The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

INDEX

A. Andreev (Soviet merchant ship)

Abad de Santillán, Diego

ABC

Abd-el-Krim

Abelló, Andreu i

Abyssinia

Acción Católica

Acción Nacionalista Vasca

Acción Popular

Action Franc¸aise

Adelante (socialist newspaper)

Admiral Graf Spee (German warship)

Admiral Scheer (German warship)

Africanistas

[incorporate into Army of Africa]

agriculture, reform of, wages, Basque, in nationalist zone, under Franco, see also collectives

Aguilera, Captain Gonzalo de, Count de Alba y Yeltes

Aguirre, José Antonio and Basque campaign

Aiguader, Artemi

Aiguader, Jaime

aircraft, supplied to Spain, in action over Madrid, in action over Jarama, in action in Basque country, in action over Guadarrama, in action over Brunete, in Ebro valley attack, Spanish pilots trained to fly, denied to non-communist commander, production in Spain, in action at Teruel,in Aragón offensive, in action over Ebro

AIRCRAFT TYPES:

Breda

Chatos

Dornier

Dornier

Fiat CR

Fiat G

Heinkel

Heinkel

Heinkel

Heinkel

Heinkel

Junkers

Junkers (Stukas)

Katiuska bombers

Messerschmitt

Moscas

Natasha bombers

Potez

Savoia-Marchetti

Savoia-Marchetti

Alba, Duke of, (Jacobo Stuart Fitzjames y Falcó)

Albacete, International Brigades base, Curto appointed commandant

Alberti, Rafael

Albertia, Mount

Albornoz y Liminiana, Álvaro de

Alcalá de Henares

Alcalá Zamora, Niceto as president, impeached

Alcañiz

Alcorcón

Alfambra, River

Alfonso XII, King, Alfonso XIII, King, driven from throne, hopes for restoration, assists nationalists, private yacht

Alfonso Carlos, Don, (Carlist pretender)

Algeciras

Algeciras, Conference of

Alhucemas

Alianza Obrera

Alianza Republicana

Alicante, political killings, Primo de Rivera held in, Negrín government in, Vega appointed governor, provides last republican refuge, refugees leave, prison

Allen, Jay

Allison-Peers, Professor E.

Almería

Almirante Cervera (nationalist cruiser)

Almirante Fernández (republican destroyer)

Almirante Valdés (republican destroyer)

Alonso, Bruno

Alonso, Colonel Martín

Alonso Vega, Colonel (later General) Camilo

Alto de los Leones

Álvarez Arenas, General Eliseo

Álvarez del Vayo, Julio, foreign minister, commissar- general, conflict with Largo, Caballero, controls censorship, protests to League of Nations, replaced, considers negotiation impossible, leaves Spain

Álvarez, Jesús

Amadeo of Savoy

Amado, Andrés,(minister of finance, American volunteers, mutiny

Amposta

anarchism

Andalucia, agriculture, anarchism, latifundia, general strike, disturbances, support for Carlists, military rising, political killings, commerce, under nationalist control, peasants, guerrilla operations, front, ‘white terror, stronghold ofseñoritos, development of trade

Andersson, Conny

Andradé, Benigno

Andújar

Anger, Karl

Annual, battle of (1921)

Anschluss

anti-clericalism

Antifascist Women’s Committee

Antón, Francisco

Antona, David

Antonov-Ovseyenko, Vladimir

Aragón, military rising, nationalists hold, clergy in, self- government, industry and agriculture, Council of, militias, political groupings, front, relations with republican government, offensives, destruction of collectives, guerrilla warfare

Aragon, Louis

Aranda Mata, Colonel (later General, secures Oviedo, on northern front, and battle of Teruel, and Aragón offensive, and advance on Valencia, and Franco regime

Aranjuez

Araquistaín Quevedo, Luis

Arenys de Mar

Ares del Maestre

Arganda

Argèles-sur-Mer

Argelia

Argentina

Arias Navarro, Carlos

Arleguí y Bayonés, General Miguel

Arles-sur-Tech

Arman, Captain Pavel

arms supplies, to nationalists, to republicans to Basque country

Army of Africa africanistas and mentality units transported to mainland strength advance in south-west contribution to nationalist victory advance on Madrid professionalism and effectiveness and Franco’s rise to power

Arquer, Jordi

Artesa de Segre

Ascanio, Major Guillermo

Ascaso, Domingo

Ascaso, Francisco

Ascaso, Joaquín

Ascó

Asensio Cabanillas, Lieutenant-Colonel (later General) Carlos, and attack on Madrid, and Jarama offensive, and Brunete offensive

Asensio Torrado, General

Assault Guard (asaltos) role in coup dďétat purged communist influence, in Basque country, in Catalonia

Asturias, general strike, 1934 rebellion under republicans military zone, Council of, fall of, guerrilla warfare, offensive arms factories

ateneos libertarios

Atholl, Katherine, Duchess of

atrocities, religious, republican, nationalist, corpses displayed, statistics, reporting of, by SIM

Aub, Max

Auden, W. H.

Auriol, Vincent

Auschwitz (concentration camp)

Austria

Auxilio Social

Aviazione Legionaria, see Legionary Air Force

Avila

Avilés

Azañ y Díaz, Manuel, heads republican party, minister of war, confrontation with Church, in government, imprisoned, president, saves monks, and Miaja’s communism, and defence of Bilboa, conversations monitored, and republican power struggle, and killing of Nin, pessimism and realism, protests to League of Nations, ‘unforgettable’ meeting with Negrín, bids farewell to International Brigades, crosses into France, resigns, and coup against Negrín, death

Azarola y Gresillón, Rear-Admiral

Antonio

Azcárete y Florez, Pablo de

Aznar, Admiral Juan Bautista

Badajoz, province of, massacre, guerrilla operations

Badalona

Badía, Josep

Badía, Miguel

Bahamonde y Sánchez de Castro, Antonio

Bailby, Léon

Bailén

Balaguer

Baldwin, Stanley, (later Earl)

Baleares (nationalist cruiser)

Balearic Islands

Banco de Españ

Banco de Vizcaya

Banco Nacional Agrario

banks, merchant, under Franco

Banque Commerciale pour l’Europe du Nord

Baquer, General Alonso

Baráibar, Carlos de

Barajas airfield

Barbastro

Barbieri, Franco

Barceló Jover, Major Luis

Barcelona, fin de siècle, Semana, Trágica (1909), disturbances, provisional government declared, military rising parliament reopened, assassinations, People’s Olympiad, political killings, under republicans, respect for buildings, hotels, deteriorating atmosphere and events of May (1937) German consulate anarchist strength, Soviet representation in, Azaña arrives, Durruti’s funeral, bombing of journalists, middle classes, prisons, newspapers, NKVD in,republican government in, Basque government in, spy network, reservoirs and power supplies, food shortages, demonstration against defeatism, Franco’s ambivalence over, fall of bridges, military parade, farewell parade for International Brigades, flight from city, fifth column miraculous Christ of Lepanto guerrilla operations

Barletta (Italian battleship)

Barrio, José del

Barrón y Ortiz, Lieutenant-Colonel (later General) Fernando, and Jarama offensive, and Guadarrama offensive, and Brunete offensive, and Aragón offensive, and battle of Ebro and peace negotiations

Barroso, Colonel Antonio

Basque army, see Euzko Godarostea

Basque country, Catholicism nationalism, autonomy, military rising, republicans hold, clergy shot, Church left untouched, separatism, flag, ambivalence towards Republic, nationalist advances in, military zone, independent army established, campaign in, class divisions, industry, treatment of prisoners, naval actions, relations with Valencia government, continuing war with Franco regime, government in Barcelona, arms factories

Basque language

Basque Nationalist Party, see PNV Bastico, General Ettore

Batet Mestres, General Domingo

battle shock

Bautista Sánchez, Colonel (later General)

Juan

Bayo Girón, Alberto

Beckett, Samuel

Behn, Sosthenes

Beigbeder, Colonel

Beimler, Hans

Belchite, battle of

Bell, Julian

Belloc, Hilaire

Ben Mizzian, Major Mohamed

Beorleguí y Canet, Major Alfonso

Berenguer Fusté, General Dámaso

Bergamin, José

Bergonzoli, General Annibale

Beria, Lavrenti

Berlin, axis with Rome, Red Army in, reports to, Largo Caballero interrogated

Bernal García, General Carlos

Bernanos, Georges

Berneri, Camillo

Berti, General Mario

Berzin, General Jan (‘Grishin’)

Besteiro, Julián, presides over Cortes, warnings against civil war, visits London, opposition to Negrín government, death

Bevin, Ernest

Bianco, Vincenzo (‘Krieger’)

Bilbao, general strike disturbances, military rising, threatened by nationalists, defence of, republican navy in, blockade of, nationalists reluctant to bomb, evacuation, nationalists enter, under Franco

Bilbao, Ángel Crescenciano

Bilbao, Tomás

Biscay, Bay of

Bismarck, Prince Otto von

Bizkaya (trawler)

