935, 953, 954, 966, 982, 989, 999, 1010, 1019, 1037, 1039, 1044, 1086
Moslem, 196, 241, 249, 282, 297-307, 314, 319, 333, 342, 371, 372, 375, 396, 397, 400, 405, 459, 460, 462, 558, 613, 617, 874, 1030
Visi-gothic, 95-97, 375
Spalato (Split), 127, 446
Spanish March, 459, 473
species, 932
origin of, 955
specific gravity, 244
tables of, 328
Speculum maius (Vincent of Beauvais), 1016
Speculum perfectionis, 792, 796-797
speech, 263, 379, 395, 669, 843, 903-904, 905
Spencer, Herbert, 978
Speyer, 369, 390, 391, 401, 511, 513, 514, 516, 549, 619, 640
Cathedral, 870
spericity, of the earth, 343
Spherics (al-Bitruji), 911
spices, 613, 836
Spinoza, Baruch, 398, 412*, 414, 968, 1082
spires, 342, 455, 865, 872, 877, 878, 883, 887, 891, 892, 1085
Spoleto, 98, 451, 517, 538, 708, 721, 725, 761, 793
sport, 839-842
squires, 392, 572
Stabat Mater (Jacopone da Todi), 750-751, 897*
Stamford, 676
Bridge, 495
stars, 305, 329, 337, 417, 956, 970, 987, 988, 991, 1005, 1011, 1068, 1077-1078
divination by, 984
state, 463, 519, 565, 697, 812, 813, 816, 824, 831, 844, 854, 917, 930, 945, 975, 976, 1063
and Church, 182-184, 579, 755, 760, 809
States-General, 646, 696, 814
statesmanship, 310, 343, 431, 433, 468, 470
statesmen, 277, 295, 510, 756, 777, 1085
Stations of the Cross, 34
Statius, 915, 1018, 1075, 1076
statues, 425-426, 432, 479, 807, 857-862, 864, 865, 869, 879, 880, 881, 884, 885, 886, 887, 889, 1085
“Statute in Favor of Princes,” 717
Stephania, mistress of Otto III, 513
Stephen, King of England, 670
Stephen I, King of Hungary, St., 658, 744
Stephen II, Pope, 452, 461, 525
Stephen V, Pope, 535
Stephen VI, Pope, 538
Stephen IX, Pope, 545
Stephen Nemanya, King of Serbia, 657
Stephen of Tournai, 958
stigmata, 800
Stiklestad, battle of, 503
Stilicho, 23, 26, 27-28, 31, 33, 35, 36, 38, 80
Stoa, 126
Stockholm, 618, 666
stocks, 568
Stoicism, 9, 76, 123, 975
stonemasons, 846
stones, powers of precious, 992, 1005
Story of Burnt Njal, 1033
Strasbourg, 12, 369, 473, 619, 640, 904, 960
Cathedral, 859, 887
Strategopulus, 652
streets, 302, 432, 642-643
Strido, 51
strikes, 648
strip system, 558, 645
students, 362, 371, 372, 401, 479, 497, 519, 528, 691, 757, 823, 839, 903, 908, 909, 914, 916, 917-918, 920, 921, 922, 923, 924, 926-930, 1013
studies, Arabic, 919, 979
classical, 914, 923, 1018
rabbinical, 402, 416
studium generale, 916, 924
Subiaco, 517
Subtilitates (Hildegarde), 998
Subuktigin, 203, 244
Suevi, 22, 37, 95, 458
Suetonius, 467, 515, 1018
Sufism, 244, 258-261, 322, 325, 332-333, 337
Sufyan, Abu, 166, 168, 169, 170-172, 191, 192
sugar, 140, 206, 591, 613, 718, 837
Suger, 390, 688-689, 786, 791, 852, 863, 876-877, 941, 942
suicide, 1071
Jewish, 389, 390, 392
Suidas, 437
Sukkoth, 359
Suleiman, Caliph, 194, 195, 220, 224, 291-292
Suleiman, general, 308
Suleiman al-Tajir, 242
“Sumer is i-cumen in,” 900-901
Summa codicis Irnerii (Irenerius), 916
Summa conservationis et curationis (Salicetti), 1001
Summa theologica (Aquinas), 912, 963, 966-967, 970, 974, 977, 978, 1016, 1057
Summa de veritate catholicae fidei contra Gentiles (Aquinas), 966
Summae (Aquinas), 338, 913
sun, 242, 288, 337, 402, 991, 992, 1011, 1068
heaven of the, 1077-1078
Sunni, 211, 212, 294
supernationalism, 406, 816
superstition, 305, 347, 364, 402, 415, 425-426, 442, 456, 466, 470, 531, 579, 694, 720, 732, 745, 811, 894, 938, 984-985, 989, 992, 1015, 1016, 1083
suppuration, 1001
supreme court, 685, 696
Suqainah, 228
Sura, 348, 366, 369
college of, 351, 367, 368
Surayj, 280
surgery, 245, 305, 612, 1000-1001, 1084
Surkh Alam, 209
surnames, 821
sursum corda, 749
Survey of Persian Art (ed. Pope), 270*
Susa, 136, 148
Suso (mystic), 810
suspension bridge, 621
Suzdalia, 653, 654, 656
Sverre, King of Norway, 762
Sviatopolk, 655
Sviatoslav, 448
Swabia, 92, 444, 511, 661, 960, 1049
Swabians, 510, 661, 665
Sweden, 22, 490, 502, 505, 553, 619, 666, 882
Swedes, 473, 483, 502, 507, 832
Sweyn Forkbeard, 493, 502
swords, Damascene, 275
Swithin, St., 871
Swithin’s day, St., 871*
Switzerland, 384, 615, 663, 687
Sylvester I, St., 50, 525
Sylvester II, see Gerbert of Aurillac
Sylvester III, 540
symbolism, 808, 994, 1051-1052, 1066, 1067
in logic, 980
Symmachus, 23, 30, 31, 32, 34-35, 56, 65, 75, 78, 85, 86, 87, 99
Symmachus the Younger, 99, 101
synagogues, 285, 347, 348, 349, 374, 381, 382-384, 388, 711
Synesius, 27, 61-62
synod, 546, 1074
Synthetic Philosophy (Spencer), 966
Syracuse, 290, 424, 704
Syria, 3, 19, 46, 49, 55, 60, 62, 107, 117, 118, 119, 128, 134, 135, 138, 143, 145, 146, 150, 151, 156*, 157, 158, 161, 162, 168, 187, 188-191, 192, 196, 200, 202, 206, 208, 218, 219, 224, 225, 230, 235, 238, 239, 241, 245, 258, 262, 263, 273, 276, 278, 282, 284, 285, 308, 310, 311, 312, 315, 317, 318, 341, 343, 348, 416, 424, 425, 430, 431, 439, 440, 442, 528, 530, 572, 586, 590, 592, 593, 607, 608, 609, 616, 654, 716, 798, 865, 874, 913, 984, 990
Christian, 249, 596, 713
Monophysite, 525
Moslem, 366, 596
Syrian desert, 146, 274
Syrians, 140, 202, 216, 243, 292, 357, 432, 436, 619
syphilis, 1002
Tabari, Abu Jafar Muhammad al-, 144, 210, 238
Tabaristan, 238, 243, 268
Tabenne, 58
Tabriz, 231
Tacitus, 23*, 30, 31, 37, 76, 283, 466, 502, 515, 1080
tacking, 615
Tadmor, see Palmyra
Tafi, Andrea, 852
taftah, 278
Tagaste, 64-66
Tagliacozzo, battle oí, 726
Tagus River, 621, 645, 702, 891
Tahafut al-Filasifa (al-Ghazali), 332
Tahir, 200, 202
Taif, 165
tales, 265, 320, 495, 504, 737, 744, 822, 840, 1018, 1022, 1033, 1042, 1045
Talha, 191
Talib, Abu, 162, 165
Taliesin, 495
“tallage,” 377-378
Talmud, 179, 181, 184-186, 347-365, 367, 369, 371, 372, 374, 377, 381, 383, 386, 395, 396, 400-402, 406, 407, 409, 410, 411, 415, 417, 418
Tancred, King of Sicily, 705
Tancred of Hauteville, 589, 590, 591
Tangier, 284, 307
tannaim, 350, 351
Tannhäuser, 1039
tapestries, 432, 491, 835, 850-857
Taq-i-Bustan, 149
Taq-i-Kisra, 148-149
Tara, 82, 84
tariff, 634, 641, 718
Tariq, 97, 291
Tarragona (Tarraco), 37
Cathedral, 891
Tarsus, 13, 230, 436, 586
Tashfin, Yusuf ibn, 307
Tasrif, al- (Abulcasis), 305
Tasso, Torquato, 589
Tatars, 216, 443, 993
Tauler, Johannes, 810
Taurus Mts., 146, 590, 652
taverns, 830, 837, 1054
taxation, 282, 283, 289, 292, 297-298, 307, 347, 348, 359, 373, 374-375, 377, 382, 392, 425, 427, 436, 442, 480, 485, 513, 555-556 566, 638, 644, 650, 667, 673, 674, 679, 687, 695, 696, 699, 718, 766, 812-813, 815, 885, 893, 927
Taysir (Avenzoar), 910
Te Deum laudamus, 750
teaching, 276, 350, 383, 465, 466, 757, 785, 802, 807, 846-847, 915, 916, 917, 918, 921-924, 949
Tehran, 231, 246
Telemachus, monk, 31
telescope, 288, 925, 1012
Tell, William, 687*
tempera, 854
Tempier, Etienne, 957-958
Templars, 289, 597, 601-602, 610-611, 629, 680, 695, 697, 713, 815, 821, 1002
Temple, Jerusalem, 41, 185, 347-348, 353, 356, 359, 384, 593, 607
Temple Church, London, 681
Ten Treatises on the Eye (Hunain ibn Ishaq), 246
tenants, 552, 676, 786
Tennyson, Alfred, 81, 1052
Terence, 515
Tertullian, 46, 69, 78, 533
“Testament” (St. Francis), 799
Testry, battle of, 461
tetanus, 1001
Tetragrammaton, 354, 416, 417
Teutonic Knights, 593, 610, 659, 893, 715
Tewkesbury Abbey, 871
textiles, 149-150, 207, 278, 285, 287, 318, 375-376, 436, 440, 613, 623-625, 728, 846, 850, 886, 906
texts, corrupt, 828, 844
Thabit ibn Qurra, 241
Thaïs (Anatole France), 60
Thames River, 483, 487, 493, 617, 676, 681, 924
thanes, 486, 666
Theater of Marcellus, Rome, 149
Thebes, 369, 436, 624
theft, 360, 569, 829-830
theists, 331
themes of Byzantine Empire, 433-434
Themistius, 11, 123, 337
Theobald, 670, 951
Theodahad, 102, 109
Theodemir, 97
Theodora, Byzantine Empress (1042-1050; 1055-1056), 430, 431, 438
Theodora, wife of Justinian I, 105, 106-107, 108, 115, 116, 120, 130, 131, 132, 827