Blanco, Segundo

Blomberg, General Werner von

Blue Division (División Azul)

Blum, Léon

Boadilla del Monte

Bocheau, Pierre

Bodosakis-Athanasiades, Prodromos

Bolín, Luis, and international support for nationalists, and Franco’s rise to power, propaganda efforts

Borbón-Parma, Prince Javier de

Bordighera

Borjas Blancas

Borkenau, Franz

Bosch Gimpera, Pere

Bowers, Claude

Bram

Bramhill (ship)

Brasillach, Robert

Brecht, Bertolt

Brenan, Gerald

Breton, André

Brigada Aérea Hispana

Brigada Social

Brihuega, battle of, (see Guadalajara, battle of)

Britain, role in Spanish Civil War, fear of communism, Abdication crisis, prejudices, naval power, Stalin and, and International Brigades, fear of air attacks, reluctance to take sides, perceptions of Spanish Civil War, foreign policy, shifting sympathies, failure to halt air raids, failure to assist Catalans, treaty with Italy, puts pressure on nationalists, recognizes Franco regime, ignores requests for evacuation, restricts immigration, planned German invasion

British Communist Party

British Union of Fascists

British volunteers

Brooklyn Daily Eagle

Broz, Josip (‘Tito’)

Brunete, battle of losses at, propaganda about, mistakes at

Buchenwald (concentration camp)

Buckley, Henry

Buiza, Admiral Miguel

Bujaraloz

Bulgarian volunteers

Buñuel, Luis

Burgos prison riots, military rising, political killings, Franco government in, under Franco, march pasts

Burgos, Archbishop of

Burgos Law of Political Responsibilities

Burguete, General Ricardo

caballeristas, (supporters of Largo Caballero)

Cabanellas Ferrer, General Miguel, and Franco’s rise to power

Cabello, Cándido

Cabeza Grande, defence of

Cáceres, province of, guerrilla operations

Cádiz, Constitution of, province of, military rising, army landings, German, naval base

Calder, Alexander

Calvo Sotelo, José assassinated, as finance minister, admired by Eden, propaganda about

Camacho Benítez, Colonel Antonio

Cambó, Francesc

Camp Lukács, (International Brigade punishment camp)

Campbell, Roy

Campeche (ship)

Campilo (ship)

Campins Aura, General Miguel

Campos Guereta, Colonel Luis

Canadian volunteers

Canarias (nationalist cruiser)

Canaris, Admiral Wilhelm

Canary Islands

Cánovas del Castillo, Antonio

Capa, Robert

Capdevielle, Juana

Carabanchel

carabineros

Cárdenas, Juan

Cárdenas, President Lázaro

Cardozo, Harold

Carlists (requetés), nineteenth-century revolts, begin military training, involvement in coup ďétat, barbarity, political killings, treatment of prisoners of war, politics, role in civil war, authoritarian values, and Franco’s rise to power, in attack on Madrid, military value and populist base, in Jarama offensive, fanatical chaplains, Navarrese brigades in nationalist power struggle, tercio of Nuestra Señora de Montserrat, at battle of Teruel, in Aragón offensive, under Franco, in battle of Catalonia, and Franco regime, religious convictions

Carls, Admiral Rolf

Carrasco Amilibia, Colonel León

Carrillo, Santiago

Carrillo, Wenceslao

Cartagena, prison riots, republican naval base, gold reserves shipped from, bombed, republican fleet leaves

Cartier-Bresson, Henri

Casablanca

Casado López, Lieutenant-Colonel César

Casado López, Lieutenant-Colonel Segismundo, and battle of Brunete, denied knowledge of airfields, opposition to Negrín government, promoted, negotiations leaves Spain

Casares Quiroga, Santiago resigns as prime minister

Casares, Maria

casas del pueblo

Casas Viejas

Cascajo Ruiz, Colonel Ciriaco

Caspe

Castejón, Major Antonio and attack on Madrid

Castellón de la Plana

Castilblanco

Castilla del Pino, Professor Carlos

Castillo de Olite (ship)

Castillo Sería, Lieutenant José

Castor Ibáñez, Lieutenant-Commander

Castro, Enrique

Castro, Fidel

Castro Delgado, Enrique

Castro Veiga, José

Catalonia, agriculture, industry and economy, anarchism, nationalism, autonomy and statute, Generalitat, general strike, clergy in, Central Committee of, Anti-Fascist Militias, political killings, self-government, militia system, political groupings, independent army established, relations with republican government, separatism, and republican power struggle, judicial system, press, divided from rest of Spain, defeatism, integrated into Spanish state, suspected French designs on, republicans rearm, battle for and fall, guerrilla operations

Catholic Church, under, Second Republic, and education, identified with Spain, finances, Falange and, target for republicans, and political killings, nationalists and, and Franco’s rise to power, leaders, backing for Franco, and bombing of Guernica, social doctrine, under Franco, censorship, Carlists and

Catholicism

Caudé, wells of

Caudwell, Christopher

Cayatte, André

Cazorla, José

CEDA, (Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas

censorship

Centaño, Lieutenant-Colonel José

Cerro de los Angeles

Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de

Cervera

Ceuta

Chalmers-Mitchell, Sir Peter

Chamberlain, Lady

Chamberlain, Neville, friendliness towards Franco, as prime minister, misleads Commons

Chapaprieta, Joaquin

Chatfield, Admiral Lord

Chautemps, Camille

Checa, Pedro

checas

Chetwode, Sir Philip

Chiang Kai-Shek

Chicago Tribune

Chile

Chilton, Sir Henry

China

Chinese volunteers

Churchill, Winston

Churruca (destroyer)

Ciano, Count Galeazzo, notes British friendliness to Mussolini, delight in bombing raids, signs pact with, Britain, anger with nationalists, and Negrín’s negotiations, fears European war, and fall of, Catalonia, proclaims fascist victory

Cicognani, Cardinal Gaetano

Ciempozuelos

Císcar (republican destroyer)

Cisneros, Cardinal Ximénez

Ciudad de Barcelona (ship)

Ciudad Real province of

Ciutat, Major Francisco

Civil Guard, (Guardia Civil, Sanjurjo’s power base, brutality, Popular Front and, role in coup ďétat, role in civil war, barracks, purged, in Madrid, disbanded in Basque country, intervene in Salamanca, come out of hiding, anti-guerrilla operations

Claridad (socialist newspaper)

Claudel, Paul

CNT, (Confederación Nacional de Trabajo), membership, strikes, under Second Republic, and defence of Republic, increased strength, Barcelona conference, in Catalonia, women and, flag, and socialized industries, and militias, and Largo, Caballero government, foreign volunteers and, and defence of Madrid, arrest government ministers, in Málaga, war fund, at battle of Guadalajara, in Basque Country, and Stalin’s purges, and republican power struggle, and ‘events of May’, collectives destroyed, rift between leadership and membership, defence of El Mazuco pass, in Aragón, demonstrate against defeatism, concessions to government, leaders meet in Paris, joins anti-fascist front

CNT-FAI

Codó

Codovilla, Vittorio

Cold War

collectives, destroyed in Aragón

Collioure

Comintern, agents and advisers, and Largo Caballero government, role in Spanish Civil War, and formation of International Brigades, ambitions for republican Spain, and republican power struggle

Comité des Forges

commissars

Communist Youth (Juventud Socialista Unificada)

Comorera, Joan, and ‘events of May’

Companys, Lluís, proclaims Catalan state, political realism, complaints against government, and ‘events of May’, sidelined, bids farewell to International Brigades, and fall of Catalonia, in France, executed

Condés, Captain Fernando

Condor Legion, trains militia, in Málaga campaign, receives Messerschmitt and Jarama offensive, in Basque campaign, develops tactics, and Brunete offensive, on northern front, upgrades aircraft, in Gudalajara offensive and battle of Teruel, Gruppe Droehne, reinforced, attacks Italians, withdrawn from fighting, and battle of Ebro, guarantees Franco victory, hands over to Spanish pilots, and fall of Catalonia, tracks republican fleet, role in republican collapse, participates in victory parade

Confederation Générale du Travail

Conservative Party

Contreras, Carlos

Cooper, Alfred Duff, (later Viscount Norwich)

Čopič?, General Vladimir

Coppi, General Giovanni

Corbera ďEbre

Cordillera Cantábrica

Córdoba, protests, province of, political killings, front

Cordon, Lieutenant-Colonel (later General) Antonio

Cornford, John

Corpe di Truppe Volontarie, (see CTV)

Cortada, Roldán

Cortés, Captain

Corunna

Corunna road battles

Cot, Pierre

Covadonga, as codeword

Cowan, Denis

Cowles, Virginia

Cristóbal, Major

Croix de Feu

Cruz Salido, Francisco

CTV (Corpe di Truppe Volontarie), on Guadalajara front, at Teruel, in Aragón offensive, in advance on Valencia

Cuatro Caminos

Cuenca, SIM prison

Cuenca, Victoriano

Cuerpo Legionario Italiano, (see also CTV)