Theodora, wife of Theophilus, 428, 528
Theodora, wife of Theophylact, 538
Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury, St., 806
Theodore I Lascaris, 651
Theodore II Lascaris, 652
Theodore of Mopsuestia, 48
Theodore, Abbot of Studion, 527-528
Theodoret, 20*
Theodoric, King of the Franks, 92
Theodoric I, King of the Goths, 42, 97, 98, 99-101, 110-111, 132, 349, 451, 464
Theodoric I, King of the Visigoths, 40
Theodoric II, King of the Visigoths, 95
Theodoric of Chartres, 878, 950
Theodosian Code, 103, 111, 387
Theodosius I the Great, 9, 25-26, 27, 35, 56, 62, 63, 127, 230, 501
Theodosius II, 39, 49, 121, 123, 124, 126, 348
Theodosius III, 425
Theodulf, 466, 467, 468, 470, 536
Theologia Christiana (Abélard), 941
theology, 236, 264, 276, 278, 281, 288, 301, 305, 307, 314, 323, 331-332, 335, 336, 337, 338, 395, 401, 405, 414, 434, 437-438, 442, 470, 476, 497, 525, 527, 528, 530, 736, 777, 820, 821, 867, 913, 919, 920, 923, 924, 935, 940, 941, 953, 955, 958, 964, 966, 978, 979, 981, 982, 986, 989, 1000, 1008-1009, 1015, 1016, 1022, 1067, 1073, 1078, 1080
Catharist, 771-772
Catholic, 353*, 733, 953, 978
Christian, 124, 300, 332, 477, 820, 949, 961, 1068
of Gregory I, 523-524
Shi’ite, 288
Jewish, 353-356, 359, 368, 402, 405, 415
of Justinian, 115-116
orthodox, 294, 338, 959
schools of, 311, 808, 923
treatises on, 429, 521
Theology of Aristotle, 240, 251, 253
Theon, 122
Theophanes, 425, 437, 439, 854
Theophano, wife of Otto II, 512, 857
Theophano, wife of Romanus II, 429-430
Theophilus, 61, 62, 64, 283, 429, 432, 438, 439, 847, 848, 854, 856, 907
Theophrastus, 329, 994, 1005
Theophylact, 538
Therasia, 56
Theresa, Countess of Portugal, 701-702
theriacum, 999
Thesaurus pauperum (Petrus Hispanus), 999
Thessalonica, see Salonika
Thessaly, 39, 319, 434, 453
Theutberga, Queen, 526
Thomas de Cormont. 881
Thomas of Cantimpré, 1015
Thomas of Celano, 751, 821, 897*
Thomas à Kempis, 74
Thomas of Walsingham, 681
Thomas of York, 925
Thomism, 977-978
Thompson, James Westfall, 786*, 759*
Thor, 503, 507
Thorgest, 500
Thorwald, 504
thought, 334, 338, 919, 934, 975, 978, 980, 1015, 1084
Christian, 418, 954
free, 955-958, 1086
Greek, 400, 953, 954
heretical, 809
Islamic, 235-281, 333, 338, 405, 910, 953, 961, 984
Jewish, 405, 1006
medieval, 244, 1084
modern, 983, 1015
mystical, 809
religious, 332
Thousand and One Nights, 198, 199, 217, 262, 263, 264, 320
Thrace, 3, 24-25, 39, 46, 116, 118, 369, 425, 428, 434, 443, 604, 657
Three Chapters (Justinian), 115-116
Thuringia, 92, 444, 510, 511, 535, 663
Tiber River, 54, 290, 456, 645, 708
Tiberias, 230, 347, 414, 597
Tiberius, 423, 641
Tibullus, 466, 1085
Tiepoli family, 628
Tiflis, 191, 324
Tigris River, 19, 136, 143, 152, 201, 206-207, 231, 232, 233, 234, 310, 330, 616
tiles, 272, 274, 275, 287, 303, 317, 624
tillage, 485, 505, 560, 786
Timaeus (Plato), 240, 949, 965
Tinchebrai, battle of, 571, 669
Tipperary, 500
tithes, 556, 564, 668, 683, 763, 765, 832, 845
Titus, 41, 347
“Toledan Tables” (al-Zarqali), 305
Toledo, 95, 97, 293, 296, 299, 304, 306, 343, 372, 383, 397, 398, 400, 407, 415, 460, 528, 623, 638, 892, 909, 911, 919
Cathedral, 891, 893, 897, 909
Council of, 370, 387
tolerance, 218-219, 292, 333, 341, 372-373, 400, 772, 776, 777, 784, 974, 979
tolls, 465, 614, 640, 676, 718
tombs, 861, 876, 885, 1085
Topics (Aristotle), 912
Topographia Christiana (Cosmas Indicopleustes), 134
Topography (Gerald of Wales), 908
Torah, 250, 350, 353, 354, 356, 359, 361, 368, 388, 410, 411, 416
Torcello Cathedral, 851
Torel, William, 861
torture, 378, 391, 423, 427, 569, 680, 725, 765, 781-782, 784, 785, 830, 1083
Tostig, 493, 494-495
tosaphists, 401
Totila, 110
Toulouse, 36, 37, 85, 91, 393, 474, 480, 588, 697, 769, 771, 775, 776, 783, 803, 822, 922, 923, 1036, 1039
Touraine, 688, 690
Tournai, 37, 91, 476, 618, 623, 639, 640, 648
Cathedral, 870
tournaments, 562, 573-574, 576, 752, 780, 834, 839, 1037
Tours, 57, 92-93, 292, 458, 461, 466, 474, 476, 479, 514, 586, 588, 638, 753, 766, 856, 914, 918, 932
Cathedral, 857
Tower of London, 681, 684, 893
towers, 315-316, 859, 865, 868, 870-872, 877, 878, 883, 886, 888, 891, 892, 1085
town halls, 844, 888
tracery, 872, 875, 877
Tractatus de erroribus medicorum (Roger Bacon), 1013
Tractatus de sphaera (John of Holywood), 990
trade, 119, 120, 298, 308, 343, 375, 432, 454, 485, 506, 514, 552, 560, 612-615, 618, 664, 686, 690, 703, 710, 712, 718, 728, 828, 845, 888, 975, 1084
Arabian, 157
Baltic, 619
Byzantine, 436, 616
Christian, 343
English, 634, 669
European, 617, 619
Florentine, 728
German, 618
Islamic, 207-209
Italian, 245, 614, 627
Jews in, 376, 395
Mediterranean, 603, 654, 1086
monastic, 792
Norwegian, 666
river, 617-618
routes, 118, 119, 120, 143, 156, 204, 376, 616
Russian, 447-448
Spanish, 373, 700
trademark, 635-636
Trajan, 14, 19, 33, 1078
Trani, 370, 434
Transcaspian region, 243
transepts, 865, 870, 877, 882, 885
transition style, 874, 876
translations, 240-241, 342, 403, 405, 457, 476, 907, 909-913, 917* 949, 955, 989
Transoxiana, 203, 204, 242, 273, 278, 308, 319, 339, 341, 369
transport, 207, 450, 565, 617, 621
transubstantiation, 735, 740-741, 763, 889, 955
Transylvania, 659
travel, 207, 379, 387, 404, 616-619, 621-622, 839, 994
Travels (Marco Polo), 242
Trdat, 205
treason, 428, 431, 683, 776, 779
treasuries, 318, 813, 850, 893, 996
Treatise on Laws (Glanville), 678
Treatise on the [Earthly] Sphere (Sacrobosco), 990
Treatise on Love and Its Cure (Capellanus), 577
Treatise on Smallpox and Measles (al-Razi), 247
Trebizond, 145, 617, 651, 993
Tree of Jesse, 880
Trent, Council of, 741, 824, 978
Tresor (Brunetto), 1015-1016, 1058
Treviso, 662, 708, 722-723
March of, 712
trial, 89-90, 114, 927, 945
by combat, 464, 568, 691, 718, 829, 839, 844
by duel, 531
by evidence, 691
by jury, 448, 677
by ordeal, 341, 531, 567-568, 718, 721, 779, 844
tribes, 157, 424, 431, 445, 465, 497, 653
Tribonian, 111-112
tribunals, 668, 679
tribunes, 454, 707, 729
Tribur, 549
tribute, 296, 306, 459, 460, 474, 500, 656, 682, 702, 760
Trier, 31, 37, 40, 47, 51, 55, 57, 85, 390, 474, 476, 514, 516, 640, 686
Cathedral, 870
triforium, 867, 872, 873, 877, 884, 885
trigonometry, 241, 242, 328, 911, 991
Trinitarians, order of, 792
Trinity, 8, 57, 61, 68, 99, 100, 107, 112, 354, 417, 442*, 478, 746, 771, 907, 932, 940, 941, 946, 951, 964, 967, 980, 985, 1009, 1066, 1067
Tripoli, 230, 316, 703
mosques of, 286
Tripolis, 592, 596, 598
Tristan, 1048-1049, 1070
Tristan (Chrétien), 1045
Tristram, 575, 1019, 1045
trivium, 99, 915
Trnovo, 657
Troilus and Cressida (Shakespeare), 1045
Trojans, 1019, 1044
“tropes,” 897, 1028
Trosle, synod at, 475
Trotula on the Cure of Diseases of Women, 998
troubadours, 264, 306, 342, 563, 576, 578, 672, 697, 701, 702, 711, 731, 767, 771, 772, 776, 793, 826, 828, 901, 904, 905, 949, 1016, 1020, 1036-1039 1042, 1054, 1056-1059, 1068, 1085, 1086
trouvères, 563, 697, 828, 1020, 1042, 1044, 1045, 1054, 1055, 1058
trovatori, 901, 1042, 1066
Troyes, 40, 41, 401, 615, 618, 623, 643, 941, 1045
fairs of, 395
Truce of God, 513, 572, 614, 755
True Cross, 147, 151, 597, 599, 607, 694, 743, 744
Tsüan Tsung, 198
Tuathal, 82
tuberculosis, 330, 1002
Tughril Beg, 204, 308, 312, 317
Tulun, Ahmad ibn, 210, 284
mosque of ibn, 273, 286, 287, 874
tumors, 330
Tunis, 202, 208, 230, 282, 283, 316, 703, 909, 980
mosques of, 273-274, 286
Tunisia, 109, 273, 284, 290, 314, 606, 608, 617, 692, 694, 703, 705, 980
Turin, 712, 722
Turkestan, 150, 196, 203, 204, 209, 211, 253, 366, 443, 447, 616, 655
Turkey, 367, 652, 874
Turks, 131*, 146, 152, 202, 203, 209, 216, 252, 269, 270, 285, 311, 317, 328, 389, 393, 431, 586, 589, 591, 605-606, 608, 610, 650, 652, 657, 817
Khwarazmian, 607
Seljuq, 204, 276, 585, 586, 590