Cuesta de la Reina

Cuesta Monereo, José

Cunard, Nancy

currency, hard, under Franco, see also gold reserves

Curto, Inocencio

Czechoslovakia

Dachau (concentration camp)

Daily Mail

Daily Telegraph

Daladier, Édouard

Dato (gunboat)

Dato e Iradier, Eduardo

Dávila, General Fidel, conquest of northern front, and battle of Teruel, and battle of Catalonia, occupies Barcelona

Dávila, Sancho

Dawson, Geoffrey (Times editor)

Day-Lewis, Cecil

de Gaulle, Charles

de Jouvenal, Bernard

DEDIDE (Departamento Especial de Información del Estado)

del Rio, Felipe

Delaprée, Louis

Delasalle, Major Gaston

Delbos, Yvon

Delgado Serrano, Lieutenant-Colonel (later General) Francisco

Delmer, Sefton

desertion

Deterding, Henry

Deutschland (German warship)

Diario Oficial

Díaz, Francisca

Díaz Alor, José

Díaz Baza, Ángel

Díaz Criado, Colonel Manuel

Díaz Sandino, Colonelb Felipe

Díaz Tendero, Captain Eleuterio

Dimitrov, Georgi

Domingo, Marcelino

Dos Passos, John

Doussinague, José María

Doval Bravo, Major Lisardo

Dronne, Captain Raymond

Duchesne, Captain

Duclos, Jacques

Dulles, John Foster

Durán, Gustavo

Durango

Durruti, Buenaventura, orders attack on Atarazanas barracks, and defence of Madrid, death and funeral, with prisoner

Dzigan, Yefim

Ebro, River, battle of, propaganda about, losses at, air tactics, mistakes at

economy, Catalan, First World War boom, and shipment of gold reserves, crisis in republican zone, under Franco, see also agriculture; currency; gold reserves; industry; unemployment

Eden, Anthony, (later Earl of Avon), and Chamberlain

education, see also universities

Ehrenburg, Ilya

Eibar

Eisenstein, Sergei

Eitingon, Naum

El Campesino, (Valentín González), and Brunete offensive, and Aragón offensive, and battle of Teruel

El Correo Catalán

El Debate

El Escorial

El Ferrol

El Mazuco pass

El Muletón

El Noticiero Universal

El Pardo

El Pobo

El Socialista

El Vértice Castellar

Elda

Elorrio

Eluard, Paul

emigration

Eroles, Dionisio

Escandón

Escobar, Colonel (later General)

Escofet, Frederic

Escudo pass

España (nationalist battleship)

Españ air squadron

Espinosa de los Monteros, General Eugenio

Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya

Estat Català

Estepona

Estrada, Manuel

estraperlo gambling scandal

Estremadura, agriculture, latifundia, guerrilla operations, offensives, republican salient cut off

ETA, (Euskadi ta Askatasuna)

Etchebehere, Mika

Eurobank

Euzkadi, see Basque country

Euzko Godarostea (Basque army), established tactics

Facerías, Luis

FAI, (Federación Anarquista Ibérica), and ‘events of May’, demonstrate against defeatism, see also CNT-FAI

Fal Conde, Manuel

Falange, founded, membership, symbols and insignia, outlawed, assassinations, attacks strikers, role in coup ďétat, political killings, nationalist role, leadership, role in civil war, authoritarian values, and Franco’s rise to power, in attack on Madrid, militia, in nationalist power struggle, unit defends Quijorna, under Franco regime, cult of virility and death, (see also FET y de las JONS)

Fanjul Goni, General Joaquín

Farina, Colonel

fascism, international, compared with Falangism, Christianity and, hatred of

Faulkner, William

Faupel, General Wilhelm, (German ambassador)

Fayón

Ferdinand of Aragon, King

Ferdinand VII, King

Fernández, Manuel

Fernández de Villa-Abrille, General José

Fernández Heredia, Enrique

Fernández Luna, Captain Encarnación

Fernández Montesinos, Manuel

Fernsworth, Lawrence

Ferrer, Francisco

Ferrer, Horacio

FET y de las JONS, (Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista)

Figueras

First Republic, see Spanish Republic (First Republic)

First World War, Spanish neutrality, equipment, economic boom, military doctrines and practices, veterans impact on art, chaos ensuing

Fischer, Louis

Flix

Flynn, Errol

food supplies and shortages during war

Forces Françaises de l’Intérieur

Ford (motor company)

Ford, Richard

Fourth International

Fox, Ralph

France, investment in Spain, internal politics, involvement in Morocco, political instability, role in Spanish Civil War, frontier, pact with Russia, influence in North Africa, Spanish threat to, Spanish gold reserves shipped to, perceptions of Spanish Civil War, Stalin and, foreign policy, republican officers escape to, arms supplies to republicans and peace negotiations, failure to assist Catalans, suspected designs on Catalonia, supplies bridges, hands over Companys, Spanish refugees in, recognizes Franco regime, ignores republican requests for evacuation, fall and occupation, under Vichy government, liberation

Franco Bahamonde, General Francisco, represses Asturias uprising, commands Military Academy, suppresses October 1934 revolution, chief of general staff, opposition to Popular Front, meets Primo de Rivera, appointed to Canary Islands, role in coup ďétat, appearance, character, relations with Church, advance on Madrid, rise to power, his wife, brutality, role in early stages of war, and attack on Madrid, and international involvement in civil war, military strategy, and development of army, and Málaga campaign, angered at symbolic shelling of Madrid, continuing obsession with Madrid, and Jarama and Guadalajara offensives, and Basque campaign, British admiration for, and rivals’ deaths, declares Crusade, writers oppose, seizes power in nationalist struggle, and republican power struggle, and Estremadura offensive, confers with commanders, and Brunete offensive, and Aragón offensive, establishes state ideology, plans further offensive against Madrid, and battle of Teruel, foreign support for, relations with Mussolini, insistence on total victory, constitutes government, centralism, regime recognized, fails to attack Barcelona and orders advance on Valencia, declared captain-general and battle of Ebro and France, declares Spanish neutrality, and battle of Catalonia, publishes law of responsibilities, and surrender negotiations, congratulated by Pope, takes salute at victory parade, bodyguard, regime established, obsession with Freemasonry, Second World War strategy, meets Hitler, ends state of war, agrees on succession, death

Franco Bahamonde, Nicolás

Franco Bahamonde, Ramón

Franco-Salgado, Colonel

Freemasonry

Freemasons, Church’s hostility to, Quiepo de Llano as, shot

French Black Sea Fleet mutiny

French Communist Party

French Foreign Legion

French Resistance

French Revolution

French volunteers

Frente Rojo

Fried, Eugen (‘Clément’)

Friends of Durruti, issue leaflet

Friends of the Soviet Union

Fuenteovejuna

Fuentes de Ebro

Fugger, Major Count

Fusimañ, José

Gaikis, Jacob

Gal, General (Janos Galicz)

Galán, Captain Fermín

Galán, Colonel Francisco

Galán, Major José María

Galarza, General Ángel

Galicia, agriculture, autonomy, guerrilla operations

Galland, Adolf

Gamazo, Countess of

Gambara, General Gastone

Gamelin, General Maurice

Gandesa

Gandía

García Alix, Luis

García Atadell, Agapito, (Communist Youth leader)

García Escámez, Colonel Francisco

García Hernández, Captain Ángel

García Lorca, Federico

García Morato, Captain Joaquín

García Oliver, Juan, organizes militia, minister of justice, military tactics, and ‘events of May’, meeting in Paris

García Valiño, Colonel, and advance on Valencia, and battle of Ebro, and battle of Catalonia, represses anti-fascist rising

Garijo, Lieutenant-Colonel Antonio

Garvin, James, (Observer editor)

Gassol, Ventura

Gayman, Vital (‘Vidal’)

General Motors

Geneva

George VI, King

German Communist Party

German navy, see Admiral Graf Spee; Admiral Scheer; Deutschland; Leipzig

German volunteers

Germany, arms supplies, Nazi Olympics, role in Spanish Civil War, humiliation at Versailles, Stalin and, Spanish debts to, foreign policy, love of total war, Anschluss, influence over Italy, trade with Franco regime, concerns over French intentions, pact with Soviet Union, threat to Europe, troops enter Czechoslovakia, role of party in state, invades Poland, invades Yugoslavia, Greece and Crete, invades Soviet Union

Gerö, Erno (‘Pedro’)

Gerona

Gestapo

Getafe

Gibraltar, nationalist sympathies at, refugees in, British defence of, in Second World War

Gide, André

Gijón

Gil Robles, José María

Gillain, Nick

Giménez Arnau, José Antonio

Giral, José, administration, requests assistance from Stalin, government resigns, in Largo Caballero government, and despatch of gold reserves, and republican power struggle, in Negrín government, crosses into France, in exile

Girón, Domingo

Goded, General

Godoy, Manuel de

Goicoechea, Antonio

Goicoechea, Major

gold reserves, under republican control, removed from Spain, in Basque country, under Franco

Goldman, Emma

Gomá, Cardinal Archbishop

Gómez Morato, General

Gómez Recio, Jesús

Gómez, Paulino

Gómez-Jordana, General Francisco

González, Valentín, (see El Campesino)

González Inestal, Miguel

González Pando, Major

González Peñ, Ramón

Gorbea, Mount

Goriev, General Vladimir E. (‘Sancho’)

Göring, Hermann, supplies arms to Spain

Gorky, Maxim

Grafenwöhr training camp

Granada, military rising, political killings, guerrilla operations

Granadella

Grandi, Count Dino

Granollers

Greece

Group of Spanish Guerrillas

GRU (Glavnoye Razvedyvatelnoye Upravlenie)

Gruppe Droehne, see Condor Legion

Guadalajara, province of, battle of, (also known as Battle of Brihuega), further offensive

Guadarrama, River

Guadiana, River

Guernica, bombing of, casualty figures, Basque autonomy declared in

guerrilla warfare, under Franco regime

Guipúzcoa province

Guipuzkoa (trawler)

Gurney, Jason

Gurs

Haldane, J. B. S.