Turpin, Archbishop, 1030, 1031
Turshiz, mosque of, 274
Tus, 200, 268, 269, 319, 331
Tuscan League, 756
Tuscany, 538, 545, 578, 638, 726, 730, 761, 788*, 813, 847, 892, 959, 1056, 1057
Tusculum, counts of, 540
Twenty Books of Etymologies or Origins (Isidore of Seville), 96
Two Sicilies, 703, 715, 717, 726, 761, 908
Tyconius, 73
tyranny, 464, 648, 724, 817, 819, 858
Tyre, 7, 207, 229, 278, 375, 399, 592, 598, 600, 601, 609, 710
Ubaldini, Cardinal, 956
Ukaz, 157, 158, 159, 161
Ukraine, 24, 444, 447, 654
Ulfilas, 46-47
Ulrich von Lichtenstein, 1041-1042
Ulster, 82, 496, 498, 682
Umayya, 162, 166
Umayyads, 191, 192-196, 217, 218, 219, 225, 228, 230, 231, 239, 240, 276, 280, 292, 297
Umbria, 708, 798, 799
Unam sanctam (Boniface VIII), 814
unemployment, 296, 654
unicorn, 994
United States, 85, 90*, 120, 208*
universe, 337, 353*, 354, 406, 477, 844, 964, 1016
Universal History (Eunapius), 125
Universal History (Orosius), 484
universals, 931-933, 938, 981, 1013
universitas, 920
universities, 124, 415, 642, 697, 755, 765, 803, 818, 822, 841, 882, 903, 908, 912, 916-919, 926, 930, 949, 987, 988, 1013, 1018, 1024, 1084, 1086
Christian, 335, 404
French, 940
German, 920, 1025
Moslem, 121, 287-288, 336
in Spain, 701
Unter den Linden (Wolfram), 1040
upper classes, 234, 440, 706, 778, 805, 832, 836, 1042
Uppsala, 502, 659, 903
Urals, 447, 655
Urban II, Blessed, 183, 389, 546, 586-588, 589. 688, 740, 817
Urban IV, 725-726, 728, 752, 889, 954
urinalysis, 247, 998-999
Ursinus, 50
Usaybia, ibn Abi, 319
usurers, 377, 392, 627-628, 630, 631, 632, 755, 975, 1065, 1072
Utrecht, 534, 686
Valencia, 296, 298, 304, 315, 373, 460, 617, 624, 638, 697, 698, 699, 892, 1000
Valenciennes, 463, 476, 618
Valens, 24-25, 31, 62, 123
Valentinian I, 29, 34, 77, 86, 123
Valentinian II, 25-26, 35, 127
Valentinian III, 37, 38, 39-40, 41, 50, 56
Valerian, 143
Valerius, Bishop of Hippo, 67
Valhalla, 507, 508, 510
Valkyries, 507-508
Valla, Lorenzo, 526*
Valladolid, 919
Cortes of, 375
Vallejo, Juan de, 891
Vallombrosa, order of, 787
Valois dynasty, 696
Vandals, 4, 22, 28, 37-38, 48, 73, 74, 95, 107, 109, 450, 453, 510, 579, 605
Varangians (Vaeringjar), 447-448
Varro, Marco Terentius, 466, 915
vases, 318, 847
vassals, 560, 563, 667, 786
Vatican, 134, 290, 441, 707, 823, 850, 909
vaults, 342, 457, 866-867, 869-872, 876, 883, 884
Vedanta, 244
Vegetius, Flavius, 122
veils, 341, 834
venereal disease, 823
Venetians, 436, 451, 608, 652, 654, 713, 831
Vent Creator Spiritus, 515, 604
Veni Sancte Spiritus (Innocent III), 897*
Venice, 318, 370, 376, 426, 431, 441, 453-455, 469, 586, 592, 602, 603, 605, 606, 612, 615, 616, 617, 619, 624, 627, 628, 629, 633, 635, 642, 651, 680, 706, 708-712, 722, 761, 811, 812, 846, 848-851, 854, 857, 868, 902, 919, 989, 993, 1065, 1085
Venus, 137, 987, 991, 1025, 1027
Vercelli, 712
Council of, 543
Verdun, 543
Treaty of, 473, 511, 686
vernaculars, 450, 484, 903-906, 1030
Verona, 40, 98, 451, 617, 662, 708, 722, 770, 916, 1065
verse, 263-270, 398, 400, 498, 755, 1022, 1045, 1057
verticality, 858, 865, 866, 872, 874
Vespers (Aquinas), 964-965
Vestiges of the Past (al-Biruni), 243
vestments, 440, 850, 876
veterinary science, 122, 429
Vexilla regis (Fortunatus), 94
Vézelay, 594, 599, 671
Via Francesa, 727, 728
vicarius, 32, 757
Vicenza, 40, 662, 708, 722, 723, 783, 918
Vico, Giovanni Battista, 957
Victimae paschali laudes (Wipo), 897*
Victoire, St., 745
Victor II, 545
Victor IV, 761
Victory (statue), 34-35, 56
Vienna, 619, 624, 664
Council of, 404
University of, 929
Vienne, 12, 688
Council of, 740, 816, 979
Vigilius, 115
Vikings, 447, 448, 471, 485, 502, 504-510
Vilgardus, 916
villages, 445, 558-560, 797, 803, 841
Villani, Giovanni, 578, 735, 915
Villard de Honnecourt, 864
Villehardouin, Geoffroi de, 603, 604, 697, 868, 1020, 1021
villas, 272, 299, 432, 435, 552, 558
Vincent of Beauvais, 736, 843, 988, 1005, 1016
“Vinland,” 504
Virgil, 32-33, 52, 78, 85, 915, 972, 1018, 1024, 1044, 1057-1058, 1067-1071, 1073-1076, 1081, 1085-1086
Virgin Birth, 186, 735, 771, 1008
virginity, 53, 76, 361, 807
virtues, 362, 691, 801, 820, 974, 985
Visby, 618, 619, 666
Visconti, Otto, 726
Visigoths, 22, 24, 25, 36, 37, 43, 47, 87, 95, 107, 114, 349, 423, 620, 699, 771
“Vision of Ezekiel,” 441
visions, 807, 810, 987, 1068, 1081
Visitation, 747, 889
Vistula River, 22, 445, 462, 618, 659, 665
Vita (Boccaccio), 1065
Vita nuova, La (Dante), 1050, 1059, 1065-1067
Viterbo, 513, 675, 701, 706, 770, 962
vivisection, 121, 245
vizierate established, 197
Vladimir, 442, 654, 656
Vladimir I, Grand Duke of Kiev, 448-449, 536
Vladimir of Bulgaria, 444
Vladimir and Kossara, 446
vocabulary, 578, 903
Voislav, Serbian prince, 446
Volga River, 24, 38, 208, 339, 443, 446, 616, 621, 654, 655, 656, 658, 659, 993
Volkhov River, 447, 449, 619, 654
Volsungasaga, 508, 1032, 1033
Voltaire (François Marie Arouet), 75, 87, 250, 485, 719, 739, 759*, 983, 1086
Voluspa, 508
Vortigern, 80, 81
Vouillé, battle of, 91
Vulgate, 54, 466, 1009
Wace, Robert, 1045
Wafa, Abu’l-, 242
wages, 119, 487, 647, 826, 917-918
Wagner, Richard, 711, 1032, 1048
Walafrid Strabo, 515
Walcher of Lorraine, 991
Waldemar I, King of Denmark, 665
Waldemar II, King of Denmark, 665-666
Waldemar, King of Sweden, 666
Waldenses, 767, 769-770, 783, 784, 809, 907
Waldo, Peter, 769-770
Wales, 80-82, 484, 493, 495-496, 501, 570, 675, 678-679, 681-685, 832, 871, 899, 992, 1003, 1032, 1045
Walid I, 194, 222, 230, 276
Walid II, 195, 221, 228, 270, 274, 280
Walkelin, Bishop of Winchester, 871
Wallace, William, 683
Wallada, 306
Wallia, 37
Walloons, 685, 832
walls, 271, 432, 835, 865, 867-868, 870, 872-873, 888
Walter of Châtillon, 1022
Walter de Merton, 924
Walter, Hubert, 673, 674
Walter the Penniless, 589
Walter, Archbishop of Sens, 1025
Walter Cornutus, Archbishop of Sens, 402
Walther von der Vogelweide, 905, 1039, 1041, 1049
Waltham, 494, 495
Wandering Jew, 1020
“wandering scholars,” 1024-1025
war, 79, 158, 264, 279, 292, 310, 339, 423, 429, 430, 431, 433, 443, 444, 445, 450, 451, 480, 496, 500, 503, 513, 514, 521, 532, 565, 566, 569-572, 576, 578, 618, 666, 700, 729, 755, 757*, 779, 812, 828, 829, 844, 906, 928, 979, 1004
civil, 292, 296, 392, 459, 472, 473, 501, 550, 639, 706, 798, 1063
holy, 424, 774-776
Waraqah ibn Nawfal, 163
wars, 285, 343, 442, 458, 464, 474, 531, 579, 560, 640, 642, 651, 698, 699, 727, 765, 766, 775, 784, 811, 854, 894, 1005, 1013, 1057, 1086
Albigensian, 776, 817
Balkan, 657
Carolingian, 465
English, 679
Italian, 762
Portuguese, 701-702
Russian 653-654
Wars of the Roses, 565, 578
Wartburg Castle, 1039, 1047
wastelands, 465, 578, 766
Waterford, 500, 682
Wathiq, al-, 201*, 251
Wazo, Bishop of Liége, 778
wealth, 266, 299, 302, 311, 360, 378, 393, 405, 432, 435, 454, 456, 463, 473, 475, 527, 578, 647, 786, 794, 795, 802, 824, 829, 833, 835, 845, 854, 870, 920, 949, 989, 1018, 1075
Byzantine, 118-121, 431-437
Christian, 386
Church, 547, 767, 770, 813
French, 876
Moslem, 190, 208, 701
weapons, 569-570, 572
Wearmouth, 483, 488, 491
weavers, 135, 298, 342, 487, 648, 704
weddings, 419, 823, 824, 838
Wedmore, Peace of, 484
weights and measures, 378
Weimar, 263
Weinsberg, 661
Welfs (Guelfs), 661
wells, poisoning of, 386, 393, 1003
Wells Cathedral, 883, 885
Well-Tempered Clavichord (Bach), 980
Wenceslas I, 660
Wenceslas II, 660, 661
Wends, 445, 510, 511
wergild, 90, 464, 486, 487, 506, 641
Werner, Archbishop of Mainz, 391
Wessex, 483, 484, 493
West, 845, 846
Christian, 50-57, 395, 457, 468, 627, 913, 1000
decline of, 450-482
Islamic, 315-317
Western Empire, 98, 103, 132
Westminster, 679, 752, 995
Abbey, 494, 677, 681, 744, 852, 861, 870, 883, 885, 1020
Palace, 642
Westphalia, 622, 785
whisky, 997
Whitby, monastery of, 490
Synod of, 534
Whitman, Walt, 86