Halifax, Lord, (later Earl of)

Hamburg

Hart, Basil Liddell

Hedilla, Manuel

Hemingway, Ernest, For Whom the Bell Tolls visits Teruel

Hendaye

Heraldo de Aragón

Hernández, Jesús, in Negrín government, attacks Prieto, appointed army commissar, supports Negrín

Hernández, Miguel

Hernández Saravia, Colonel (later General) Juan

Herri Batasuna

Hess, Rudolf

Hidalgo de Cisneros y López de Montenegro, General Ignacio

Hilgarth, Captain Alan, RN

HISMA/ROWAK

Hitler, Adolf

regime, occupation of Rhineland, assistance to nationalists, rearmament, international responses to, bypasses diplomats, compared with Franco, and democracy, seizes power, intentions in Europe, learns of attack on Deutschland, effects Anschluss, designs on Czechoslovakia, pact with Stalin, and France, invasion of Soviet Union, meeting with Franco, invades Soviet Union

HMS Blanche

HMS Brazen

HMS Devonshire

HMS Galatea

HMS Hardy

HMS Havock

HMS Hood

HMS Queen Elizabeth

HMS Woolwich

Hoare, Sir Samuel, (later Viscount Templewood)

Hodgson, Robert

Hoja Oficial de Barcelona

Horthy, Admiral Miklos

Hospitalet de Llobregat

Huelin, Captain Agustín

Huelva, political killings, captured by nationalists, guerrilla operations

Huesca, offensive

Hull, Cordell

Hungarian volunteers

Huxley, Aldous

Ibáñez, Major Bruno

Ibarra Palace

Ibarrola, Colonel Juan

Ibárruri, Dolores (‘La Pasionaria’),‘No Pasarán!’ slogan, accused of biting priest, saves victims, leads recruiting campaign, and defence of Madrid, and battle of Guadalajara, double-speak, and republican power struggle, accusations against Ascaso, reputed lover, attacks Prieto, organizes demonstration, farewell speech to International Brigades, and Soviet methods, and continuation of war, leaves Spain

Iberia (airline)

Ibiza

Iglesias, Pablo

Illescas

illiteracy

Iltis (German torpedo boat)

Ilundaín, Cardinal

industry, Catalan, under Second Republic, wages, in Madrid, Basque, war, under nationalist control, planning, under Franco, in republican zone

Institute of Agrarian Reform

Instituto Nacional de Industria (INI)

International Brigades, training, formation, rations, Soviet personnel in, in Madrid, language problems, medical provision, sanitation, discipline and executions, leadership, involved in killing of Nin, in Brunete offensive, morale, cavalry detachment, strength, paranoia, chauvinism within, camps, NKVD involvement, typhus epidemic, incorporated into Spanish system, quotas for officers, ‘Kléberist’ arrogance, in battle of Ebro, withdrawal of, resume fighting, prisoners under Franco, prisoners in France, see also Albacete, International Brigades base

BRIGADES:

XI International Brigade, in Madrid, in battle of Corunna road, in battle of Jarama, in battle of Guadalajara, in Brunete offensive, chauvinism within, in battle of Teruel

XII International Brigade, in Madrid, in battle of Corunna road, and Guadarrama offensive, in Brunete offensive

XIII International Brigade

XIV International Brigade, training, and battle of Jarama, in Guadarrama offensive, punishment company, in Brunete offensive, spy network suspected, in Segovia offensive, in battle of Ebro

XV International Brigade, in Brunete offensive, in poor condition, in battle of Teruel, in battle of Ebro

UNITS:

6th of February Battalion

American Battalion

André Marty Battalion

British Battalion

Canadian Battalion

Dimitrov Battalion

Dombrowski Battalion

Edgar André Battalion

Garibaldi Battalion

Henri Barbusse Battalion

Larrañga Battalion

Lincoln Battalion

Marseillaise Battalion

Palafox Battalion

Rosa Luxembourg Battalion

Thaelmann Battalion

Washington Battalion

International Military commission

Invergordon mutiny

Iride (Italian submarine)

Irish volunteers

Irujo, Manuel de, protests against SIM and Negrín, replaced

Irún

Italian air force see also Legionary Air Force

Italian army, morale, withdrawal of

ITALIAN ARMY UNITS:

Dio lo vuole Division

Flechas Negras Division

Littorio Division

Llamas Negras Division

March 23rd Division

see also CTV; Cuerpo Legionario Italiano

Italian Communist Party

Italian navy, see also Barletto; Iride; Mirabello; Quarto; submarines, ‘Legionary’

Italian volunteers

Italy, role in Spanish Civil War, cost of involvement in Spain, foreign policy, German influence on, treaty with Britain, fascist Carta del Lavoro Spanish debts to

Izquierda Republicana

Izvestia

Jaca

Jaén, province of, military rising

Jaime I (republican battleship)

Japan

Jarama, River, battle of, ‘Suicide Hill’, losses at, American mutiny at

JARE (Junta de Auxilio a los Republicanos Españoles)

Jarinto, Mount

Jeréz

Jesuits

Jews

Jiménez Castellano, Diego

Jiménez de Asúa, Professor Luis

Joint Socialist Youth, see Socialist Youth

Jordana, General Count Francisco Gómez

journalists, in Madrid, praise Kléber, and Guernica, and propaganda battle, at battle of Ebro, see also press

Juan, Don, Count of Barcelona

Juan Carlos, King

Junod, Doctor Marcel

Junta de Defensa Nacional

Jurado, Colonel Enrique

Juventud Socialista Unificada (Unified Socialist Youth)

Juventudes Comunistas Ibéricas, (POUM youth movement)

Kaminski, H., (French observer)

Karmen, Roman

Kemp, Peter

Kennedy, Joseph

Kerensky, Aleksander

Kindelán y Duany, General Alfredo, proposes Franco as nationalist commander, sidelined by Italians, and Franco regime

Kirkpatrick, Sir Ivone

Kléber, General Emilio (Lazar Stern), and battle of Corunna road, visits Moscow, and Guadarrama offensive, concern over International Brigades, and Aragón offensive

Koestler, Arthur

Koltsov, Mikhail

Komsomol (ship)

Kondratiev, Colonel

Krivitsky, General Walter

Krivoshein, Colonel

Kronstadt rising

Kühlental, General

Kursk, battle of

Kuznetsov, Admiral Nikolai (‘Kolya’)

La Batalla (POUM newspaper)

la Cierva, Juan de

La Fatarella

La Felguera

La Granja de San Ildefonso

La Línea

La Mancha

La Marañosa

la Mora, Constancia de

La Muela de Teruel

La Pasionaria, see Ibárruri, Dolores

la Puente Bahamonde, Major Ricardo de

La Rochelle, Drieu

La Vanguardia

La Venta de Camposines

Labonne (French ambassador)

Lacalle, Colonel

Landrieu, Pierre

Langdon-Davies, John

Langenheim (Nazi businessman)

Larache

Largo Caballero, Francisco, xxviii, joins Primo de Rivera government, serves in republican government, radicalization, assassination attempt, and communists, in ‘government of unity’ and uniform contracts, and militias, forms government, and defence of Madrid, and battle of Corunna road, and Málaga campaign, instructions from Stalin, policy of centralization, and republican power struggle, leaves government, and Estremadura offensive, war policy, and shipment of gold reserves, sidelined and moved to Barcelona, in opposition to Negrín, death

Larios, Margarita

Larrañga, Jesús

Las Heulgas monastery

Las Palmas

Law, Oliver

Law of the Press

Law of Political Responsibilities

Laycock, Colonel Robert

Le Boulu

Le Havre

Le Perthus

League of Nations

Lebrun, Albert

Leclerc, General

Ledesma Ramos, Ramiro

Ledochovsky, Vladimir

Legionary Air Force, and battle for Madrid, strength, and battle of Jarama, in Basque campaign, in Guadalajara offensive,

bombing of Alcañiz, and battle of Ebro

Leipzig (German cruiser)

Leizaola, Jesús María (minister of justice)