“Why Ignorant Physicians Have More Success,” etc. (al-Razi), 247
widows, 379, 381, 464, 531, 755, 778, 805
Wilfred, St., 491, 534
will, 406, 528, 972, 981, 1005
William the Lion, King of Scotland, 683
William I the Conqueror, King of England, 369, 481, 482, 494-495, 504, 510, 550, 564, 640, 666-668, 670, 672, 679, 681, 684, 788, 822, 825, 851, 869, 870, 871, 893
William I the Bad, King of Sicily, 705
William II Rufus, King of England, 589, 669
William II the Good, King of Sicily, 705
William IX, Duke of Aquitaine, 1036
William X, Duke of Aquitaine, 827
William, Count of Holland, 723
William of Auvergne, 402, 406, 414, 956-958, 988
William of Champeaux, 808, 920, 933-935, 953
William of Chartres, 692
William of Conches, 476, 921, 945, 950, 951, 953
William of Durham, Archbishop of Rouen, 924
William the Englishman, 884
William Fitzobert (Longbeard), 648
William of Innsbruck, 868
William of Malmesbury, 81, 488, 498, 533, 587, 822, 870, 1019
William de la Mare, 977-978
William of Moerbeke, 611, 912, 962
William of Nogaret, 815, 816
William of Norwich, 392
William of Rubruquis, 608, 993, 1010, 1012
William of St. Carilef, 871
William of St. Cloud, 991
William of St. Thierry, 789, 939* 946, 950
William of Saliceto (Guglielmo Salicetti), 1001, 1016
William of Sens, 884
William, Archbishop of Tyre, 598, 599, 611, 1020
William of Volpiano, 479
Willibrord, 534-535
wills, 419, 754, 765, 766
Wilton, battle of, 484
Winchester, 81, 392, 487, 492, 578, 622
Cathedral, 87, 491, 866, 883, 884, 902
School, 915
windows, 272, 286, 342, 835, 846, 847, 856-857, 865, 867, 868, 872, 876, 877, 879-880, 881, 883, 884, 885-886, 887, 888, 891, 892, 1085
Windsor, 676
Castle, 893
wine, 358, 379, 553, 645, 740-741, 749, 786, 787, 837, 928, 997, 1000
Wipo, 897*
witchcraft, 410, 416, 433, 451, 531, 568, 970, 985-986
Witelo, 288, 1011
Witenagemot, 485, 486, 493, 494, 666, 668, 678
Witigis, 109
Witiza, 97
Wolfger, Bishop of Passau, 1041
Wolfram von Eschenbach, 905, 1039, 1045, 1046-1047, 1049, 1085
women, 137-138, 264, 269, 271, 278, 363, 381, 418, 432, 496, 505, 559, 569, 575, 576, 635, 697, 701, 731, 746, 757*, 771, 787, 798, 805, 806, 818, 822, 823, 824, 825-828, 832, 839, 840, 850-851, 896, 905, 973-974, 985, 986, 1007, 1018, 1025, 1036, 1052, 1054, 1059
Anglo-Saxon, 487-488
Byzantine, 433
dress of, 833-834
German, 515
Italian, 1057
Jewish, 379, 380, 386, 387
Moslem, 158-159, 180-182, 220-223, 387
Slav, 77, 113, 121, 341, 445, 579, 748, 1039, 1044
wood carving, 286, 287, 318, 848
woodcuts, 906
woodwork, 274, 700, 847, 848
wool, 624, 685, 700
Worcester, 392, 487
Cathedral, 871
words, 342, 807, 816, 905-906, 912
workers, 296, 442, 575, 648, 650, 718, 864, 878
Works (Voltaire), 759*
World War, First, 880, 886
Second, 467, 519, 862, 870, 893
Worms, 369, 386, 401, 403, 511, 513, 514, 516, 543, 619, 633, 640, 1034, 1035
Cathedral, 870
Concordat of, 760
council at, 548
worship, 356, 765
Arab, 160-161
Coptic, 289
freedom of, 292, 299, 451
phallic, 745
Worstead, 624
Wright, Thomas, 825, 1024*
Wulfilaich, 57
Würzburg, 391
Cathedral, 1041
Wyclif, John, 74, 678, 784, 926*, 1082
Wyvill, Peter, Bishop of Exeter, 1082
Yahya, 197, 198, 199, 207, 208, 278
Yahveh, 161, 177, 184, 348, 353, 357, 358, 382, 384, 386, 395, 416, 717, 742, 746, 769
see God
Yaqub ibn Qillis, 284, 285, 287
Yaqub Yusuf, Abu, 314, 315, 334, 335-336
Yaqubi, Ahmad al-, 229, 230, 236, 242
Yaqut, 230, 237, 329
Yarmouth, 645
Yarmuk River, battle of the, 189
Yaroslav, 448-449, 653
Yathrib, see Medina
Yazuri, 287
year, 956
Jewish civil, 359
Moslem, 171
Yekutiel ibn Hassan, 396, 397
yellow badge, 373
Yemen, 156, 366
Yezdegird I, 140
Yezdegird III, 151-152
Yezid I, 193
Yezid II, 195, 384
Yezid III, 195
Yezid, Abu, 258
Yolande of Brienne, 716
Yom Kippur, 214, 359
York, 369, 405, 483, 488, 491, 495, 642, 863
cathedral school of, 914
Minster, 871