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, xxix

Leningrad

Leon Maestre, Colonel

Léon, agriculture, guerrilla operations

León, María Teresa

Lepanto (republican destroyer)

Lequerica, José Félix de

Lérida

Lerroux, Alejandro, in government

Levante

ley de fugas

Lézardrieux (ship)

Libertad (republican cruiser)

Libertarian Youth

Lisbon

Líster, Enrique, and defence of Madrid, and Corunna road battles, personal qualities, and battle of Jarama, and battle of Guadalajara, and Brunete offensive, and Aragón offensive, recriminations, and battle of Ebro, and battle of Catalonia, leaves Spain

Litvinov, Maksim

Llano de la Encomienda, General Francisco

Lliga Catalana

Logronño

Lojendio, Luis M. de

London, Bolín’s activities in, meetings of Non-Intervention Committee, approval of Negrín, peace overtures, recognition of Franco regime, Negrín in exile

Longo, Luigo (‘Gallo’)

Lorca, (poet), see García Lorca, Federico

Lopera

López, Anita

López, Juan

López Ochoa y Portuondo, General Eduardo

López Tovar, Colonel Vicente

los Andes, Count de

Los Dolores

Los Llanos, (airfield)

los Ríos, Fernando de

los Ríos, Giner de

Louis XIII of France, King

Louis XIV of France, King

Louis XVIII of France, King

Low Countries

Luca de Tena, Marquess Juan Ignacio

Lufthansa

Luftwaffe, personnel, develops aircraft and tactics in Spain, and battle for Madrid, fears losing Stukas, Second World War aces, aircraft trials, attack refugees, see also Condor Legion

Lukács, General, (Mata Zalka Kemeny)

MacDiarmid, Hugh

Machado, Antonio

Macià Lluís Companys, Francesc

Madariaga, Salvador de

Madrid, ‘Second of May’ rising, general strike, arson attacks, mass meetings, comedy Theatre, province of, assassinations, May Day parade, military rising, political killings, nationalist advance and republican defence, hotels, military base, formation of Largo Caballero government, Soviet representation in, fifth column, effect of government’s flight, fighting around, hospitals, front, shelled, conditions in, journalists in, International Writers’ Congress for the Defence of Culture, police school established, Verardini arrested, republican, struggle in POUM leaders imprisoned in, and Brunete offensive, spy network, communist conference, coup against Negrín, secret nationalist organization, National Council established, fighting among republicans, surrender, nationalist troops enter, victory parade, black market, guerrilla operations

Madrid University

Maeztu, Ramiro de

Maginot Line

Maisky, Ivan, (Russian ambassador)

Majadahonda

Majorca, nationalists invade, provides nationalist base, nationalist terror

Makaseev, Boris

Málaga, military rising, political killings, campaign and fall, executions

Maldonado, Professor Francisco

Malinovsky, Colonel R. (‘Malino’)

Mallorca, see Majorca

Malraux, André, L’Espoir

Mamsourov, Ku. U. (Colonel Xanthé)

Manchester Guardian

Mangada, Colonel

Manuilski, Dmitri

Manzanares, River

Manzanero, José

Mar Cantábrico (ship)

Marañón, Gregorio

Marbella

March, Juan

Marchenko (Soviet chargé ďaffaires)

Marías, Julián, xxvi

Maritain, Jacques

Maritime (ship)

Maroto (guerrilla leader)

Maroto, Mount

Marquina

Marseilles

Marshall Plan

Martín, Antonio

Martínez Anido, General Severiano

Martínez Barrio, Diego

failure in Valencia

fear of Franco

and fall of Catalonia

crosses into France

succeeds Azaña

in exile

Martínez Campos, General

Martínez Monje, General Fernando

Martínez Cabrera, General Toribio

Marty, André

and International Brigades

opinion of Malraux

character

and Negrín’s administration

involved in recriminations

last editorial

determination to eliminate opponents

Marx, Karl

Das Kapital

Marxism

Masquelet, General Carlos

Massana, Marcelino

Massis, Henri

Matallana, Colonel (later General)

Manuel

opposition to Negrín government

promoted

negotiates with nationalists

Matthews, Herbert

Maura, Antonio

Maura, Miguel

Mauriac, François

Maurín, Joaquim

Maurras, Charles

Mauthausen (concentrartion camp)

Mayalde, Count de

Medina, Diego

Medinaceli

Mediterranean Sea

coastline

increased nationalist control

French presence

republican ports

and Second

World War

Medvedev (partisan leader)

Melilla

Méndez Aspe, Francisco

Méndez Nuñez (republican cruiser)

Mendiola, Leocadia

Menéndez, General Leopoldo, opposition to Negrín government

Mequinenza

Mera, Cipriano, and battles of Jarama and Guadalajara, frees chief of staff, and Brunete offensive, and Aragón offensive, commands IV Corps, opposition to Negrín government, returned to nationalist Spain

Mercader, Caridad

Meretskov, Colonel Kirill, (Soviet adviser)

Mérida

Merry del Val, Pablo

Metaxas, Yanni

Mexico, support for republicans, accepts Spanish refugees

Miaja, General José, and defence of Madrid, communism, and battle of Corunna road, and battle of Jarama, squabble with Pozas, and battle of Gudalajara, obtains Verardini’s release, and Estremadura offensive, and Brunete offensive, and Gudalajara offensive, and battle of Ebro, requests negotiations, determines to fight on, opposition to Negrín government, promoted, heads National Council, flees to Orán, in exile

Miguel de Cervantes (cruiser)

Mije García, Antonio, (communist leader)

Milicias Antifascistas Obreras y Campesinas (MAOC)

militias, nationalist

militias, republican, in defence of Madrid, experience and conditions, incorporated into republican army, in Málaga campaign, Catalan, wages, Basque, belief in victory, see also

militias, republican, columns, Erich, Muhsam centuria [these 5 lines moved from republican army]

Sacco and Vanzetti centuria

Durruti Column

Giustizia e Libertà Column

International Column

Militias’ Cultural Service

Millán Astray, General José

Minéevich, Stoyán (‘Stepánov’)

mining

Minorca

Mirabello (Italian warship)

Miranda de Ebro

Miravet

Miravitlles, Jaume

Miró, Joan

Modesto, Juan, personal qualities, and battle of Jarama, and Brunete offensive, and Aragón offensive, and battle of Teruel, and battle of Ebro, promoted, leaves Spain

Moix, José

Mola (nationalist submarine)

Mola, General Emilio, role in coup ďétat, politics, Basque operation, and Franco’s rise to power, commands army against Madrid, and ‘fifth column’, commands Jarama offensive, and Basque campaign, death, Church and

Mölders, Oberleutnant Werner

Molero, General Nicolás

Molotov, Vyacheslav Mikhailovich

Monasterio, Colonel Félix (later General)

Mondragón

Mont de Marsan

Montana project

Montauban

Montaud, Colonel

Montecillo (ship)

Montjuich

Montseny, Federica

Monzón, Jesus

Monzón Telesforo

Moors, Moroccan troops, see regulares

Móra ďEbre

Mora del Ebro

Mora la Nueva

Morata

Morel, Colonel

Moreno, Admiral Francisco de

Morgan’s Bank

Moriones, Colonel Domingo

Moroccan troops, see regulares

Morocco, French presence in, rebellion in, military rising, recruitment in, colonialism and independence, mustard gas used in, and Second World War

Moscardó, Colonel (later General), defence of the Alcázar, represses anti-fascist rising

Moscardó, Luis

Moscow, influence of, reports to, organized demonstrations, Republic establishes embassy, Spanish gold reserves shipped to, purges and show trials, and suppression of POUM, radioed for instructions, passports sent to, German invasion halted, defence of Kremlin

Mosley, Oswald

Mosquerela

Motorizada

Motril

Múgica, Bishop Mateo

Mujeres Libres

Muley Hassan, Caliph

Mundo Obrero

Munich agreement

Muñoz Grandes, Colonel (later General)

Murcia

Museo del Prado

Mussolini, Benito, funds Falange, symbolism, trains Carlists, invades Abyssinia, assistance to nationalists, frustration with Italian king, international responses to, uses phrase ‘Rome–Berlin axis’, compared with Franco, appetite for military glory, and Guadalajara defeat, and Basque victory, response to international protests, reinforces nationalist navy, and bombing raids, relations with Franco, ambitions in Albania, predicts Franco’s defeat, and France, fears European war, orders captured Italians executed, and Second World War, fall of

Mussolini, Bruno

MVR (Militias of Rearguard Vigilance)

Nabarra (trawler)

Nanetti, Nino

Naples

Narváez, General, Duke of Valencia 1800–1868)

Nathan, Major George

National Block

National Council of Defence

National Republican Guard

nationalist air force, see Brigada Aérea Hispana

nationalist army, leadership, training, strength

NATIONALIST ARMY FORMATIONS

Army of Manoeuvr

Army of the South

Army Corps of Aragón

Army Corps of Castille

Army Corps of Galicia

Army Corps of Maestrazgo

Army Corps of Morocco

Army Corps of Navarre

Army Corps of Turía

Army Corps of Urgel

1st Cavalry Division

5th Navarrese Division

10th Division

13th Division

50th Division

51st Division

52nd Division

81st Division

105th Division

108th Division

150th Division

Navarre Division

Soria Division

1st Navarre Brigade

4th Navarre Brigade

5th Navarre Brigade

San Quentin Infantry Regiment

see also Army of Africa

nationalist navy see Almirante Cervera; Baleares; Canarias; España; Mola; Navarra; Sanjurjo; Taranto; Velasco

nationalist spy networks

nationalists: military strength politics, zone of control, strengthened morale terror tactics, receive international support, leadership, and international opinion, power struggle and formation of JONS, air superiority, increased military superiority, tensions in alliance

Navalcarnero

Navalmoral de la Mata

Navarra (nationalist cruiser)

Navarre support for Carlists, nationalists hold, political killings

Navarro, Captain Enrique

Nazis, Spanish admiration for, expansionism, ‘Four Year Plan’ and Catalonia, motives for campaign in Spain

Nazism, compared with Falangism

Negrín López, Juan, finance minister, and shipment of gold reserves, commands carabineros, government of, and republican power struggle, policy of ‘controlled democracy’, and assassination of Nin, war policy, addresses League of Nations, visits Paris, refuses Prieto’s resignation, character, resists joining Communist Party, and SIM, sells silver reserves, rebuffed by Stalin, end of friendship with Prieto, supports Prieto, government reformed, Thirteen Points, failed peace overtures, and battle of Ebro, asserts authority, centralism, new government, surrender negotiations, bids farewell to International Brigades, plans for National Front, and fall of Catalonia, crosses into France, return to Spain and continuation of war, coup against, leaves Spain, in exile

Nelken, Margarita

Nenni, Pietro

Neruda, Pablo

Nervión, River

Neurath, Konstantin von

New Castile

New York Daily Worker

New York Herald Tribune

New York Times

News Chronicle

Nicolson, Harold

Nieto, Major Andrés

Nikonov, Anatoly, (deputy chief GRU)

Nin, Andrés, and ‘events of May’, arrested and murdered

NKVD, supervises shipment of gold reserves, fake passports, personnel in Spain, ‘active work’, and republican power struggle, control secret police, defectors, in International, Brigades and SIM, euphemism for, reaction against, republicans serving with

Normandy invasion

North Africa

North, Joseph

Northcliffe, Lord

Noticiero

Núñez, Carlos

Nuñez de Prado, General Miguel

Nuño, Amor

nuns, disinterred, rumours about, killed, alleged rapes, as prison warders,

Nuvolini, General

Nyon, conference

O’Brien, Aileen

Observer

Ocañ

Ochandiano

October revolution (1934)

Odessa

O’Duffy, General Eoin

oil synthetic

Old Castile

OMSBON, (NKVD Moscow detachment)

Operation Romerales

Orán

Organización Sindical

Orgaz, General, in command in Morocco, commands central front

Orlov, Aleksander

Ortega, Lieutenant-Colonel Antonio

Ortega, Daniel

Ortega, Major Leopoldo

Ortega y Gasset, José

Orwell, George

Homage to Catalonia, coins term ‘double-speak’, describes ‘events of May’, wounded, speaks out

Oviedo military rising, siege of, carpet bombing around, salient

OVRA, (Opera Volontaria di Repressione Antifascista) Italian secret police

Pacelli, Cardinal Eugenio (later Pope Pius

Pajares

Palacios, Major

Palancar, Pablo

Palencia

Palma de Mallorca

Pàmies, Teresa

Pamplona, provides Mola’s base, military rising, political killings, monarchist flag lowered, under Franco

Pamplona, Bishop of

Pando, Major

Paracuellos del Jarama

Paris, Italian Embassy, Spanish gold reserves shipped to, and formation of International Brigades, International Exhibition of Arts, International Writers’ Congress for the Defence of Culture, Negrín visits, Spanish embassy, republican leaders in, recognition of Franco regime

Partido Nacional Republicano

Partit Catala` Proletari

Pascua, Marcelino

Pat O’Leary resistance group

Paulus, Field Marshal Friedrich

Pavlov, General (‘Pablito’), care for his men, and battle of Jarama, and battle of Guadalajara, and Estremadura offensive, and Guadarrama offensive

Paxtot Madoz, General Francisco

Peiró, Joan

Peñrroya

People’s Army, see republican army

Peraleda del Saucejo

Perea, Colonel

Pérez Carballo, Francisco

Pérez de Ayala, Ramón

Perpignan

Perth, Eric Earl of

Pestañ, Ángel

Pétain, Marshal Philippe

Petrograd Soviet

Philby, Kim

Philip II, King

Philip IV, King

Philip V, King

Philip of Anjou

Philippines

Pi y Margall, President Francisco

Pi y Sunyer, Carlos

Picasso, Pablo

Picos de Europa

Pina

Pindoque bridge

Pingarrón

Pinilla, Colonel

Pino

Pita Romero, General

Pius XI, Pope, (Cardinal Achilles Ratti)

Pius XII, Pope, see Pacelli, Cardinal

Pla y Daniel, Bishop of Salamanca

Plymouth, Ivor Earl of

PNV

police, secret under NKVD control, development of, under Franco

Polish volunteers

Ponte y Manso de Zúniga, General Miguel

Pontevedra

Ponzán, Francisco

Popular Front, in government, targeted for killings, salute, political strategy, attempts to revive, torn apart, opposition to Negrín, destruction of

Popular Olympiad

Popular School of War

Port Mahon

Port-Bou

Portela Valladares, Manuel

Portero, Antonia

Portugal, role in Spanish Civil War, recognizes Franco government, ammunition supplied from

post-traumatic stress disorder, see battle shock

Poudreries et Cartoucheries Helléniques SA

POUM, founded, and Trotsky, and defence of Republic, increased strength, attacked by Fourth International, and militias, foreign volunteers and, vetoed by Soviets, conflict with communists, declared illegal and leaders arrested, losses in action, leader freed, stronghold falls, trial of leaders

Pound, Ezra

Pozas Perea, General Sebastián, and battle of Jarama, squabble with Miaja, commands Aragón front and Army of the East

Pozuelo de Alarcón

Prada Vaquero, Colonel Adolfo

Prados, Pedro (head of naval staff)

Prague

Prat de Llobregat

Prats de Molló

Pravda

press, Catholic, censorship, Catalan, nationalist, French, communist, under Franco, in Barcelona, see also journalists

priests, killed, in nationalist areas, in Basque country, at surrender of Madrid, under Franco

Prieto, Horacio

Prieto y Tuero, Indalecio, in Republican government, and revolt against Second Republic, political alliances, impeaches president and invasion of Balearics, and gold reserves, and Largo Caballero government, and communists, and ‘events of May’, and republican power struggle, and Negrín government, fury at Mera’s complaints, response to bombardment of Almería, and Aragón offensive, and northern front, and SIM, and International Brigades, and battle of Teruel, acts to limit communists, pessimism and realism, end of friendship with Negrín, leaves government, in opposition to Negrín, continues political struggle in exile

Primo de Rivera, José Antonio, founds Falange, imprisoned, bodyguards killed, role in coup ďétat, romanticism, imprisoned, executed, rumours concerning , political philosophy, Franco’s homage to

Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, General Miguel

Primo de Rivera, Miguel

prisoners: treatment by Falange, British, treatment by Basques, held by SIM, executed in Gijón, drafted into nationalist army, pose problem for Franco, drafted by republicans, from International Brigades, in battle of Catalonia, from fall of Catalonia, exchanges, under Franco, in Nazi camps

propaganda, republican campaign becomes effective, and alleged Nazi involvement in coup ďe´tat, cultural, and International Brigades, and effect on military tactics, Stalinist, about republican operations, effectiveness of communist, under Franco, failing impact

prostitution

Proudhon, Pierre Joseph

PSOE (Partido Socialista Obrero Español), founded, general strike, largest party in Popular Front, Catalan arm merges into PSUC, union with Communist Party, in exile

PSU (Partido Socialista Unificado)

PSUC (Partit Socialista Unificat de Catalunya), formation, and defence of Republic, and militias, Comintern supervision, foreign volunteers and, and ‘events of May’ , establishes guerrilla army

Puche, Dr José

Puente, Enrique

Puig de l’Àliga

Puigcerdá

Puigdengolas Ponce de León, Colonel Ildefonso

Putz, Colonel Joseph

Pyrenees

Quakers

Quarto (Italian warship)

Quiepo de Llano, General Gonzalo, role in military rising, Freemasonry, broadcasts, and political killings, politics, administrative ability, and Franco’s rise to power, advance on Andújar, control of Andalucia, and bombing of Guernica, development of Andalucian trade, advances in west, loses power base, cult of virility and death