Ypres, 615, 618, 622, 623, 642, 648, 685, 886, 888
Yuhanna ibn Masawayh, 246
Yunus, Ali ibn, 288
Yusuf, Emir, 372
Yusuf ibn Omar, 226
Yusuf and Zuleika (Firdausi), 268
Y wain (Chrétien), 1045
Zab River, battle of the, 196
Zacharias (Zachary), Pope, 461, 542
Zahra, al-, palace of, 302-303
Zahira, 294, 296
Zahrawi, Abu’l Qasim al- (Abulcasis), 305
Zaid, 164, 172
Zaid ibn Thabit, 175
Zallaka, battle of, 307
Zamora, 892
Council of, 373
Zangi, 310, 594
Zara (Zadar), 446, 603
Zarqali, Ibrahim al-, 305, 991
Zayrids, 314
“Zealots,” 300-301, 802
Zemzem, 216, 285
Zeno, Emperor, 42-43, 49, 97, 103, 115
Zeno, philosopher, 9, 101, 1070
zero, 241, 912, 990
Zobaida, 198, 199, 221, 222
Zobeir, 190, 191, 193, 227
Zoë, fourth wife of Leo VI, 429
Zoë, wife of Romanus Argyrus, 430
Zonaras, 650
zoology, 429, 720, 994
Zoroaster (Zarathustra), 139, 147, 183
Zoroastrianism, 47, 136, 137, 139, 142, 174, 194, 200, 218, 219, 243, 305, 416
Zosimus, 70, 125
Zuhair, Kab ibn, 171
Zuhr, Abu Marwan ibn (Avenzoar), 330, 910
Zurich, 624, 687
About the Authors
WILL DURANT was born in North Adams, Massachusetts, on November 5, 1885. He was educated in the Catholic parochial schools there and in Kearny, New Jersey, and thereafter in St. Peter’s (Jesuit) College, Jersey City, New Jersey, and Columbia University. New York. For a summer he served as a cub reporter on the New York Journal, in 1907, but finding the work too strenuous for his temperament;, he settled down at Seton Hall College, South Orange, New Jersey, to teach Latin, French, English, and geometry(1907–11). He entered the seminary at Seton Hall in 1909, but withdrew in 1911 for reasons he has described in his book Transition. He passed from this quiet seminary to the most radical circles in New York, and became (1911–13) the teacher of the Ferrer Modern School, an experiment in libertarian education. In 1912 he toured Europe at the invitation and expense of Alden Freeman, who had befriended him and now undertook to broaden his borders.
Returning to the Ferrer School, he fell in love with one of his pupils—who had been born Ida Kaufman in Russia on May 10, 1898—resigned his position, and married her(1913). For four years he took graduate work at Columbia University, specializing in biology under Morgan and Calkins and in philosophy under Wood-bridge and Dewey. He received the doctorate in philosophy in 1917, and taught philosophy at Columbia University for one year. In 1914, in a Presbyterian church in New York, he began those lectures on history, literature, and philosophy that, continuing twice weekly for thirteen years, provided the initial material for his later works.
The unexpected success of The Story of Philosophy (1926) enabled him to retire from teaching in 1927. Thenceforth, except for some incidental essays Mr. and Mrs. Durant gave nearly all their working hours (eight to fourteen daily) to The Story of Civilization. To better prepare themselves they toured Europe in 1927, went around the world in 1930 to study Egypt, the Near East, India, China, and Japan, and toured the globe again in 1932 to visit Japan, Manchuria, Siberia, Russia, and Poland. These travels provided the background for Our Oriental Heritage (1935) as the first volume in The Story of Civilization. Several further visits to Europe prepared for Volume 2, The Life of Greece (1939), and Volume 3, Caesar and Christ (1944). In 1948, six months in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Egypt, and Europe provided perspective for Volume 4, The Age of Faith (1950). In 1951 Mr. and Mrs. Durant returned to Italy to add to a lifetime of gleanings for Volume 5, The Renaissance (1953); and in 1954 further studies in Italy, Switzerland, Germany, France, and England opened new vistas for Volume 6, The Reformation (1957).
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