Quijorna

Quiñones de León, José María

Quintela, Eduardo

Quinto

Rada, Colonel

Radical Party

radio, Quiepo de Llano, broadcasts, propaganda on

Raeder, Admiral Erich

Read, Herbert

Reconquista

Red Army, purged, in Ukraine, personnel in Spain, lack of care for troops, Berlin operation, III Rifle Corps, Kronstadt sailors and, intelligence, tactics, failings, defeats, Wehrmacht, Spanish republicans serving with

Red Cross

Red Help International

Redondo y Ortega, Onésimo

reforma agraria

refugees, in Gibraltar, leave republican Spain, conditions of, enlisted in Second World War

Regler, Gustav

regulares (Moroccan troops), role in coup ďétat, looting and rape, atrocities, made ‘honorary Christians’, in attack on Madrid, in battle of Corunna road, deployment, in Jarama offensive, in Brunete offensive, in Aragón offensive, loot Barcelona, participate in victory parade, hunt down guerrillas

Renau, Josep

Renovación Española

Republic, see Spanish Republic

República, see Navarra

republican air force, depleted, and battle of Ebro, surrender, ineffectiveness

republican army(People’s Army): formation, leadership, military theory, strength, command, structure, commissars, Stakhanovite mentality, tactics compared with Basques, communist influence, morale, communications, paranoia, reaction against communist influence, inflexible strategy, recriminations among leadership, depoliticization, improved tactics, destruction, reconstituted, reductions in foreign personnel, rearguard actions, surrenders

republican army formations:

Army of Andalucia

Army of Levante

Army of the Centre

Army of the East

Army of the Ebro

Army of Estremadura

Army of the Levante

Army of the North

I Corps

II Corps

III Corps

IV Corps

V Corps

XI Corps

XII Corps

XIII Corps

XIV Corps

XV Corps

XVIII Corps

XIX Corps

XX Corps

XXII Corps

XIV Guerrilla Corps

3rd Division

10th Division

11th Division (Líster’s)

12th Division

13th Division

14th Division (Mera’s)

15th Division (Gal’s)

25th Division (anarchist)

26th Division (anarchist)

27th (Carlos Marx) Division (PSUC)

28th Division (anarchist)

29th Division (POUM)

29th Division (POUM)

30th Division

34th Division

35th Division (Walter’s)

40th Division

42nd Division

43rd Division

44th Division

45th Division (Kléber’s)

46th Division (El Campesino’s)

54th Division

56th Division

64th Division

68th Division

69th Division

70th Division

204th Division

Lenin Division (POUM)

2nd Brigade

10th Brigade

17th Brigade

18th Brigade

70th Brigade

84th Mixed Brigade

119th Brigade

127th Brigade

206th Brigade

226th Brigade

5th Regiment

International Tank Regiment

Grey Wolves of La Pasionaria

8th Battalion (UGT)

122nd Battalion

136th Battalion

see also International Brigade units; militias

republican navy, see also Almirante Fernández; Almirante Valdés; Churruca; Císcar; Jaime I; Lepanto; Libertad; Méndez Núñez; Sánchez Barcaíztegui

see Carlists

Reus

revolutionary tribunals

Rey ďHarcourt, Colonel Domingo

Rheinmetall-Borsig

Rhineland

Ribbentrop, Joachim von

Ribbing, Colonel

Richthofen, Colonel Wolfram von, and attack on Madrid, and Málaga campaign, reputation, commands Luftwaffe operations, and battle of Jarama, and Basque campaign, and bombing of Guernica, and Brunete offensive, records tensions among nationalists, and battle of Teruel, and fall of Catalonia, records republican surrender, participates in victory parade

Ridruejo, Dionisio

Rieucros

Rincón, Count del

Rio Tinto Zinc

Rioja

Riquelme, General José

Roatta, General Mario and Málaga campaign, and battle of Jarama, replaced, admits bombing of Guernica

Robeson, Paul

Robles, José

Rodezno, Count of, (Tomás Domínguez Arévalo)

Rodimtsev, Aleksandr

Rodríguez, Melchor

Rodríguez del Barrio, General Ángel

Rodríguez Losada, Mario

Ródriguez Salas, Eusebi

Rodriguez Sastré, Antonio

Roehr, Captain

Rojas, Captain Manuel

Rojo, Colonel (later General) Vicente, and defence of Madrid, and battle of Jarama, and battle of Guadalajara, and Aragón offensive, promoted, and battle of Teruel, predicts fall of Barcelona, and battle of Ebro, bids farewell to International Brigades, and battle of Catalonia, concedes war

Rolfe, Edwin

Romanian volunteers

Romanones, Count de, (Alvaro de Figueroa y Torres)

Rome Catholic Church in, axis with Berlin, imperial

Romerales, General Manuel

Romero, Colonel Carlos

Romero Bassart, Colonel Luis

Romilly, Esmond

Ronda

Roosevelt, Daniel

Roosevelt, Franklin D.

Rosales, Luis

Rosenberg, George

Rosenberg, Marcel, and removal of Asensio Torrado, executed, comment on revolutions

Rosselli, Carlo

Rossi, Conte, (Arconovaldo Bonaccorsi)

Rossi, General

Rot Front

Rovira Canales, Colonel Josep

Royal Military Academy

Royal Navy, nationalist sympathies, intelligence, see also HMS Blanche; HMS Brazen;HMS Devonshire; HMS Galatea; HMS Hardy; HMS Havock; HMS Hood; HMS Queen Elizabeth; HMS Woolwich

Ruiz Alonso, Ramón

Ruiz Funes, Mariano

Ruiz Ibárurri, Rubén

Ruiz Jiménez, Joaquín

Russell, Bertrand

Russia, Kerensky regime, pact with France, civil war, Bolshevik, atheist, see also Soviet Union

Russian Revolution

Sabadell-Reus

Sabaté Llopart, Francisco (‘El Quico’)

Sachsenhausen (concentration camp)

Sáenz de Buruaga y Polanco, Colonel Eduardo

Sagunto

Saint Jean de Luz

Saint-Cyprien

Saint-Exupéry, Antoine de

Sáinz Rodríguez, Pedro

Salamanca, province of, meeting of generals, Franco’s GHQ, Falangist fighting, bitterness against Britain

Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira

Salcedo Molinuevo, General Enrique

Saliquet Zumeta, General Andrés

saluting

Samper Ibáñez, Ricardo

San Blas

San Lorenzo del Escorial

San Martín de la Vega

San Martín de Valdeiglesias

San Sebastián, pact, military rising, falls to nationalists

Sánchez Barcaíztegui (republican destroyer)

Sánchez Ferragut, Captain

Sangroniz y Castro, José Antonio

Sanje, Hans

Sanjurjo, General failed coup, figurehead of coup ďétat, killed in air crash, and arms supplies

Sanjurjo (former Italian submarine)

Santa María de la Cabeza monastery

Santander, assassinations, military rising, war committee, military zone, council, retreat to and defence, guerrilla operations

Santoña

Saragossa, defence of general strike, Military Academy, ‘second city of anarchism’ military rising, anarchist conference, nationalist garrison reinforced, offensives against, anarchists revolt

Sayagüés, Prudencio

Sbert, Antonio María

Scandinavian volunteers

Schmidt, Paul

Schuschnigg, Dr Kurt von

Second Republic, see Spanish Republic (Second Republic)

Second World War, bomb loads, in relation to Spanish Civil War, air aces, Red Army in, outbreak of, Spanish neutrality

Segorbe

Segovia, Bishop of

Segovia offensive

Segre, River

Seguí, Colonel Juan

Segura y Sáenz, Cardinal Pedro

‘Seisdedos’ (anarchist)

Sender, Ramón J.

SERE, (Servicio de Emigración parta Republicanos Españoles)

Serge, Victor

Serra Bartolomé, Colonel Moisés

Serra, Patricio

Serrador, Colonel Ricardo

Serrano Súñer, Ramón, rise to power, spares Hedilla, role in Franco government, and reintegration of Barcelona, political career

Sert, José María

Sert, Josep Lluís

Servicio de Información Especial Antimasónico

Sesé, Antonio

Seseñ

Seven Seas Spray (ship)

Sevilla la Nueva

Seville, protests, Sanjurjo’s coup, province of, military rising, political killings, nationalist gathering, Franco establishes headquarters, cheers Wehrmacht, under Franco

Seville, Colonel the Duke of

shipping, republican

Shteingold, Emil

Sierra de Alcubierre

Sierra de Cavalls

Sierra de Espadan

Sierra de Guadarrama, defensive action, water and electricity supplies, offensive

Sierra de Javalambre

Sierra de Palomera

Sierra de Pándols

Sierra de Toro

Sierra do Eixe

Silva, José

Silvestre, General Fernández

SIM (Servicio de Investigación Militar), NKVD involvement in

Simpson, Mrs

Sino-Japanese war

SIPM (Servicio de Información Policía Militar)

Smushkevich, Yakov (General ‘Duglas’)

socialist realism

Socialist Youth, and feminism, battalions, communist infiltration, and ‘events of May’, collaboration with communists

Société Éuropéene ďÉtudes et ďEntreprises

Solchaga Zala, Colonel (later General) José

Solidaridad Obrera

Sommerfield, John

Somosierra pass

Soria

Soviet Union, Spanish links with, collectivization, role in Spanish Civil War, methods of accounting, and Euro-Communism, policies attacked, cities destroyed, spy mania, system of oppression, criticisms of, power of NKVD, purges and terror, Trotskyist sabotage, foreign policy, trains Spanish pilots, support for China, Spanish gold reserves shipped to, pact with Hitler, disengages with Republic, gives refuge to senior communists, parallels with Franco’s Spain, German invasion, republicans serving in, see also Russia

Spanish air force

Spanish army, strength, corruption, and Primo de Rivera, under Second Republic, reforms, role in coup ďétat, dissolved by decree, social composition, and development of militias, training, bureaucracy and conservatism, authoritarian values, patron saint

Spanish Communist Party (PCE), membership and strength, organization, middle class and, in Madrid, bid for power, military base, Comintern supervision, officers and, and Morocco, post-war, increased Soviet control, takes control of Socialist Youth, provides commissars, ambitions for republican Spain, in Basque country, and republican power struggle, writers and, infiltration of army command, and Brunete offensive, absorption of Socialist Party, and SIM, shifts blame for Teruel, and Negrín government, and departure of foreign communists, permits International Brigades to fight on, and continuation of war, leaders meet in Alicante, senior members in Soviet Union, plans reconquest of Spain

Spanish Foreign Legion, role in coup ďétat, organization, battle cry, conduct in Seville, invents Molotov cocktail, marching song, role in civil war, Italians in uniform of, in battle of Corunna road, strength, in Jarama offensive, anarchists drafted, and International Brigades, at battle of Teruel, in Aragón offensive, participates in victory parade, cult of virility and death

Spanish language

Spanish navy

Spanish Republic (First Republic)

Spanish Republic (Second Republic), declared, Constitution, revolt against, fifth anniversary parade, fails to resist military rising, military strength, foreign relations, collapse, zone of control, unity of, international support, leadership, international reputation, power struggle within, infected with paranoia, and ‘controlled democracy’, seeks compromise, communist power ends

Spanish–American War

Spender, Stephen

Spengler, Oswald

Sperrle, General Hugo

Stalin, Joseph, regime, portrait, decision to intervene in Spain, foreign policy, conspiracy complex, criticisms published, instructs Largo Caballero, plans for republican Spain, purges, and republican power struggle, and Negrín’s administration, pact with Hitler

Stalingrad, battle of, commanders, Richthofen and, compared with Teruel, tactics

Stanbrook (ship)

Standard Oil

Stashevsky, Artur

Steer, George

Steinbeck, John

‘Stepánov’, see Minéevich, Stoyán

Stevenson, R. C. S.

Straits of Gibraltar

strikes, in response to military rising, suppressed under Franco

submarines, ‘Legionary’

Swedish volunteers

Switzerland

Tagüeñ Lacorte, Manuel, and battle of Ebro, leaves Spain

Tagus, River

Talavera de la Reina

Tangier

tanks: in action in Madrid, development of, in battle of Jarama, in battle of Guadalajara, in battle of Belchite, in battle of Teruel, Spanish, tactics, destroyed at Fuentes de Ebro, in action at Belchite, in action at Teruel

Tank types:

BT-5s

Fiat Ansaldos

Panzer Mark Is

T-26s

Tiger

Tapsell, Walter

Taranto (nationalist cruiser)

Tarradellas, Joan Josep

Tarragona

Tarrancón

Tella, Lieutenant-Colonel (later General) Heli Rolando de

Tenerife

Terra Alta

Teruel, battle of, compared with Stalingrad, losses at

Teruel, Bishop of

Tetuán

Texas Oil Company

Thomas, Hugh

Thorez, Maurice

Tiflis

Times

Tkachev, Major (‘Palafox’)

Togliatti, Palmiro (‘Ercole’ or ‘Alfredo’)

Toledo, province of, relief of the Alcázar, political killings, guerrilla bands, Angel of the Alcázar

Toledo, Archbishop of

Toller, Ernst

Tomás, Belarmino

Torija

Torrejón

Torrejón de la Calzada

Torrejón de Velasco

Tortosa

Toulouse

Traven, B.

Tremp

Trescastro, Juan Luis

Trijueque

Trillas, Desiderio

Triolet, Elsa

Trotsky, Leon and POUM, in exile, assassination of, heads Petrograd Soviet, sabotage operations

Tukhachevsky, Marshal Mikhail

Tunisia

UGT, (Unión General de Trabajadores), membership, under Second Republic, and defence of Republic increased strength, in Catalonia, and education, and socialized industries, and militias, and Largo Caballero government, and defence of Madrid, in Basque country, and republican power struggle, concessions to government

UHP (Unión de Hermanos Proletarios)

Ulíbarri, General Gámir

UME, (Unión Militar Espanola)

UMRA, (Unión Militar Republicana Antifascista)

Unamuno, Miguel de, denounces nationalists, death

Unión Socialista

Unión de Derecha y Agrarios

Unión Nacional Española

Unión Patriótica

Unión Republicana

United Nations

United Socialist Youth, see Juventud Socialista Unificada

United States of America, isolationism, role in Spanish Civil War, and International Brigades, fear of communism, perceptions of Spanish Civil War, supplies trucks, and non-intervention policy, sales of Spanish silver, establishes relations with Franco, enters Second World War

universities

University of Alcalá de Henares

University of Salamanca

Uribarri Barrutell, Colonel Manuel

Uribe, Vicente

Uruguay (prison ship)

USSR, see Soviet Union

Usuramo (ship)

Utrecht, Treaty of

Vaciamadrid

Val, Eduardo

Valdeiglesias, Marquess de

Valdemoro

Valencia, agriculture, prison riots, military rising, citrus fruit exports, clergy in, political killings, collectivization, political groupings, republican government in, Prado evacuated to, bombing of, International Writers’ Congress for the Defence of Culture, newspapers, prisons, bombing of, nationalist advance on, coup leaders meet

Valencia, Archbishop of

Valladolid

Valle de Arán

Vallecas

Vallejo, Eugenio

Vallejo Nágera, Major Antonio

Vallellano, Count and Countess de

Valls

Vanni, Ettore

Varela Iglesias, Colonel (later General) José, role in military rising, and attack on Madrid, and Jarama offensive, and Guadarrama offensive, and Brunete offensive, and Guadalajara offensive, and advance on Valencia, and Franco regime

Vatican, backs Franco, appoints papal nuncio, appeals for truce

Vázquez, Mariano

Vega, Etelvino

Velasco (nationalist destroyer)

Veltjens, Josef

Vendrell

Venezuela

Verardini, Antonio

Verdad

Versailles, Treaty of

Viana, Marquess de

Vic, Bishop of

Vidal y Barraquer, Cardinal, (Archbishop of Tarragona)

Vidal-Quadras, Captain

Vierna, Admiral Manuel

Vigo

Vigón, Colonel (later General), and battle of Teruel, planning capability, and battle of Catalonia, meets Hitler, warns Franco about Serrano Súñer

Vila, Professor Salvador

Vila Capdevila, Ramón (‘Caraquemada’)

Villalba, Colonel José

Villalba dels Arcs

Villanueva de la Cañda

Villanueva de la Serena

Villanueva del Pardillo

Villareal

Vinaroz

viriatos, (Portuguese volunteers)

Vita treasure

Vitoria

Vitoria, Bishop of

Vittorio, Giuseppe di (‘Nicoletti’)

Vittorio Emanuele, King

Viver

Vizcaya province of

Voelckers, Hans, (German chargé ďaffaires)

Völkischer Beobachter

Volkmann, General

Volunteer for Liberty

von Goss, Captain

von Stohrer, Baron Eberhard (German ambassador)

von Thoma, Colonel Wilhelm

Voronov, Colonel Nikolai

Voroshilov, Marshal Kliment, supplies arms to republicans, sends Soviet advisers, and republican power struggle

Wall Street crash

Walter, General, (Karol Swierczewski) and Guadarrama offensive, and Brunete offensive, and Aragón offensive, comments on International Brigades, and battle of Teruel, dismissal demanded

Warlimont,Colonel (later General) Walter

Waugh, Evelyn

Wehrmacht

Weil, Simone

Welczeck, Count Johannes von

Wells, H. G.

Whitaker, John

White Russian volunteers

Winter Help, (Winterhilfe)

Wintringham, Tom

wolfram exports

women, under Republic, and civil war, under Franco, prisoners in France

writers

XYZ Line

Y ships

Yage, Lieutenant-Colonel Juan, role in military rising, and Badajoz massacre, advances on Madrid, replaced by Varela, and attack on Madrid, in Aragón offensive, and battle of Ebro, nationalists’ most capable commander, and battle of Catalonia, and Franco regime, represses anti-fascist rising

Yartz, Colonel

Yeste

Yorkbrook (ship)

Young Pioneers

Yugoslav volunteers

Yugoslavia

Zuera

Zugazagoitia, Julián, in Negrín government, executed